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15 February 2016 Feature Volume 97, Issue 4 VOL. 97 NO. 4 15 FEB 2016 Earth & Space Science News Can Biofuels Cool Our Climate? Space-Themed Stamps A Volcano’s Hidden Plumbing Author Identifi ers for AGU Journals Still Time to Register Call for Abstracts There is still time to register for the 2016 Ocean Sciences Meeting, 21-26 February. Visit the Ocean Sciences Meeting website for the latest information on speakers and events. osm.agu.org/2016/ Earth & Space Science News Contents 15 FEBRUARY 2016 FEATURE VOLUME 97, ISSUE 4 20 Using Sounds from the Ocean to Measure Winds in the Stratosphere Stratospheric winds deflect acoustic waves from the oceans. With the right data and the math to analyze them, these waves tell us about the weather aloft. NEWS Special Delivery: Post 8 Office to Issue Space- Themed Stamps Letter writers will be able to adorn their envelopes this year with full-disk images of the planets, Pluto, and the full Moon, as well as Star Trek icons. RESEARCH SPOTLIGHT 14 COVER 29 How Biofuels Can Cool Our Climate The Coming Blue Revolution and Strengthen Our Ecosystems Managing water scarcity, one of the most pressing challenges society faces today, Critics of biofuels like ethanol argue that they are an unsustainable will require a novel conceptual framework use of land. But with careful management, next-generation grass- to understand our place in the hydrologic based biofuels can net climate savings and improve their ecosystems. cycle. Earth & Space Science News Eos.org // 1 Contents DEPARTMENTS Editor in Chief Barbara T. Richman: AGU, Washington, D. C., USA; eos_ [email protected] Editors Christina M. S. Cohen Wendy S. Gordon Carol A. Stein California Institute Ecologia Consulting, Department of Earth and of Technology, Pasadena, Austin, Texas, USA; Environmental Sciences, Calif., USA; wendy@ecologiaconsulting University of Illinois at cohen@srl .caltech.edu .com Chicago, Chicago, Ill., USA; [email protected] José D. Fuentes David Halpern Department of Meteorology, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pennsylvania State Pasadena, Calif., USA; University, University davidhalpern29@gmail Park, Pa., USA; .com [email protected] Editorial Advisory Board M. Lee Allison, Earth and Space John W. Lane, Near-Surface Geophysics Science Informatics Jian Lin, Tectonophysics Mark G. Flanner, Atmospheric Figen Mekik, Paleoceanography Sciences and Paleoclimatology Nicola J. Fox, Space Physics Jerry L. Miller, Ocean Sciences 27 and Aeronomy Michael A. Mischna, Planetary Sciences Steve Frolking, Biogeosciences Thomas H. Painter, Cryosphere Sciences Edward J. Garnero, Study of the Philip J. Rasch, Global Environmental Earth’s Deep Interior Change 25 AGU News Michael N. Gooseff, Hydrology Eric M. Riggs, Education Brian C. Gunter, Geodesy Adrian Tuck, Nonlinear Geophysics AGU Opens Its Journals to Author Kristine C. Harper, History Sergio Vinciguerra, Mineral Identifiers. of Geophysics and Rock Physics Susan E. Hough, Natural Hazards Andrew C. Wilcox, Earth and Planetary Emily R. Johnson, Volcanology, Surface Processes Geochemistry, and Petrology Earle Williams, Atmospheric 27–29 Research Spotlight Keith D. Koper, Seismology and Space Electricity Hawaii’s Swelling Lava Lake Charts a Robert E. Kopp, Geomagnetism Mary Lou Zoback, Societal Impacts Volcano’s Hidden Plumbing; Rising and Paleomagnetism and Policy Sciences Temperatures Release Methane Staff Locked in the Seabed; Sea Surface Production: Faith A. Ishii, Production Manager; Melissa A. Tribur, Senior Production Temperatures on the Rise in the Specialist; Liz Castenson, Editor’s Assistant; Yael Fitzpatrick, Manager, Design and 9 Branding; Valerie Bassett and Travis Frazier, Electronic Graphics Specialists Caribbean; Climate Variability Across Editorial: Peter L. Weiss, Manager/Senior News Editor; Mohi Kumar, Scientific Scales Affects Ecosystems over Time; Content Editor; Randy Showstack, Senior News Writer; JoAnna Wendel, Writer; 3–8 News The Coming Blue Revolution. Shannon Kelleher and Cody Sullivan, Interns Marketing: Angelo Bouselli, Marketing Program Manager; Jamie R. Liu, Manager, Vanishing Sea Ice Could Trigger Marketing More Arctic Precipitation; Next Stop Advertising: Christy Hanson, Manager; Tel: +1-202-777-7536; Email: advertising@ 31–32 Positions Available agu.org Past Pluto: A World Without Time; Current job openings in the Earth Novel Vents Built from Talc Found and space sciences. ©2016. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved. Material in this issue may Far from Mid-Ocean Rift; Giant be photocopied by individual scientists for research or classroom use. Permission is also granted to use short quotes, figures, and tables for publication in scientific Balls of Bacteria Pile Up on Arctic books and journals. For permission for any other uses, contact the AGU Publications Lake Beds, Ooze Toxin; Special Inside Back Cover: Office. Delivery: Post Office to Issue Space- Eos (ISSN 0096-3941) is published semi-monthly, on the 1st and 15th of the month by Postcards from the Field the American Geophysical Union, 2000 Florida Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20009, Themed Stamps. Last checks to a seismograph where USA. Periodical Class postage paid at Washington, D. C., and at additional mailing the Saguenay meets the St. Lawrence offices. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to Member Service Center, 2000 Florida Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20009, USA. River in Quebec, Canada. 9 Meeting Report Member Service Center: 8:00 a.m.–6:00 p.m. Eastern time; Tel: +1-202-462-6900; Fax: +1-202-328-0566; Tel. orders in U.S.: 1-800-966-2481; Email: [email protected]. Team Gets Firsthand Look at the Use AGU’s Geophysical Electronic Manuscript Submissions system to submit a New Holuhraun Eruption Site. On the Cover manuscript: http://eos-submit.agu.org. Bioenergy from perennial grasses Views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect official positions of the offers the benefits of a renewable American Geophysical Union unless expressly stated. 10–13 Opinion fuel source without many of the Christine W. McEntee, Executive Director/CEO Call Scientists Before Disaster environmental drawbacks of high- Strikes; Taking the Pulse of the maintenance crop sources. Credit: Earth’s Surface Systems. © Design Pics Inc / Alamy Stock Photo facebook.com/AmericanGeophysicalUnion @AGU_Eos linkedin.com/company/american-geophysical-union youtube.com/user/AGUvideos 2 // Eos 15 February 2016 NEWS Vanishing Sea Ice Could Trigger More Arctic Precipitation Kathryn Hansen, NASA , CC BY-NC 2.0 (http://bit.ly/ccbync2-0) 2.0 , CC BY-NC Hansen, NASA Kathryn Decreasing sea ice could cause more precipitation to fall in the Arctic as more Arctic waters are exposed and evaporate into the atmosphere. ea ice faces a grim future as global tem- Kopec and his colleagues examined the iso- moisture increases. They found that precipita- peratures rise. The warming tempera- topic ratios of hydrogen and oxygen to deter- tion in the Arctic would increase anywhere S tures melt the ice and force it to retreat mine where the source waters for Arctic pre- from about 16% to 28%, depending on how further poleward. Images of skinny polar bears cipitation are located. Water with heavier evaporation in the subtropics changes. often accompany news of sea ice disappearing, isotopes would come from the subtropics, the but a recent study predicts a less bleak impact other major source of Arctic moisture, because Rain or Snow? of the retreating ice on Arctic weather and warmer ocean temperatures there allow that The specific form this precipitation takes can precipitation. heavier water to break free from the ocean and further affect the Arctic environment, said The study examined the origins of moisture evaporate. Kopec. If it falls as rain, Arctic snow will melt in the Arctic atmosphere, which falls as rain or earlier, and the region won’t reflect solar radi- snow. The team of researchers, led by Ben Isotopes Reveal Moisture Sources ation away from the surface as effectively. Kopec, a graduate student in Dartmouth Uni- The team investigated data spanning the past This could compound the warming effects of versity’s Earth Sciences Department, found 2 decades, and “we saw in that a very strong increasing greenhouse gases. But if more snow that as sea ice retreats, more moisture evapo- correlation between decreasing sea ice and falls, the increased albedo of the Arctic would rates from Arctic waters. This moisture then decreasing d-excess,” said Kopec, referring to reflect more radiation off the surface and contributes more heavily as a source for pre- a value incorporating the ratios of both hydro- cause regional cooling. “This is a potential cipitation. The researchers predict more gen and oxygen isotopes. A lower d-excess mechanism to at least mitigate some of the atmospheric moisture will lead to an increase value means that lighter isotopes predominate global warming effects of carbon dioxide at in the overall amount of precipitation falling and that the water most likely originated in some of these sites,” said Kopec. in the Arctic. Their study was published in the the Arctic instead of the subtropics. By this Changes in Arctic albedo and temperature Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of measure, the proportion of water originating might also affect storms and precipitation in the United States of America (see http:// bit .ly/ in the Arctic increased by 18.2% and 10.8% per midlatitude regions. Xiangdong Zhang, a cli- Arctic - precip). 100,000 square kilometers of sea ice lost in the mate scientist at the University of Alaska Fair- “The overall picture is we think the amount
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