THIS IS THE TEXT OF AN ESSAY IN THE WEB SITE “THE DISCOVERY OF GLOBAL WARMING” BY SPENCER WEART, HTTP://WWW.AIP.ORG/HISTORY/CLIMATE. AUGUST 2021. HYPERLINKS WITHIN THAT SITE ARE NOT INCLUDED IN THIS FILE. FOR AN OVERVIEW SEE THE BOOK OF THE SAME TITLE (HARVARD UNIV. PRESS, REV. ED. 2008). COPYRIGHT © 2003-2021 SPENCER WEART & AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS..

Bibliography Part II: L-Z

Labitzke, K., and H. van Loon (1999). “The Signal of the 11-Year Sunspot Cycle in the Upper Troposphere-Lower Stratosphere.” Space Science Reviews 80: 393-410.

Laboratory, Geophysical Fluid Dynamics (1981). Activities- Fy80, Plans- Fy81, Princeton, NJ, U.S. Department of Commerce

Lachenbruch, A.H., and B.V. Marshall (1986). “Changing Climate: Geothermal Evidence from Permafrost in the Alaskan Arctic.” Science 234: 689-96.

Lacis, Andrew A., and James E. Hansen (1974). “A Paramaterization for the Absorption of Solar Radiation in the Earth’s Atmosphere.” J. Atmospheric Sciences 31: 118-33.

Lacis, Andrew A., et al. (2010). “Atmospheric CO2: Principal Control Knob Governing Earth’s Temperature.” Science 330.

Laepple, Thomas, and Peter Huybers (2014). “Ocean Surface Temperature Variability: Large Model–Data Differences at Decadal and Longer Periods.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111 16682-87 [doi:10.1073/pnas.1412077111].

Lahsen, Myanna H. (1999). “The Detection and Attribution of Conspiracies: The Controversy over Chapter 8.” In Paranoia within Reason: A Casebook on Conspiracy as Explanation, edited by Marcus, George E., pp. 111-36. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Lahsen, Myanna (2005a). “Seductive Simulations? Uncertainty Distribution around Climate Models.” Social Studies of Science 35: 895-992 [doi:10.1177/0306312705053049].

Lahsen, Myanna H. (2005b). “Technocracy, Democracy and U.S. Climate Science Politics: The Need for Demarcations.” Science, Technology, and Human Values 30: 137-69.

Lahsen, Myanna Hvid (2008). “Experiences of Modernity in the Greenhouse: A Cultural Analysis of a Physicist ‘Trio’ Supporting the Conservative Backlash against Global Warming.” Global Environmental Change 18: 204-19.

Lahsen, Myanna (2015). “Digging Deeper into the Why: Cultural Dimensions of Climate Change Skepticism among Scientists.” In Climate Cultures: Anthropological Perspectives on Climate Change, edited by Jessica Barnes and Michael R. Dove, pp. 221-248. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. Weart DGW 8/21 Bibl II p.2

Lahsen, Myanna (2013). “Anatomy of Dissent: A Cultural Analysis of Climate Skepticism.” American Behavioral Scientist 57: 732-53 [doi:10.1177/0002764212469799].

Lakatos, Imre (1970). “Falsification and the Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes.” In Criticism and the Growth of Knowledge, edited by Lakatos, Imre, and Alan Musgrave, pp. 91-196. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Lamb, Hubert H. (1959). “Our Changing Climate, Past and Present (Address to BAAS).” Weather 14, (Oct.), pp. 299-318 (reprinted in Lamb, Changing Climate, pp. 1-20).

Lamb, Hubert H. (1966a). “Britain’s Climate in the Past, Address to BAAS, 1964.” In The Changing Climate. Selected Papers, pp. 170-95. London:

Lamb, Hubert H. (1966b). The Changing Climate: Selected Papers. London: Methuen.

Lamb, Hubert H. (1969). “Climatic Fluctuations.” In General Climatology, Vol. 2, edited by Flohn, H., pp. 173-247. Amsterdam: Elsevier.

Lamb, Hubert H. (1970). “Volcanic Dust in the Atmosphere; with a Chronology and Assessment of Its Meteorological Significance.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London A266: 425-533.

Lamb, Hubert H. (1971). “Climate-Engineering Schemes to Meet a Climatic Emergency.” Earth- Science Reviews 7: 87-95.

Lamb, Hubert H. (1972-77). Climate: Present, Past and Future. London: Methuen.

Lamb, Hubert H. (1977). Climatic History and the Future. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Lamb, Hubert H. (2nd ed., 1995). Climate, History and the Modern World. London: Routledge.

Lamb, Hubert H. (1997). Through All the Changing Scenes of Life: A Meteorologist’s Tale. Norfolk, UK: Taverner.

Lamb, Hubert H., and Alastair Woodroffe (1970). “Atmospheric Circulation During the Last Ice Age.” Quaternary Research 1: 29-58.

Lamb, Peter J. (2002). “The Climate Revolution: A Perspective.” Climatic Change 54: 1-9 [https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015778819992].

Lambeck, Kurt, et al. (2014). “Sea Level and Global Ice Volumes from the Last Glacial Maximum to the Holocene.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111: Weart DGW 8/21 Bibl II p.3

15296-15303 [doi: 10.1073/pnas.1411762111].

Lambright, W. Henry, and Stanley A. Changnon, Jr. (1989). “Arresting Technology: Government, Scientists, and Weather Modification.” Science, Technology and Human Values 14: 340-59.

Lancaster, Justin (1994). “Revelle on Global Warming.” Science 265: 302.

Lanchbery, John, and David Victor (1995). “The Role of Science in the Global Climate Negotiations.” In Green Globe Yearbook of International Cooperation on Environment and Development 1995, edited by Bergesen, Helge, and Georg Parmann, pp. 29-39. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Landsberg, Helmut E. (1941, rev. ed. 1947, 1960). Physical Climatology. State College, PA: Pennsylvania State College.

Landsberg, Helmut E. (1946). “Climate as a Natural Resource.” Scientific Monthly 63, (Oct.), pp. 293-98.

Landsberg, Helmut E. (1955). “The Climate of Towns.” In Man’s Role in Changing the Face of the Earth, edited by Thomas, William L., Jr., Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Landsberg, Helmut E. (1958). “Trends in Climatology.” Science 128: 749-58.

Landsberg, Helmut E. (1960). “Notes on the Recent Climatic Fluctuation in the United States.” J. Geophysical Research 65: 1519-25.

Landsberg, Helmut E. (1967). “Two Centuries of New England Climate.” Weatherwise 20, (April), pp. 52-57.

Landsberg, Helmut E. (1970). “Man-Made Climatic Changes.” Science 170: 1265-74.

Landsberg, Helmut E. (1980). “Variable Solar Emissions, the `Maunder Minimum’ and Climatic Temperature Fluctuations.” Archiv für Meteorologie Geophysik und Bioklimatologie Ser. B, 28: 181-91.

Landsea, Cristopher W., et al. (2006). “Can We Detect Trends in Extreme Tropical Cyclones?” Science 313: 452-54 [doi:10.1126/science/1128448].

Langley, S.P. (1884). “Researches on Solar Heat and Its Absorption by the Earth’s Atmosphere: A Report of the Mount Whitney Expedition.” Professional Papers of the Signal Service 15: 1-242. Weart DGW 8/21 Bibl II p.4

Langley, S.P. (1886). “Observations on Invisible Heat-Spectra and the Recognition of Hitherto Ummeasured Wave-Lengths, Made at the Alleghany Observatory.” Philosophical Magazine 31: 394-409.

Langlois, W.E., and H.C.W. Kwok (1969). Description of the Mintz-Arakawa Numerical General Circulation Model, Los Angeles, Dept. of Meteorology, University of California at Los Angeles.

Langway, C.C., Jr., et al. (1985). “The Greenland Ice Sheet Program in Perspective.” In Greenland Ice Core: Geophysics, Geochemistry and the Environment (Geophysical Monograph 33), edited by Langway, C.C., Jr., et al., pp. 1-8. Washington, DC: American Geophysical Union.

Langway, Chester C., Jr. (2008). The History of Early Polar Ice Cores. US Army Corps of Engineers Energy Research and Development Center, Cold Regions Research and Development Laboratory, report ERDC/CRREL TR-08-1, online at http://nicl- smo.unh.edu/Langway_2008_Early_polar_ice_cores.pdf.

Lapp, Ralph (1962). Kill and Overkill: The Strategy of Annihilation. New York: Basic.

Lasareff, P. (1929). “Sur Une Méthode Permettant De Démontrer La Dépendance Des Courants Océaniques Des Vents Alizés Et Sur Le Rôle Des Courants Océaniques Dans Le Changement Du Climat Aux Époques Géologiques.” Beiträge Geophysik 21: 215-33.

Laudan, Larry (1977). Progress and Its Problems. Towards a Theory of Scientific Growth. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Lauer, Axel, et al. (2010). “The Impact of Global Warming on Marine Boundary Layer Clouds over the Eastern Pacific—a Regional Model Study.” Journal of Climate 23: 5844-63.

Laurmann, J.A. (1976). “Climate Research.” Science 191: 1002-1005.

Lawler, Andrew (1998). “Global Change Fights Off a Chill.” Science 280: 1682.

Lawrence, David M., and Andrew G. Slater (2005). “A Projection of Severe near-Surface Permafrost Degradation During the 21st Century.” Geophysical Research Letters 32: L22401 [doi:10.1029/2005GL025080].

Lawrence, Mark G., and Paul J. Crutzen (1999). “Influence of NOx Emissions from Ships on Tropospheric Photochemistry and Climate.” Nature 402: 167-70.

Lazier, J.R.N. (1995). “The Salinity Decrease in the Labrador Sea over the Past Thirty Years.” In Natural Climate Variability on Decade-to-Century Time Scales, edited by Martinson, Weart DGW 8/21 Bibl II p.5

Douglas G., et al., pp. 295-302. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

Le Quéré, Corinne, et al. (2007). “Saturation of the Southern Ocean CO2 Sink Due to Recent Climate Change.” Science 316: 1735-38 [doi:10.1126/science.1136188].

Le Roy Ladurie, Emmanuel (1967). Histoire Du Climat Depuis L’an Mil. Paris: Flammarion.

Le Treut, H., et al. (2007). “Historical Overview of Climate Change Science.” In Climate Change 2007: The Physical Basis of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the IPCC, edited by Solomon, Susan, et al., pp. 93-127. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press..

Lean, Judith, and David Rind (2001). “Earth’s Response to a Variable Sun.” Science 292: 234-36 [doi:10.1126/science:1060082].

Lean, J. L., and D.H. Rind (2009). “How Will Earth’s Surface Temperature Change in Future Decades?” Geophysical Research Letters 36: L15708 [doi:10.1029/2009GL038932].

Lean, Judith L. (2010). “Cycles and Trends in Solar Irradiance and Climate.” Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change 1: 111-22 [doi:10.1002/wcc.018].

Ledley, Tamara S., et al. (1999). “Climate Change and Greenhouse Gases.” Eos, Transactions of the American Geophysical Union 80: 454-58.

Lee, Kynug E., and Niall C. Slowey (1999). “Cool Surface Waters of the Subtropical North Pacific Ocean During the Last Interglacial.” Nature 397: 512-14.

Lee, R. (1973). “The ‘Greenhouse’ Effect.” J. Applied Meteorology 12: 556-57.

Lee, R. (1974). “Reply to Berry.” J. Applied Meteorology 13: 605-06.

Lee, R.B., III, et al. (1995). “Long-Term Solar Irradiance Variability During Sunspot Cycle 22.” J. Geophysical Research 100: 1667-75.

Leggett, Jeremy (1999). The Carbon War: Dispatches from the End of the Oil Century. London: Allen Lane - Penguin.

Legrand, Michel, and Paul A. Mayewski (1997). “Glaciochemistry of Polar Ice Cores: A Review.” Reviews of Geophysics 35: 219-43.

Lehman, Scott J., and Lloyd D. Keigwin (1992). “Sudden Changes in North Atlantic Circulation During the Last Deglaciation.” Nature 356: 757-62. Weart DGW 8/21 Bibl II p.6

Lehmann, Jascha, et al. (2015). “Increased Record-Breaking Precipitation Events under Global Warming.” Climatic Change 132: 501-15 [doi:10.1007/s10584-015-1434-y].

Leiserowitz, Anthony (2004). “Day after Tomorrow: Study of Climate Change Risk Perception.” Environment 46, no. 9 (Nov.), pp. 22-44.

Leiserowitz, Anthony (2005). “American Risk Perceptions: Is Climate Change Dangerous?” Risk Analysis 25: 1433-1442.

Leiserowitz, Anthony (2006). “Climate Change, Risk Perception and Policy Preferences: The Role of Affect, Imagery and Values.” Climatic Change 77: 45-72 [doi:10.1007/s10584- 006-9059-9].

Leiserowitz, Anthony, et al. (2010a). “Climategate, Public Opinion, and the Loss of Trust.” Working Paper, http://Ssrn.Com/Abstract=1633932.

Leiserowitz, Anthony, et al. (2010b). Americans’ Knowledge of Climate Change, Yale Project on Climate Change, New Haven, CT, online at http://environment.yale.edu/climate/files/ClimateChangeKnowledge2010.pdf.

Leiserowitz, Anthony, and Nicholas Smith (2017). “Affective Imagery, Risk Perceptions, and Climate Change Communication.” Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Climate Science (Sept.) [doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.307].

Leith, C.E. (1965). “Numerical Simulation of the Earth’s Atmosphere.” In Methods in Computational Physics, edited by Alder, B., et al., pp. 1-28. New York: Academic Press.

Lemke, P., et al. (2007). “Observations: Changes in Snow, Ice and Frozen Ground.” In Climate Change 2007: The Physical Basis of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the IPCC, edited by Solomon, Susan, et al., pp. 338- 83. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.

Lenton, Timothy M., et al. (2019). “Climate Tipping Points — Too Risky to Bet Against.” Nature 575: 592-95 [doi:10.1038/d41586-019-03595-0].

Leonard, Christopher (2019). Kochland: The Secret History of Koch Industries and Corporate Power in America. New York: Simon & Schuster.

Leovy, C.B., et al. (1973). “Mechanisms for Mars Dust Storms.” J. Atmospheric Sciences 30: 749-62.

Levenson, Thomas (1989). Ice Time: Climate, Science, and Life on Earth. New York: Harper & Row. Weart DGW 8/21 Bibl II p.7

Levermann, Anders, et al. (2013). “The Multimillennial Sea-Level Commitment of Global Warming.” Publications of the National Academy of Sciences 110 :13745-50

Levins, Richard (1966). “The Strategy of Model Building in Population Biology.” American Scientist 54: 421-31.

Levitt, Steven D., and Stephen J. Dubner (2009). Superfreakonomics: Global Cooling, Patriotic Prostitutes, and Why Suicide Bombers Should Buy Life Insurance. New York: William Morrow.

Levitus, Sydney, et al. (2000). “Warming of the World Ocean.” Science 287: 2225-29.

Levitus, Sydney, et al. (2001). “Anthropogenic Warming of Earth’s Climate System.” Science 292: 267-70.

Levitus, Sydney, et al. (2005). “Warming of the World Ocean, 1955–2003.” Geophysical Research Letters 32: L02604-22 [doi:10.1029/2004GL021592].

Levitus, S., et al. (2009). “Global Ocean Heat Content 1955–2008 in Light of Recently Revealed Instrumentation Problems.” Geophysical Research Letters 36: L07608 [doi:10.1029/2008GL037155].

Levy, Richard, et al. (2016). “Antarctic Ice Sheet Sensitivity to Atmospheric CO2 Variations in the Early to Mid-Miocene.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113: 3453- 58 [doi:10.1073/pnas.1516030113].

Lewandowsky, Stephan, et al. (2015). “The ‘Pause’ in Global Warming: Turning a Routine Fluctuation into a Problem for Science.” Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, in press [doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-14-00106.1].

Lewis, J.M. (1993). “Meteorologists from the University of Tokyo: Their Exodus to the United States Following World War II.” Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 74: 1351-60.

Lewis, John M. (2000). “Clarifying the Dynamics of the General Circulation. Phillips’s 1956 Experiment.” In General Circulation Model Development, edited by Randall, David A., pp. 91-125. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

Lewis, Simon L., et al. (2011). “The 2010 Amazon Drought.” Science 331: 554 [doi:10.1126/science.1200807].

Li, L., and P. Chakraborty (2020). “Slower Decay of Landfalling Hurricanes in a Warming World.” Nature 587: 230-234 [doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2867-7]. Weart DGW 8/21 Bibl II p.8

Li, Zhanqing, et al. (1995). “The Variable Effect of Clouds on Atmospheric Absorption of Solar Radiation.” Nature 376: 486-90.

Li, Zhanqing, et al. (2003). “Have Clouds Darkened since 1995? (Letter).” Science 302: 1151-52.

Lian, M.S., and R.D. Cess (1977). “Energy Balance Climate Models: A Reappraisal of Ice- Albedo Feedback.” J. Atmospheric Sciences 38: 1058-62.

Libby, Willard F. (1946). “Atmospheric Helium Three and Radiocarbon from Cosmic Radiation.” Physical Review 69: 671-72.

Libby, Willard F. (1951). Radiocarbon Dating. Chicago: Chicago University Press.

Libby, Willard F. (2nd ed., 1955). Radiocarbon Dating. Chicago: Chicago University Press.

Libby, Willard F. (1963). “Accuracy of Radiocarbon Dates.” Science 140: 278-80.

Libby, Willard F. (1967). “History of Radiocarbon Dating.” In Radioactive Dating and Methods of Low-Level Counting. Proceeedings of a Symposium, Monaco, 1967, pp. 3-25. Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency.

Lichter, Robert (1992). A Study of National Media Coverage of Global Climate Change 1985- 1991, Washington, DC, Center for Science, Technology & Media.

Lichter, S. Robert, and Linda S. Lichter (1992). “The Great Greenhouse Debate: Media Coverage and Expert Opinon on Global Warming.” Media Monitor 6: 1-6.

Lichter, S. Robert (2008). “Climate Scientists Agree on Warming” http://Stats.Org/Stories/2008/Global_Warming_Survey_Apr23_08.Html. Washington, DC: STATS articles 2008.

Lieven, Anatol (2020). Climate Change and the Nation State: The Case for Nationalism in a Warming World. New York: Oxford University Press.

Lilly, Douglas K. (1997). “Introduction [to Reprint of Arakawa (1966)], ‘Computational Design for Long-Term Numerical Integration...’.” J. Computational Physics 135: 101-102.

Linden, Eugene (2006). “Climate Shock.” Fortune 153, no. 1 (January 23), pp. 134-45.

Linden, Eugene (2006). The Winds of Change: Climate, Weather, and the Destruction of Civilizations. New York: Simon & Schuster.

Lindsay, Ron W., and J. Zhang (2005). “The Thinning of Arctic Sea Ice, 1988-2003: Have We Weart DGW 8/21 Bibl II p.9

Passed a Tipping Point?” Journal of Climate 18: 4879-94 [doi:10.1175/JCLI3587.1].

Lindzen, Richard S. (1990). “Some Coolness Concerning Global Warming.” Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 71: 288-99.

Lindzen, Richard S. (1997). “Can Increasing Carbon Dioxide Cause Climate Change?” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 94: 8335-42.

Lindzen, Richard S., et al. (2001). “Does the Earth Have an Adaptive Infrared Iris?” Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 82: 417-32.

Lindzen, Richard S., and Yong-Sang Choi (2009). “On the Determination of Climate Feedbacks from ERBE Data.” Geophysical Research Letters 36: L16705 [doi:10.1029/2009GL039628].

Lingenfelter, R.E. (1963). “Production of Carbon-14 by Cosmic-Ray Neutrons.” Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics 1: 35-55.

Linville, Patricia W. , and Gregory W. Fischer (1991). “Preferences for Separating or Combining Events.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 60: 5-23.

Liu, Shaw Chen, et al. (2009). “Temperature Dependence of Global Precipitation Extremes.” Geophysical Research Letters 36: L17702 [doi:10.1029/2009GL040218].

Liu, Wei, et al. (2017). “Overlooked Possibility of a Collapsed Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation in Warming Climate.” Science Advances 3: e1601666 [doi:10.1126/sciadv.1601666].

Liu, Yongqiang, et al. (2010). “Trends in Global Wildfire Potential in a Changing Climate.” Forest Ecology and Management 259 685-97 [doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2009.09.002].

Liu, Z., et al. (2009). “Transient Stimulation of Last Deglaciation with a New Mechanism for Bølling-Allerød Warming.” Science 325: 310-14 [doi:10.1126/science.1171041].

Liu, Zhengyu, et al. (2014). “The Holocene Temperature Conundrum.” Publications of the National Academy of Sciences 111: E3501-05 [doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1407229111].

Livezey, R. E., et al. (2007). “Estimation and Extrapolation of Climate Normals and Climatic Trends.” Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 46: 1759-76.

Lizza, Ryan (2010)”As the World Burns.” New Yorker: October 11.

Ljungqvist, Fredrik Charpentier, et al. (2016). “Northern Hemisphere Hydroclimate Variability Weart DGW 8/21 Bibl II p.10

over the Past Twelve Centuries.” Nature 532: 94-98 [ doi:10.1038/nature17418].

Lloyd, Elisabeth A. (2012). “The Role of ‘Complex’ Empiricism in the Debates About Satellite Data and Climate Models.” Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 43: 390-401.

Lockwood, John G. (1979). Causes of Climate. New York: John Wiley.

Lockwood, M., et al. (1999). “A Doubling of the Sun’s Coronal Magnetic Field During the Past 100 Years.” Nature 399: 437-39.

Lockwood, Mike L., and Claus Fröhlich (2007). “Recent Oppositely Directed Trends in Solar Climate Forcings and the Global Mean Surface Air Temperature.” Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A 463: 2447-60 [doi:10.1098/rspa.2007.1880].

Lomborg, Bjørn (2001). The Skeptical Environmentalist: Measuring the Real State of the World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Lomborg, Bjørn (2004). Global Crises, Global Solutions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Lomborg, Bjørn (2007). Cool It: The Skeptical Environmentalist’s Guide to Global Warming. New York: Knopf.

Lockwood, M., et al. (2010). “Are Cold Winters in Europe Associated with Low Solar Activity?” Environmental Research Letters 5: 024001 [doi:10.1088/1748-9326/5/2/02400].

London, J. (1957). A Study of Atmospheric Heat Balance, New York, College of Engineering, New York University p. 99.

Long, Marybeth, and Alastair Iles (1997). Assessing Climate Change Impacts: Co-Evolution of Knowledge, Communities and Methodologies. Enrp Discussion Paper E-97-09, Cambridge, MA, Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, online at http://www.hks.harvard.edu/gea/pubs/e-97-09.pdf.

Long, S.P. (1991). “Modification of the Response of Photosynthetic Productivity to Rising

Temperature by Atmospheric CO2 Concentrations: Has Its Importance Been Underestimated?” Plant, Cell & Environment 44: 729-39.

Long, Stephen P., et al. (2006). “Food for Thought: Lower-Than-Expected Crop Yield

Stimulation with Rising CO2 Concentrations “ Science 312: 1918-21 [doi:10.1126/science.1114722].

Lorenz, Edward N. (1960). “Energy and Numerical Weather Prediction.” Tellus 12: 364-73. Weart DGW 8/21 Bibl II p.11

Lorenz, Edward N. (1963). “Deterministic Nonperiodic Flow.” J. Atmospheric Sciences 20: 130- 41.

Lorenz, Edward N. (1964). “The Problem of Deducing the Climate from the Governing Equations.” Tellus 16: 1-11.

Lorenz, Edward N. (1965). “A Study of the Predictability of a 28-Variable Atmospheric Model.” Tellus 17: 321-333.

Lorenz, eEdward N. (1967). The Nature and Theory of the General Circulation of the Atmosphere. Geneva: World Meteorological Organization.

Lorenz, Edward N. (1968). “Climatic Determinism (1965 Boulder Address, Also in Mitchell, ed., Causes of Climate.).” Meteorological Monographs 8: 1-3.

Lorenz, Edward N. (1970). “Climate Change as a Mathematical Problem.” J. Applied Meteorology 9: 325-29.

Lorenz, Edward N. (1993). The Essence of Chaos. Seattle: University of Washington Press.

Lorenzoni, Irene, and Nick F. Pidgeon (2006). “Public Views on Climate Change: European and USA Perspectives.” Climactic Change 77: 73-95 [doi:10.1007/s10584-009-9072-z].

Lorenzoni, Irene, et al. (2006). “Cross-National Comparisons of Image Associations with “Global Warming” and “Climate Change” among Laypeople in the United States of America and Great Britain.” Journal of Risk Research, Volume , Issue 3 April 2006 , pages 9: 265-81 [doi:10.1080/13669870600613658].

Lorius, Claude, et al. (1985). “A 150,000-Year Climatic Record from Antarctic Ice.” Nature 316: 591-96.

Lorius, Claude, et al. (1990). “The Ice Core Record: Climate Sensitivity and Future Greenhouse Warming.” Nature 347: 139-45.

Lotka, Alfred J. (1924). Elements of Physical Biology. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins (reprinted as Elements of Mathematical Biology, NY, Dover,1956).

Lovell, Bryan (2012). Challenged by Carbon. The Oil Industry and Climate Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Lovelock, James E., et al. (1972). “Atmospheric Dimethyl Sulphide and the Natural Sulphur Cycle.” Nature 237: 452-53. Weart DGW 8/21 Bibl II p.12

Lovelock, James E., et al. (1973). “Halogenated Hydrocarbons in and over the Atlantic.” Nature 241: 194-96.

Lovelock, James E. (1974). “Atmospheric Halocarbons and Stratospheric Ozone.” Nature 252: 292-94.

Lovelock, James E., and Lynn Margulis (1974). “Atmospheric Homeostasis by and for the Biosphere: The Gaia Hypothesis.” Tellus 26: 2-9.

Lovelock, James (1991). “Reflections on Gaia.” In Scientists on Gaia, edited by Schneider, Stephen H., and Penelope J. Boston, pp. 1-5. Boston: MIT Press.

Lovelock, James E. (1999). “The View from Outside.” In Atmospheric Chemistry and Global Change, edited by Brasseur, Guy P., et al., pp. 204-205. New York: Oxford University Press.

Lovelock, James E. (2000). Homage to Gaia. The Life of an Independent Scientist. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Lovelock, James (2009). The Vanishing Face of Gaia. A Final Warming. New York: Basic Books.

Lovins, Amory B. (1976). “Energy Strategy: The Road Not Taken?” Foreign Affairs 55: 65-96.

Lowe, Thomas, et al. (2006). “Does Tomorrow Ever Come? Disaster Narrative and Public Perceptions of Climate Change.” Public Understanding of Science 15: 435-57.

Lowell, Thomas V., et al. (2005). “Testing the Lake Agassiz Meltwater Trigger for the Younger Dryas.” Eos, Transactions of the American Geophysical Union 40: 365, 372.

Lozier, M. Susan (2010). “Deconstructing the Conveyor Belt.” Science 328: 1507-11 [doi:10.1126/science.1189250].

Long, Stephen P., et al. (2006). “Food for Thought: Lower-Than-Expected Crop Yield

Stimulation with Rising CO2 Concentrations “ Science 312: 1918-21 [doi:10.1126/science.1114722].

Luckman, Adrian, et al. (2006). “Rapid and Synchronous Ice-Dynamic Changes in East Greenland.” Geophysical Research Letters 33: L03503 [doi:10.1029/2005GL025428].

Ludwig, Kenneth R. , et al. (1992). “Mass-Spectrometric 230th-234u-238u- Dating of the Devils Hole Calcite Vein.” Science 258: 284-87. Weart DGW 8/21 Bibl II p.13

Lund, David C., et al. (2006). “Gulf Stream Density Structure and Transport During the Past Millennium.” Nature 444: 601-604 [doi:10.1038/nature05277].

Lunt, Daniel J., et al. (2010). “Earth System Sensitivity Inferred from Pliocene Modelling and Data.” Nature Geoscience 3: 60-64 [doi:10.1038/ngeo706].

Lunt, Daniel J., et al. (2021). “DeepMIP: Model Intercomparison of Early Eocene Climatic Optimum Large-Scale Climate Features and Comparison with Proxy Data.” Climate of the Past 17: 203-27 [doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-203-2021].

Luthcke, S.B., et al. (2006). “Recent Greenland Ice Mass Loss by Drainage System from Satellite Gravity Observations.” Science 314: 1286-89.

Lüthi, Dieter, et al. (2008). “High-Resolution Carbon Dioxide Concentration Record 650,000- 800,000?Years before Present.” Nature 453: 379-82 [doi:10.1038/nature06949].

Lyman, John M., et al. (2006). “Recent Cooling of the Upper Ocean.” Geophysical Research Letters 33: L18604 [doi:10.1029/2006GL027033].

Lynas, Mark (2007). Six Degrees: Our Future on a Hotter Planet. London: Fourth Estate (HarperCollins UK).

Lynas, Mark (2020). Our Final Warning: Six Degrees of Climate Emergency. New York: HarperCollins.

Lynch, Peter (2006). The Emergence of Numerical Weather Prediction: Richardson’s Dream. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Lynch-Stieglitz, Jean (2004). “Hemispheric Asynchrony of Abrupt Climate Change.” Science 304: 1919-20 [doi:10.1126/science.1100374].

Lysgaard, Leo (1950). “On the Present Climatic Variation.” In Royal Meteorological Society Centenary Proceedings, pp. 206-11. London: Royal Meteorological Society.

MacAyeal, D.R. (1993). “Binge/Purge Oscillations of the Laurentide Ice Sheet as a Cause of North Atlantic’s Heinrich Events.” Paleoceanography 8: 775-84.

MacCracken, M.C., and F.M. Luther (1985a). Detecting the Climatic Effects of Increasing Carbon Dioxide, Washington, DC, Department of Energy

MacCracken, M.C., and F.M. Luther (1985b). Projecting the Climatic Effects of Increasing Carbon Dioxide, Washington, DC, Department of Energy Weart DGW 8/21 Bibl II p.14

MacDonald, Gordon J. (1980). Climatic Effects of Trace Constituents of the Atmosphere. Paper Presented at Third International Conference on the Environment, Paris,

MacDonald, Gordon J. (1982). The Long-Term Impacts of Increasing Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.

MacDougall, Andrew H., et al. (2020). “Is There Warming in the Pipeline? A Multi-Model

Analysis of the Zero Emissions Commitment from CO2.” Biogeosciences 17: 2987=3016 [doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2987-2020].

Mach, Katharine J., et al. (2019). “Climate as a Risk Factor for Armed Conflict.” Nature 571: 193-97 [https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1300-6].

Machta, Lester, and T. Carpenter (1971). “Trends in High Cloudiness at Denver and Salt Lake City.” In Man’s Impact on the Climate [Study of Critical Environmental Problems (SCEP) Report], edited by Matthews, William H., et al., pp. 410-15. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Machta, Lester (1973). “Prediction of CO2 in the Atmosphere.” In Carbon and the Biosphere, edited by Woodwell, George M., and Erene V. Pecan, Washington, DC: Atomic Energy Commission (National Technical Information Service, CONF-7502510).

MacPhaden, Michael J. (1986). “The Equatorial Undercurrent: One Hundred Years of Discovery.” Eos, Transactions of the American Geophysical Union (7 Oct.), pp. 726-65.

Madden, Roland A., and V. Ramanathan (1980). “Detecting Climate Change Due to Increasing Carbon Dioxide.” Science 209: 763-68.

Maddox, John (1983). “Great Greenhouse in the Sky?” Nature 306: 221.

Maher, Neil (2005). “Neil Maher on Shooting the Moon.” Environmental History 9.

Mahlman, J.D. (1998). “Science and Nonscience Concerning Human-Caused Climate Warming.” Annual Review of Energy and the Environment 23: 83-106.

Mahony, Martin (2017). “The (Re)Emergence of Regional Climate: Mobile Models, Regional Visions and the Government of Climate Change.” In Cultures of Prediction in Atmospheric and Climate Science, edited by Heymann, Matthias, et al., pp. 139-58. London and New York: Routledge.

Malavelle, Florent F., et al. (2017). “Strong Constraints on Aerosol–Cloud Interactions from Volcanic Eruptions.” Nature 546: 485-91 [doi:10.1038/nature22974]. Weart DGW 8/21 Bibl II p.15

Malhi, Yadvinder, et al. (2008). “Climate Change, Deforestation, and the Fate of the Amazon.” Science 319: 169-72 [doi:10.1126/science.1146961].

Malhi, Yadvinder, et al. (2009). “Exploring the Likelihood and Mechanism of a Climate-Change- Induced Dieback of the Amazon Rainforest.” Publications of the National Academy of Sciences 106: 20610-15 [doi:10.1073/pnas.0804619106].

Malone, Thomas F., ed. (1951) Compendium of Meteorology. Boston, MA: American Meteorological Society.

Manabe, Syukuro, and Robert F. Strickler (1964). “Thermal Equilibrium of the Atmosphere with Convective Adjustment.” J. Atmospheric Sciences 21: 361-85.

Manabe, Syukuro, et al. (1965). “Simulated Climatology of General Circulation with a Hydrologic Cycle.” Monthly Weather Review 93: 769-98.

Manabe, Syukuro, and Richard T. Wetherald (1967). “Thermal Equilibrium of the Atmosphere with a Given Distribution of Relative Humidity.” J. Atmospheric Sciences 24: 241-59.

Manabe, Syukuro (1969). “Climate and the Ocean Circulation. I. The Atmospheric Circulation and the Hydrology of the Earth’s Surface. II. The Atmospheric Circulation and the Effect of Heat Transfer by Ocean Currents.” Monthly Weather Review 97: 739-74, 775-805.

Manabe, Syukuro, and Kirk Bryan (1969). “Climate Calculations with a Combined Ocean- Atmosphere Model.” J. Atmospheric Sciences 26: 786-89.

Manabe, Syukuro, et al. (1974). “The Seasonal Variation of the Tropical Circulation as Simulated by a Global Model of the Atmosphere.” J. Atmospheric Sciences 31: 43-83.

Manabe, Syukuro, and Richard T. Wetherald (1975). “The Effects of Doubling the CO2 Concentration on the Climate of a General Circulation Model.” J. Atmospheric Sciences 32: 3-15.

Manabe, Syukuro, et al. (1975). “A Global Ocean-Atmosphere Climate Model: Part I. The Atmospheric Circulation.” J. Physical Oceanography 5: 3-29.

Manabe, Syukuro, and Douglas F. Hahn (1977). “Simulation of the Tropical Climate of an Ice Age.” J. Geophysical Research 82: 3889-3911.

Manabe, Syukuro, et al. (1979). “A Global Ocean-Atmosphere Climate Model with Seasonal Variation for Future Studies of Climate Sensitivity.” Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans 3: 393-426. Weart DGW 8/21 Bibl II p.16

Manabe, Syukuro, and R.J. Stouffer (1980). “Sensitivity of a Global Climate Model to an Increase of CO2 Concentration in the Atmosphere.” J. Geophysical Research 85: 5529- 54.

Manabe, Syukuro, and Richard T. Wetherald (1980). “On the Distribution of Climate Change Resulting from an Increase in CO2 Content of the Atmosphere.” J. Atmospheric Sciences 37: 99-118.

Manabe, Syukuro, and A.J. Broccoli (1985). “A Comparison of Climate Model Sensitivity with the Data from the Last Glacial Maximum.” J. Atmospheric Sciences 42: 2643-51.

Manabe, Syukuro, and R.J. Stouffer (1988). “Two Stable Equilibria of a Coupled Ocean- Atmosphere Model.” J. Climate 1: 841-66.

Manabe, Syukuro, et al. (1991). “Transient Responses of a Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Model to Gradual Changes of Atmospheric CO2. Part I. Annual Mean Response.” Journal of Climate 4: 785-818 [doi:10.1175/1520-0442(1991)004<0785].

Manabe, Syukuro, and R.J. Stouffer (1993). “Century-Scale Effects of Increased Atmospheric

CO2 on the Ocean-Atmosphere System.” Nature 364: 215-18.

Manabe, Syukuro (1997). “Early Developments in the Study of Greenhouse Warming: The Emergence of Climate Models.” Ambio 26: 47-51.

Manabe, Syukuro, and R.J. Stouffer (2007). “Role of Ocean in Global Warming.” Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan 85B: 385-403.

Manabe, Syukuro, and Anthony J. Broccoli (2020). Beyond Global Warming. How Numerical Models Revealed the Secrets of Climate Change. . Princeton, NJ:: Princeton University Press.

Mann, Michael E., et al. (1998). “Global-Scale Temperature Patterns and Climate Forcing over the Past Six Centuries.” Nature 392: 779-87 [doi:10.1038/33859].

Mann, Michael E., et al. (1999). “Northern Hemisphere Temperatures During the Past Millennium: Inferences, Uncertainties, and Limitations.” Geophysical Research Letters 26: 759-62.

Mann, Michael E., and Philip D. Jones (2003). “Global Surface Temperatures over the Past Two Millennia.” Geophysical Research Letters 30: 1820-24.

Mann, Michael E., et al. (2003). “On Past Temperatures and Anomalous Late-20th Century Warmth.” Eos, Transactions of the American Geophysical Union 84: 256-57. Weart DGW 8/21 Bibl II p.17

Mann, Michael E., et al. (2004). “Corrigendum: Global-Scale Temperature Patterns and Climate Forcing over the Past Six Centuries.” Nature 430: 105.

Mann, Michael E., et al. (2005). “Testing the Fidelity of Methods Used in Proxy-Based Reconstructions of Past Climate.” Journal of Climate 18: 4097-4107.

Mann, Michael E., and Kerry E. Emanuel (2006). “Atlantic Hurricane Trends Linked to Climate Change.” Eos, Transactions of the American Geophysical Union 87: 233 [https://doi.org/10.1029/2006EO240001], pdf online at https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/eost2006EO24.

Mann, Michael E., et al. (2006). “Past Millennia Climate Variability.” Eos, Transactions of the American Geophysical Union 87: 526-27.

Mann, Michael E., et al. (2007). “Robustness of Proxy-Based Climate Field Reconstruction Methods.” Journal of Geophysical Research 112: D12109 [doi:10.1029/2006JD008272].

Mann, Michael E., et al. (2008). “Proxy-Based Reconstructions of Hemispheric and Global Surface Temperature Variations over the Past Two Millennia.” Publications of the National Academy of Sciences 105: 13252-57 [doi:10.1073/pnas.0805721105].

Mann, Michael E., et al. (2009). “Global Signatures and Dynamical Origins of the Little Ice Age and Medieval Climate Anomaly.” Science 326: 1256-60 [doi:10.1126/science.1177303].

Mann, Michael E. (2012; rev. ed. 2014). The Hockey Stick and the Climate Wars. New York: Columbia University Press.

Mann, Michael E., et al. (2017). “Influence of Anthropogenic Climate Change on Planetary Wave Resonance and Extreme Weather Events.” Scientific Reports 7: 45242 [doi:10.1038/srep45242].

Mann, Michael E., et al. (2018). “Projected Changes in Persistent Extreme Summer Weather Events: The Role of Quasi-Resonant Amplification.” Science Advances 4: eaat3272 [doi:10.1126/sciadv.aat3272].

Mann, Michael E., et al. (2021). “Multidecadal Climate Oscillations During the Past Millennium Driven by Volcanic Forcing.” Science 371: 1014-19 [doi:10.1126/science.abc5810].

Manten, A.A. (1966). “Half a Century of Modern Palynology.” Earth-Science Reviews 2: 277- 316.

Marchetti, Cesare (1977). “On Geoengineering and the CO2 Problem.” Climatic Change 1: 59- 68. Weart DGW 8/21 Bibl II p.18

Marcott, Shaun A., et al. (2013). “A Reconstruction of Regional and Global Temperature for the Past 11,300 Years.” Science 339: 1198-1201 [doi: 10.1126/science.1228026].

Marotzke, J., et al. (1988). “Instability and Multiple Equilibria in a Meridional-Plane Model of the Thermohaline Circulation.” Tellus 40A: 162-72.

Marra, John F. (2019). Hot Carbon: Carbon-14 and a Revolution in Sciences. New York: Columbia University Pres.

Marsh, Nigel D., and Henrik Svensmark (2000). “Low Cloud Properties Influenced by Cosmic Rays.” Physical Review Letters 85: 5004-07.

Marshall, (Marshall Institute) Global Warming Reports. See Seitz.

Martens, Jannik, et al. (2020). “Remobilization of Dormant Carbon from Siberian-Arctic Permafrost During Three Past Warming Events.” Science Advances 6: eabb6546 [doi::10.1126/sciadv.abb6546].

Martin, John H., and S.E. Fitzwater (1988). “Iron Deficiency Limits Phytoplankton Growth in the North-East Pacific Subarctic.” Nature 331: 341-43.

Martin, John H. (1990). “Glacial-Interglacial CO2 Change: The Iron Hypothesis.” Paleoceanography 5: 1-13.

Martin, P.E., and E.F. Baker (1932). “The Infrared Absorption Spectrum of Carbon Dioxide.” Physical Review 41: 291-303.

Martin-Español, Alba, et al. (2017). “Constraining the Mass Balance of East Antarctica.” Geophysical Research Letters 44: 4168-75 [doi:10.1002/2017GL072937].

Martin-Nielsen, Janet (2015). “Ways of Knowing Climate: Hubert H. Lamb and Climate Research in the UK.” Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change 6: 465-77 [doi:10.1002/wcc.349].

Martínez-Botí, M. A., et al. (2015). “Plio-Pleistocene Climate Sensitivity Evaluated Using High-

Resolution CO2 Records.” Nature 518: 49-54 [doi:10.1038/nature14145].

Martínez-Garcia, Alfredo, et al. (2011). “Southern Ocean Dust-Climate Coupling over the Past Four Million Years.” Nature 476: 312-15 [doi:10.1038/nature10310].

Martin-Nielsen, Janet (2013). “‘The Deepest and Most Rewarding Hole Ever Drilled’: Ice Cores and the Cold War in Greenland.” Annals of Science 70: 47-70 [doi:10.1080/00033790.2012.721123]. Weart DGW 8/21 Bibl II p.19

Martinson, Douglas G., et al. (1987). “Age Dating and the Orbital Theory of the Ice Ages: Development of a High-Resolution 0 to 300,000-Year Chronostratigraphy.” Quaternary Research 27: 1-29 [doi:10.1016/0033-5894(87)90046-9].

Marvel, Kate, et al. (2019). “Twentieth-Century Hydroclimate Changes Consistent with Human Influence.” Nature 569: 59-65 [https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1149-8].

Masco, Joseph (2010). “Bad Weather: On Planetary Crisis “ Social Studies of Science 40: 7-40 [doi: 10.1177/0306312709341598].

Maslin, M. A., and C. M. Brierley (2015). “The Role of Orbital Forcing in the Early Middle Pleistocene Transition.” Quatenary International 389: 47-55, [doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.01.047].

Mason, B.J. (1977). “Has the Weather Gone Mad?” The New Republic 177: 21-23.

Mason, J. (1957). “Meteorology.” In The Earth and Its Atmosphere, edited by Bates, D.R., pp. 174-203. New York: Basic Books.

Masood, E. (1996). “Climate Report ‘Subject to Scientific Cleansing’.” Nature 381: 546.

Matear, R. J., and A. C. Hirst (2003). “Long-Term Changes in Dissolved Oxygen Concentrations in the Ocean Caused by Protracted Global Warming.” Global Biogeochemical Cycles 17 no. 4 [doi:10.1029/2002GB001997].

Mathews, Jessica Tuchman (1989). “Redefining Security.” Foreign Affairs 68: 162-77.

Matthews, A.M. (1959). “The Earth’s Carbon Cycle.” New Scientist 6: 644-46.

Matthews, H. Damon, and David W. Keith (2007). “Carbon-Cycle Feedbacks Increase the Likelihood of a Warmer Future.” Geophysical Research Letters 34: L09702 [doi:10.1029/2006GL028685].

Matthews, H. Damon, and Ken Caldeira (2008). “Stabilizing Climate Requires near-Zero Emissions.” Geophysical research letters 35: L04705 [doi: 10.1029/2007GL032388].

Matthews, H. Damon, and Susan Solomon (2013). “Irreversible Does Not Mean Unavoidable.” Science 340: 438-439 [doi:10.1126/science.1236372].

Matthews, Samuel W. (1976). “What’s Happening to Our Climate?” National Geographic 150: 581-82.

Matthews, Samuel W. (1977). “What’s Happening to Our Climate?” Readers’ Digest 110, Weart DGW 8/21 Bibl II p.20

(March), pp. 88-92.

Matthews, William H., et al. (1971) Man’s Impact on the Climate [Study of Critical Environmental Problems (SCEP) Report]. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Maunder, E. Walter (1890). “Professor Spoerer’s Researches on Sun-Spots.” Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 50: 251-52.

Maycock, Amanda C., et al. (2018). “Revisiting the Mystery of Recent Stratospheric Temperature Trends.” Geophysical Research Letters 45: 9919-33 https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL078035.

Mayer, Cornell H. (1961). “Radio Emission of the Moon and Planets.” In Planets and Satellites, Vol. 3, edited by Kuiper, Gerald P., and Barbara M. Middlehurst, pp. 442-72. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Mayer, Cornell H. (1983). “Early Observations of Thermal Planetary Radio Emission.” In Serendipitous Discoveries in Radio Astronomy. Proceedings of a Workshop Held at the National Radio Astronomy Observatory... Workshop No. 7, edited by Kellermann, K., and B. Sheets, pp. 266-74. Green Bank, WV: National Radio Astronomy Observatory.

Mayewski, Paul A., et al. (1993). “The Atmosphere During the Younger Dryas.” Science 261: 195-97.

Mayewski, Paul A., and Frank White (2002). The Ice Chronicles: The Quest to Understand Global Climate Change. Hanover, NH: University Press of New England.

Mazur, Allen (1998). “Global Environmental Change in the News.” International Sociology 13: 457-72.

Mazuzan, George (1988). “Up, up, and Away: The Reinvigoration of Meteorology in the United States, 1958 to 1962.” Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 69: 1152-63.

McCormac, Billy M., and Thomas A. Seliga (1979). “Symposium/Workshop Conclusions.” In Solar-Terrestrial Influences on Weather and Climate, edited by McCormac, Billy M., and Thomas A. Seliga, pp. 1-24. Dordrecht: Reidel.

McCormack, J.P., et al. (1997). “Approximate Separation of Volcanic and 11-Year Signals in the Sbuv-Sbuv/2 Total Ozone Record over the 1979-1995 Period.” Geophysical Research Letters 24: 2729-32.

McCormick, Robert A., and John H. Ludwig (1967). “Climate Modification by Atmospheric Aerosols.” Science 156: 1358-59. Weart DGW 8/21 Bibl II p.21

McCright, Aaron M., and Riley E. Dunlap (2000). “Challenging Global Warming as a Social Problem: An Analysis of the Conservative Movement’s Counter-Claims.” Social Problems 47: 499-522.

McCright, Aaron M., and Riley E. Dunlap (2003). “Defeating Kyoto: The Conservative Movement’s Impact on U.S. Climate Change Policy.” Social Problems 50: 348-73.

McCright, Aaron M. (2011). “Political Orientation Moderates Americans’ Beliefs and Concern About Climate Change. An Editorial Comment.” Climactic Change 104: 243-53 [doi:10.1007/s10584-010-9946-y].

McCright, Aaron M., and Riley E. Dunlap (2011). “The Politicization of Climate Change and Polarization in the American Public’s Views of Global Warming.” Sociological Quarterly 52: 155-94.

McCright, Aaron M., et al. (2014). “Political Polarization on Support for Government Spending on Environmental Protection in the USA, 1974-2012.” Social Science Research 48: 251- 60 [doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2014.06.008].

McElroy, M.B. (1983). “Marine Biological Controls on Atmospheric CO2 and Climate.” Nature 302: 328-29.

McElwain, Jennifer C., and William G. Chaloner (1995). “Stomatal Density and Index of Fossil Plants Track Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide in the Paleozoic.” Annals of Botany 76: 389- 95.

McEwan, Ian (2010). Solar. New York: Doubleday.

McGlade, Christophe, and Paul Ekins (2015). “The Geographical Distribution of Fossil Fuels Unused When Limiting Global Warming to 2 °C.” Nature 517: 187-90 [doi:10.1038/nature14016].

McGourty, Christine (1988). “Global Warming Becomes an International Political Issue.” Nature 336: 194.

McGregor, Helen V., et al. (2015). “Robust Global Ocean Cooling Trend for the Pre-Industrial Common Era.” Nature Geoscience 8: 671-77 [doi:10.1038/ngeo2510].

McGuffie, Kendal, and A. Henderson-Sellers (2nd ed., 1997). A Climate Modelling Primer. Chichester, England: Wiley.

McIntyre, D.P., ed. (1972) Meteorological Challenges: A History. Ottawa: Information Canada. Weart DGW 8/21 Bibl II p.22

McIntyre, Stephen, and Ross McKitrick (2003). “Corrections to the Mann et. al. (1998) Proxy Data Base and Northern Hemispheric Average Temperature Series.” Energy and Environment 14: 751-71.

McIntyre, Stephen, and Ross McKitrick (2005). “Hockey Sticks, Principal Components and Spurious Significance.” Geophysical Research Letters 32: L03710 [doi:10.1029/2004GL021750].

McIver, Richard D. (1977). “Hydrates of Natural Gas--Important Agent in Geological Processes (Abstract).” Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs 9: 1089-90.

McIver, Richard D. (1982). “Role of Naturally Occurring Gas Hydrates in Sediment Transport.” AAPG Bulletin 66: 789-92.

McKibben, Bill (1989). The End of Nature. New York: Random House.

McKibben, Bill (2005). “Imagine That: What the Warming World Needs Now Is Art, Sweet Art.” Grist (posted 21 April), http://www.grist.org/article/mckibben-imagine/.

McKibben, Bill (2006). “The Present Future: Paintings for a Very Hot Planet.” Orion: http://www.orionmagazine.org/pages/om/06-1om/McKibbenRockman.html retrieved 12/19/06.

McKibben, Bill (2010). Eaarth. Making a Life on a Tough New Planet. New York: Henry Holt.

McKibben, Bill (2012). “Global Warming’s Terrifying New Math,” Rolling Stone no. 1162 (August 2, 2012), online July 19, 2012 at http://www.rollingstone.com/politics/news/global-warmings-terrifying-new-math- 20120719.

McLean, D.M. (1981). “A Test of Terminal Mesozoic ‘Catastrophe’.” Earth and Planetary Science Letters 53: 103-08.

McLean, D.M. (1985). “Deccan Trap Mantle Degassing in the Terminal Cretaceous Marine Extinctions.” Cretaceous Research 6: 235-59.

McMahon, Sean M., et al. (2010). “Evidence for a Recent Increase in Forest Growth.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107: 3611-15.

McManus, Jerry F., et al. (1999). “A 0.5-Million-Year Record of Millenial-Scale Climate Variability in the North Atlantic.” Science 283: 971-75.

McNeill, J.R. (2000). Something New under the Sun: An Environmental History of the Weart DGW 8/21 Bibl II p.23

Twentieth-Century World. New York: W.W. Norton.

McNutt, Marcia K. (2000). “Achievements in Marine Geology and Geophysics.” In Fifty Years of Ocean Discovery. National Science Foundation 1950-2000, edited by National Research Council, Ocean Studies Board, pp. 51-64. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

McPhee, John (1998). Annals of the Former World. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.

McWilliams, Bryon (2004). “Crunch Time for Kyoto.” Nature 431: 12-13.

McWilliams, James C. (1996). “Modeling the Oceanic General Circulation.” Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 28: 215-49.

Meadows, Donella H., et al. (1972). The Limits to Growth: A Report for the Club of Rome’s Project on the Predicament of Mankind. New York: Universe Books.

Mearns, Linda O., et al. (1984). “Extreme High Temperature Events: Changes in Their Probabilities with Changes in Mean Temperature.” J. Climate and Applied Meteorology 23: 1601-13 [doi: doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520- 0450(1984)023<1601:EHTECI>2.0.CO;2].

Mears, Carl A., and Frank J. Wentz (2005). “The Effect of Diurnal Correction on Satellite- Derived Lower Tropospheric Temperature.” Science 309: 1548-51 [doi:10.1126/science.1114772].

Mears, Carl A., and Frank J. Wentz (2016). “Sensitivity of Satellite-Derived Tropospheric Temperature Trends to the Diurnal Cycle Adjustment.” Journal of Climate 29 3629-46 [doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0744.1].

Mears, Carl A., and Frank J. Wentz (2017). “A Satellite-Derived Lower Tropospheric Atmospheric Temperature Dataset Using an Optimized Adjustment for Diurnal Effects.” Journal of Climate 30: 7695-7718 [doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0768.1].

Medley, B., et al. (2017). “Temperature and Snowfall in Western Queen Maud Land Increasing Faster Than Climate Model Projections.” Geophysical Research Letters 45: 1472-80 [https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL075992].

Meehl, Gerald A. (1990). “Development of Global Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere General Circulation Models.” Climate Dynamics 5: 19-33.

Meehl, Gerald A. (1992). “Global Coupled Models: Atmosphere, Ocean, Sea Ice.” In Climate System Modeling, edited by Trenberth, Kevin E., pp. 555-581. Cambridge: Cambridge Weart DGW 8/21 Bibl II p.24

University Press.

Meehl, Gerald A., and Claudia Tebaldi (2004). “More Intense, More Frequent, and Longer Lasting Heat Waves in the 21st Century.” Science 305 994-97 [doi:10.1126/science.1098704].

Meehl, Gerald A., et al. (2005). “How Much More Global Warming and Sea Level Rise?” Science 307: 1769-72.

Meehl, Gerald A., et al. (2007). “Global Climate Projections.” In Climate Change 2007: The Physical Basis of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the IPCC, edited by Solomon, Susan, et al., pp. 747-846. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.

Meehl, Gerald A., et al. (2009). “Amplifying the Pacific Climate System Response to a Small 11- Year Solar Cycle Forcing.” Science 325: 1114-18 [doi:10.1126/science.1172872].

Meehl, Gerald A., et al. (2011). “Model-Based Evidence of Deep-Ocean Heat Uptake During Surface-Temperature Hiatus Periods.” Nature Climate Change 1: 360-64 [doi:10.1038/nclimate1229].

Meehl, Gerald A., et al. (2013). “Externally Forced and Internally Generated Decadal Climate Variability Associated with the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation.” Journal of Climate 26: 7298-7310 [doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00548.1].

Meehl, Gerald A., et al. (2016). “Antarctic Sea-Ice Expansion between 2000 and 2014 Driven by Tropical Pacific Decadal Climate Variability.” Nature Geoscience 9: 590-95 [doi:10.1038/ngeo2751].

Meier, M.F., et al. (1985). Glaciers, Ice Sheets, and Sea Level. Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences.

Meier, Mark F., et al. (2005). “Reductions in Arctic Sea Ice Cover No Longer Limited to Summer.” Eos, Transactions of the American Geophysical Union 86: 326.

Meinrat, O. Andreae, et al. (2005). “Strong Present-Day Aerosol Cooling Implies a Hot Future.” Nature 435: 1187-90 [doi:10.1038/nature03671].

Meinshausen, Malte, et al. (2009). “Greenhouse-Gas Emission Targets for Limiting Global Warming to 2°C.” Nature 458: 1158-62 [doi:10.1038/nature08017].

Melillo, J. (1999). “Warm, Warm on the Range.” Science 283: 183-84. Weart DGW 8/21 Bibl II p.25

Mengel, M., and A. Levermann (2014). “Ice Plug Prevents Irreversible Discharge from East Antarctica.” Nature Climate Change 4: 451-55 [doi:10.1038/nclimate2226].

Menne, Matthew J., et al. (2010). “On the Reliability of the U.S. Surface Temperature Record.” Journal of Geophysical Research - Atmospheres 115 D11108 [doi:10.1029/2009JD013094].

Menviel, L., et al. (2014). “Hindcasting the Continuum of Dansgaard–Oeschger Variability: Mechanisms, Patterns and Timing.” Climate of the Past 10 63-77 [doi:10.5194/cp-10-63- 2014].

Menzel, Annette, and Peter Fabian (1999). “Growing Season Extended in Europe.” Nature 397: 659.

Menzel, Donald H. (1949). Our Sun. Philadelphia: Blakiston.

Mercado, Lina M., et al. (2009). “Impact of Changes in Diffuse Radiation on the Global Land Carbon Sink.” Nature 458: 1014-18 [doi:10.1038/nature07949].

Mercer, J.H. (1968). “Antarctic Ice and Sangamon Sea Level.” In International Association of Scientific Hydrology, Commission of Snow and Ice, General Assembly of Bern, Publ. No. 79, pp. 217-25. Bern:

Mercer, J.H. (1969). “The Allerød Oscillation: A European Climatic Anomaly?” Arctic and Alpine Research 1: 227-34.

Mercer, J.H., and C. Emiliani (1970). “Antarctic Ice and Interglacial High Sea Levels (Exchange of Letters).” Science 168: 1605-06.

Mercer, J.H. (1972). “The Lower Boundary of the Holocene.” Quaternary Research 6: 15-24.

Mercer, J.H. (1978). “West Antarctic Ice Sheet and CO2 Greenhouse Effect: A Threat of Disaster.” Nature 271: 321-25.

Merryfield, Bill (2005). “Ocean Mixing in 10 Steps.” Science 308: 641-42 [doi:10.1126/science.1111417].

Meskhidze, Nicholas, and Athanasios Nenes (2006). “Phytoplankton and Cloudiness in the Southern Ocean.” Science 314: 1419-23 [doi:10.1126/science.1131779].

Mesolella, K.J., et al. (1969). “The Astronomical Theory of Climate Change: Barbados Data.” J. Geology 77: 250-74. Weart DGW 8/21 Bibl II p.26

Metropolis, N. (1992). “The Age of Computing: A Personal Memoir.” Daedalus 121, no. 1 (Winter), pp. 119-30.

Meyer, Ryan M. (2006). “Intractable Debate: Why Congressional Hearings on Climate Fail to Advance Policy.” Perspectives in Public Affairs 3: 85-99.

Michaels, David (2008). Doubt Is Their Product: How Industry’s Assault on Science Threatens Your Health. New York: Oxford University Press.

Michaels, David (2020). The Triumph of Doubt: Dark Money and the Science of Deception. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Michaels, Patrick M., and Robert C. Balling, Jr. (2000). The Satanic Gases: Clearing the Air About Global Warming. Washington, DC: Cato Institute.

Migeotte, M.V. (1948). “Spectroscopic Evidence of Methane in the Earth’s Atmosphere.” Physical Review 73: 519-20.

Milankovitch, Milutin (1920). Théorie Mathématique Des Phénomènes Thermiques Produits Par La Radiation Solaire. Paris: Gauthier-Villars.

Milankovitch, Milutin (1930). “Mathematische Klimalehre Und Astronomische Theorie Der Kilimaschwankungen.” In Handbuch Der Klimatologie, Vol. 1, Pt. A, edited by Köppen, W., and R. Geiger, pp. 1-176. Berlin: Borntraeger.

Milankovitch, Milutin (1941). Canon of Insolation and the Ice Age Problem. Belgrade: Koniglich Serbische Akademie.

Miles, Edward (1981). “Cospar and Scor: The Political Influence of the Committee on Space Research and the Scientific Committee on Ocean Research.” In Knowledge and Power in a Global Society, edited by Evan, William M., pp. 133-52. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.

Miller, Clark A. (2001). “Scientific Internationalism in American Foreign Policy: The Case of Meteorology, 1947-1958.” In Changing the Atmosphere. Expert Knowledge and Environmental Governance, edited by Miller, Clark A., and Paul N. Edwards, pp. 167- 217. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Miller, Clark A., and Paul N. Edwards (2001) Changing the Atmosphere. Expert Knowledge and Environmental Governance. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Miller, Clark A. (2004). “Climate Science and the Making of a Global Political Order.” In States of Knowledge: The Co-Production of Science and the Social Order, edited by Jasanoff, Sheila, pp. 46-66. London: Routledge. Weart DGW 8/21 Bibl II p.27

Miller, Gifford H., et al. (2012). “Abrupt Onset of the Little Ice Age Triggered by Volcanism and Sustained by Sea-Ice/Ocean Feedbacks.” Geophysical Research Letters 39: L02708 [doi:10.1029/2011GL050168].

Miller, Mark, et al. (1990). “The Emergence of the Greenhouse Effect on the Issue Agenda: A News Stream Analysis.” New Computing Journal 7: 25-38.

Mills, Eric L. (1998). “Oceanography, Physical: Disciplinary History.” In Sciences of the Earth. An Encyclopedia of Events, People, and Phenomena, Vol. 2, edited by Good, Gregory A., pp. 630-36. New York: Garland.

Milly, P.C.D., et al. (2008). “Stationarity Is Dead: Whither Water Management?” Science 139: 573-74 [doi:10.1126/science.1151915].

Min, Seung-Ki, et al. (2011). “Human Contribution to More-Intense Precipitation Extremes.” Nature 470: 378-81 [doi:10.1038/nature09763].

Mintz, Yale (1958). “Design of Some Numerical General Circulation Experiments.” Bulletin of the Research Council of Israel 76: 67-114.

Mintz, Yale (1965). “Very Long-Term Global Integration of the Primitive Equations of Atmospheric Motion.” In WMO-Iugg Symposium on Research and Development Aspects of Long-Range Forecasting, Boulder, Colo., 1964. (WMO Technical Note No. 66), edited by Organization, World Meteorological, pp. 141-55. Geneva: World Meteorological Organization.

Mintz, Yale, et al. (1972). “Numerical Simulation of the Seasonally and Inter-Annually Varying Tropospheric Circulation.” In Climatic Impact Assessment Program. Proceedings, edited by Barrington, A. E., pp. 194-216. Cambridge, MA: U.S. Dept. of Transportation.

Mintzer, Irving, and J. Amber Leonard (1994) Negotiating Climate Change:The inside Story of the Rio Convention. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Mironova, Irina A., et al. (2015). “Energetic Particle Influence on the Earth’s Atmosphere.” Space Science Reviews 194: 1-96 [doi:10.1007/s11214-015-0185-4].

Mitchell, J.F.B., et al. (1987). “On CO2 Climate Sensitivity and Model Dependence of Results.” Quarterly J. Royal Meteorological Society 113: 115-39.

Mitchell, J.F.B. (1989). “The ‘Greenhouse’ Effect and Climate Change.” Reviews of Geophysics 27: 115-39.

Mitchell, J.F.B., et al. (1995). “Climate Response to Increasing Levels of Greenhouse Gases and Weart DGW 8/21 Bibl II p.28

Sulphate Aerosols.” Nature 376: 501-04.

Mitchell, J. Murray, Jr. (1953). “On the Causes of Instrumentally Observed Secular Temperature Trends.” J. Meteorology 10: 244-61.

Mitchell, J. Murray, Jr. (1961). “Recent Secular Changes of Global Temperature.” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 95: 235-50.

Mitchell, J. Murray, Jr. (1963). “On the World-Wide Pattern of Secular Temperature Change.” In Changes of Climate. Proceedings of the Rome Symposium Organized by Unesco and the World Meteorological Organization, 1961 (Unesco Arid Zone Research Series, 20), pp. 161-81. Paris: UNESCO.

Mitchell, J. Murray, Jr. (1968). “Causes of Climatic Change. (Proceedings, VII Congress, International Union for Quaternary Research, Vol. 5, 1965).” Meteorological Monographs 8.

Mitchell, J. Murray, Jr. (1970). “A Preliminary Evaluation of Atmospheric Pollution as a Cause of the Global Temperature Fluctuation of the Past Century.” In Global Effects of Environmental Pollution, edited by Singer, S. Fred, pp. 139-55. New York: Springer- Verlag.

Mitchell, J. Murray, Jr. (1971a). “The Effect of Atmospheric Aerosols on Climate with Special Reference to Temperature near the Earth’s Surface.” J. Applied Meteorology 10: 703-14.

Mitchell, J. Murray, Jr. (1971b). “The Problem of Climatic Change and Its Causes.” In Man’s Impact on the Climate [Study of Critical Environmental Problems (SCEP) Report], edited by Matthews, William H., et al., pp. 133-40. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Mitchell, J. Murray, Jr. (1972). “The Natural Breakdown of the Present Interglacial and Its Possible Intervention by Human Activities.” Quaternary Research 2: 436-45.

Mitchell, J. Murray, Jr. (2nd ed., 1973). “A Reassessment of Atmospheric Pollution as a Cause of Long-Term Changes of Global Temperature.” In Global Effects of Environmental Pollution, edited by Singer, S. Fred, Dordrecht: Reidel.

Mitchell, J. Murray, Jr. (1976). “An Overview of Climatic Variability and Its Causal Mechanisms.” Quaternary Research 6: 481-94.

Mitchell, J. Murray, Jr., et al. (1979). “Evidence of a 22-Year Rhythm of Drought in the Western United States Related to the Hale Solar Cycle since the 17th Century.” In Solar- Terrestrial Influences on Weather and Climate, edited by McCormac, Billy M., and Thomas A. Seliga, pp. 125-47. Dordrecht: Reidel. Weart DGW 8/21 Bibl II p.29

Mitchell, J. Murray, Jr. (1991). “(Memoir of Landsberg).” In Climate in Human Perspective. A Tribute to Helmut F. Landsberg, edited by Baer, F., et al., Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic.

Miyazawa, Kenzi (1932). “Gusukô Budori No Denki “ [Gusukô Budori, a Biography]. In Kaze No Matasaburô [Matasaburô the Wind Imp], Tokyo: Iwanami Syoten.

Moberg, Anders, et al. (2005). “Highly Variable Northern Hemisphere Temperatures Reconstructed from Low- and High-Resolution Proxy Data.” Nature 433: 613-17.

Mock, S.J., and III W.D. Hibler (1976). “The 20-Year Oscillation in Eastern North American Temperature Records.” Nature 261: 484-86.

Mohajerani, Yara, et al. (2018). “Mass Loss of Totten and Moscow University Glaciers, East Antarctica, Using Regionally Optimized Grace Mascons.” Geophysical Research Letters 45: 7010-18 [https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL078173].

Molina, Mario J., and F.S. Rowland (1974). “Stratospheric Sink for Chlorofluoromethanes: Chlorine Atom-Catalysed Destruction of Ozone.” Nature 249: 810-12.

Molina, Mario, et al. (1987). “Antarctic Stratosphere Chemistry of Chlorine Nitrate, Hydrogen Chloride, and Ice: Release of Active Chlorine.” Science 238: 1253-57.

Möller, Fritz (1935). “Die Warmquellen in Der Freien Atmosphäre.” Meteorologische Zeitschrift 52 L: 408-412.

Möller, Fritz (1951). “Long-Wave Radiation.” In Compendium of Meteorology, edited by Malone, Thomas F., pp. 34-49. Boston, MA: American Meteorological Society.

Möller, Fritz (1957). “Strahlung in Der Unteren Atmosphäre.” In Geophysik II (Vol. 48 of Handbuch Der Physik), edited by Bartels, J., pp. 155-253. Berlin: Springer.

Möller, Fritz (1963). “On the Influence of Changes in the CO2 Concentration in Air on the Radiation Balance of the Earth’s Surface and on the Climate.” J. Geophysical Research 68: 3877-86.

Monastersky, Richard (2003). “Storm Brews over Global Warming.” Chronicle of Higher Education 50, no. 2 (Sept. 5), pp. A16-A17.

Monastersky, Richard (2006). “Climate Science on Trial.” Chronicle of Higher Education 53, no. 3 (Sept. 8), pp. A10-A15.

Monbiot, George (2007). Heat: How to Stop the Planet from Burning. Cambridge, MA: South End Press. Weart DGW 8/21 Bibl II p.30

Monbiot, George (2017). Out of the Wreckage: A New Politics for an Age of Crisis. New York & London: Penguin Random House.

Monget, Yannick (2007). The World Tomorrow: Scenarios of Global Catastrophe. New York: Harry N. Abrams.

Monthly Weather Review (F.W.V. and C.A.) (1901). “Knut Angstrom on Atmospheric Absorption.” Monthly Weather Review: 268.

Mooney, Chris (2005). The Republican War on Science. New York: Basic Books.

Mooney, Chris (2007a). Storm World: Hurricanes, Politics, and the Battle over Global Warming. New York: Harcourt.

Mooney, Chris (2007b). “An Inconvenient Assessment.” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 63, no. 6 (Nov./Dec.), pp. 40-47.

Mooney, Harold A., et al. (1987). “Exchange of Materials between Terrestrial Ecosystems and the Atmosphere.” Science 238: 926-32.

Moore, J. Keith , et al. (2000). “The Southern Ocean at the Last Glacial Maximum: A Strong Sink for Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide.” Global Biogeochemical Cycles 14: 455-75.

Morcrette, C.J., et al. (2018). “Introduction to CAUSES: Description of Weather and Climate Models and Their near-Surface Temperature Errors in 5 Day Hindcasts near the Southern Great Plains.” Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 123: 2655-83 [https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JD027199], online at https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/2017JD027199.

Morel, Pierre, and William Bandeen (1973). “The EOLE Experiment: Early Results and Current Objectives.” Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 54: 298-306.

Morgan, M. Granger, and David Keith (1995). “Subjective Judgments by Climate Experts.” Environmental Science & Technology 29, no. 10 (October), pp. 468-76.

Morgan, M. Granger, et al. (2005). “Learning from the U.S. National Assessment of Climate Change Impacts.” Environmental Science and Technology 39: 9023-32.

Morton, Oliver (2007). “Is This What It Takes to Save the World?” Nature 447: 132-36.

Moseley, Gina E., et al. (2016). “Reconciliation of the Devils Hole Climate Record with Orbital Forcing.” Science 351: 165-68 [doi:10.1126/science.aad4132]. Weart DGW 8/21 Bibl II p.31

Moser, Susanne C. (2009). “Communicating Climate Change: History, Challenges, Process and Future Directions.” Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change 1: 31-53 [https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.11].

Moser, Susanne C. (2016). “Reflections on Climate Change Communication Research and Practice in the Second Decade of the 21st Century: What More Is There to Say?” Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change 7: 345-69 [doi:10.1002/wcc.403].

Moss, Richard H., and Stephen H. Schneider (2000). “Uncertainties.” In Guidance Papers on the Cross Cutting Issues of the Third Assessment Report of the IPCC, edited by Pachauri, R., et al., pp. 33-51. Geneva: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.

Moss, Richard H., et al. (2010). “The Next Generation of Scenarios for Climate Change Research and Assessment.” Nature 463: 747-56 [doi:10.1038/nature08823].

Mouginot, Jérémie, et al. (2019). “Forty-Six Years of Greenland Ice Sheet Mass Balance from 1972 to 2018.” Publications of the National Academy of Sciences 116: 9239-44 [https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1904242116].

Mudge, Francis (1997). “The Development of the `Greenhouse’ Theory of Global Climate Change in Victorian Times.” Weather 52, no. 1 (Jan.), pp. 13-17.

Mukerji, Chandra (1989). A Fragile Power. Scientists and the State. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Mülmenstädt, Johannes, et al. (2021). “An Underestimated Negative Cloud Feedback from Cloud Lifetime Changes.” Nature Climate Change 11: 508-13 [doi.org/10.1038/s41558- 021-01038-1].

Munk, Walter D. (1966). “Abyssal Recipes.” Deep-Sea Research 13: 707-30.

Munk, Walter D. (1975). “Where Do We Go from Here?” In Numerical Models of World Ocean Circulation, edited by Reid, R.O., et al., pp. 349-50. Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences..

Munk, Walter D., and Carl Wunsch (1998). “Abyssal Recipes II: Energetics of Tidal and Wind Mixing.” Deep Sea Research 45: 1977-2010 [doi:10.1016/S0967-0637(98)00070-3].

Munk, Walter D. (2000a). “Achievements in Physical Oceanography.” In Fifty Years of Ocean Discovery. National Science Foundation 1950-2000, edited by National Research Council, Ocean Studies Board, pp. 44-50. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

Munk, Walter D. (2000b). “Oceanography before, and after, the Advent of Satellites.” In Weart DGW 8/21 Bibl II p.32

Satellites, Oceanography and Society, edited by Halpern, David, pp. 1-4. Amsterdam: Elsevier.

Munk, Walter D. (2003). “Ocean Freshening, Sea Level Rising.” Science 300: 2041-43

Münnich, K.O. (1957). “Heidelberg Natural Radiocarbon Measurements I.” Science 126: 194-99.

Murphy, D. M., et al. (2009). “An Observationally Based Energy Balance for the Earth since 1950.” J. Geophysical Research 114: D17107 [doi:10.1029/2009JD012105].

Murphy, J.J. (1876). “The Glacial Climate and the Polar Ice-Cap.” Quarterly J. Geological Society of London 32: 400-06.

Murray, Ross J. (1996). “Explicit Generation of Orthogonal Grids for Ocean Models.” Journal of Computational Physics 126: 251-73.

Murton, Julian B. , et al. (2010). “Identification of Younger Dryas Outburst Flood Path from Lake Agassiz to the Arctic Ocean.” Nature 464: 740-43 [doi:10.1038/nature08954].

Muscheler, Raimund, et al. (2005). “Climate: How Unusual Is Today’s Solar Activity?” with reply by Solanki et al. Nature 436: E3-E4 [doi:10.1038/nature04045]; reply E4-E5 [doi:10.1038/nature04046].

Myers, Samuel S., et al. (2014). “Increasing CO2 Threatens Human Nutrition.” Nature 510: 139- 43 [doi:10.1038/nature13179].

Myhers, N. ( Myers ?) (1980). Conversion of Tropical Moist Forests. Washington, DC: National Research Council.

Myhre, Gunnar (2009). “Consistency between Satellite-Derived and Modeled Estimates of the Direct Aerosol Effect.” Science 325: 187-90 [doi:10.1126/science.1174461].

Namias, Jerome (1963). “Large-Scale Air-Sea Interactions over the North Pacific from Summer 1962 through the Subsequent Winter.” J. Geophysical Research 68: 6171-6186.

NASA (1988). Earth System Science: A Program for Global Change. Report of the Earth System Sciences Committee. Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

National Academy of Sciences (1986). Global Change in the Geosphere-Biosphere. Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences.

National Academy of Sciences, Carbon Dioxide Assessment Committee (1983). Changing Climate. Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences. Weart DGW 8/21 Bibl II p.33

National Academy of Sciences, Committee on Abrupt Climate Change (2002). Abrupt Climate Change: Inevitable Surprises. Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences.

National Academy of Sciences, Committee on Atmospheric Sciences Panel on Weather and Climate Modification (1966). Weather and Climate Modification: Problems and Prospects (2 Vols.). Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences.

National Academy of Sciences, Commission on Geosciences, Environment and Resources (CGER) (2000). Reconciling Observations of Global Temperature Change. Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences.

National Academy of Sciences, Committee on Global Change Research (2001). The Science of Regional and Global Change. Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences.

National Academy of Sciences, Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy (1991). Policy Implications of Greenhouse Warming. Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences.

National Academy of Sciences, Committee to Study the Long-Term Worldwide Effect of Multiple Nuclear-Weapons Detonations (1975). Long-Term Worldwide Effect of Multiple Nuclear-Weapons Detonations. Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences.

National Academy of Sciences, Climate Research Board (1979). Carbon Dioxide and Climate: A Scientific Assessment (Jule Charney, Chair). Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences.

National Academy of Sciences, Division of Earth Sciences, Committee on Climatology (T.F. Malone, chair) (1957). First General Report on Climatology to the Chief of the Weather Bureau. Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences.

National Academy of Sciences, Geophysics Research Board, Panel on Energy and Climate (1977). Energy and Climate: Studies in Geophysics. Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences.

National Academy of Sciences, Panel on Policy Implications of Greenhouse Warming (1992). Policy Implications of Greenhouse Warming: Mitigation, Adaptation, and the Science Base. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. Committee on Extreme Weather Events and Climate Change (2016). Attribution of Extreme Weather Events in the Context of Climate Change. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (1986). Earth System Science: Overview. Weart DGW 8/21 Bibl II p.34

Washington, DC: NASA.

National Assessment Synthesis Team, US Global Change Research Program (2000-2001). Climate Change Impacts on the United States. The Potential Consequences of Climate Variability and Change. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.

National Defense University (1978). Climate Change to the Year 2000: A Survey of Expert Opinion, Washington, DC, National Defense University

National Research Council, Board on Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (2006). Surface Temperature Reconstructions for the Last 2,000 Years. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.

National Research Council, Board on Global Change (1994). Solar Influences on Global Change. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

National Research Council, CO2/Climate Review Panel (1982). Carbon Dioxide and Climate: A Second Assessment., Washington, DC, National Academy of Sciences

National Research Council, Committee on Effects of Atomic Radiation on Oceanography and Fisheries of the National Academy of Sciences, Study of the Biological Effects of Atomic Radiation (1957). The Effects of Atomic Radiation on Oceanography and Fisheries. Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council Publication 551.

National Research Council, Committee on Understanding and Monitoring Abrupt Climate Change and its Impacts (2013). Abrupt Impacts of Climate Change: Anticipating Surprises. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.

National Research Council, Marine Board, Committee on Engineering Implications (1987). Responding to Changes in Sea Level: Engineering Implications. Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences.

National Research Council, Ocean Studies Board (2000). Fifty Years of Ocean Discovery. National Science Foundation 1950-2000. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

National Research Council, Space Studies Board, Committee on the Effects of Solar Variability on Earth’s Climate (2012). The Effects of Solar Variability on Earth’s Climate: A Workshop Report. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.

National Assessment Synthesis Team (2000). Climate Change Impacts on the United States: The Potential Consequences of Climate Variability and Change. Washington, DC: US Global Change Research Program. Weart DGW 8/21 Bibl II p.35

Nature, editors of (2000). “Just Deserts.” Nature 408: xi.

Nature, editors of (2012). “Extreme Weather. Better Models Are Needed before Exceptional Events Can Be Reliably Linked to Global Warming.” Nature 489: 335-36 [doi:10.1038/489335b].

Nature, editors of (2017). “Extreme Weather Explicitly Blamed on Humans for the First Time.” Nature 552: 291-92 [doi:10.1038/d41586-017-08808-y].

Nature Climate Change, editors of (2021). “Reflections and Projections on a Decade of Climate Science.” Nature Climate Change 11: 279-85 [doi.org/10.1038/s41558-021-01020-x].

Naylor, Robert L. (2021). “The Bryson Synthesis: The Forging of Climatic Change as a Political Tool During the World Food Crisis.” Science in Context [ preprint].

Nebeker, Frederik (1989) “The 20th-century Transformation of Meteorology.” PhD Thesis, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ.

Nebeker, Frederik (1995). Calculating the Weather: Meteorology in the 20th Century. New York: Academic Press.

Needell, Allan A. (2000). Science, Cold War and the American State: Lloyd V. Berkner and the Balance of Professional Ideals. Amsterdam, New York: Harwood Academic.

Neelin, J. David , et al. (2017). “Global Warming Precipitation Accumulation Increases above the Current-Climate Cutoff Scale.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114 1258-63 [doi:10.1073/pnas.1615333114].

NEEM community members (2013). “Eemian Interglacial Reconstructed from a Greenland Folded Ice Core.” Nature 493: 489-494 [doi:10.1038/nature11789].

Neff, U., et al. (2001). “Strong Coherence between Solar Variability and the Monsoon in Oman between 9 and 6 Kyr Ago.” Nature 411: 290-93 [doi:10.1038/35077048].

Neftel, A., et al. (1982). “Ice Core Sample Measurements Give Atmospheric Content During the Past 40,000 Yr.” Nature 295: 220-23.

Negri, Andrew J., et al. (2004). “The Impact of Amazonian Deforestation on Dry Season Rainfall.” Journal of Climate 17: 1306-19.

Nelkin, Dorothy (1987). Selling Science: How the Press Covers Science and Technology. New York: W.H. Freeman. Weart DGW 8/21 Bibl II p.36

Nelson, Bob (1997). “Willson: The Sun May Be Factor in Global Warmup.” Columbia University Record 23 (5).

Nerem, R. S., et al. (2018). “Climate-Change-Driven Accelerated Sea-Level Rise Detected in the Altimeter Era.” Publications of the National Academy of Sciences 115: 2022-25 [https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1717312115].

Neukom, Raphael, et al. (2019). “No Evidence for Globally Coherent Warm and Cold Periods over the Preindustrial Common Era.” Nature 571: 550-54 [https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1401-2].

Neumann, J. (1985). “Climatic Change as a Topic in the Classical Greek and Roman Literature.” Climatic Change 7: 441-54.

Newell, Homer (1980). Beyond the Atmosphere: Early Years of Space Science. Washington, DC: NASA SP-4211.

Newell, P. (2000). Climate for Change: Non-State Actors and the Global Politics of the Greenhouse. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Newell, Reginald E. (1971). “The Amazon Forest and Atmospheric General Circulation.” In Man’s Impact on the Climate [Study of Critical Environmental Problems (SCEP) Report], edited by Matthews, William H., et al., pp. 457-59. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Newell, Reginald E. (1974). “Changes in the Poleward Energy Flux by the Atmosphere and Ocean as a Possible Cause for Ice Ages.” Quaternary Research 4: 117-127.

Newell, R.E., and T.G. Dopplick (1979). “Questions Concerning the Possible Influence of

Anthropogenic CO2 on Atmospheric Temperature.” J. Applied Meteorology 18: 822-25.

Newsweek (1953). “Notes of the Week.” Newsweek 41, no. 20 (18 May), p. 75.

Newsweek (1975). “The Cooling World.” Newsweek (28 April), p. 64.

Ney, E.P. (1959). “Cosmic Radiation and the Weather.” Nature 183: 451-52.

Nghiem, S. V., et al. (2006). “Depletion of Perennial Sea Ice in the East Arctic Ocean.” Geophysical Research Letters 33: L17501 [doi:10.1029/2006GL027198].

NGRIP, North Greenland Ice Core Project members (K.K. Andersen et al.) (2004). “High- Resolution Record of Northern Hemisphere Climate Extending into the Last Interglacial Period.” Nature 431: 147-51 [doi:10.1038/nature02805]. Weart DGW 8/21 Bibl II p.37

Nielsen, Rolf Haugaard (2004). “Not Quite the Day after Tomorrow.” New Scientist 183, no. 2464 (11 Sept.), pp. 6-7.

Nierenberg, Nicolas , et al. (2010). “Early Climate Change Consensus at the National Academy: The Origins and Making of ‘Changing Climate’.” Historical Studies in the Natural Sciences 40: 318-49.

Nieves, Veronica, et al. (2015). “Recent Hiatus Caused by Decadal Shift in Indo-Pacific Heating.” Science 349: 532-35 [doi:10.1126/science.aaa4521].

Ninkovich, Dragoslav, and William L. Donn (1976). “Explosive Cenozoic Volcanism and Its Climatic Implications.” Science 194: 899-994.

Nisbet, Euan (2007). “Cinderella Science.” Nature 450: 789-90.

Nisbet, E.G. (1990a). “Climate Change and Methane.” Nature 347: 23.

Nisbet, E.G. (1990b). “The End of the Ice Age.” Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 27: 148-57 [doi:10.1139/e90-012].

Nisbet, E.G. (1992). “Sources of Atmospheric CH4 in Early Postglacial Time.” Journal of Geophysical Research 97(D12): 12,859-67.

Nisbet, E.G., et al. (2019). “Very Strong Atmospheric Methane Growth in the 4 Years 2014–2017: Implications for the Paris Agreement.” Global Geochemical Cycles 33 318- 42 [https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GB006009].

Nissani, Moti (1999). “Media Coverage of the Greenhouse Effect.” Population and Environment 21: 27-43.

Noda, A., and T. Tokioka (1989). “The Effect of Doubling the CO2 Concentration on Convective and Non-Convective Precipitation in a General Circulation Model Coupled with a Simple Mixed Layer Ocean Model.” Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan 67: 1057-69 [doi:10.2151/jmsj1965.67.6_1057].

Nof, Doron (2008). “Simple Versus Complex Climate Modeling.” Eos, Transactions of the American Geophysical Union 89: 544-45.

Nolin, Jan (1999). “Global Policy and National Research: The International Shaping of Climate Research in Four European Union Countries.” Minerva 37: 125-40.

Nordhaus, William D. (1974). “Resources as a Constraint on Growth.” American Economic Review 64: 22-26. Weart DGW 8/21 Bibl II p.38

Nordhaus, William D. (1991). “To Slow or Not to Slow: The Economics of the Greenhouse Effect.” The Economic Journal 101: 920-37.

Nordhaus, William (2015). “Climate Clubs: Overcoming Free-Riding in International Climate Policy.” American Economic Review 105: 1339-70 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.15000001], online at https://ycsg.yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/nordhaus-climate-clubs.pdf.

Norgaard, Kari Marie (2011). Living in Denial. Climate Change, Emotions, and Everyday Life. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Norris, Joel R., and Anthony Slingo (2009). “Trends in Observed Cloudiness and Earth’s Radiation Budget: What Do We No Know and What Do We Need to Know?” In Clouds in the Perturbed Climate System, edited by Heintzenberg, Jost, and Robert J. Charlson, pp. 17-36. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Norris, Joel R., et al. (2016). “Evidence for Climate Change in the Satellite Cloud Record.” Nature 536: 72-75 [doi:10.1038/nature18273].

Norris, Richard D., and Ursula Röhl (1999). “Carbon Cycling and Chronology of Climate Warming During the Palaeocene/Eocene Transition.” Nature 401: 775-78.

North, Gerald R. (1975). “Analytical Solution to a Simple Climate Model with Diffusive Heat Transport.” J. Atmospheric Sciences 32: 1301-07.

North, G.R., and James A. Coakley, Jr. (1979). “Differences between Seasonal and Mean Energy Balance Model Calculations of Climate Sensitivity.” J. Atmospheric Sciences 36: 1189- 1204.

North, Gerald R., et al. (1981). “Energy Balance Climate Models.” Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics 19: 91-121.

North, Gerald R. (1984). “The Small Ice Cap Instability in Diffusive Models.” J. Atmospheric Sciences 41: 3390-95.

Norton, Stephen D., and Frederick Suppe (2001). “Why Atmospheric Modeling Is Good Science.” In Changing the Atmosphere. Expert Knowledge and Environmental Governance, edited by Miller, Clark A., and Paul N. Edwards, pp. 67-105. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Nottingham, Andrew T., et al. (2020). “Soil Carbon Loss by Experimental Warming in a Tropical Forest.” Nature 584 234-37 [doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2566-4]. Weart DGW 8/21 Bibl II p.39

Nunes, Flavia, and Richard D. Norris (2006). “Abrupt Reversal in Ocean Overturning During the Palaeocene/Eocene Warm Period.” Nature 439: 60-63 [doi:10.1038/nature04386].

Nurmis, Joanna (2016). “Visual Climate Change Art 2005-2015: Discourse and Practice.” Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change 7: 501-16 [doi:10.1002/wcc.40].

Nye, J. F. (1959). “The Motion of Ice Sheets and Glaciers.” J. Glaciology 3: 493-.

Nye, J.F. (1960). “The Response of Glaciers and Ice-Sheets to Seasonal and Climatic Changes.” Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A256: 559-84.

Nyhart, Lynn K., and Thomas H. Broman (2002) Science and Civil Society (Osiris 2nd Ser., Vol. 17). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Oberthür, Sebastian, and Hermann E. Ott (1999). The Kyoto Protocol. International Climate Policy for the 21st Century. Berlin: Springer.

(Obituary) (1965). “Mr. G.S. Callendar.” Quarterly J. Royal Meteorological Society 91: 112.

O’Connor, Fiona M., et al. (2010). “Possible Role of Wetlands, Permafrost, and Methane Hydrates in the Methane Cycle under Future Climate Change: A Review.” Reviews of Geophysics 48: RG4005 [doi:10.1029/2010RG000326].

Odum, Eugene P. (1969). “The Strategy of Ecosystem Development.” Science 164: 262-70 [doi:10.1126/science.164.3877.262].

Oechel, Walter C., et al. (1993). “Recent Change of Arctic Tundra from a Net Carbon Dioxide Sink to a Source.” Nature 361: 520-23.

Oerlemans, Johannes (1994). “Quantifying Global Warming from the Retreat of Glaciers.” Science 264: 243-45.

Oerlemans, Johannes (2005). “Extracting a Climate Signal from 169 Glacier Records.” Science 308: 675-77.

Oeschger, Hans, et al. (1975). “A Box Diffusion Model to Study the Carbon Dioxide Exchange in Nature.” Tellus 27: 168-92.

Oeschger, Hans, et al. (1984). “Late Glacial Climate History from Ice Cores.” In Climate Processes and Climate Sensitivity. (Geophysical Monograph 29, Maurice Ewing Vol. 5), edited by Hansen, James E. , and Taro Takahashi, pp. 299-306. Washington, DC: American Geophysical Union. Weart DGW 8/21 Bibl II p.40

Officer, Charles B., et al. (1987). “Late Cretaceous and Paroxysmal Cretaceous/Tertiary Extinctions.” Nature 326: 143-49.

Oh, Youmi, et al. (2020). “Reduced Net Methane Emissions Due to Microbial Methane Oxidation in a Warmer Arctic.” Nature Climate Change 10: 317-21 [doi.org/10.1038/s41558-020-0734-z].

Ohmura, Atsumu, and Herbert Lang (1989). “Current Problems in Atmospheric Radiation, edited by Lenoble, J. , and J. F. Geleyn, pp. 298-301. Hampton, VA: Deepak.

Ohmura, Atsumu, and Martin Wild (2002). “Is the Hydrological Cycle Accelerating?” Science 298: 1345-46.

Ohring, George, et al. (2008). “Global Dimming and Brightening.” Eos, Transactions of the American Geophysical Union 23: 212.

Oldroyd, David (1990). “David Hull’s Evolutionary Model for the Progress and Process of Science.” Biology and Philosophy 5: 473-87.

Oltmanns, Marilena, et al. (2018). “Increased Risk of a Shutdown of Ocean Convection Posed by Warm North Atlantic Summers.” Nature Climate Change 8: 300-304 [doi:10.1038/s41558-018-0105-1].

O’Neill, Saffron J., et al. (2013). “On the Use of Imagery for Climate Change Engagement.” Global Environmental Change 23: 413-21 [doi: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2012.11.006].

Oort, A.H., and T.H. Vonder Haar (1976). “On the Observed Annual Cycle in the Ocean- Atmosphere Heat Balance over the Northern Hemisphere.” Journal of Physical Oceanography 6: 781-800.

Öpik, Ernst J. (1957). “Ice Ages.” In The Earth and Its Atmosphere, edited by Bates, D.R., pp. 152-73. New York: Basic Books.

Öpik, Ernst J. (1958). “Climate and the Changing Sun.” Scientific American 198, no. 6 (June), pp. 85-92.

Öpik, Ernst J. (1965). “Climatic Change in Cosmic Perspective.” Icarus 4: 289-307.

Oppenheimer, Michael (1998). “Global Warming and the Stability of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet.” Nature 393: 325-32.

Oppenheimer, Michael, et al. (2007). “The Limits of Consensus.” Science 317: 1505-06 Weart DGW 8/21 Bibl II p.41

[doi:10.1126/science.1144831].

Oppenheimer, Michael, et al. (2019). “Assessing the Ice: Sea Level Rise Predictions from the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, 1981-2007,” Chapter 4, pp. 127-69, in Oppenheimer et al., Discerning Experts. The Practices of Scientific Assessment for Environmental Policy. Chicago: Chicago University Press.

Oppenheimer, Michael, et al. (2019). Discerning Experts. The Practices of Scientific Assessment for Environmental Policy. Chicago: Chicago University Press.

O’Reilly, Jessica, et al. (2012). “The Rapid Disintegration of Projections: The West Antarctic Ice Sheet and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.” Social Studies of Science 42: 709-31 [doi: 10.1177/0306312712448130].

Oreskes, Naomi, et al. (1994). “Verification, Validation, and Confirmation of Numerical Models in the Earth Sciences.” Science 263: 641-46.

Oreskes, Naomi (2004). “Beyond the Ivory Tower: The Scientific Consensus on Climate Change.” Science 306: 1686 [doi:10.1126/science.1103618].

Oreskes, Naomi (2007). “The Scientific Consensus on Climate Change: How Do We Know We’re Not Wrong?” In Climate Change, edited by DiMento, Joseph F.C., and Pamela Doughman, pp. 65-99. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Oreskes, Naomi, and Erik Conway (2008a). “Challenging Knowledge: How Climate Science Became a Victim of the Cold War.” In Agnotology: The Cultural Production of Ignorance, edited by Proctor, Robert, and Londa Schiebinger, Stanford: Stanford University Press.

Oreskes, Naomi, et al. (2008b). “From Chicken Little to Dr. Pangloss: William Nierenberg, Global Warming, and the Social Deconstruction of Scientific Knowledge.” Historical Studies in the Natural Sciences 38: 109-52 [doi:10.1525/hsns.2008.38.1.109].

Oreskes, Naomi, and Erik M. Conway (2010). Merchants of Doubt: How a Handful of Scientists Obscured the Truth on Issues from Tobacco Smoke to Global Warming. New York: Bloomsbury.

Organization, World Meteorological (1985). International Assessment of the Role of Carbon Dioxide and of Other Greenhouse Gases in Climate Variations and Associated Impacts. Wcp Newsletter No. 8, Geneva, World Meteorological Organization

O’Riordan, Tim, and Jill Jäger (1996). “The History of Climate Change Science and Politics.” In Politics of Climate Change: A European Perspective, edited by O’Riordan, Tim, and Jill Weart DGW 8/21 Bibl II p.42

Jäger, pp. 1-31. London: Routledge.

Orszag, S.A. (1970). “Transform Method for Calculation of Vector-Coupled Sums: Application to the Spectral Form of the Vorticity Equation.” J. Atmospheric Sciences 27: 890-95.

Ostrom, Elinor (2015). Governing the Commons. The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Otto, Alexander, et al. (2013). “Energy Budget Constraints on Climate Response.” Nature Geoscience 6: 415-16 [doi:10.1038/ngeo1836].

Otto, Friederike E. L., et al. (2012). “Reconciling Two Approaches to Attribution of the 2010 Russian Heat Wave.” Geophysical Research Letters 39: L04702 [doi:10.1029/2011GL050422].

Otto, Friederike E. L. (2016). “Extreme Events: The Art of Attribution.” Nature Climate Change 6: 342-43 [doi:10.1038/nclimate2971].

Overland, James E., et al. (2011). “Warm Arctic-Cold Continents: Climate Impacts of the Newly Open Arctic Sea.” Polar Research 30: 15787 [doi:10.3402/polar.v30i0.15787].

Overland, James E., et al. (2012). “The Recent Shift in Early Summer Arctic Atmospheric Circulation.” Geophysical Research Letters 39: L19804 [doi:10.1029/2012GL053268].

Overpeck, J.T., et al. (1997). “Arctic Environmental Change of the Last Four Centuries.” Science 278: 1251-56.

Overpeck, J.T., et al. (2005). “Arctic System on Trajectory to New, Seasonally Ice-Free State.” Eos, Transactions of the American Geophysical Union 86: 309, 312-13.

Owen, Tobias, et al. (1979). “Enhanced CO2 Greenhouse to Compensate for Reduced Solar Luminosity on Early Earth.” Nature 277: 640-42 [doi:10.1038/277640a0].

Oyama, Marcos Daisuke, and Carlos Afonso Nobre (2003). “A New Climate-Vegetation Equilibrium State for Tropical South America.” Geophysical Research Letters 30: 2199 [doi:10.1029/2003GL018600].

Pacala, Stephen, and Robert Socolow (2004). “Stabilization Wedges: Solving the Climate Problem for the Next 50 Years with Current Technologies.” Science 305: 968-72 [doi:10.1126/science.1100103].

Paddock, William, and P. Paddock (1967). Famine -- 1975! Boston: Little, Brown. Weart DGW 8/21 Bibl II p.43

Pagani, Mark, et al. (2005). “Marked Decline in Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Concentrations During the Paleogene.” Science 309: 600-603 [DOI:10.1126/science.1110063].

Pagani, Mark, et al. (2010). “High Earth-System Climate Sensitivity Determined from Pliocene Carbon Dioxide Concentrations.” Nature Geoscience 3: 27-30 [doi:10.1038/ngeo724].

PAGES 2k Consortium (2013) SEE Ahmed et al..

PAGES 2k Consortium (2019). “Consistent Multidecadal Variability in Global Temperature Reconstructions and Simulations over the Common Era.” Nature Geoscience 12: 643-49 [https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-019-0400-0].

PALAEOSENS Project Members (2012). “Making Sense of Palaeoclimate Sensitivity.” Nature 491: 683-91 [doi:10.1038/nature11574].

Palfreman, Jon (2006). “A Tale of Two Fears: Exploring Media Depictions of Nuclear Power and Global Warming.” Review of Policy Research 23: 23-43.

Pälike, Heiko, et al. (2006). “The Heartbeat of the Oligocene Climate System.” Science 314: 1894-98 [doi:10.1126/science/1133822].

Pall, Pardeep, et al. (2011). “Anthropogenic Greenhouse Gas Contribution to Flood Risk in England and Wales in Autumn 2000.” Nature 470: 382-85 [doi:10.1038/nature09762].

Pallé, E. (2001). “Possible Satellite Perspective Effects on the Reported Correlations between Solar Activity and Clouds.” Geophysical Research Letters 32: 1-4 (L03802).

Palmer, Trevor (1999). Controversy, Catastrophism and Evolution: The Ongoing Debate. New York: Kluwer Academic / Plenum.

Palmer, T. N., and J. Räisänen (2002). “Quantifying the Risk of Extreme Seasonal Precipitation Events in a Changing Climate.” Nature 415: 512-14 [https://doi.org/10.1038/415512a], online at https://iri.columbia.edu/~goddard/EESC_W4400/CC/palmer_raisanen_2002.pdf.

Pan, Linda, et al. (2021). “Rapid Postglacial Rebound Amplifies Global Sea Level Rise Following West Antarctic Ice Sheet Collapse.” Science Advances 7: eabf7787 [doi:10.1126/sciadv.abf7787].

Pan, Yude, et al. (2011). “A Large and Persistent Carbon Sink in the World’s Forests.” Science 333 988-93 [doi:10.1126/science.1201609].

Pangala, Sunitha R., et al. (2017). “Large Emissions from Floodplain Trees Close the Amazon Weart DGW 8/21 Bibl II p.44

Methane Budget.” Nature 552: 230-34 [http://doi.org/10.1038/nature25191].

Parker, David E. (2010). “Urban Heat Island Effects on Estimates of Observed Climate Change.” Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change 1: 123-33 [doi:10.1002/wcc.021].

Parker, E.N. (1999). “Sunny Side of Global Warming.” Nature 399: 416-17.

Parmesan, Camille (1996). “Climate and Species’ Range.” Nature 382: 765-66.

Parmesan, Camille , et al. (1999). “Poleward Shifts in Geographical Ranges of Butterfly Species Associated with Regional Warming.” Nature 399: 579-83 [doi:10.1038/21181].

Parmesan, Camille, and Gariy Yohe (2003). “A Globally Coherent Fingerprint of Climate Change Impacts across Natural Systems.” Nature 421: 37-42 [doi.org/10.1038/nature01286].

Parson, Edward A. (2003). Protecting the Ozone Layer: Science and Strategy. New York: Oxford University Press.

Pastor, John, and W.M. Post (1988). “Response of Northern Forests to CO2-Induced Climate Change.” Nature 334: 55-58.

Patricola, Christina M., and Michael F. Wehner (2018). “Anthropogenic Influences on Major Tropical Cyclone Events.” Nature 563: 339-46 [https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018- 0673-2]

Pattyn, Frank, et al. (2018). “The Greenland and Antarctic Ice Sheets under 1.5°C Global Warming.” Nature Climate Change 8: 1053-61[ doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0305-8].

Payne, Antony J., et al. (2004). “Recent Dramatic Thinning of Largest West Antarctic Ice Stream Triggered by Oceans.” Geophysical Research Letters 31: L23401 [doi:10.1029/2004GL021284].

Pearce, Fred (1989). Turning up the Heat — Our Perilous Future in the Global Greenhouse. Bodley Head.

Pearce, Fred (2002). “Dr. Doom-Monger I Presume.” New Scientist 175, no. 2351 (July 13), pp. 50-51.

Pearce, Fred (2003). “Heat Will Soar as Haze Fades.” New Scientist 178, no. 2398 (June 7), p. 7.

Pearce, Fred (2005a). “Climate Warming as Siberia Melts.” New Scientist no. 2512 (13 August), p. 12. Weart DGW 8/21 Bibl II p.45

Pearce, Fred (2005b). “The Gathering Storm.” New Scientist no. 2528 (3 December), pp. 36-41.

Pearce, Fred (2005c). “The Week the Climate Changed.” New Scientist 188, no. 2521 (15 October), pp. 52-53.

Pearce, Fred (2006). “”One Degree and We’re Done For”.” New Scientist 191, no. 2571 (Sept. 30), pp. 8-9.

Pearce, Fred (2007a). “Climate Report ‘Was Watered Down’.” New Scientist (March 10), p. 10.

Pearce, Fred (2007b). “But Here’s What They Didn’t Tell Us.” New Scientist (Feb. 10), pp. 7-8.

Pearce, Fred (2007c). With Speed and Violence. Why Scientists Fear Tipping Points in Climate Change. Boston: Beacon.

Pearce, Fred (2010). The Climate Files: The Battle for the Truth About Global Warming. London: Guardian Books/Random House (UK).

Pearce, Fred (2020). “ Why Clouds Are the Key to New Troubling Projections on Warming.” Yale Environment 360 (Feb. 5), online at https://e360.yale.edu/features/why-clouds-are- the-key-to-new-troubling-projections-on-warming.

Pearson, Paul N., et al. (2001). “Warm Tropical Sea Surface Temperatures in the Late Cretaceous and Eocene Epochs.” Nature 413: 481-87.

Pearson, Ronald (1978). Climate and Evolution. London: Academic Press.

Penck, Albrecht, and Eduard Brückner (1901-1909). Die Alpen Im Eiszeitalter (3 Vols.). Leipzig: Tauchnitz.

Pendergrass, Angeline G. , and Reto Knutti (2018). “The Uneven Nature of Daily Precipitation and Its Change.” Geophysical Research Letters 45: 11,980-88 [https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL080298r].

Penn, M.J., and W. Livingston (2006). “Temporal Changes in Sunspot Umbral Magnetic Fields and Temperatures.” Astrophysical J. 649: L45-L48.

Penner, J.E. (1986). “Uncertainties in the Smoke Source Term for ‘Nuclear Winter’ Studies.” Nature 324: 222-26.

Penner, J.E., et al. (1992). “Effects of Aerosol from Biomass Burning on the Global Radiation Budget.” Science 256: 1432-34. Weart DGW 8/21 Bibl II p.46

Perkins, S. E., et al. (2012). “Increasing Frequency, Intensity and Duration of Observed Global Heat Waves and Warm Spells.” Geophysical Research Letters 39: L20714 [doi: 10.1029/2012GL053361].

Perry, John S. (1975). “The Global Atmospheric Research Program.” Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics 13: 661-67.

Perry, John S., and Thomas H.R. O’Neill (1979). “The Global Atmospheric Research Program.” Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics 17: 1753-62.

Petersen, Arthur C. (2006). Simulating Nature: A Philosophical Study of Computer-Simulation Uncertainties and Their Role in Climate Science and Policy Advice. Amsterdam: Het Spinhuis, online at https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/1460390/1/Simulating_Nature_%28Petersen%29.pdf.

Peterson, James T., et al. (1981). “Atmospheric Turbidity over Central North Carolina.” J. Applied Meteorology 20: 229-41.

Peterson, Thomas C., et al. (2008). “The Myth of the 1970s Global Cooling Scientific Consensus.” Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 89: 1325-37.

Peterson, Thomas C., et al. (2012). “Explaining Extreme Events of 2011 from a Climate Perspective.” Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 93 1041-67 [doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00021.1].

Petit, J.R., et al. (1999). “Climate and Atmospheric History of the Past 420,000 Years from the Vostok Ice Core, Antarctica.” Nature 399: 429-36 [doi:10.1038/20859].

Petit, Jean-Robert, and Dominique Raynaud (2020). “Forty Years of Ice-Core Records of CO2.” Nature 579: 505-06 [doi:10.1038/d41586-020-00809-8].

Petrenko, Vasilii V., et al. (2017). “Minimal Geological Methane Emissions During the Younger Dryas–Preboreal Abrupt Warming Event.” Nature 548: 443-46 [doi:10.1038/nature23316].

Pfeffer, W. T. , et al. (2008). “Kinematic Constraints on Glacier Contributions to 21st-Century Sea-Level Rise.” Science 321: 1340-43 [doi:10.1126/science.1159099].

Phillips, Norman A. (1951). “A Simple Three-Dimensional Model for the Study of Large-Scale Extra-Tropical Flow Patterns.” J. Meteorology 8: 381-94.

Phillips, Norman A. (1956). “The General Circulation of the Atmosphere: A Numerical Experiment.” Quarterly J. Royal Meteorological Society 82: 123-64. Weart DGW 8/21 Bibl II p.47

Phillips, Norman A. (1959). “An Example of Non-Linear Computational Instability.” In The Atmosphere and the Sea in Motion, edited by Bolin, Bert, pp. 501-04. New York: Rockefeller Institute Press.

Phillips, Oliver L., et al. (2009). “Drought Sensitivity of the Amazon Rainforest.” Science 323: 1344-47 [doi:10.1126/science.1164033].

Phillips, Thomas, et al. (2013). “Evaluation of Cryo-Hydrologic Warming as an Explanation for Increased Ice Velocities in the Wet Snow Zone, Sermeq Avannarleq, West Greenland.” Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface 118: 1241-56 [doi: 10.1002/jgrf.20079].

Piani, C., et al. (2005). “Constraints on Climate Change from a Multi-Thousand Member Ensemble of Simulations.” Geophysical Research Letters 32: L23825 [doi:10.1029/2005GL024452].

Pielke, Roger A., Sr. (2005). “Land Use and Climate Change.” Science 310: 1625-26 [doi:10.1126/science.1120529].

Pierrehumbert, Raymond T. (2004). “Warming the World.” Nature 432: 677.

Pierrehumbert, Raymond T. (2011). Principles of Planetary Climate. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Pilewskie, Peter, and Francisco P.J. Valero (1995). “Direct Observations of Excess Solar Absorption by Clouds.” Science 267: 1626-29.

Pilson, M. E. (2006). “‘We Are Evaporating Our Coal Mines into the Air.’.” Ambio 35: 130-33.

Piltz, Rick S. (2005). “Toward a Second U.S. Climate Change Assessment.” Eos, Transactions of the American Geophysical Union 86: 550-51.

Pinker, R.T., et al. (2005). “Do Satellites Detect Trends in Surface Solar Radiation?” Science 308: 850-54.

Pisias, Niklas G., and T.C. Moore, Jr. (1981). “The Evolution of Pleistocene Climate: A Time Series Approach.” Earth and Planetary Science Letters 52: 450-58.

Pisias, Nicklas G., and Nicholas J. Shackleton (1984). “Modelling the Global Climate Response to Orbital Forcing and Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Changes.” Nature 310: 757-59.

Pittock, A. Barrie (2006). “Are Scientists Underestimating Climate Change?” Eos, Transactions of the American Geophysical Union 87: 340. Weart DGW 8/21 Bibl II p.48

Pittock, Barrie (2009). “Can Solar Variations Explain Variations in Earth’s Climate?” Climactic Change 96: 483-87 [doi:10.1007/s10584-009-9645-8].

Plass, G.N. (1956a). “The Carbon Dioxide Theory of Climatic Change.” Tellus 8: 140-54.

Plass, G.N. (1956b). “The Influence of the 15µ Band on the Atmospheric Infra-Red Cooling Rate.” Quarterly J. Royal Meteorological Society 82: 310-29.

Plass, G.N. (1956c). “Infrared Radiation in the Atmosphere.” American J. Physics 24: 303-21.

Plass, G.N. (1956d). “Carbon Dioxide and the Climate.” American Scientist 44: 302-16. Reprinted with commentary by James Fleming and Gavin Schmidt, American Scientist 98:1 (Jan.-Feb. 2010):58 [doi:10.1511/2010.82.58], online at https://www.americanscientist.org/article/carbon-dioxide-and-the-climate

Plass, G.N. (1956e). “Effect of Carbon Dioxide Variations on Climate.” American J. Physics 24: 376-87.

Plass, G.N. (1959). “Carbon Dioxide and Climate.” Scientific American 201, no. 1 (July), pp. 41- 47.

Plass, G.N., and L.D. Kaplan (1961). “Exchange of Letters.” Tellus 13: 296-302.

Plaza, César, et al. (2019). “Direct Observation of Permafrost Degradation and Rapid Soil Carbon Loss in Tundra.” Nature Geoscience 12: 627-31 [doi.org/10.1038/s41561-019- 0387-6].

Platzman, G.W. (1960). “The Spectral Form of the Vorticity Equation.” J. Meteorology 17: 653- 44.

Platzman, G.W. (1979). “The Eniac Computations of 1950 -- Gateway to Numerical Weather Prediction.” Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 60: 302-12.

Pollack, Henry N., and David S. Chapman (1993). “Underground Records of Changing Climate.” Scientific American 268, (June), pp. 46-52.

Pollack, Henry N., et al. (1998). “Climate Change Record in Subsurface Temperatures: A Global Perspective.” Science 282: 279-81.

Pollack, Henry N., and Shaopeng Huang (2000). “Climate Reconstruction from Subsurface Temperatures.” Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 28: 339-65.

Pollack, Henry N., and J.E. Smerdon (2004). “Borehole Climate Reconstructions: Spatial Weart DGW 8/21 Bibl II p.49

Structure and Hemispheric Averages.” Journal of Geophysical Research 109: D11106 [doi:10.1029/2003JD004163].

Pollack, James B. (1971). “A Nongrey Calculation of the Runaway Greenhouse: Implications for Venus’ Past and Present.” Icarus 14: 295-306.

Pollack, James B., et al. (1975). “A Determination of the Composition of the Venus Clouds from Aircraft Observations in the near Infrared.” Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 32: 376- 90.

Pollack, James B., et al. (1976a). “Estimates of the Climatic Impact of Aerosols Produced by Space Shuttles, SST’s, and Other High Flying Aircraft.” J. Applied Meteorology 15: 247- 58.

Pollack, James B., et al. (1976b). “Volcanic Explosions and Climatic Change: A Theoretical Assessment.” J. Geophysical Research 81: 1071-83.

Pollack, James B., et al. (1983). “Environmental Effects of an Impact-Generated Dust Cloud: Implications for the Cretaceous-Tertiary Extinction.” Science 219: 287-89.

Pollard, David, et al. (2015). “Potential Antarctic Ice Sheet Retreat Driven by Hydrofracturing and Ice Cliff Failure.” Earth and Planetary Science Letters 412: 112-21 [doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2014.12.035].

Polvani, L. M., et al. (2017). “When Less Is More: Opening the Door to Simpler Climate Models.” Eos, Transactions of the American Geophysical Union 98 (Sept. 25).

Pomerance, Rafe (1989). “The Dangers from Climate Warming: A Public Awakening.” In The Challenge of Global Warming, edited by Abrahamson, Dean Edwin, pp. 259-69. Washington, DC: Island Press.

Ponte, Lowell (1976). The Cooling. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

Pool, Robert (1990). “Struggling to Do Science for Society.” Science 248: 672-73.

Pooley, Eric (2007). “The Last Temptation of Al Gore.” Time 169, no. 22 (May 28), pp. 31-39.

Pooley, Eric (2010). The Climate War. True Believers, Power Brokers, and the Fight to Save the Earth. New York: Hyperion.

Poortinga, Wouter, and Nick F. Pidgeon (2003). “Exploring the Dimensionality of Trust in Risk Regulation.” Risk Analysis 23: 961-72 [doi:10.1111/1539-6924.00373]. Weart DGW 8/21 Bibl II p.50

Popkin, Gabriel (2015). “The Hunt for the World’s Missing Carbon.” Nature 523: 20-22.

Porter, Stephen C. (1979). “Hawaiian Glacial Ages.” Quaternary Research 12: 161-87.

Potter, Gerald L., et al. (1981). “Climate Change and Cloud Feedback: The Possible Radiative Effects of Latitudinal Redistribution.” J. Atmospheric Sciences 38: 489-93.

Pouillet, Claude (1838). “Mémoire Sur La Chaleur Solaire...” Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences 7: 24-65.

Poulsen, Christopher J. (2004). “A Balmy Arctic.” Nature 432: 814-15.

Poundstone, William (1999). Carl Sagan: A Life in the Cosmos. New York: Holt.

Powell, James Lawrence (2015a). Four Revolutions in the Earth Sciences. From Heresy to Truth. New York: Columbia University Press.

Powell, James Lawrence (2015b). “Climate Scientists Virtually Unanimous.” Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society 35: 121-24 [https://doi.org/10.1177/0270467616634958].

Powell, James Lawrence (2016). “The Consensus on Anthropogenic Global Warming Matters.” Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society 36: 157-63 [doi:10.1177/0270467617707079]

Powell, James (2019). “Scientists Reach 100% Consensus on Anthropogenic Global Warming.” Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society, Nov. 20 [doi.org/10.1177/0270467619886266].

Prather, Michael J. (2002). “Citation for Award of 2001 Roger Revelle Medal to James E. Hansen.” Eos, Transactions of the American Geophysical Union 83: 187.

Preining, Othmar, and E. James Davis (2000) History of Aerosol Science. Proceedings of the Symposium... Vienna, Austria, 1999. Vienna: Akademie der Wissenschaften.

Prentice, I. Colin, and Jon Lloyd (1998). “C-Quest in the Amazon Basin.” Nature 396: 619-20.

President’s Science Advisory Committee (1965). Restoring the Quality of Our Environment. Report of the Environmental Pollution Panel. Washington, DC: The White House.

Price, George McReady (1995). Illogical Geology. The Weakest Point in the Evolution Theory. New York: Garland (originally published Los Angeles: The Modern Heretic, 1906).

Pritchard, Hamish D. , et al. (2009). “Extensive Dynamic Thinning on the Margins of the Greenland and Antarctic Ice Sheets.” Nature 461: 971-75 [doi:10.1038/nature08471]. Weart DGW 8/21 Bibl II p.51

Proistosescu, Cristian, and Peter J. Huybers (2017). “Slow Climate Mode Reconciles Historical and Model-Based Estimates of Climate Sensitivity.” Science Advances 3: e1602821 [doi:10.1126/sciadv.1602821].

Pudovkin, M.I., and S.V. Verentenenko (1995). “Cloudiness Decreases Associated with Forbush- Decreases of Galactic Cosmic Rays.” J. Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics 57: 1349- 55.

Pudovkin, M.I., and S.V. Veretenenko (1996). “Variations of the Cosmic Rays as One of the Possible Links between the Solar Activity and the Lower Atmosphere.” Advances in Space Research 17: 161-64.

Pumphrey, Carolyn, ed. (2008) Global Climate Change: National Security Implications. Carlisle, PA: Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, online at http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/PUB862.pdf.

Purdom, James F.W., and W. Paul Menzel (1996). “Evolution of Satellite Observations in the United States and Their Use in Meteorology.” In Historical Essays on Meteorology 1919- 1995, edited by Fleming, James Rodger, pp. 99-155. Boston: American Meteorological Society.

Putnam, Palmer Cosslett (1953). Energy in the Future. New York: Van Nostrand. E-copies online at http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001613986.

Putman, William P., and Shian-Jiann Lin (2007). “Finite-Volume Transport on Various Cubed- Sphere Grids.” Journal of Computational Physics 227: 55-78 [doi:10.1016/j.jcp.2007.07.022].

Qin, Y., et al. (2021). “Carbon Loss from Forest Degradation Exceeds That from Deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon.” Nature Climate Change 11: 442-48 [doi.org/10.1038/s41558- 021-01026-5].

Qiu, Chunjing, et al. (2021). “Large Historical Carbon Emissions from Cultivated Northern Peatlands.” Science Advances 7: eabf1332 [doi:10.1126/sciadv.abf1332].

Qiu, Jane (2017). “Antarctica’s Sleeping Ice Giant Could Wake Soon.” Nature 544: 152-54 [doi:10.1038/544152a].

Quinn, P. K., and T. S. Bates (2011). “The Case against Climate Regulation Via Oceanic Phytoplankton Sulphur Emissions.” Nature 480: 51-56 [doi:10.1038/nature10580].

Rabe, Barry George (2004). Statehouse and Greenhouse: The Emerging Politics of American Climate Change Policy. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press. Weart DGW 8/21 Bibl II p.52

Radke, L. F., et al. (1989). “Direct and Remote Sensing Observations of the Effects of Ships on Clouds.” Science 246: 1146-49.

Rahmstorf, Stefan (1999). “Shifting Seas in the Greenhouse?” Nature 399: 523-24.

Rahmstorf, Stefan (2002). “Ocean Circulation and Climate During the Past 120,000 Years.” Nature 419: 207-14.

Rahmstorf, Stefan (2007). “A Semi-Empirical Approach to Projecting Future Sea-Level Rise.” Science 315: 368-70 [doi:10.1126/science.1135456].

Rahmstorf, Stefan, et al. (2007). “Recent Climate Observations Compared to Projections.” Science 316: 709 [doi:10.1126/science.113643].

Rahmstorf, Stefan, and Dim Coumou (2011). “Increase of Extreme Events in a Warming World.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108 17905-09 [doi:10.1073/pnas.1101766108].

Rahmstorf, Stefan, et al. (2015). “Exceptional Twentieth-Century Slowdown in Atlantic Ocean Overturning Circulation.” Nature Climate Change 5: 475-80 [doi:10.1038/nclimate2554].

Raich, J.W., and W.H. Schlesinger (1992). “The Global Carbon Dioxide Flux in Soil Respiration and Its Relationship to Vegetation and Climate.” Tellus 44B: 81-99.

Rainger, Ronald (2000a). “Patronage and Science: Roger Revelle, the U.S. Navy, and Oceanography at the Scripps Institution.” Earth Sciences History 19: 58-89.

Rainger, Ronald (2000b). “Science at the Crossroads: The Navy, Bikini Atoll, and American Oceanography in the 1940s.” Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences 30: 349-71.

Rainger, Ronald (2004). “ ‘A Wonderful Oceanographic Tool’: The Atomic Bomb, Radioactivity and American Oceanography in the 1950s.” In The Machine in Neptune’s Garden: Historical Perspectives on Technology and the Marine Environment, edited by Rozwadowski, Helen M., and David K. van Keuren, pp. 96-132. Sagamore Beach, MA: Science History Publications/USA.

Rajaratnam, Bala, et al. (2015). “Debunking the Climate Hiatus.” Climatic Change 132 1-12 [doi:10.1007/s10584-015-1495-y].

Rakipova, L.R. (1966). “Climate Change When Influencing the Arctic Basin (in Russian).” Meteorologiia I Gidrologiia 9: 9.

Ralph, Elizabeth K., and Henry N. Michael (1974). “Twenty-Five Years of Radiocarbon Dating.” Weart DGW 8/21 Bibl II p.53

American Scientist 62: 553-60.

Ram, M., et al. (2009). “The Terrestrial Cosmic Ray Flux: Its Importance for Climate.” Eos, Transactions of the American Geophysical Union 90: 397-98.

Ramanathan, V. (1975). “Greenhouse Effect Due to Chlorofluorocarbons: Climatic Implications.” Science 190: 50-52.

Ramanathan, V., et al. (1976). “Sensitivity of Surface Temperature and Atmospheric Temperature to Perturbations in the Stratospheric Concentration of Ozone and Nitrogen Dioxide.” J. Atmospheric Sciences 33: 1092-1112.

Ramanathan, V., and James A. Coakley, Jr. (1978). “Climate Modeling through Radiative Convective Models.” Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics 16: 465-89.

Ramanathan, V. (1980). “Climatic Effects of Anthropogenic Trace Gases.” In Interactions of Energy and Climate, edited by Bach, W., et al., pp. 269-80. Dordrecht: Reidel.

Ramanathan, V. (1981). “The Role of Ocean-Atmosphere Interactions in the CO2 Climate Problem.” J. Atmospheric Sciences 38: 918-30.

Ramanathan, V., et al. (1983). “The Response of a Spectral General Circulation Model to Refinements in Radiative Processes.” J. Atmospheric Sciences 40: 605-30.

Ramanathan, V., et al. (1985). “Trace Gas Trends and Their Potential Role in Climate Change.” J. Geophysical Research 90: 5547-66.

Ramanathan, V. (1987). “The Role of Earth Radiation Budget Studies in Climate and General Circulation Research.” Journal of Geophysical Research 92: 4075-95.

Ramanathan, V. (1988). “The Greenhouse Theory of Climate Change: A Test by Inadvertent Global Experiment.” Science 240: 293-99.

Ramanathan, V., et al. (1989a). “Cloud-Radiative Forcing and Climate: Results from the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment.” Science 243: 57-63.

Ramanathan, V., et al. (1989b). “Climate and the Earth’s Radiation Budget.” Physics Today 42, (May), pp. 22-32.

Ramanathan, V., et al. (1995). “Warm Pool Heat Budget and Shortwave Cloud Forcing: A Missing Physics?” Science 267: 499-503.

Ramanathan, V., and Andrew M. Vogelman (1997). “Greenhouse Effect, Atmospheric Solar Weart DGW 8/21 Bibl II p.54

Absorption and the Earth’s Radiation Budget: From the Arrhenius-Langley Era to the 1990s.” Ambio 26: 38-46.

Ramanathan, V., et al. (2001). “Aerosols, Climate, and the Hydrological Cycle.” Science 294: 2119-24.

Ramanathan, V., and G. Carmichael (2008). “Global and Regional Climate Changes Due to Black Carbon.” Nature Geoscience 1: 221-27 [doi:10.1038/ngeo156].

Randall, David A., ed. (2000) General Circulation Model Development. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

Randall, Douglas A., et al. (2007). “Climate Models and Their Evaluation.” In Climate Change 2007: The Physical Basis of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the IPCC, edited by Solomon, Susan, et al., pp. 589-662. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.

Rapp, R.R. (1970). Climate Modification and National Security, Santa Monica, CA, Rand Corporation

Raschke, E., et al. (1973). “The Annual Radiation Balance of the Earth-Atmosphere System During 1969-1970 from Nimbus 3 Measurements.” J. Atmospheric Sciences 30: 341-64.

Rasmussen, R.A., and M.A.K. Khalil (1981a). “Atmospheric Methane: Trends and Seasonal Cycles.” J. Geophysical Research 86: 9826-32.

Rasmussen, R.A., and M.A.K. Khalil (1981b). “Preliminary Communication: Increase in the Concentration of Atmospheric Methane.” Atmospheric Environment 15: 883-86.

Rasool, S. Ichtiaque, and Catheryn de Bergh (1970). “The Runaway Greenhouse and the

Accumulation of CO2 in the Venus Atmosphere.” Nature 226: 1037-39.

Rasool, S. Ichtiaque, and Stephen H. Schneider (1971). “Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide and Aerosols: Effects of Large Increases on Global Climate.” Science 173: 138-141.

Rasool, S. Ichtiaque, et al. (1983). “On Predicting Calamities [with Reply].” Climatic Change 5: 201-04.

Raval, A., and V. Ramanathan (1989). “Observational Determination of the Greenhouse Effect.” Nature 342: 758-61 [doi:10.1038/342758a0].

Raynaud, D., et al. (1988). “Climatic and CH4 Cycle Implications of Glacial-Interglacial CH4 Change in the Vostok Ice Core.” Nature 333: 655-57. Weart DGW 8/21 Bibl II p.55

Read, Daniel, et al. (1994). “What Do People Know About Climate Change? 2. Survey Studies of Educated Lay People.” Risk Analysis 14: 971-82.

Ready, Kevin E. (1998). Gaia Weeps. Oxnard, CA: Saint Gaudens.

Reager, J. T., et al. (2016). “A Decade of Sea Level Rise Slowed by Climate-Driven Hydrology.” Science 351: 699-703 [doi:10.1126/science.aad8386].

Redfield, Alfred C. (1958). “The Biological Control of Chemical Factors in the Environment.” American Scientist 46: 205-21.

Redfield, A.C., et al. (1963). “The Influence of Organisms on the Composition of Seawater.” In The Sea, edited by Hill, M.N., New York: Wiley.

Reich, Peter B., and Sarah E. Hobbie (2012). “Decade-Long Soil Nitrogen Constraint on the CO2 Fertilization of Plant Biomass.” Nature Climate Change 2: 278-82 [doi:10.1038/nclimate1694]

Reichler, Thomas, and Junsu Kim (2008). “How Well Do Coupled Models Simulate Today’s Climate? Meteorological Society, Vol. , Pp. .” Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 89: 303-12 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-89-3-303].

Reid, George (1988). “Solar Variability and Climate Change on the Time Scale of Decades to Centuries.” Eos, Transactions of the American Geophysical Union 69: 567.

Reid, G. (1991). “Solar Total Irradiance Variations and the Global Sea Surface Temperature Record.” Journal of Geophysical Research 96(D2): 2835-44.

Reid, George (1992). “Solar Total Irradiance Variability and Global Ocean Temperature Variations.” Eos, Transactions of the American Geophysical Union 73: 244.

Reid, R.O., et al. (1975). Numerical Models of World Ocean Circulation. Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences.

Reiners, William A. (1973). “Terrestrial Detritus and the Carbon Cycle.” In Carbon and the Biosphere, edited by Woodwell, George M., and Erene V. Pecan, pp. 303-27. Washington, DC: Atomic Energy Commission (National Technical Information Service, CONF-7502510).

Réjou-Méchain, M., et al. (2021). “ Unveiling African Rainforest Composition and Vulnerability to Global Change.” Nature 593: 90-94 [doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03483-6].

Reusswig, F., et al. (2004). Double Impact—the Climate Blockbuster ‘the Day after Tomorrow’ Weart DGW 8/21 Bibl II p.56

and Its Impact on the German Cinema Public (Pik Report No.92), Potsdam, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research , pp. 65.

Revelle, Roger, and Arthur E. Maxwell (1952). “Heat Flow through the Floor of the Eastern North Pacific Ocean.” Nature 170: 199-200.

Revelle, Roger, and K.O. Emery (1956). Chemical Erosion of Beach Rock and Exposed Reef Rock, La Jolla, CA, Scripps Institution of Oceanography Contribution pp. 666-709.

Revelle, Roger, and Rhodes Fairbridge (1957). “Carbonates and Carbon Dioxide.” Memoirs of the Geological Society of America 67:1: 239-95.

Revelle, Roger, and Hans E. Suess (1957). “Carbon Dioxide Exchange between Atmosphere and

Ocean and the Question of an Increase of Atmospheric CO2 During the Past Decades.” Tellus 9: 18-27.

Revelle, Roger (1964). “A Long View from the Beach.” New Scientist 21, (20 Feb.), pp. 485-87.

Revelle, Roger (1966). “The Role of the Oceans.” Saturday Review (7 May), p. 41?

Revelle, Roger (1983). “Probable Future Changes in Sea Level Resulting from Increased Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide.” In Changing Climate, edited by Carbon Dioxide Assessment Committee, National Research Council, pp. 433-48. Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences.

Revelle, Roger, and P. E. Waggoner (1983). “Effects of a Carbon Dioxide-Induced Climatic Change on Water Supplies in the Western United States.” In Changing Climate, edited by Carbon Dioxide Assessment Committee, National Research Council, pp. 419-32. Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences.

Revelle, Roger (1985). “Introduction: The Scientific History of Carbon Dioxide.” In The Carbon

Cycle and Atmospheric CO2: Natural Variations Archean to Present (Geophysical Monograph 32), edited by Sundquist, E. T., and Wallace S. Broecker, pp. 1-4. Washington, DC: American Geophysical Union.

Revelle, Roger (1987). “How I Became an Oceanographer and Other Sea Stories.” Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 15: 1-23.

Revkin, Andrew C. (1988). “Endless Summer: Living with the Greenhouse Effect.” Discover 9, no. 10 (Oct.), pp. 51-61.

Revkin, Andrew (1992). Global Warming—Understanding the Forecast. New York: Abbeville Press. Weart DGW 8/21 Bibl II p.57

Reyes, Alberto V., et al. (2014). “South Greenland Ice-Sheet Collapse During Marine Isotope Stage 11.” Nature 510: 525-28 [doi:10.1038/nature13456].

Reynolds, Richard W., et al. (1989). “Biases in Satellite-Derived Sea-Surface-Temperature Data.” Nature 341: 728-31.

Riccobono, Francesco, et al. (2014). “Oxidation Products of Biogenic Emissions Contribute to Nucleation of Atmospheric Particles.” Science 344 717-21 [doi:10.1126/science.1243527].

Rich, Nathaniel (2018). “Losing Earth: The Decade We Almost Stopped Climate Change.” New YorkTimes Magazine (Aug. 5), online at https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/08/01/magazine/climate-change-losing- earth.html.

Rich, Nathaniel (2019). Losing Earth. New York: MCD/Farrar, Straus & Giroux.

Richardson, Katherine, et al. (2009). Synthesis Report from Climate Change: Global Risks, Challenges & Decisions, Conference, 10-12 March. Copenhagen: University of Copenhagen.

Richardson, Lewis F. (1922). Weather Prediction by Numerical Process. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (reprinted NY, Dover, 1965).

Richardson, Mark, et al. (2016). “Reconciled Climate Response Estimates from Climate Models and the Energy Budget of Earth.” Nature Climate Change 6: 931-35 [doi:10.1038/nclimate3066].

Ricke, Katharine, et al. (2018). “Country-Level Social Cost of Carbon.” Nature Climate Change 8: 895-900 [https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0282-y].

Rignot, Eric (1998). “Fast Recession of a West Antarctic Glacier.” Science 281 549-51 [doi:10.1126/science.281.5376.549].

Rignot, Eric, and Robert H. Thomas (2002). “Mass Balance of Polar Ice Sheets.” Science 297: 1502-06.

Rignot, E., and S. S. Jacobs (2002). “Rapid Bottom Melting Widespread near Antarctic Ice Sheet Grounding Line.” Science 296: 2020-23 [doi:10.1126/science.1070942].

Rignot, Eric, et al. (2004). “Accelerated Ice Discharge from the Antarctic Peninsula Following the Collapse of Larsen B Ice Shelf.” Geophysical Research Letters 31: L18401 [doi:10.1029/2004GL020697]. Weart DGW 8/21 Bibl II p.58

Rignot, Eric, and Panir Kanagaratnam (2006). “Changes in the Velocity Structure of the Greenland Ice Sheet.” Science 311: 986-90 [doi:10.1126/science.1121381].

Rignot, Eric, et al. (2008). “Recent Antarctic Ice Mass Loss from Radar Interferometry and Regional Climate Modelling.” Nature Geoscience 1: 106-10 [doi:10.1038/ngeo102].

Rignot, Eric, et al. (2014). “Widespread, Rapid Grounding Line Retreat of Pine Island, Thwaites, Smith and Kohler Glaciers, West Antarctica from 1992 to 2011.” Geophysical Research Letters 41: 3502-09 [doi: 10.1002/2014GL060140].

Rignot, Eric, et al. (2019). “Four Decades of Antarctic Ice Sheet Mass Balance from 1979–2017.” Publications of the National Academy of Sciences [https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1812883116].

Rigor, I.G., and J.M. Wallace (2004). “Variations in the Age of Arctic Sea-Ice and Summer Sea- Ice Extent.” Geophysical Research Letters 32: L09401 [doi:10.1029/2004GL01949R2i]n.d, D., and D. Peteet (1985). “Terrestrial Conditions at the Last Glacial Maximum and CLIMAP Sea-Surface Temperature Estimates: Are They Consistent?” Quaternary Research 24: 1-22.

Rind, D., et al. (1986). “The Impact of Cold North Atlantic Sea Surface Temperatures on Climate: Implications for the Younger Dryas.” Climate Dynamics 1: 3-33.

Rind, D., et al. (1990). “Potential Evapotranspiration and the Likelihood of Future Drought.” J. Geophysical Research 95: 9983-10004.

Rind, D., et al. (1991). “Positive Water Vapour Feedback in Climate Models Confirmed by Satellite Data.” Nature 349: 500-03.

Rind, David, and Nambath K. Balachandran (1995). “Modeling the Effects of UV Variability and the Qbo on the Troposphere–Stratosphere System. Part II: The Troposphere.” Journal of Climate 8: 2080-95.

Rintoul, Stephen Rich, et al. (2016). “Ocean Heat Drives Rapid Basal Melt of the Totten Ice Shelf.” Science Advances 2: e1601610 [doi:10.1126/sciadv.1601610].

Ripple, William J., et al. (2020). “World Scientists’ Warning of a Climate Emergency.” BioScience 70: 8-12 [doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biz088]

Roan, S. (1989). Ozone Crisis: The 15-Year Evolution of a Sudden Global Emergency. New York: Wiley.

Robbins, Jhan and June (1956). “100 Years of Warmer Weather.” Science Digest 39: 82-85. Weart DGW 8/21 Bibl II p.59

Robert, A.J. (1968). “The Integration of a Spectral Model of the Atmosphere by the Implicit Method.” In WMO Iugg Symposium on Numerical Weather Prediction, Vol. 7, edited by Organization, World Meteorological, and International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics, pp. 9-24. Tokyo, Japan: Meteorological Society of Japan.

Roberts, L. (1989). “Global Warming: Blaming the Sun.” Science 246: 992-93

Roberts, Walter Orr, and Roger H. Olson (1975). “Great Plains Weather.” Nature 254: 380..

Roberts, Walter Orr (1967). “Climate Control.” Physics Today 20 (Aug.), pp. 30-36.

Robin, Gordon de Q. (1962). “The Ice of the Antarctic.” Scientific American 207, no. 3 (Sept.), pp. 132-46.

Robin, Gordon de Q., and Raymond J. Adie (1964). “The Ice Cover.” In Antarctic Research. A Review of British Scientific Achievement in Antarctica, edited by Priestley, Raymond, et al., pp. 100-117. London: Butterworths.

Robinson, G.D. (1967). “Some Current Projects for Global Meteorological Observation and Experiment.” Quarterly J. Royal Meteorological Society 98: 409-18.

Robinson, G.D. (1971). “Review of Climate Models.” In Man’s Impact on the Climate [Study of Critical Environmental Problems (SCEP) Report], edited by Matthews, William H., et al., pp. 205-15. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Robinson, Kim Stanley (1994). Green Mars. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.

Robinson, Kim Stanley (2004). Forty Signs of Rain. New York: Spectra Books.

Robinson, Kim Stanley (2005). Fifty Degrees Below. New York: Bantam.

Robinson, Kim Stanley (2017). New York 2040. NY: Orbit / Hachette.

Robock, Alan (1978). “Internally and Externally Caused Climate Change.” J. Atmospheric Sciences 35: 1111-1122.

Robock, Alan (1979). “The `Little Ice Age’: Northern Hemisphere Average Observations and Model Calculations.” Science 206: 1402-1404.

Robock, Alan, and Alan E. Strong (1989). “Satellite Data Contamination (Exchange of Letters).” Nature 341: 695.

Robock, Alan, and Owen Brian Toon (2010). “Local Nuclear War, Global Suffering.” Scientific Weart DGW 8/21 Bibl II p.60

American 302: 74-81.

Rodenhizer, Heidi, et al. (2020). “Carbon Thaw Rate Doubles When Accounting for Subsidence in a Permafrost Warming Experiment.” Journal of Geophysical Research Biosgeosciences 125: e2019JG005528 [doi.org/10.1029/2019JG005528].

Roderick, Michael L., and Graham D. Farquhar (2002). “The Cause of Decreased Pan Evaporation over the Past 50 Years.” Science 298: 1410-11.

Rodhe, Henning (1990). “A Comparison of the Contribution of Various Gases to the Greenhouse Effect.” Science 248: 1217-19 [doi:10.1126/science.248.4960.1217].

Rodhe, Henning, and Robert J. Charlson (1998) The Legacy of Svante Arrhenius. Understanding the Greenhouse Effect. Stockholm: Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.

Roe, Gerard H., and Marcia B. Baker (2007). “Why Is Climate Sensitivity So Unpredictable?” Science 318: 629-32 [doi:10.1126/science.1144735].

Rogelj, Joeri, et al. (2016). “Differences between Carbon Budget Estimates Unravelled.” Nature Climate Change: 245-52 [doi:10.1038/nclimate2868].

Rohde, Robert , et al. (2012). “A New Estimate of the Average Earth Surface Land Temperature Spanning 1753 to 2011.” Geoinformatics & Geostatistics: An Overview 1 (1) http://www.scitechnol.com/GIGS/GIGS-1-101.pdf.

Rohling, E. J., et al. (2010). “Comparison between Holocene and Marine Isotope Stage 11 Sea Level Histories.” Earth and Planetary Science Letters 291: 97-105 [doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2009.12.054].

Romm, Joseph (2011). “Desertification: The Next Dust Bowl.” Nature 478: 450-51 [doi: 10.1038/478450a].

Rooth, C. (1982). “Hydrology and Ocean Circulation.” Progess in Oceanography 11: 131-49.

Rosenberg, Stacy, et al. (2009). “Climate Change: A Profileof US Climate Scientists’ Perspective.” Climactic Change 101: 311-29 [doi:1007/s10584-009-9709-9].

Rosenfeld, Daniel (2000). “Suppression of Rain and Snow by Urban and Industrial Air Pollution.” Science 287: 1793-96.

Rosenfeld, Daniel, et al. (2019). “Aerosol-Driven Droplet Concentrations Dominate Coverage and Water of Oceanic Low-Level Clouds.” Science 363: eaav0566 [doi:10.1126/science.aav0566]. Weart DGW 8/21 Bibl II p.61

Rosenzweig, Cynthia (1985). “Potential CO2-Induced Climate Effects on North American Wheat-Producing Regions.” Climatic Change 4: 367-89.

Rosenzweig, Cynthia, and Daniel Hillel (1998). Climate Change and the Global Harvest: Potential Effects of the Greenhouse Effect on Agriculture. New York: Oxford University Press.

Rossby, C.-G. (1956). “Aktuella Meteorologiska Problem.” Svensk Naturvetenskap: 15-80.

Rossby, C.-G. (1959). “Current Problems in Meteorology.” In The Atmosphere and the Sea in Motion, edited by Bolin, Bert, pp. 9-50. New York: Rockefeller Institute Press.

Rothrock, D.A., et al. (1999). “Thinning of the Arctic Sea-Ice Cover.” Geophysical Research Letters 26: 3469-72.

Rotstayn, Leon D, and Ulrike Lohmann (2002). “Tropical Rainfall Trends and the Indirect Aerosol Effect.” Journal of Climate 15: 2103-16.

Rott, H., et al. (1996). “Rapid Collapse of Northern Larsen Ice Shelf, Antarctica.” Science 271: 788-92.

Rowntree, P.R. (1989). “Progress and Future Developments in Modelling the Climate System with General Circulation Models.” In Understanding Climate Change (Geophysical Monograph 52, Iugg Volume 7), edited by Berger, A., et al., pp. 163-75. Washington, DC: American Geophysical Union.

Royal_Society, The (2009). Geoengineering the Climate: Science, Governance and Uncertainty, London, The Royal Society pp. 82.

Royer, Dana L., et al. (2001). “Phanerozoic Atmospheric CO2 Change: Evaluating Geochemical and Paleobiological Approaches.” Earth Sciences Rev. 54: 349-92.

Royer, Dana L., et al. (2007). “Climate Sensitivity Constrained by CO2 Concentrations over the Past 420 Million Years.” Nature 446: 530-32 [doi:10.1038/nature05699].

Royte, Elizabeth (2001). “The Gospel According to John [Christy].” Discover 22, no. 2 (Feb.), pp. 66-73.

Rubey, William W. (1951). “Geologic History of Sea Water: An Attempt to State the Problem.” Bulletin of the Geological Society of America 62: 1111-48.

Ruddiman, William F. (2005, 2010). Plows, Plagues and Petroleum: How Humans Took Control of Climate. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Weart DGW 8/21 Bibl II p.62

Ruddiman, William F. (2006). “On “the Holocene CO2 Rise: Anthropogenic or Natural?”.” Eos, Transactions of the American Geophysical Union 87: 352-53.

Ruddiman, William F., and Andrew McIntyre (1973). “Time-Transgressive Deglacial Retreat of Polar Waters from the North Atlantic.” Quaternary Research 3: 117-30.

Ruddiman, William F., and Andrew McIntyre (1981a). “The Mode and Mechanism of the Last Deglaciation: Oceanic Evidence.” Quaternary Research 16: 125-34.

Ruddiman, William F., and Andrew McIntyre (1981b). “The North Atlantic Ocean During the Last Deglaciation.” Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 35: 145-214.

Ruddiman, William F., et al. (1986). “Matuyama 41,000-Year Cycles: North Atlantic Ocean and Northern Hemisphere Ice Sheets.” Earth and Planetary Science Letters 80: 117-29.

Ruddiman, William F., and J.S. Thomson (2001). “The Case for Human Causes of Increased Atmospheric CH4 over the Last 5000 Years.” Quaternary Science Reviews 20: 1769-77.

Ruddiman, William F. (2016a). “The Early Anthropogenic Hypothesis.” In Oxford Research Encylopedia of Environmental Science, pp. [doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199389414.013.192]. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Ruddiman, William F., et al. (2016b). “Late Holocene Climate: Natural or Anthropogenic?” Reviews of Geophysics 54: 93-118 [doi:10.1002/2015RG000503].

Ruggie, John Gerard (1975). “International Responses to Technology: Concepts and Trends.” International Organization 29: 557-83 [doi:10.1017/S0020818300031696].

Rumney, G.R. (1968). Climatology and the World’s Climate. London: Macmillan.

Ruppel, Carolyn D., and John D. Kessler (2017). “The Interaction of Climate Change and Methane Hydrates.” Reviews of Geophysics 55: 126-68 [doi:10.1002/2016RG000534].

Rusin, N., and L. Flit (1960). Man Versus Climate. Moscow: Peace.

Russell, Richard J. (1941). “Climatic Change through the Ages.” In Climate and Man. Yearbook of Agriculture, edited by Agriculture, United States Department of, Washington, DC: US Govt. Printing Office.

Rutjens, Bastiaan T., et al. (2018). “Not All Skepticism Is Equal: Exploring the Ideological Antecedents of Science Acceptance and Rejection.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 44: 384-405 [doi:10.1177/0146167217741314], online at http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0146167217741314. Weart DGW 8/21 Bibl II p.63

Saad, Lydia (2007a). Did Hollywood’s Glare Heat up Public Concern About Global Warming?, Princeton, NJ, Gallup News Service, online at http://www.galluppoll.com/content/?ci=26932.

Saad, Lydia (2007b). “To Americans, the Risks of Global Warming Are Not Imminent.” (March 12), online at http://www.galluppoll.com/content/?ci=26842.

Sabine, Christopher L., et al. (2004). “The Oceanic Sink for Anthropogenic CO2.” Science 305: 367-71.

Sachs, Harvey Maurice, et al. (1977). “Paleoecological Transfer Functions.” Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 5: 159-78.

Sagan, Carl (1960a). The Radiation Balance of Venus, Pasadena, CA, California Institute of Technology, Jet Propulsion Laboratory p. 34.

Sagan, Carl (1960b). “The Surface Temperature of Venus (Abstract).” Astronomical J. 65: 352- 53.

Sagan, Carl (1961). “The Planet Venus.” Science 133: 849-58.

Sagan, Carl (1971). “The Long Winter Model of Martian Biology: A Speculation.” Icarus 15: 511-14.

Sagan, Carl, and George Mullen (1972). “Earth and Mars: Evolution of Atmospheres and Temperatures.” Science 177: 52-56.

Sagan, Carl, et al. (1973). “Climate Change on Mars.” Science 181: 1045-49.

Sagan, Carl, et al. (1979). “Anthropogenic Albedo Changes and the Earth’s Climate.” Science 206: 1363-68.

Sagan, Carl (1983). “Nuclear War and Climatic Catastrophe: Some Policy Implications.” Foreign Affairs 62.

Sagan, Carl, and Richard Turco (1990). A Path Where No Man Thought: Nuclear Winter and the End of the Arms Race. New York: Random House.

Salati, Enias, and P.B. Vose (1984). “Amazon Basin: A System in Equilibrium.” Science 225: 129-38.

Salinger, Jim (2010). “The Climate Journey over Three Decades.” Climactic Change 100: 49-57. Weart DGW 8/21 Bibl II p.64

Salinger, M.J., and J.M. Gunn (1975). “Recent Climatic Warming around New Zealand.” Nature 256: 396-98.

Saltzman, B. (1978). “A Survey of Statistical Dynamical Models of Terrestrial Climate.” Advances in Geophysics 20: 183-304.

Salvador, M., and T. Norton (2011). “The Flood Myth in the Age of Global Climate Change.” Environmental Communication 5: 45-61 [doi:10.1080/17524032.2010.544749].

Santer, Benjamin D., et al. (1995). “Towards the Detection and Attribution of an Anthropogenic Effect on Climate.” Climate Dynamics 12: 77-100 [doi:10.1007/BF00223722].

Santer, Benjamin D., et al. (1996). “A Search for Human Influences on the Thermal Structure of the Atmosphere.” Nature 382: 39-46.

Santer, Benjamin D., et al. (2000). “Interpreting Differential Temperature Trends at the Surface and in the Lower Troposphere.” Science 287: 1227-31.

Santer, Benjamin D., et al. (2002). “Accounting for the Effects of Volcanoes and Enso in Comparisons of Modeled and Observed Temperature Trends.” J. Geophysical Research 106: 28,033-60.

Santer, Benjamin D., et al. (2003). “Influence of Satellite Data Uncertainties on the Detection of Externally Forced Climate Change.” Science 300: 1280-84.

Santer, Benjamin D., et al. (2007). “Identification of Human-Induced Changes in Atmospheric Moisture Content.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104: 15248-53 [doi:10.1073/pnas.0702872104].

Santer, Benjamin D., et al. (2008). “Consistency of Modelled and Observed Temperature Trends in the Tropical Troposphere.” International Journal of Climatology 28: 1703-22 [doi:10.1002/joc.1756].

Santer, Benjamin D., et al. (2014). “Volcanic Contribution to Decadal Changes in Tropospheric Temperature.” Nature Geoscience 7: 185-89 [doi:10.1038/ngeo2098].

Santer, Benjamin D., et al. (2017). “Causes of Differences in Model and Satellite Tropospheric Warming Rates.” Nature Geoscience: 478-85 [doi:10.1038/ngeo2973].

Sapolsky, Harvey (1990). Science and the Navy: The History of the Office of Naval Research. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Sarewitz, Daniel, and Roger Pielke, Jr. (2000). “Breaking the Global-Warming Gridlock.” Weart DGW 8/21 Bibl II p.65

Atlantic Monthly 286, no. 1 (July), pp. 55-64.

Sarmiento, J.L., and R. Toggweiler (1984). “A New Model for the Role of the Oceans in Determining Atmospheric Pco2.” Nature 308: 621-24.

Satheesh, S.K., and V. Ramanathan (2000). “Large Differences in Tropical Aerosol Forcing at the Top of the Atmosphere and Earth’s Surface.” Nature 405: 60-63.

Sato, Yousuke, and Kentaroh Suzuki (2019). “How Do Aerosols Affect Cloudiness?” Science 363: 580-81 [doi:10.1126/science3720].

Saunois, M., et al. (2016). “The Growing Role of Methane in Anthropogenic Climate Change.” Environmental Research Letters 11: 120207 [doi:10.1088/1748-9326/11/12/120207].

Saunois, M., et al. (2020). “The Global Methane Budget 2000–2017.” Earth System Science Data 12: 1561-1623 [doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-1561-2020].

Sawyer, J.S. (1972). “Man-Made Carbon Dioxide and the ‘Greenhouse’ Effect.” Nature 239: 23- 26.

Scambos, T. A., et al. (2004). “Glacier Acceleration and Thinning after Ice Shelf Collapse in the Larsen B Embayment, Antarctica.” Geophysical Research Letters 31: L18402 [doi:10.1029/2004GL020670].

Scambos, T., and C. A. Shuman (2016). “Comment on ‘Mass Gains of the Antarctic Ice Sheet Exceed Losses’.” Journal of Glaciology 62: 599-603 [doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2016.59].

SCAR (Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research), Standing Scientific Group on Physical Sciences (2009). Antarctic Climate Change and the Environment (ACCE), online at http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/met/SCAR_ssg_ps/ACCE.htm.

SCEP (1971). Man’s Impact on the Climate... See Matthews, W.H. and SCEP. Cambridge, MA: MIT press.

SCEP (Study of Critical Environmental Problems) (1970). Man’s Impact on the Global Environment. Assessment and Recommendation for Action. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Schaefer, Clemens (1905). “Über Das Ultrarote Absorptionsspektrum Der Kohlensaüre in Seiner Abhängigkeit Vom Druck.” Annalen der Physik 16: 93-105.

Schaefer, Hinrich, et al. (2016). “A 21st-Century Shift from Fossil-Fuel to Biogenic Methane 13 Emissions Indicated by CH4.” Science 352: 80-84 [doi:10.1126/science.aad2705]. Weart DGW 8/21 Bibl II p.66

Schaefer, Kevin, et al. (2011). “Amount and Timing of Permafrost Carbon Release in Response to Climate Warming.” Tellus 63B: 165-80 [doi:10.1111/j.1600-0889.2011.00527.x].

Schär, Christoph, and Gerd Jendritzky (2004). “Hot News from Summer 2003.” Nature 432: 559-60.

Scheffer, Marten, et al. (2006). “Positive Feedback between Global Warming and Atmospheric

CO2 Concentration Inferred from Past Climate Change.” Geophysical Research Letters 3: L10702 [doi:10.1029/2005GL025044,2006].

Schell, I.I. (1957). “Theory of Ice Ages (Letter).” Science 125: 235.

Schellnhuber, Hans Joachim , et al. (eds.) (2006) Avoiding Dangerous Climate Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Scherhag, R. (1937). “Die Erwärmung Der Arktis.” J. du Conseil International pour l’Exploration de la Mer 12: 263-76.

Schiermeier, Quirin (2004a). “A Rising Tide.” Nature 428: 114-15.

Schiermeier, Quirin (2004b). “Global Warming Anomaly May Succumb to Microwave Study.” Nature 429: 7.

Schiermeier, Quirin (2004c). “Disaster Movie Highlights Transatlantic Divide.” Nature 431: 4.

Schiermeier, Quinn (2007). “Churn, Churn, Churn.” Nature 447: 522-24.

Schiermeier, Quirin (2010). “The Real Holes in Climate Science.” Nature 463: 284-87 [doi:10.1038/463284a].

Schiermeier, Quirin (2014). “Atlantic Current Strength Declines.” Nature 509 270-71.

Schimel, David, and Elizabeth Sulzman (1995). “Variability in the Earth Climate System: Decadal and Longer Timescales. In US National Report to Iugg, 1991-1994.” Reviews of Geophysics 33 suppl.: see www.agu.org/revgeophys/schime01/schime01.html.

Schimel, D.S., et al. (2001). “Recent Patterns and Mechanisms of Carbon Exchange by Terrestrial Ecosystems.” Nature 414: 169-72.

Schindler, David W. (1999). “The Mysterious Missing Sink.” Nature 398: 105-106.

Schlesinger, Michael E. (1984). “Climate Model Simulations of CO2-Induced Climatic Change.” Advances in Geophysics 26: 141-235. Weart DGW 8/21 Bibl II p.67

Schlesinger, Michael E. , et al. (1985). “The Role of the Ocean in CO2-Induced Climate Change: Preliminary Results from the Osu Coupled Atmosphere-Ocean General Circulation Model.” In Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Models (Elsevier Oceanogr. Ser. 40), edited by Nihoul, J.C.J., pp. 447-78. Amsterdam and New York: Elsevier.

Schlesinger, Michael E., and J.F.B. Mitchell (1987). “Climate Model Simulations of the Equilibrium Response to Increased Carbon Dioxide.” Reviews of Geophysics 25: 760-98.

Schlesinger, Michael E., and Navin Ramankutty (1994). “An Oscillation in the Global Climate System of Period 65-70 Years.” Nature 367: 723-26 [doi:10.1038/367723a0 Letter].

Schleussner, Carl-Friedrich, et al. (2016). “Armed-Conflict Risks Enhanced by Climate-Related Disasters in Ethnically Fractionalized Countries.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113: 9216-21 [doi:10.1073/pnas.1601611113].

Schmidt, Gavin A. (2007). “The Physics of Climate Modeling.” Physics Today 60 (Jan.), pp. 72- 73.

Schmittner, Andreas, et al. (2008). “Future Changes in Climate, Ocean Circulation, Ecosystems,

and Biogeochemical Cycling Simulated for a Business-as-Usual CO2 Emission Scenario until Year 4000 AD.” Global Biogeochemical Cycles 22: GB1013 [doi:10.1029/2007GB002953].

Schneider, Birgit (2017). “The Future Face of the Earth: The Visual Semantics of the Future in the Climate Change Imagery of the IPCC.” In Cultures of Prediction in Atmospheric and Climate Science, edited by Heymann, Matthias, et al., pp. 231-51. London and New York: Routledge.

Schneider, Stephen H. (1972). “Cloudiness as a Global Climate Feedback Mechanism: The Effects of Radiation Balance and Surface Temperature of Variations in Cloudiness.” J. Atmospheric Sciences 29: 1413-22.

Schneider, Stephen H. (1974). “Atmospheric Particles and Climate: The Impact of Man’s Activities.” In Experientia Supplementa, edited by Willums, J.O., pp. 10-25. Basel: Birkhauser.

Schneider, S.H., and R. Dickinson (1974). “Climate Modelling.” Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics 12: 447-93 [https://doi.org/10.1029/RG012i003p00447].

Schneider, Stephen H. (1975). “On the Carbon Dioxide–Climate Confusion.” Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 32: 2060-66.

Schneider, Stephen H., and Clifford Mass (1975). “Volcanic Dust, Sunspots and Long-Term Weart DGW 8/21 Bibl II p.68

Climate Trends: Theories in Search of Verification.” In Proceedings of the WMO/IAMAP Symposium on Long-Term Climatic Fluctuations, Norwich, Aug. 1975 (WMO Doc. 421), edited by (WMO), World Meteorological Organization, pp. 365-72. Geneva: World Meteorological Organization.

Schneider, Stephen H., and Clifford Mass (1975). “Volcanic Dust, Sunspots, and Temperature Trends.” Science 190: 741-46.

Schneider, Stephen H., and with Lynne E. Mesirow. (1976). The Genesis Strategy: Climate and Global Survival. New York: Plenum Press.

Schneider, Stephen H., et al. (1980). “Carbon Dioxide and Climate (Exchange of Letters).” Science 210: 6.

Schneider, S. H., and S. L. Thompson (1981). “Atmospheric CO2 and Climate: Importance of the Transient Response.” J. Geophysical Research 86(C4): 3135-47.

Schneider, Stephen H. (1984). “‘Natural Experiments’ and CO2-Induced Climate Change: The Controversy Drags on (Editorial).” Climatic Change 6: 317-21.

Schneider, Stephen H., and Randi Londer (1984). The Co-Evolution of Climate and Life. San Francisco: Sierra Club Books.

Schneider, Stephen H. (1987). “An International Program on ‘Global Change’: Can It Endure?” Climatic Change 10: 211-18.

Schneider, Stephen H. (1988a). “The Greenhouse Effect and the U.S. Summer of 1988: Cause and Effect or Media Event?” Climatic Change 13: 113-15.

Schneider, Stephen H. (1988b). “Whatever Happened to Nuclear Winter?” Climatic Change 12: 215-19.

Schneider, Stephen H. (1989a). Global Warming: Are We Entering the Greenhouse Century? San Francisco: Sierra Club Books.

Schneider, Stephen H. (1989b). “The Greenhouse Effect: Science and Policy.” Science 243: 771- 82.

Schneider, Stephen H. (1991). “Editorial.” Climatic Change 19: v-vi.

Schneider, Stephen H. (1992). “Introduction to Climate Modeling.” In Climate System Modeling, edited by Trenberth, Kevin E., pp. 3-26. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Weart DGW 8/21 Bibl II p.69

Schneider, Stephen H. (1994). “Detecting Climatic Change Signals: Are There Any ‘Fingerprints’?” Science 263: 341-47.

Schneider, Stephen H. (2001). “Earth Systems Engineering and Management.” Nature 409: 417- 21.

Schneider, Stephen H. (2004). “Abrupt Non-Linear Climate Change, Irreversibility and Surprise.” Global Environmental Change 14: 245-58.

Schneider, Stephen H. (2009). Science as a Contact Sport. Inside the Battle to Save the Earth’s Climate. Washington, DC: National Geographic.

Schneider, Stephen H. (2010). “Climatic Change 100th Volume:Be Careful What You Wish For! —What If You Get It?” Climactic Change 100: 1-5.

Schneider, T., et al. (2019). “Possible Climate Transitions from Breakup of Stratocumulus Decks under Greenhouse Warming.” Nature Geoscience 12: 163-67 [doi:10.1038/s41561-019- 0310-1].

Schnitker, Detmar (1979). “The Deep Waters of the Western North Atlantic During the Past 24,000 Years, and the Reinitiation of the Western Boundary Undercurrent.” Marine Micropaleontology 4: 265-80.

Schnitker, Detmar (1982). “Climate Variability and Deep Ocean Circulation: Evidence from the North Atlantic.” Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 40: 213-34.

Schoof, Christian (2007). “Ice Sheet Grouding Line Dynamics: Steady States, Stability, and Hysteresis.” Journal of Geophysical Research 112: F03S28 [doi:10.1029/2006JF000664].

Schott, W. (1935). “Wissensch. Ergebn. Deutschen Atlantischen Expedition Vermess. Forschungsschiff “Meteor” 1925-1927 3: 43-134.

Schove, D. Justin (1955). “The Sunspot Cycle, 649 B.C. To A.D. 2000.” J. Geophysical Research 60: 127-45.

Schrag, Daniel P., et al. (1996). “Pore Fluid Constraints on the Temperature and Oxygen Isotopic Composition of the Glacial Ocean.” Science 272: 1930-32.

Schrope, Mark (2000). “Trouble in the Greenhouse.” Nature 407: 10-12.

Schuckmann, Karina von, et al. (2020). “Heat Stored in the Earth System: Where Does the Energy Go? ” Earth System Science Data 12: 2013-41 [doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-2013- Weart DGW 8/21 Bibl II p.70

2020], .

Schuster, Ute, and Andrew J. Watson (2007). “A Variable and Decreasing Sink for Atmospheric

CO2 in the North Atlantic.” Journal of Geophysical Research 112: C11006 [doi:10.1029/2006JC003941].

Schuur, Edward A. G., et al. (2009). “The Effect of Permafrost Thaw on Old Carbon Release and Net Carbon Exchange from Tundra.” Nature 459: 556-59 [doi:10.1038/nature08031

Schuur, Edward A. G., and Benjamin Abbott (2011). “Climate Change: High Risk of Permafrost Thaw.” Nature 480: 32-33 [doi:10.1038/480032a].].

Schuur, E. A. G., et al. (2015). “Climate Change and the Permafrost Carbon Feedback.” Nature 520: 171-79 [doi:10.1038/nature14338].

Schwartz, Peter, and Douglas Randall (2003). An Abrupt Climate Change Scenario and Its Implications for United States National Security. Emeryville, CA: Global Business Network.

Schwartz, Stephen E. (1988). “Are Global Cloud Albedo and Climate Controlled by Marine Phytoplankton?” Nature 336: 441-45.

Schwartz, Stephen E., and Meinrat O. Andreae (1996). “Uncertainty in Climate Change Caused by Aerosols.” Science 272: 1121-22.

Schwartz, Stephen E., et al. (2007). “Quantifying Climate Change -- Too Rosy a Picture?” Nature Reports: Climate Change 2: 23-24 [doi:10.1038/climate.2007.22.]; Discussion, Piers Foster et al., ibid. vol. 4, pp. 63-64 [doi:10.1038/climate.2007.46b].

Schwarzbach, M. (1963). Climates of the Past. London: Van Nostrand.

Science News (1977). “DOE Sets Interagency CO2 Research Priorities.” Science News 112, no. 20 (3 Dec.), p. 375.

Science Newsletter (1940). Science Newsletter 37, (17 Feb.), p. 103.

Science Newsletter (1952). “Science Newsletter 61: 537.

Science Newsletter (1956). “Science Newsletter 61: 402.

SCOPE (1979 ff). “See Bolin Et Al. (13, 16, 29); Kates Et Al. (27).”

SCOR/IOC Symposium Planning Committee (2004). “The Ocean in a High-CO2 World.” Weart DGW 8/21 Bibl II p.71

Oceanography 17: 72-78, pdf online at https://epic.awi.de/id/eprint/11959/1/Cic2004a.pdf.

Seabrook, John (2000). “Selling the Weather.” New Yorker (3 April), pp. 44-53.

Seager, Richard, et al. (2002). “Is the Gulf Steam Responsible for Euope’s Mild Winters?” Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 128: 2563-86.

Sear, C.B., et al. (1987). “Global Surface Air Temperature Responses to Major Volcanic Eruptions.” Nature 330: 365-67.

Sears, Paul B. (1953). “Climate and Civilization.” In Climatic Change, edited by Shapley, Harlow, pp. 35-50. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Seidel, Stephen, and Dale Keyes (1983). Can We Delay a Greenhouse Warming? (2nd, Corrected Ed.). Washington, DC: Environmental Protection Agency.

Seiler, Wolfgang, and Paul J. Crutzen (1980). “Estimates of Gross and Net Fluxes of Carbon between the Biosphere and the Atmosphere from Biomass Burning.” Climatic Change 2: 207-47.

Seitz, Frederick, et al. (1989) Scientific Perspectives on the Greenhouse Problem. Washington, DC: George C. Marshall Institute.

Seitz, Frederick, ed. (1990) Global Warming: What Does the Science Tell Us? Washington, DC: George C. Marshall Institute.

Seitz, Frederick, ed. (1992) Global Warming Update: Recent Scientific Findings. Washington, DC: George C. Marshall Institute.

Self, Will (2006). The Book of Dave. A Novel. New York: Bloomsbury USA.

Sellers, William D. (1965). Physical Climatology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Sellers, William D. (1969). “A Global Climatic Model Based on the Energy Balance of the Earth-Atmosphere System.” J. Applied Meteorology 8: 392-400.

Sellers, William D. (1973). “A New Global Climatic Model.” J. Applied Meteorology 12: 241- 53.

Semtner, A.J. (1974). An Oceanic General Circulation Model with Bottom Topography, Los Angeles, CA, UCLA Dept. of Meteorology Weart DGW 8/21 Bibl II p.72

Senior, C.A., and J. F. B. Mitchell (1993). “Carbon Dioxide and Climate: The Impact of Cloud Parameterization.” Journal of Climate 6: 393-418.

Sergin, Vladimir Ya. (1979). “Numerical Modeling of the Glaciers-Ocean-Atmosphere Global System.” J. Geophysical Research 84: 3191-3204.

Sernander, R. (1910). “Die Schwedischen Torfmoore Als Zeugen Postglazialer Klimaschwankungen.” In Die Veränderungen Des Klimas Seit Dem Maximum Der Letzten Eiszeit, edited by International geological congress. 11th, Stockholm, 1910, Stockholm: Generalstabens litografiska anstalt.

Serreze, Mark C., and Ignatius Rigor (2006). “The Cryosphere and Climate Change: Perspectives on the Arctic’s Shrinking Sea-Ice Cover.” In Glacier Science and Environmental Change, edited by Knight, Peter G., pp. 120-25. Malden, MA: Blackwell.

Serreze, Mark C., and Roger G.Barr (2011). “Processes and Impacts of Arctic Amplification: A Research Synthesis.” Global and Planetary Change 77: 85-96 [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2011.03.004].

Sévellec, Florian, et al. (2017). “Arctic Sea-Ice Decline Weakens the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation.” Nature Climate Change 7: 604-10 [doi:10.1038/nclimate3353].

Severinghaus, Jeffrey P. , et al. (1998). “Timing of Abrupt Climate Change at the End of the Younger Dryas Interval from Thermally Fractionated Gases in Polar Ice.” Nature 391: 141-46.

Severinghaus, Jeffrey P., et al. (2009). “Oxygen-18 of O2 Records the Impact of Abrupt Climate Change on the Terrestrial Biosphere.” Science 324: 1431-34 [doi:10.1126/science.1169473].

Severinghaus, Jeffrey P. (2009a). “Southern See-Saw Seen.” Nature 457: 1093-94.

Shackleton, Nicholas J. (1965). “The High-Precision Isotopic Analysis of Oxygen and Carbon in Carbon Dioxide.” J. Scientific Instruments 42: 689-92.

Shackleton, Nicholas J. (1967). “Oxygen Isotope Analyses and Pleistocene Temperatures Re- Assessed.” Nature 215: 15-17.

Shackleton, Nicholas J., and Neil D. Opdyke (1973). “Oxygen Isotope and Paleomagnetic Stratigraphy of Equatorial Pacific Core V28-238: Oxygen Isotope Temperatures and Ice Volumes on a 10^5 Year and 10^6 Year Scale.” Quaternary Research 3: 39-55.

Shackleton, Nicholas J. (1977). “Carbon-13 in Uvigerina: Tropical Rainforest History and the Weart DGW 8/21 Bibl II p.73

Equatorial Pacific Carbonate Dissolution Cycles.” In The Fate of Fossil Fuel CO2 in the Oceans, edited by Anderson, N.R., and A. Malahoff, New York: Plenum.

Shackleton, N.J., et al. (1983a). “Carbon Isotope Data in Core V19-30 Confirm Reduced Carbon Dioxide Concentration in the Ice Age Atmosphere.” Nature 306: 319-22 [doi:10.1038/306319a0].

Shackleton, Nicholas J., et al. (1983b). “Oxygen and Carbon Isotope Record of East Pacific Core V19-30: Implications for the Formation of Deep Water in the Late Pleistocene North Atlantic.” Earth and Planetary Science Letters 65: 233-44.

Shackleton, Nicholas J., and N.G. Pisias (1985). “Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide, Orbital Forcing

and Climate.” In The Carbon Cycle and Atmospheric CO2: Natural Variations Archean to Present (Geophysical Monograph 32), edited by Sundquist, E. T., and Wallace S. Broecker, pp. 303-17. Washington, DC: American Geophysical Union.

Shackleton, Nicholas J. (2000). “The 100,000-Year Ice-Age Cycle Identified and Found to Lag Temperature, Carbon Dioxide and Orbital Eccentricity.” Science 289: 1897-1902.

Shackleton, Nicholas J. (2003). “Shackleton Receives 2002 Maurice Ewing Medal.” Eos, Transactions of the American Geophysical Union 84: 72.

Shackley, Simon, et al. (1999). “Adjusting to Policy Expectations in Climate Change Modeling. An Interdisciplinary Study of Flux Adjustments in Coupled Atmosphere-Ocean General Circulation Models.” Climatic Change 43: 413-54 [doi:10.1023/A:1005474102591].

Shackley, Simon, et al. (1998). “Uncertainty, Complexity and Concepts of Good Science in Climate Change Modelling: Are GCMs the Best Tools?” Climatic Change 38: 159-205.

Shaffer, Gary, et al. (2009). “Long-Term Ocean Oxygen Depletion in Response to Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Fossil Fuels.” Nature Geoscience 2: 105-109 [doi:10.1038/ngeo420].

Shakun, Jeremy D., and Anders E. Carlson (2010). “A Global Perspective on Last Glacial Maximum to Holocene Climate Change.” Quaternary Science Reviews 30: 1-16 [doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.03.016].

Shakun, Jeremy D., et al. (2012). “Global Warming Preceded by Increasing Carbon Dioxide Concentrations During the Last Deglaciation.” Nature 484: 49-54 [doi:10.1038/nature10915].

Shakun, Jeremy D. (2018). “Pollen Weighs in on a Climate Conundrum.” Nature 554 39-40 [doi:10.1038/d41586-018-00943-4]. Weart DGW 8/21 Bibl II p.74

Shapley, Deborah (1974). “Weather Warfare: Pentagon Concedes 7-Year Vietnam Effort.” Science 184: 1059-61.

Shapley, Harlow, ed. (1953) Climatic Change. Evidence, Causes, and Effects. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Sharma, Ashish, et al. (2018). “If Precipitation Extremes Are Increasing, Why Aren’t Floods?” Water Resources Research 54: 8545-51 [https://doi.org/10.1029/2018WR023749]

Shaw, Glenn E. (1976). “Properties of the Background Global Aerosol and Their Effects on Climate.” Science 192: 1334-36.

Shaw, Glenn E. (1980). “Transport of Asian Desert Aerosol to the Hawaiian Islands.” J. Applied Meteorology 19: 1254-59.

Shaw, Glenn E. (1982). “Atmospheric Turbidity in the Polar Regions.” J. Applied Meteorology 21: 1080-88.

Shaw, Glenn E. (1983). “Bio-Controlled Thermostasis Involving the Sulfur Cycle.” Climatic Change 5: 297-303.

Sheffield, Justin, et al. (2012). “Little Change in Global Drought over the Past 60 Years.” Nature 491: 435-38 [doi:10.1038/nature11575].

Shepardson, Daniel P., et al. (eds.) (2017) Learning About Climate Change: A Framework for Educators. New York: Routledge.

Shepherd, Andrew, et al. (2004). “Warm Ocean Is Eroding West Antarctic Ice Sheet.” Geophysical Research Letters 31: L23402 [doi:10.1029/2004GL021106].

Shepherd, Andrew P., and Duncan Wingham (2007). “Recent Sea-Level Contributions of the Antarctic and Greenland Ice Sheets.” Science 315: 1529-32 [doi:10.1126/science.1136776].

Shepherd, Andrew, et al. (2012). “A Reconciled Estimate of Ice-Sheet Mass Balance.” Science 338 1183-89 [doi:10.1126/science.1228102].

Shepherd, Andrew, et al. (2018). “Trends and Connections across the Antarctic Cryosphere.” Nature 558: 223-32 [https://doi.org/10.1038/s12586-018-0171-6].

Shepherd, A., et al. [The IMBIE Team] (2018). “Mass Balance of the Antarctic Ice Sheet from 1992 to 2017.” Nature 558: 219-22 [doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0179-y] Weart DGW 8/21 Bibl II p.75

Shepherd, Andrew, et al. (2019). “Trends in Antarctic Ice Sheet Elevation and Mass.” Geophysical Research Letters 46: 8174-83 [https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL082182].

Shepherd, A., et al. [The IMBIE Team] (2020). “Mass Balance of the Greenland Ice Sheet from 1992 to 2018.” Nature 579: 233-39 [doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1855-2].

Shepherd, John (2009). “Do Mention the ‘G’ Word.” New Scientist (Sept.), pp. 24-25.

Sheppard, P.A. (1962). “Properties and Processes at the Earth’s Surface in Relation to the General Circulation of the Atmosphere.” Advances in Geophysics 9: 77-96.

Sherwood, Steven C., et al. (2005). “Radiosonde Daytime Biases and Late-20th Century Warming.” Science 309: 1556-59 [doi:10.1126/science.1115640].

Sherwood, Steven C., et al. (2014). “Spread in Model Climate Sensitivity Traced to Atmospheric Convective Mixing.” Nature 505: 37-42 [doi:10.1038/nature12829].

Sherwood, S., et al. (2020). “An Assessment of Earth’s Climate Sensitivity Using Multiple Lines of Evidence.” Reviews of Geophysics 58: e2019RG000678 [doi.org/10.1029/2019RG000678].

Shevliakova, Elena, et al. (2013). “Historical Warming Reduced Due to Enhanced Land Carbon Uptake.” Publications of the National Academy of Sciences 110 16730-35 [doi:10.1073/pnas.1314047110].

Shindell, Drew, et al. (1999). “Solar Cycle Variability, Ozone, and Climate.” Science 284: 305- 08.

Shindell, Drew T., et al. (2001). “Solar Forcing of Regional Climate Change During the Maunder Minimum.” Science 294: 2149-52, [doi:10.1126/science.1064363].

Shindell, Drew T., et al. (2003). “Volcanic and Solar Forcing of Climate Change During the Pre- Industrial Era.” Journal of Climate 16: 4094-4107.

Shindell, Drew T., et al. (2005). “An Emissions-Based View of Climate Forcing by Methane and Tropospheric Ozone.” Geophysical Research Letters 32: L04803 [doi:10.1029/2004GL021900].

Shindell, Drew T., et al. (2009). “Improved Attribution of Climate Forcing to Emissions.” Science 329: 716-18 [doi:10.1126/science.1174760].

Shine, K.P., and A. Henderson-Sellers (1983). “Modelling Climate and the Nature of Climate Models: A Review.” J. Climatology 3: 81-94. Weart DGW 8/21 Bibl II p.76

Shiu, C.-J., et al. (2012). “How Much Do Precipitation Extremes Change in a Warming Climate?” Geophysical Research Letters 38: L07803 [doi:10.1029/2012GL052762].

Showstock, Randy (1999). “Report Suggests Some Public Attitudes About Geophysical and Environmental Issues.” Eos, Transactions of the American Geophysical Union 80: 269, 276.

Shukla, J., and Y. Mintz (1982). “Influence of Land-Surface Evapotranspiration on the Earth’s Climate.” Science 215: 1498-1500.

Shulman, Seth (2006). Undermining Science: Suppression and Distortion in the Bush Administration. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Shute, Nancy (2001). “The Weather Turns Wild.” U.S. News & World Report 130, (5 Feb.), pp. 44-52.

Siegenthaler, U., and Th. Wenk (1984). “Rapid Atmospheric CO2 Variations and Ocean Circulation.” Nature 308: 624-26.

Siegenthaler, U., et al. (1984). “Lake Sediments as Continental Delta18o Records from the Glacial/Post-Glacial Transition.” Annals of Glaciology 5: 149-52.

Siegert, Martin J., et al. (2004). “Ice Flow Direction Change in Interior West Antarctica.” Science 305: 1948-51 [doi:10.1126/science.1101072].

Sigman, Daniel M., and Edward A. Boyle (2000). “Glacial/Interglacial Variations in Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide.” Nature 407: 859-69.

Sigman, Daniel M., et al. (2010). “The Polar Ocean and Glacial Cycles in Atmospheric CO2 Concentration.” Nature 466: 47-55 [doi:10.1038/nature09149].

Silberman, I.S. (1954). “Planetary Waves in the Atmosphere.” J. Meteorology 11: 27-34.

Sill, Godfrey T. (1972). “Sulfuric Acid in the Venus Clouds.” Communications of the Lunar and Planetary Laboratory 9: 191-98.

Silverberg, Robert (1994). Hot Sky at Midnight. New York: Bantam.

Simonite, Tom (2005). “Drowning Polar Bears Worry Researchers.” Nature: Published online 20 December [doi:10.1038/news0051219-6].

Simpson, George C. (1928a). “Some Studies in Terrestrial Radiation.” Memoirs of the Royal Meteorological Society 2: 69-95. Weart DGW 8/21 Bibl II p.77

Simpson, George C. (1928b). “Further Studies in Terrestrial Radiation.” Memoirs of the Royal Meteorological Society 3: 1-26.

Simpson, George C. (1929a). “Discussion of Memoirs.” Quarterly J. Royal Meteorological Society 55: 73-79.

Simpson, George C. (1929b). “The Distribution of Terrestrial Radiation.” Memoirs of the Royal Meteorological Society 23: 53-78.

Simpson, George C. (1934). “World Climate During the Quaternary Period.” Quarterly J. Royal Meteorological Society 60: 425-71.

Simpson, George C. (1937). “Ice Ages.” Proceedings of the Royal Institution of Great Britain 30: 125-142.

Simpson, George C. (1939-40). “Probable Causes of Change in Climate and Their Limitations.” Proceedings of the Linnaean Society of London 152: 190-219.

Simpson, Isobel J., et al. (2012). “Long-Term Decline of Global Atmospheric Ethane Concentrations and Implications for Methane.” Nature 488: 490-94 [doi:10.1038/nature11342].

Singer, S. Fred (1970). Global Effects of Environmental Pollution. New York: Springer-Verlag.

Singer, S. Fred, ed. (1992) The Greenhouse Debate Continued: An Analysis and Critique of the IPCC Climate Assessment. San Francisco, CA: ICS Press.

Singer, S. Fred (1998). Hot Talk, Cold Science: Global Warming’s Unfinished Debate. Oakland, CA: Independent Institute.

Singer, S. Fred (1999). “Human Contribution to Climate Change Remains Questionable.” Eos, Transactions of the American Geophysical Union 80: 183-87.

Singer, S. Fred (2001). Hot Talk, Cold Science: Global Warming’s Unfinished Debate. Oakland, CA: The Independent Institute.

Singer, S. Fred, and Dennis T. Avery (2007). Unstoppable Global Warming: Every 1,500 Years. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.

Sitch, S., et al. (2007). “Indirect Radiative Forcing of Climate Change through Ozone Effects on the Land-Carbon Sink.” Nature 448: 791-94 [doi:10.1038/nature06059].

Six, Katharina D., et al. (2013). “Global Warming Amplified by Reduced Sulphur Fluxes as a Weart DGW 8/21 Bibl II p.78

Result of Ocean Acidification.” Nature Climate Change 9: 975-78 [doi: 10.1038/NCLIMATE1981].

Skinner, Luke (2012). “A Long View on Climate Sensitivity.” Science 337: 917-18 [doi: 10.1126/science.1224011].

Skirrow, Geoffrey (1965). “The Dissolved Gases -- Carbon Dioxide.” In Chemical Oceanography, edited by Riley, John P., and Geoffrey Skirrow, pp. 227-322. London: Academic Press.

Skodvin, Tora (2000). “The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.” In Science in International Environmental Regimes: Between Integrity and Involvement, edited by Andresen, Steinar, et al., pp. 146-80. Manchester: Manchester University Press.

Slade, David H. (1990). “A Survey of Informal Opinion Regarding the Nature and Reality of a ‘Global Greenhouse Warming’.” Climatic Change 16: 1-4.

Slater, Thomas, et al. (2020). “ Ice-Sheet Losses Track High-End Sea-Level Rise Projections.” Nature Climate Change 10: 879-81 [doi.org/10.1038/s41558-020-0893-y].

Slater, Thomas, et al. (2021). “Review Article: Earth’s Ice Imbalance.” The Cryosphere 15: 233- 46 [doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-233-2021].

Slocum, Giles (1955). “Has the Amount of Carbon Dioxide in the Atmosphere Changed Significantly since the Beginning of the Twentieth Century?” Monthly Weather Review (Oct.), pp. 225-31.

Sluijs, Appy, et al. (2006). “Subtropical Arctic Ocean Temperatures During the Palaeocene/Eocene Thermal Maximum.” Nature 441: 610-13 [doi:10.1038/nature04668].

Smagorinsky, Joseph (1963). “General Circulation Experiments with the Primitive Equations. I. The Basic Experiment.” Monthly Weather Review 41: 99-164.

Smagorinsky, Joseph, et al. (1965). “Numerical Results from a Nine-Level General Circulation Model of the Atmosphere.” Monthly Weather Review 93: 727-68.

Smagorinsky, Joseph (1970). “Numerical Simulation of the Global Circulation.” In Global Circulation of the Atmosphere, edited by Corby, G.A., pp. 24-41. London: Royal Meteorological Society.

Smagorinsky, Joseph (1972). “The General Circulation of the Atmosphere.” In Meteorological Challenges: A History, edited by McIntyre, D.P., pp. 3-41. Ottawa: Information Canada. Weart DGW 8/21 Bibl II p.79

Smagorinsky, Joseph (1983). “The Beginnings of Numerical Weather Prediction and General Circulation Modeling: Early Recollections.” Advances in Geophysics 25: 3-37.

Smagorinsky, Joseph (1991). “Climate’s Scientific Maturity.” In Climate in Human Perspective: A Tribute to Helmut F. Landsberg, edited by Baer, F., et al., Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic.

Smeed, D. A., et al. (2014). “Observed Decline of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation 2004-2012.” Ocean Science 10: 29-38 [doi:10.5194/os-10-29-2014].

Smetacek, Victor, et al. (2012). “Deep Carbon Export from a Southern Ocean Iron-Fertilized Diatom Bloom.” Nature 487: 313-19 [doi:10.1038/nature11229].

SMIC (1971). Study of Man’s Impact on Climate... See Wilson, Carroll. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Smith, Doug M., et al. (2016). “Role of Volcanic and Anthropogenic Aerosols in the Recent Global Surface Warming Slowdown.” Nature Climate Change 6: 936-40 [doi:10.1038/nclimate3058].

Smith, R.N., et al. (2nd ed., 1968). Detection and Measurement of Infra-Red Radiation. Oxford: Clarendon.

Smith, T.M., and H.H. Shugart (1993). “The Transient Response of Terrestrial Carbon Storage to a Perturbed Climate.” Nature 361: 523-26.

Smith, Thomas P., et al. (2019). “Community-Level Respiration of Prokaryotic Microbes May Rise with Global Warming.” Nature Communications 10, article 5124 [doi:10.1038/s41467-019-13109-1].

Smith, V.N. (1953). “A Recording Infrared Analyzer.” Instruments 26: 421-27.

Smith, Wake, and Gernot Wagner (2018). “Stratospheric Aerosol Injection Tactics and Costs in the First 15 Years of Deployment.” Environmental Research Letters 13: 124001 [https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aae98d].

Sobel, Adam H., et al. (2016). “Human Influence on Tropical Cyclone Intensity.” Science 353: 242-46 [doi:10.1126/science.aaf6574].

Soden, Brian J., et al. (2002). “Global Cooling after Eruption of Mount Pinatubo: A Test of Climate Feedback by Water Vapor.” Science 296: 727-30.

Soden, Brian J., et al. (2005). “The Radiative Signature of Upper Tropospheric Moistening.” Weart DGW 8/21 Bibl II p.80

Science 310: 841-44 [doi:10.1126/science.1115602].

Sokolov, A.P., et al. (2009). “Probabilistic Forecast for 21st Century Climate Based on Uncertainties in Emissions (without Policy) and Climate Parameters.” Journal of Climate: [doi:10.1175/2009JCLI2863.1].

Solanki, S.K., et al. (2004). “Unusual Activity of the Sun During Recent Decades Compared to the Previous 11,000 Years.” Nature 431: 1084-87 [doi:10.1038/nature02995].

Solomon, A.M., and A.P. Kirilenko (1997). “Climate Change and Terrestrial Biomass: What If Trees Do Not Migrate?” Global Ecology & Biogeography Letters 6: 139-48.

Solomon, Susan, et al. (2011). “The Persistently Variable “Background” Stratospheric Aerosol Layer and Global Climate Change.” Science 333: 866-70 [doi: 10.1126/science.1206027].

Solomon, Susan, et al. (2007) Climate Change 2007: The Physical Basis of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the IPCC. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.

Solomon, Susan, et al. (2010). “Contributions of Stratospheric Water Vapor to Decadal Changes in the Rate of Global Warming.” Science 327: 1219-23

Somerville, R.C.J., and L.A. Remer (1984). “Cloud Optical Thickness Feedbacks in the CO2 Climate Problem.” Journal of Geophysical Research 89: 9668-72.

Soon, Willie, and Sallie Baliunas (2003). “Proxy Climatic and Environmental Changes of the Past 1000 Years.” Climate Research 23: 89-110.

Sorenson, Raymond P. (2011). “Eunice Foote’s Pioneering Research on CO2 and Climate Warming.” Search and Discovery: Article #70092 online at http://www.searchanddiscovery.com/documents/2011/70092sorenson/ndx_sorenson.pdf.

Sörlin, Sverker (2011). “The Anxieties of a Science Diplomat. Field Coproduction of Climate Knowledge and the Rise and Fall of Hans Ahlmann’s ‘Polar Warming’.” Osiris 26: 66- 88.

Sörlin, Sverker, and Melissa Lane (2018). “Historicizing Climate Change—Engaging New Approaches to Climate and History (Special Issue on Climate Change in History and Politics).” Climatic Change 151, no. 1.

Sparks, J. (1844). Life of Benjamin Franklin. Boston: Tappan & Dennett.

Spencer, Roy W., and John R. Christy (1990). “Precise Monitoring of Global Temperature Weart DGW 8/21 Bibl II p.81

Trends from Satellites.” Science 247: 1558-62.

Spencer, R.W., and J.R. Christy (1992). “Precision and Radiosonde Validation of Satellite Gridpoint Temperature Anomalies. Part II: A Tropospheric Retrieval and Trends During 1979-1990.” J. Climate 5: 856-66.

Speth, James G. (2004). Red Sky at Morning. America and the Crisis of the Global Environment. New Haven: Yale University Press.

Spielhagen, Robert F., et al. (2010). “Enhanced Modern Heat Transfer to the Arctic by Warm Atlantic Water.” Science 331: 450-53 [doi:10.1126/science.1197397].

Spitaler, Rudolph (1907). “Die Järlichen Und Periodischen Änderungen Der Wärmverteilung Auf Der Erdoberfläche Und Die Eiszeiten.” Beiträge Geophysik 8: 565-602.

Squires, P. (1958). “The Microstructure and Colloidal Stability of Warm Clouds.” Tellus 10.

Sriver, Ryan L. (2010). “Tropical Cyclones in the Mix.” Nature 463: 1032-33.

Stainforth, D.A., et al. (2005). “Uncertainty in Predictions of the Climate Response to Rising Levels of Greenhouse Gases.” Nature 433: 403-06.

Stamm, Keith R., et al. (2000). “Mass Communication and Public Understanding of Environmental Problems: The Case of Global Warming.” Public Understanding of Science 9: 219-37.

Stanhill, Gerald (1999). “Climate Change Science Is Now Big Science.” Eos, Transactions of the American Geophysical Union 80: 396-97.

Stanhill, Gerald (2001). “The Growth of Climate Change Science: A Scientometric Study.” Climatic Change 48: 515-24.

Stanhill, Gerald, and Shabtai Cohen (2001). “Global Dimming: A Review of the Evidence for a Widespread and Significant Reduction in Global Radiation with Discussion of Its Probable Causes and Possible Agricultural Consequences.” Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 107: 255-78.

Stanhill, Gerald (2007). “A Perspective on Global Warming, Dimming, and Brightening.” Eos, Transactions of the American Geophysical Union 88: 58.

Stanley, S. (2016). “Early Agriculture Has Kept Earth Warm for Millennia, , , .” Eos, Transactions of the American Geophysical Union 97 (published online 19 January) [doi:10.1029/2016EO043793]. Weart DGW 8/21 Bibl II p.82

Starr, Chauncey (1993). “Atmospheric CO2 Residence Time and the Carbon Cycle.” Energy 18: 1297-1310.

Stauffer, B., et al. (1988). “Methane Concentration in the Glacial Atmosphere Was Only Half That of the Preindustrial Holocene.” Nature 332: 812-14.

Stearns, L. A., and C. J. van der Veen (2018). “Friction at the Bed Does Not Control Fast Glacier Flow.” Science 361: 273-77 [doi:10.1126/science.aat2217].

Stebbing, E.P. (1935). “The Encroaching Sahara: The Threat to the West African Colonies.” Geographical J. 85: 506-24.

Steffen, Will, et al. (2018). “Trajectories of the Earth System in the Anthropocene.” Publications of the National Academy of Sciences 115: 8252-59 [https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1810141115], online at https://www.pnas.org/content/115/33/8252.

Steffensen, Jørgen Peder, et al. (2008). “High-Resolution Greenland Ice Core Data Show Abrupt Climate Change Happens in Few Years.” Science 321: 680-84 [doi:10.1126/science.1157707].

Stehr, Nico, et al. (1995). “The 19th Century Discussion of Climate Variability and Climate Change: Analogies for Present Debate?” World Resources Review 7: 589-604.

Stehr, Nico, and Hans von Storch (2000) Edward Brückner -- the Sources and Consequences of Climate Change and Climate Variability in Historical Times. Dordrecht: Kluwer.

Steig, Eric J., et al. (2009). “Warming of the Antarctic Ice-Sheet Surface since the 1957 International Geophysical Year.” Nature 457: 459-462 [doi:10.1038/nature07669].

Steiner, A. (2018). “Diagnosing the Warm Bias in the Central United States.” Eos, Transactions of the American Geophysical Union 99: (April 23) [https://doi.org/10.1029/2018EO095669].

Stepanova, Nina A. (1952). “A Selective Annotated Bibliography of Carbon Dioxide in the Atmosphere.” Meteorological Abstracts 3: 137-170.

Stephens, Britton B. , et al. (2007). “Weak Northern and Strong Tropical Land Carbon Uptake

from Vertical Profiles of Atmospheric CO2.” Science 316: 1732-35 [doi:10.1126/science.1137004].

Sterling, Bruce (1995). Heavy Weather. London: Gollancz. Weart DGW 8/21 Bibl II p.83

Stern, Nicholas (2006). The Economics of Climate Change: The Stern Review. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press and HM Treasury.

Steurer, Pete (2007). Managing Legacy Climate Data in the 20th Century, online at http://celebrating200years.noaa.gov/foundations/climate_data/welcome.html, NOAA .

Stevens, Bjorn, and Graham Feingold (2009). “Untangling Aerosol Effects on Clouds and Precipitation in a Buffered System.” Nature 461: 607-13 [doi:10.1038/nature08281].

Stevens, Bjorn, and Sandrine Bony (2013). “What Are Climate Models Missing?” Science 340: 1053-54 [doi:10.1126/science.1237554]

Stevens, Bjorn (2017). “Climate Science: Clouds Unfazed by Haze.” Nature 546: 483-84 [doi:10.1038/546483a].

Stevens, Mark (2004). “Boro Hell.” New York Magazine 37, no. 16 (May 10), p. 60.

Stevens, William K. (1999). The Change in the Weather. People, Weather and the Science of Climate. New York: Delacorte Press.

Stipp, David (2004). “The Pentagon’s Weather Nightmare.” Fortune 149, no. 3 (9 February), pp. 105-08.

Stocker, Thomas F., and Andreas Schnitter (1997). “Influence of CO2 Emission Rates on the Stability of the Thermohaline Circulation.” Nature 388: 862-65.

Stocker, Thomas F. (1998). “The Seesaw Effect.” Science 282: 61-62 [doi:10.1126/science.282.5386.61].

Stocker, Thomas F. (1999). “Hans Oeschger (1927-98).” Nature 397: 396.

Stocker, Thomas F., and Sigfùs J. Johnsen (2003). “A Minimum Thermodynamic Model for the Bipolar Seesaw.” Paleoceanography 18: 1087 [doi:10.1029/2003PA000920].

Stocker, Thomas F. (2020). “Surprises for Climate Stability.” Science 367 1425-26 [doi:10.1126/science.abb3569]

Stokstad, Erik (2004). “Three Degrees of Consensus.” Science 305: 932-33.

Stolarski, Richard A., and Ralph J. Cicerone. (1974). “Stratospheric Chlorine: A Possible Sink for Ozone.” Canadian J. Chemistry 52: 1610-15.

Stoll, Heather (2020). “30 Years of the Iron Hypothesis of Ice Ages.” Nature 578: 370-71 Weart DGW 8/21 Bibl II p.84

[doi:10.1038/d41586-020-00393-x].

Stoll-Kleeman, S., et al. (2001). “The Psychology of Denial Concerning Climate Mitigation Measures: Evidence from Swiss Focus Groups.” Global Environmental Change 11: 107- 17 [doi:10.1016/S0959-3780(00)00061-3].

Stommel, Henry, and A.B. Arons (1960). “On the Absyssal Circulation of the World Ocean, II. An Idealized Model of the Circulation Pattern and Amplitude in the Oceanic Basins.” Deep Sea Research 6: 217-33.

Stommel, Henry (1961). “Thermohaline Convection with Two Stable Regimes of Flow.” Tellus 13: 224-30.

Stommel, Henry (1970). “Future Prospects for Physical Oceanography.” Science 168: 1531-38.

Stommel, Henry (1987). A View of the Sea. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Stone, Richard (2008). “Have Desert Researchers Discovered a Hidden Loop in the Carbon Cycle?” Science 320: 1409-10.

Storey, Michael, et al. (2007). “Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum and the Opening of the Northeast Atlantic.” Science 316: 58-89 [doi:10.1126/science.1135274].

Stothers, R. B. (1984). “The Great Tambora Eruption of 1815 and Its Aftermath.” Science 224: 1191-98.

Stott, Peter A., et al. (2000). “External Control of 20th Century Temperature by Natural and Anthropogenic Forcing.” Science 290: 2133-37

Stott, Peter A., et al. (2004). “Human Contribution to the European Heatwave of 2003.” Nature 432: 611-14 [doi:10.1038/nature03089]..

Stouffer, R.J., et al. (1989). “Interhemispheric Asymmetry in Climate Response to a Gradual

Increase of Atmospheric CO2.” Nature 342: 660-62.

Stradling, David (1999). Smokestacks and Progressives: Environmentalists, Engineers and Air Quality in America, 1881-1951. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.

Strauss, Benjamin H., et al. (2021). “Economic Damages from Hurricane Sandy Attributable to Sea Level Rise Caused by Anthropogenic Climate Change.” Nature Communications 12: 2720 [doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-22838-1].

Stringer, E. T. (1972). Foundations of Climatology. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman. Weart DGW 8/21 Bibl II p.85

Stroeve, J.C., et al. (2005). “Tracking the Arctic’s Shrinking Ice Cover: Another Extreme Minimum in 2004.” Geophysical Research Letters 32: L04501 [doi:10.1029/2004GL021302].

Stroeve, Julienne, et al. (2007). “Arctic Sea Ice Decline: Faster Than Forecast.” Geophysical Research Letters 34: L09501 [doi:10.1029/2007GL029703].

Strong, Aaron, et al. (2009). “Ocean Fertilization: Time to Move On.” Nature 461: 347-48.

Stuiver, Minze (1961). “Variations in Radiocarbon Concentration and Sunspot Activity.” J. Geophysical Research 66: 273 -76.

Stuiver, Minze (1965). “Carbon-14 Content of 18th- and 19th-Century Wood Variations Correlated with Sunspot Activity.” Science 149: 533-34.

Stuiver, Minze, and Hans E. Suess (1966). “On the Relationship between Radiocarbon Dates and True Sample Ages.” Radiocarbon 8: 534-40.

Stumm, Werner, ed. (1977) Global Chemical Cycles and Their Alterations by Man (Report of Dahlem Workshop, Berlin, Nov. 1976). Berlin: Abakon.

Stuiver, Minze (1978). “Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide and Carbon Reservoir Changes.” Science 199: 253-58.

Stuiver, Minze, and Paul D. Quay (1980). “Changes in Atmospheric Carbon-14 Attributed to a Variable Sun.” Science 207: 11-19.

Stute, Martin, et al. (1995). “Cooling of Tropical Brazil (5EC) During the Last Glacial Maximum.” Science 269: 379-83 [doi:10.1126/science.269.5222.379].

Suess, Hans E. (1953). “Natural Radiocarbon and the Rate of Exchange of Carbon Dioxide between the Atmosphere and the Sea.” In Nuclear Processes in Geologic Settings, edited by Science, National Research Council Committee on Nuclear, pp. 52-56. Washington, D. C.: National Academy of Sciences.

Suess, Hans E. (1954). “Natural Radiocarbon Measurements by Acetylene Counting.” Science 120: 5-7.

Suess, Hans E. (1955). “Radiocarbon Concentration in Modern Wood.” Science 122: 415-17.

Suess, Hans E. (1956). “Absolute Chronology of the Last Glaciation.” Science 123: 355-57.

Suess, Hans E. (1965). “Secular Variations of the Cosmic-Ray-Produced Carbon-14 in the Weart DGW 8/21 Bibl II p.86

Atmosphere and Their Interpretation.” J. Geophysical Research 70: 5937-52.

Suess, Hans E. (1968). “Climatic Changes, Solar Activity, and the Cosmic-Ray Production Rate of Natural Radiocarbon (in Mitchell, ed., Causes of Climate Change, 1965 Conf.).” Meteorological Monographs 8: 146-50.

Sullivan, Martin J.P., et al. (2020). “Long-Term Thermal Sensitivity of Earth’s Tropical Forests.” Science 368 869-74 [doi:10.1126/science.aaw7578].

Sullivan, Walter (1961). Assault on the Unknown: The International Geophysical Year. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Sun, De-Zheng, and Isaac M. Held (1996). “A Comparison of Modeled and Observed Relationships between Interannual Variations of Water Vapor and Temperature.” J. Climate 9: 665-75.

Sun, Lantao, et al. (2016). “What Caused the Recent ‘Warm Arctic, Cold Continents’ Trend Pattern in Winter Temperatures?” Geophysical Research Letters 43: 5345-52 [doi:10.1002/2016GL069024]

Sundquist, Eric T. (1987). “Ice Core Links CO2 to Climate.” Nature 329: 389-90.

Sundquist, Eric T., and Ralph F. Keeling (2009). “The Mauna Loa Carbon Dioxide Record: Lessons for Long-Term Earth Observations.” In Carbon Sequestration and Its Role in the Global Carbon Cycle (Geophysical Monograph Series 183), edited by McPherson, Brian J., and Eric T. Sundquist, pp. 27-35 [doi:10.1029/2009GM000913]. Washington, DC: American Geophysical Union.

Supran, Geoffrey, and Naomi Oreskes (2021). “Rhetoric and Frame Analysis of Exxonmobil’s Climate Change Communications.” One Earth 5: 696-719 [doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2021.04.014] online at https://www.cell.com/one- earth/fulltext/S2590-3322(21)00233-5.

Susskind, J., et al. (2019). “Recent Global Warming as Confirmed by AIRS.” Environmental Research Letters 14: 044030 [https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aafd4e].

Sutcliffe, R. C. (1963). “Theories of Recent Changes of Climate.” In Changes of Climate. Proceedings of the Rome Symposium Organized by Unesco and the World Meteorological Organization, 1961 (Unesco Arid Zone Research Series, 20), pp. 277- 280. Paris: UNESCO.

Svensmark, Henrik, and Eigil Friis-Christensen (1997). “Variation of Cosmic Ray Flux and Global Cloud Coverage--a Missing Link in Solar-Climate Relationships.” J. Atmospheric Weart DGW 8/21 Bibl II p.87

and Solar-Terrestrial Physics 59: 1225-32.

Svensmark, Henrik, et al. (2007). “Experimental Evidence for the Role of Ions in Particle Nucleation under Atmospheric Conditions.” Proceedings of the Royal Society A 463: 385-96 [doi:10.1098/rspa.2006.1773].

Sverdrup, Harald Ulrik, et al. (1942). The Oceans, Their Physics, Chemistry, and General Biology. New York: Prentice-Hall.

Sverdrup, Harald Ulrik (1957). “Oceanography.” In Geophysik II (Vol. 48 of Handbuch Der Physik), edited by Bartels, J., pp. 608-70. Berlin: Springer.

Svoboda, Michael (2016). “Cli-Fi on the Screen(S): Patterns in the Representations of Climate Change in Fictional Films.” Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change 7: 43-64 [doi:10.1002/wcc.38].

Swanson, R. Eric (2017). “A Comparative Analysis of Data Derived from Orbiting MSU/AMSU Instruments.” Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 34: 225-32 [doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-16-0121.1].

Sykes, Martin T., and I. Colin Prentice (1996). “Climate Change, Tree Species Distributions and Forest Dynamics: A Case Study in the Mixed Conifer/Northern Hardwoods Zone of Northern Europe.” Climactic Change 34: 161-77 [doi:10.1007/BF00224628].

Symons, George J., ed. (1888) The Eruption of Krakatoa, and Subsequent Phenomena. Report of the Krakatoa Committee of the Royal Society. London: Trübner.

Taba, H. (1991). “The Bulletin Interviews: Professor H.E. Landsberg.” In Climate in Human Perspective: A Tribute to Helmut F. Landsberg, edited by Baer, F., et al., pp. 97-109. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic (Reprinted from WMO Bulletin 33, no. 2, 1984).

Tagesson, Guy Schurgers, et al. (2020). “Recent Divergence in the Contributions of Tropical and Boreal Forests to the Terrestrial Carbon Sink.” Nature Ecology & Evolution 4: 202-09 [doi.org/10.1038/s41559-019-1090-0].

Takano, K. (1975). “A Numerical Simulation of the World Ocean Circulation: Preliminary Results.” In Numerical Models of World Ocean Circulation, edited by Reid, R.O., et al., pp. 121-29. Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences.

Tan, Ivy, et al. (2016). “Observational Constraints on Mixed-Phase Clouds Imply Higher Climate Sensitivity.” Science 352: 224-27 [doi:10.1126/science.aad5300].

Tans, P. P., et al. (1990). “Observational Constraints on the Global Atmospheric CO2 Budget.” Weart DGW 8/21 Bibl II p.88

Science 247: 1431-38.

Taylor, Billie L., et al. (1980). “Volcanic Eruptions and Long-Term Temperature Records: An Empirical Search for Cause and Effect.” Quarterly J. Royal Meteorological Society 106: 175-99.

Taylor, K.C. , et al. (1993). “Electrical Conductivity Measurements from the GISP2 and GRIP Greenland Ice Cores (Letter to Editor).” Nature 366: 549-52.

Taylor, K.C., et al. (1997). “The Holocene/Younger Dryas Transition Recorded at Summit, Greenland.” Science 278: 825-27.

Taylor, K.E., and J.E. Penner (1994). “Response of the Climate System to Atmospheric Aerosols and Greenhouse Gases.” Nature 369: 734-37.

Telegdas, K., and J. London (1954). A Physical Model of the Northern Hemisphere Troposphere for Winter and Summer. Science Report 1. New York: New York University.

Teller, Edward (1960). “Energy Patterns of the Future.” In Energy and Man, a Symposium Held at Columbia University on November 4, 1959, Columbia University, Graduate School of Business, pp. 30-38. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.

Terrer, C., et al. (2021). “A Trade-Off between Plant and Soil Carbon Storage under Elevated

CO2.” Nature 591: 599-603 [doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03306-8].

Tesler, Michael (2017). “Elite Domination of Public Doubts About Climate Change (Not Evolution).” Political Communication 34: 1-21 [https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2017.1380092].

Tett, Simon F.B., et al. (1999). “Causes of Twentieth-Century Temperature Change near the Earth’s Surface.” Nature 399: 569-72.

Thomas, Chris D., et al. (2004). “ Extinction Risk from Climate Change.” Nature 427: 145-48 [doi:10.1038/nature02121].

Thomas, Elizabeth R., et al. (2017). “Regional Antarctic Snow Accumulation over the Past 1000 Years.” Climate of the Past 13: 1491-1513 [https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-1491-2017].

Thomas, Robert H. (1973a). “The Creep of Ice Shelves: Theory.” J. Glaciology 12: 45-53.

Thomas, Robert H. (1973b). “The Creep of Ice Shelves: Interpretation of Observed Behavior.” J. Glaciology 12: 55-70. Weart DGW 8/21 Bibl II p.89

Thomas, Robert H., and Charles R. Bentley (1978). “A Model for Holocene Retreat of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet.” Quaternary Research 10: 150-70

Thomas, Robert H. (1979). “Ice Shelves: A Review.” J. Geophysical Research 24: 273-86.

Thomas, Robert H., et al. (1979). “Effect of Climatic Warming on the West Antarctic Ice Sheet.” Nature 277: 355-58.

Thomas, Robert H. (1993). “Ice Sheets.” In Atlas of Satellite Observations Related to Global Climate Change, edited by Gurney, R.J., et al., pp. 385-400. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press..

Thomas, Robert H., et al. (2004). “Accelerated Sea-Level Rise from West Antarctica.” Science 306: 255-58 [doi:10.1126/science.1099650].

Thomas, William (2014). “Research Agendas in Climate Studies: The Case of West Antarctic Ice Sheet Research.” Climatic Change 122: 299-311 [doi: 10.1007/s10584-013-0981-3].

Thomas, William L., Jr. (1955). Man’s Role in Changing the Face of the Earth. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Thompson, B.J., et al. (2001). “The Origins, Development and Conduct of WOCE.” In Ocean Circulation and Climate. Observing and Modelling the Global Ocean, edited by Siedler, Gerold, et al., pp. 31-43. San Diego: Academic Press.

Thompson, David W. J., and Susan Solomon (2005). “Recent Stratospheric Climate Trends as Evidenced in Radiosonde Data: Global Structure and Tropospheric Linkages.” Journal of Climate 18: 4785-95.

Thompson, David W. J., et al. (2008). “A Large Discontinuity in the Mid-Twentieth Century in Observed Global-Mean Surface Temperature.” Nature 453: 646-48 [doi:10.1038/nature06982].

Thompson, Lonnie G., et al. (1985). “A 1500-Year Record of Tropical Precipitation in Ice Cores from the Quelccaya Ice Cap, Peru.” Science 229: 971-73.

Thompson, Lonnie G. (1986). “The Little Ice Age as Recorded in the Stratigraphy of the Tropical Quelccaya Ice Cap.” Science 234: 361-64.

Thompson, Lonnie G., et al. (1993). “‘Recent Warming’: Ice Core Evidence from Tropical Ice Cores, with Emphasis on Central Asia.” Global and Planetary Change 7: 145-56.

Thompson, Lonnie G., et al. (1995). “Late Glacial Stage and Holocene Tropical Ice Core Records Weart DGW 8/21 Bibl II p.90

from Huascarán, Peru.” Science 269: 46-50.

Thompson, Lonnie G., et al. (1998). “A 25,000-Year Tropical History from Bolivian Ice Cores.” Science 282: 1858-64.

Thompson, Lonnie G., et al. (2009). “Glacier Loss on Kilimanjaro Continues Unabated.” Publications of the National Academy of Sciences 109: [19770-75 [doi:10.1073/pnas.0906029106].

Thompson, Michael, and Steve Rayner (1998). “Cultural Discourses.” In Human Choice and Climate Change. The Societal Framework, Vol. 1, edited by Rayner, Steve, and Elizabeth L. Malone, pp. 265-343. Columbus, OH: Battelle Press.

Thompson, Philip Duncan (1983). “History of Numerical Weather Prediction in the United States.” Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 64: 755-69.

Thompson, Starley L., and Stephen H. Schneider (1986). “Nuclear Winter Reappraised.” Foreign Affairs 64: 981-1005.

Thompson, W. G., and S.L. Goldstein (2005). “Open System Coral Ages Reveal Persistent Suborbital Sea-Level Cycles.” Science 308: 401-404 [doi:10.1126/science.1104035].

Thornalley, David J. R., et al. (2018). “Anomalously Weak Labrador Sea Convection and Atlantic Overturning During the Past 150 Years.” Nature 556: 227-30 [doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0007-4].

Thorne, Peter W., et al. (2011). “Tropospheric Temperature Trends: History of an Ongoing Controversy.” Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change 2: 66-88.

Tian, H., et al. (2020). “A Comprehensive Quantification of Global Nitrous Oxide Sources and Sinks.” Nature 586: 248-56 [doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2780-0].

Tierney, Jessica E., et al. (2019). “Pliocene Warmth Consistent with Greenhouse Gas Forcing.” Geophysical Research Letters 46 9136-44 [doi.org/10.1029/2019GL083802].

Tierney, Jessica E., et al. (2020). “Glacial Cooling and Climate Sensitivity Revisited.” Nature 584: 569-73[doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2617-x].

Time (1939). “Warmer World.” Time 33, (2 Jan.), p. 27.

Time (1951). “Retreat of the Cold.” Time 58, (29 Oct.), p. 76.

Time (1956). “One Big Greenhouse.” Time 67, no. 22 (28 May), p. 59. Weart DGW 8/21 Bibl II p.91

Time (1972). “Another Ice Age?” Time 100 (13 Nov.), p. 81.

Time (1974a). “Another Ice Age?” Time 103 (26 June), p. 86.

Time (1974b). “Weather Change: Poorer Harvests.” Time 104 (11 Nov.), pp. 80-83.

Time (1976). “Forecast: Famine?” Time 107,(17 May), p. 85.

Time (2001). “Feeling the Heat.” Time 157 no. 14 (9 April), pp. 22-39.

Tinsley, Brian A., et al. (1989). “Solar Variability Influences on Weather and Climate: Possible Connections through Cosmic Ray Fluxes and Storm Intensification.” J. Geophysical Research 94: 14783-92.

Tinsley, Brian A. (1996). “Solar Wind Modulation of the Global Electric Circuit and Apparent Effects on Cloud Microphysics, Latent Heat Release, and Tropospheric Dynamics.” Journal of Geomagnetism and Geoelectricity 48: 165-75.

Tinsley, Brian A. (2000). “Influence of Solar Wind on the Global Electric Circuit, and Inferred Effects on Cloud Microphysics, Temperature, and Dynamics in the Troposphere.” Space Science Reviews 94: 231-58 [doi:10.1023/A:1026775408875].

T.I.o.M. Staff Members, University of Stockholm (1954). “Results of Forecasting with the Barotropic Model on an Electronic Computer (Besk).” Tellus 6: 139-49.

Toggweiler, J.R., and Joellen Russell (2008). “Ocean Circulation in a Warming Climate.” Nature 451: 286-88 [doi:10.1038/nature06590].

Tolbert, Margaret A., et al. (1987). “Reaction of Chlorine Nitrate with Hydrogen Chloride and Water at Antarctic Stratospheric Temperatures.” Science 238: 1258-60.

Tollefson, Jeff (2009). “Instant Climate Model Gears Up.” Nature 461: 581.

Tollefson, Jeff (2014). “Climate Change: The Case of the Missing Heat.” Nature 505: 276-78 [doi:10.1038/505276a].

Tollefson, Jeff (2017). “Satellite Snafu Masked True Sea-Level Rise for Decades.” Nature 547: 265-66 [doi:10.1038/nature.2017.22312].

Tolman, Cyrus F., Jr. (1899). “The Carbon Dioxide of the Ocean and Its Relations to the Carbon Dioxide of the Atmosphere.” J. Geology 7: 585-620.

Toon, Owen B., et al. (1975). “Climatic Change on Mars and Earth.” In Proceedings of the Weart DGW 8/21 Bibl II p.92

WMO/IAMAP Symposium on Long-Term Climatic Fluctuations, Norwich, Aug. 1975 (WMO Doc. 421), pp. 495-503. Geneva: World Meteorological Organization.

Toon, Owen B., and James B. Pollack (1976). “A Global Average Model of Atmospheric Aerosols for Radiative Transfer Calculations.” J. Applied Meteorology 15: 225-46.

Toon, Owen B. (2000). “How Pollution Suppresses Rain.” Science 287: 1763-66.

Trabalka, J. R., ed. (1985). Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide and the Global Carbon Cycle, Washington, DC, Department of Energy

Trenberth, Kevin E. (1999). “Global Climate Project Shows Early Promise.” Eos, Transactions of the American Geophysical Union 80: 269, 274-75.

Trenberth, Kevin E. (2005). “Uncertainty in Hurricanes and Global Warming.” Science 308: 1753-54 [doi:10.1126/science.1112551].

Trenberth, Kevin E., et al. (2010). “Relationships between Tropical Sea Surface Temperature and Top-of-Atmosphere Radiation,.” Geophysical Research Letters: L03702 [doi:10.1029/2009GL042314].

Trenberth, K. E., and J. T. Fasullo (2012). “Climate Extremes and Climate Change: The Russian Heat Wave and Other Climate Extremes of 2010.” Journal of Geophysical Research 117: D17103 [doi:10.1029/2012JD018020].

Trenberth, Kevin E., et al. (2015a). “Attribution of Climate Extreme Events.” Nature Climate Change 5: 725-30 [doi:10.1038/NCLIMATE2657].

Trenberth, Kevin E. , et al. (2015b). “Climate Variability and Relationships between Top-of- Atmosphere Radiation and Temperatures on Earth.” Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 120: 3642-59 [doi:10.1002/2014JD022887].

Trewartha, Glenn T. (2nd ed., 1943). An Introduction to Weather and Climate. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Trewartha, Glenn T., and Lyle H. Horn (5th ed., 1980,). An Introduction to Climate. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Tripati, Aradhna K., et al. (2009). “Coupling of CO2 and Ice Sheet Stability over Major Climate Transitions of the Last 20 Million Years.” Science 326: 1394-97 [doi:10.1126/science.1178296].

Truffer, Martin, and Mark Fahnestock (2007). “Rethinking Ice Sheet Time Scales.” Science 315: Weart DGW 8/21 Bibl II p.93

1508-10 [doi:10.1126/science.1140469].

Trumbo, Craig (1996). “Constructing Climate Change: Claims and Frames in US News Coverage of an Environmental Issue.” Public Understanding of Science 5: 269-83.

Turco, R.P., et al. (1983). “Nuclear Winter: Global Consequences of Multiple Nuclear Explosions.” Science 222: 1283-92.

Turetsky, Merritt R., et al. (2019). “Permafrost Collapse Is Accelerating Carbon Release.” Nature 569: 32-34 [doi:10.1038/d41586-019-01313-4]

Turner, George (1988). Drowning Towers. Arbor House [originally published in the UK as The Sea in Summer, 1987, reissued Avon, 1996].

Turney, Chris S.M., and Richard T. Jones (2010). “Does the Agulhas Current Amplify Global Temperatures During Super-Interglacials?” Journal of Quaternary Science 25: 839-43 [doi:10.1002/jqs.1423].

Twomey, Sean A. (1974). “Pollution and the Planetary Albedo.” Atmospheric Environment 8: 1251-56.

Twomey, Sean A. (1977a). Atmospheric Aerosols. Amsterdam: Elsevier.

Twomey, Sean A. (1977b). “The Effect of Cloud Scattering on the Absorption of Solar Radiation by Atmospheric Dust.” J. Atmospheric Sciences 29: 1156-59.

Twomey, Sean A. (1977c). “The Influence of Pollution on the Shortwave Albedo of Clouds.” J. Atmospheric Sciences 34: 1149-52.

Twomey, Sean A. (1980). “Cloud Nucleation in the Atmosphere and the Influence of Nucleus Concentration Levels in Atmospheric Physics.” J. Physical Chemistry 84: 1459-63.

Twomey, Sean A., et al. (1984). “An Assessment of the Impact of Pollution on Global Cloud Albedo.” Tellus 36B: 356-66.

Tyndall, John (1861). “On the Absorption and Radiation of Heat by Gases and Vapours, and on the Physical Connection of Radiation, Absorption and Conduction.” Philosophical Magazine ser. 4, 22: 169-94, 273-85.

Tyndall, John (1863a). “On Radiation through the Earth’s Atmosphere.” Philosophical Magazine ser. 4, 25: 200-206.

Tyndall, John (1863b). “On the Relation of Radiant Heat to Aqueous Vapor.” Philosophical Weart DGW 8/21 Bibl II p.94

Magazine ser. 4, 26: 30-54.

Tyndall, John (1873a). Contributions to Molecular Physics in the Domain of Radiant Heat. New York: Appleton.

Tyndall, John (1873b). “Further Researches on the Absorption and Radiation of Heat by Gaseous Matter (1862).” In Contributions to Molecular Physics in the Domain of Radiant Heat, pp. 69-121. New York: Appleton.

Tyrrell, Toby, et al. (2007). “The Long-Term Legacy of Fossil Fuels “ Tellus B 59: 664-72 [doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0889.2007.00290.x].

Tzedakis, P. C., et al. (2012). “Determining the Natural Length of the Current Interglacial.” Nature Geoscience 5: 138-41 [doi:10.1038/ngeo1358].

U.S. News & World Report (1976). “Even U.S. Farms May Be Hit by Cooling Trend.” U.S. News & World Report (31 May), p. 56.

U.S. News & World Report (1977). “Is Energy Use Overheating the World?” U.S. News & World Report (25 July).

Ulam, S.M. (1976). Adventures of a Mathematician. New York: Scribner’s.

Underwood, Anne (2007). “Mayors Take the Lead.” Newsweek (April 16), pp. 68-70.

UNEP/UMO/ICSU (1985). An Assessment of the Role of Carbon Dioxide and of Other Greenhouse Gases in Climate Variations and Assorted Impacts. Technical Information Circular 203, Wellington, NZ, online at http://docs.niwa.co.nz/library/public/nzmstic203.pdf

Ungar, Sheldon (1992). “The Rise and (Relative) Decline of Global Warming as a Social Problem.” Sociological Quarterly 33: 483-501.

Ungar, Sheldon (1995). “Social Scares and Global Warming: Beyond the Rio Convention.” Society and Natural Resources 8: 443-56.

Ungar, Sheldon (2000). “Knowledge, Ignorance and the Popular Culture: Climate Change Versus the Ozone Hole.” Public Understanding of Science 9: 297-312.

Union of Concerned Scientists (2007a). Smoke, Mirrors & Hot Air: How Exxonmobil Uses Big Tobacco’s Tactics to Manufacture Uncertainty on Climate Science, Cambridge, MA, Union of Concerned Scientists, pp. 68, online at http://www.ucsusa.org/news/press_release/ExxonMobil-GlobalWarming-tobacco.html. Weart DGW 8/21 Bibl II p.95

Union of Concerned Scientists (2007b) Government Accountability Project (Timothy Donaghy (2007). Atmosphere of Pressure: Political Interference in Federal Climate Science, Cambridge, MA, p. 92 [http://www.ucsusa.org/scientific_integrity/interference/atmosphere-of-pressure.html].

United States, Central Intelligence Agency (1974, 1977). “Potential Implications of Trends in World Population, Food Production, and Climate, Opr-401, Aug. 1974. Published as Appendix II of Impact Team, in The Weather Conspiracy, New York: Ballantine.

United States Congress (85:2), House of Representatives, Committee on Appropriations (1957). Report on the International Geophysical Year. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

United States Congress (94:2), House of Representatives, Committee on Science and Technology, Subcommittee on the Environment and the Atmosphere (1976). The National Climate Program Act: Hearings. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

United States Congress (95:1), Senate, Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation, Subcommittee on Science, Technology and Space (1977). The National Climate Program Act: Hearings. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

United States Congress (97:1), House, Committee on Science and Technology, Subcommittee on Natural Resources, Agricultural Research and Environment (1981). Carbon Dioxide and Climate: The Greenhouse Effect. Hearings. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

United States Congress (107:1), Senate, Committee on Governmental Affairs (2001). The Climate Change Strategy and Technology Innovation Act of 2001: Hearings. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

United States, Department of Commerce, Advisory Committee on Weather Services (1953). Weather Is the Nation’s Business. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

United States, Environmental Protection Agency (Joel B. Smith and Dennis Tirpak, eds.) (1989). The Potential Effects of Global Climate Change on the United States (Epa-230-05-89- 050), Washington, DC, Environmental Protection Agency

United States, Office of Scientific Research and Development, National Defense Research Committee (D. Sinclair ed.) (1950). Handbook on Aerosols. Chapters from the Summary Technical Report of Division 10, National Defense Research Committee, Selected and Published by the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission. Washington, DC: U.S. Govt. Printing Office. Weart DGW 8/21 Bibl II p.96

Urey, Harold C. (1947). “The Thermodynamic Properties of Isotopic Substances.” J. Chemical Society 1947: 562-81.

Urey, Harold C., et al. (1950). “Paleotemperatures of the Upper Cretaceous.” Science 111: 462- 63.

Vaks, A., et al. (2013). “Speleothems Reveal 500,000-Year History of Siberian Permafrost.” Science 340: 183-86 [doi:10.1126/science.1228729].

Valdes, Paul (2011). “Built for Stability.” Nature Geoscience 4: 414-16 [doi:10.1038/ngeo1200]. van de Wal, R.S.W., et al. (2008). “Large and Rapid Melt-Induced Velocity Changes in the Ablation Zone of the Greenland Ice Sheet.” Science 321: 111-13 [doi:10.1126/science.1158540]. van der Sluijs, Jeroen, et al. (1998). “Anchoring Devices in Science for Policy: The Case of Consensus around Climate Sensitivity.” Social Studies of Science 28: 291-323.

Van der Veen, C.J. (1985). “Response of a Marine Ice Sheet to Changes at the Grounding Line.” Quaternary Research 24: 257-67.

Van der Veen, C.J., and J. Oerlemans (1987) Dynamics of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet. Proceedings of a Workshop Held in Utrecht, May 6-8, 1985. Dordrecht: Reidel.

Van der Veen, C.J. (1988). “Projecting Future Sea Level.” Surveys in Geophysics 9: 389-418. van Keuren, David K. (2000). “Building a New Foundation for the Ocean Sciences: The National Science Foundation and Oceanography, 1951-1965.” Earth Sciences History 19: 90-109. van Loon, H., and D. Shea (2000). “The Global 11-Year Solar Signal in July-August.” Geophysical Research Letters 27: 2965-68. van Mantgem, Phillip J., et al. (2009). “Widespread Increase of Tree Mortality Rates in the Western United States.” Science 323: 521-24 [doi:10.1126/science.1165000]. van Woerkom, A.J.J. (1953). “The Astronomical Theory of Climate Change.” In Climatic Change, edited by Shapley, Harlow, pp. 147-57. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Vaughan, David G., and C.S.M. Doake (1996). “Recent Atmospheric Warming and Retreat of Ice Shelves on the Antarctic Peninsula.” Nature 379: 328-31 [doi:10.1038/379328a0]. Weart DGW 8/21 Bibl II p.97

Vaughan, David G., and Robert Arthern (2007). “Why Is It Hard to Predict the Future of Ice Sheets?” Science 315: 1503-04 [doi:10.1126/science.1141111].

Vaughan, David G. (2008). “West Antarctic Ice Sheet Collapse -- the Fall and Rise of a Paradigm.” Climatic Change 91: 65-79 [doi:10.1007/s10584-008-9448-3].

Vavrus, Stephen J., et al. (2017). “Changes in North American Atmospheric Circulation and Extreme Weather: Influence of Arctic Amplification and Northern Hemisphere Snow Cover.” Journal of Climate 30: 4317-33 [doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0762.1].

Vavrus, Stephen J. (2018). “The Influence of Arctic Amplification on Mid-Latitude Weather and Climate.” Current Climate Change Reports 4: 238-49 [https://doi.org/10.1007/s40641- 018-0105-2].

Velders, Guus J. M. , et al. (2009). “The Large Contribution of Projected Hfc Emissions to Future Climate Forcing.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 10949-54 [doi:10.1073/pnas.0902817106].

Velicogna, I. (2009). “Increasing Rates of Ice Mass Loss from the Greenland and Antarctic Ice Sheets Revealed by Grace.” Geophysical Research Letters 36: L19503 [doi:10.1029/2009GL040222].

Velikovsky, Immanuel (1955). Earth in Upheaval. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.

Vellinga, M., and R.A. Wood (2002). “Global Climatic Impacts of a Collapse of the Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation.” Climatic Change 54.

Vermeer, Martin, and Stefan Rahmstorf (2009). “Global Sea Level Linked to Global Temperature.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106: 21527-32 [doi:10.1073/pnas0907765106.

Vernadsky, V.I. (1924). La Géochimie. Paris: Félix Alcan.

Vernadsky, V.I. (1929). La Biosphère. Paris: Félix Alcan. English translation: “The Biosphere: The Complete Annotated Edition” (New York, Springer-Verlag, 1998).

Vernadsky, V.I. (1945). “The Biosphere and the Noösphere.” American Scientist 33: 1-12.

Veron, J. E. N. (2008). “Mass Extinctions and Ocean Acidification: Biological Constraints on Geological Dilemmas.” Coral Reefs 27: 459-72 [doi:10.1007/s00338-008-0381-8].

Very, Frank W. (1908). “XLI. The Greenhouse Theory and Planetary Temperatures.” Philosophical Magazine 16: 462-80 [https://doi.org/10.1080/14786440908636529]. Weart DGW 8/21 Bibl II p.98

Victor, David G. (2001). The Collapse of the Kyoto Protocol and the Struggle to Slow Global Warming. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Vohra, Karn, et al. (2021). “Global Mortality from Outdoor Fine Particle Pollution Generated by Fossil Fuel Combustion: Results from GEOS-Chem.” Environmental Research Letters 195: 110754 [doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2021.110754].

Volk, Tyler, and Martin I. Hoffert (1985). “Ocean Carbon Pumps: Analysis of Relative Strengths

and Efficiencies in Ocean-Driven Atmospheric CO2 Changes.” In The Carbon Cycle and

Atmospheric CO2: Natural Variations Archaean to Present, edited by Sundquist, E.T., and Wallace S. Broecker, pp. 99-110. Washington, DC: American Geophysical Union. von Neumann, John (1955). “Can We Survive Technology?” Fortune 51, no. 6 (June), pp. 106- 108, 151-52. Reprinted in D. Sarnoff, ed., The Fabulous Future: America in 1980 (New York: Dutton, 1956), pp. 33-48. von Schuckmann, K., et al. (2009). “Global Hydrographic Variability Patterns During 2003–2008.” Journal of Geophysical Research 114: C09007 [doi:10.1029/2008JC005237]. von Storch, Hans, et al. (2004). “Reconstructing Past Climate from Noisy Data.” Science 306: 679-82 [doi:10.1126/science.1096109].

Vonder Haar, Thomas H., and Verner E. Suomi (1971). “Measurements of the Earth’s Radiation Budget from Satellites During a Five-Year Period. Part 1: Extended Time and Space Means.” J. Atmospheric Sciences 28: 305-14

Vonder Haar, T.H., et al. (1981). “Measurements of the Earth Radiation Budget from Satellites During the First GARP Global Experiment.” Advances in Space Research 1: 285-97..

Voosen, Paul (2016). “Climate Scientists Open up Their Black Boxes to Scrutiny.” Science 354: 401-02 [doi:10.1126/science.354.6311.401].

Voosen, Paul (2017). “The Weather Master.” Science 356: 128-131.

Voosen, Paul (2019a). “New Climate Models Predict a Warming Surge.” Science 364 222-23, online at https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2019/04/new-climate-models-predict- warming-surge.

Voosen, Paul (2019b). “Ocean Cycles Sidelined in 20th Century Temperature Record.” Science 364: 314.

Voosen, Paul (2020). “Seas Are Rising Faster Than Ever.” Science 370: 901. Weart DGW 8/21 Bibl II p.99

Voosen, Paul (2021). “Arctic Ice Loss Not a Big Culprit in Harsh Winters.” Science 372: 668-69 [doi:10.1126/science.372.6543.668].

Wade, Nicholas (1979). “CO2 in Climate: Gloomsday Predictions Have No Fault.” Science 206: 912-13.

Wagner, Gernot, and Martin L. Weitzman (2015). Climate Shock: The Economic Consequences of a Hotter Planet. Princeton, NJ: University Press.

Wahl, Eugene R., et al. (2006). “Comment on ‘Reconstructing Past Climate from Noisy Data’.” Science 312: 529 [doi:10.1126/science.1120866].

Wahl, Eugene R , and Caspar M. Ammann (2007). “Robustness of the Mann, Bradley, Hughes Reconstruction of Northern Hemisphere Surface Temperatures: Examination of Criticisms Based on the Nature and Processing of Proxy Climate Evidence.” Climatic Change 85: 33-69 [doi:10.1007/s10584-006-9105-7].

Wåhlin, A. K., et al. (2021). “Pathways and Modification of Warm Water Flowing beneath Thwaites Ice Shelf, West Antarctica.” Science Advances 7: eabd7254 [doi:10.1126/sciadv.abd7254].

Wait, G.R. (1946). “Some Experiments Relating to the Electrical Conductivity of the Lower Atmosphere.” J. Washington Academy of Sciences 36: 321-43.

Waitt, Richard B., Jr. (1985). “Case for Periodic, Colossal Jokulhlaups from Pleistocene Glacial Lake Missoula.” Bulletin of the Geological Society of America.

Walczak, Maureen H., et al. (2020). “Phasing of Millennial-Scale Climate Variability in the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans.” Science 370: 716-20 [doi:10.1126/science.aba7096].

Walker, Gabrielle (1999). “Great Rivers of Ice!” New Scientist no. 2182 (17 April), pp. 54-58.

Walker, Gabrielle (2000). “The Ice Man (Interview with Jean-Robert Petit).” New Scientist 165, no. 2223 (29 January), pp. 40-43.

Walker, Gabrielle (2007). “The Team Captain [R. Pachauri].” Nature 450: 1150-55.

Walker, James C.G., et al. (1981). “A Negative Feedback Mechanism for the Long-Term Stabilization of Earth’s Surface Temperature.” J. Geophysical Research 86 (C10): 9776- 82. Weart DGW 8/21 Bibl II p.100

Walker, J.C.G., and J.F. Kasting (1992). “Effects of Fuel and Forest Conservation on Future Levels of Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide.” Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 97: 151-89.

Wallace, John M., and David W. J. Thompson (2002). “Annular Modes and Climate Prediction.” Physics Today 55, no. 2 (Feb.), pp. 28-33.

Wallace-Wells, David (2017). “The Uninhabitable Earth.” New York Magazine (July 20): 24ff, online at http://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2017/07/climate-change-earth-too-hot-for- humans.html?utm_source=nym_press.

Wallace-Wells, David (2019). The Uninhabitable Earth: Life after Warming. New York: Crown - Tim Duggan.

Wallén, C.C. (1963). “Aims and Methods in Studies of Climatic Fluctuations.” In Changes of Climate. Proceedings of the Rome Symposium Organized by Unesco and the World Meteorological Organization, 1961 (Unesco Arid Zone Research Series, 20), pp. 467-73. Paris: UNESCO.

Walter, K.M., et al. (2006). “Methane Bubbling from Siberian Thaw Lakes as a Positive Feedback to Climate Warming.” Nature 443: 71-75 [doi:10.1038/nature05040].

Wang, Kaicun, et al. (2009). “Clear Sky Visibility Has Decreased over Land Globally from 1973 to 2007.” Science 323: 1468-79 [doi:10.1126/science.1167549].

Wang, W., and G.M. Domoto (1974). “The Radiative Effect of Aerosols in the Earth’s Atmosphere.” J. Applied Meteorology 13: 521-34.

Wang, W.C., et al. (1976). “Greenhouse Effects Due to Man-Made Perturbations of Trace Gases.” Science 194: 685-90.

Wang, X., and J. Key (2003). “Recent Trends in Arctic Surface, Cloud, and Radiation Properties from Space.” Science 299: 1725-28.

Wang, X., et al. (2014). “Exploiting Simultaneous Observational Constraints on Mass and Absorption to Estimate the Global Direct Radiative Forcing of Black Carbon and Brown Carbon.” Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 14: 10989-11010 [doi:10.5194/acp-14- 10989-2014].

Wang, Yongjin, et al. (2005). “The Holocene Asian Monsoon: Links to Solar Changes and North Atlantic Climate.” Science 308: 854-57 [doi:10.1126/science.1106296]. Weart DGW 8/21 Bibl II p.101

Wang, Y.-M. , et al. (2005). “Modeling the Sun’s Magnetic Field and Irradiance since 1713.” Astrophysical J. 625: 522-38.

Ward, Peter D., and Donald Brownlee (2000). Rare Earth. Why Complex Life Is Uncommon in the Universe. New York: Copernicus - Springer.

Wang, Songhan, et al. (2020). “Recent Global Decline of CO2 Fertilization Effects on Vegetation Photosynthesis.” Science 370: 1295-1300 [doi:10.1126/science.abb7772].

Wark, D.Q, and D.T. Hilleary (1969). “Atmospheric Temperature: Successful Test of Remote Probing.” Science 165: 1256-58.

Warren, Bruce A., and Carl Wunsch (1981) Evolution of Physical Oceanography: Scientific Surveys in Honor of Henry Stommel. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Warren, Bruce A. (1983). “Why Is No Deep Water Formed in the North Pacific?” J. Marine Research 41: 327-47.

Warren, Stephen G., and Stephen H. Schneider (1979). “Seasonal Simulation as a Test for Uncertainties in the Parameterization of a Budyko-Sellers Zonal Climate Model.” J. Atmospheric Sciences 36: 1377-91.

Washington, Warren M., et al. (1980). “A General Circulation Experiment with a Coupled Atmosphere, Ocean and Sea Ice Model.” J. Physical Oceanography 10: 1887-1908.

Washington, Warren M., and Gerald A. Meehl (1984). “Seasonal Cycle Experiments on Climate

Sensitivity Due to a Doubling of CO2 with an Atmospheric General Circulation Model Coupled to a Simple Mixed Layer Ocean Model.” J. Geophysical Research 89 (D6): 9475-9503.

Washington, Warren M., and Gerald A. Meehl (1989). “Climate Sensitivity Due to Increased

CO2: Experiments with a Coupled Atmosphere and Ocean General Circulation Model.” Climate Dynamics 4: 1-38 [doi:10.1007/BF00207397].

Washington, Warren M. (2007). Odyssey in Climate Modeling, Global Warming, and Advising Five Presidents. Lulu.com.

Watson, Christopher S., et al. (2015). “Unabated Global Mean Sea-Level Rise over the Satellite Altimeter Era.” Nature Climate Change 5: 565-68 [doi:10.1038/nclimate2635].

Watson, Robert T., et al. (1997) Summary for Policymakers. The Regional Impacts of Climate Change: An Assessment of Vulnerability. A Special Report of IPCC Working Group II. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Weart DGW 8/21 Bibl II p.102

Watts, Nick, et al. (2020). “The 2020 Report of the Lancet Countdown on Health and Climate Change: Responding to Converging Crises.” The Lancet 397: 129-70 [doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32290-X] online at https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(20)32290-X/fulltext.

Weare, B.C., et al. (1974). “Aerosols and Climate: Some Further Considerations.” Science 186: 827-28.

Weart, Spencer R. (1983). “The Discovery of Fission and a Nuclear Physics Paradigm.” In Otto Hahn and the Rise of Nuclear Physics, edited by Shea, William, pp. 91-133. Dordrecht: Reidel.

Weart, Spencer R. (1988). Nuclear Fear: A History of Images. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Weart, Spencer R. (1992). “The Solid Community.” In Out of the Crystal Maze: Chapters from the History of Solid State Physics, edited by Hoddeson, Lillian, et al., pp. 617-69. New York: Oxford University Press.

Weart, Spencer R. (1997). “Global Warming, Cold War, and the Evolution of Research Plans.” Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences 27: 319-56.

Weart, Spencer R. (1998). Never at War: Why Democracies Will Not Fight One Another. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

Weart, Spencer R. (2003). “The Discovery of Rapid Climate Change.” Physics Today 56: 30-36.

Weart, Spencer R. (2005). “Gallery: Spencer Weart on Depicting Global Warming.” Environmental History 10: 770-75.

Weart, Spencer R. (2nd ed., 2008). The Discovery of Global Warming. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Weaver, Andrew J., and Claude Hillaire-Marcel (2004). “Global Warming and the Next Ice Age.” Science 304: 400-402.

Weaver, Andrew J., et al. (2003). “Meltwater Pulse 1a from Antarctica as a Trigger of the Bølling-Allerød Warm Interval.” Science 299: 1709-13 [doi:10.1126/science.1081002].

Webb, G. (1986). “Solar Physics and the Origins of Dendrochronology.” Isis 77: 292-301.

Webb, George E. (2002). Science in the American Southwest. A Topical History. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. Weart DGW 8/21 Bibl II p.103

Webb, Thompson, III, and Reid A. Bryson (1972). “Late- and Postglacial Climatic Change in the Northern Midwest, USA: Quantitative Estimates Derived from Fossil Pollen Spectra by Multivariate Statistical Analysis.” Quaternary Research 2: 70-115.

Webb, Thompson, III (1980). “The Reconstruction of Climatic Sequences from Botanical Data.” J. Interdisciplinary History 10: 749-72.

Webb, Thompson, III, and Tom M. L. Wigley (1985). “What Past Climates Can Indicate About a Warmer World.” In Projecting the Climatic Effects of Increasing Carbon Dioxide. U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Research Report DOE/Er-0237, edited by MacCracken, M.C., and F.M. Luther, Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. of Energy.

Webb, Thompson, III (1986). “Is Vegetation in Equilibrium with Climate? How to Interpret Late-Quaternary Pollen Data.” Plant Ecology (Vegetatio) 67: 75-91 [doi:10.1007/BF00037359].

Webb, Thompson, III (2007). “COHMAP: Origins, Development, and Key Results.” In Climate Variability and Changes: Past, Present and Future. John E. Kutzbach Symposium, edited by Kutzbach, Gisela, pp. 105-17. Madison, WI: Center for Climatic Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison.

Weber, Elke U. (2006). “Experience-Based and Description-Based Perceptions of Long-Term Risk: Why Global Warming Does Not Scare Us (yet).” Climatic Change 77: 103-20 [doi:10.1007/s10584-06-9060-3].

Weber, J.N., and P.M.J. Woodhead (1972). “Temperature Dependence of Oxygen-18 Concentrations in Reef Coral Carbonates.” Journal of Geophysical Research 77: 463-73.

Weber, Louis Russell, and H.M. Randall (1932). “The Absorption Spectrum of Water Vapor Beyond 10µ.” Physical Review 40: 835-47.

Webster, Paul (2004). “A Eurasian Tiger Threatens to Maul Kyoto.” Science 303: 1461-62.

Webster, Peter J., and N.A. Streten (1978). “Late Quaternary Ice Age Climates of Tropical Australasia: Interpretations and Reconstructions.” Quaternary Research 10: 279-309.

Webster, Peter J. (1984). “The Carbon Dioxide/Climate Controversy: Some Personal Comments on Two Recent Publications.” Climatic Change 6: 377-90.

Webster, Peter J., et al. (2005). “Changes in Tropical Cyclone Number, Duration, and Intensity in a Warming Environment.” Science 309: 1844-46 [doi:10.1126/science.1116448]. Weart DGW 8/21 Bibl II p.104

Weeks, Jennifer (2012). “Few a-List Novelists Tackling Climate Change in Their Plots.” The Daily Climate (Dec.28), online at http://wwwp.dailyclimate.org/tdc- newsroom/2012/12/kingsolver-climate-change-fiction.

Weertman, Johannes (1961). “The Stability of Ice-Age Ice Sheets.” J. Geophysical Research 66: 3783-92.

Weertman, Johannes (1964). “Rate of Growth or Shrinkage of Nonequilibrium Ice Sheets.” J. Glaciology 38: 145-58.

Weertman, Johannes (1974). “Stability of the Junction of an Ice Sheet and an Ice Shelf.” J. Glaciology 13: 3-11.

Weertman, Johannes (1976a). “Glaciology’s Grand Unsolved Problem.” Nature 260: 284-86.

Weertman, Johannes (1976b). “Milankovitch Solar Radiation Variations and Ice Age Ice Sheet Sizes.” Nature 261: 17-20.

Weinberg, Alvin (1974). “Global Effects of Man’s Production of Energy.” Science 186: 205.

Weiner, Jonathan (1990). The Next One Hundred Years: Shaping the Fate of Our Living Earth. New York: Bantam.

Weingart, Peter, et al. (2000). “Risks of Communication: Discourses on Climate Change in Science, Politics, and the Mass Media.” Public Understanding of Science 9l: 261-83.

Weir, Gary E. (2001). An Ocean in Common. American Naval Officers, Scientists, and the Ocean Environment. College Station: Texas A&M University Press.

Weiss, H., et al. (1993). “The Genesis and Collapse of Third Millenium North Mesopotamian Civilization.” Science 261: 995-1004.

Weitzman, Martin L. (2007). “A Review of the Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change.” Journal of Economic Literature 45: 703-24 [doi:10.1257/jel.45.3.703].

Weitzman, Martin L. (2009). “On Modeling and Interpreting the Economics of Catastrophic Climate Change.” Review of Economics and Statistics 91: 1-19 [doi:10.1162/rest.91.1.1].

Welander, Pierre (1981). “Oscillations in a Simple Air-Water System Driven by a Stabilizing Heat Flux.” Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans 5: 269-80.

Wendland, W.M., and Reid A. Bryson (1974). “Dating Climatic Episodes of the Holocene.” Quaternary Research 4: 9-24. Weart DGW 8/21 Bibl II p.105

Wenk, Edward, Jr. (1972). The Politics of the Ocean. Seattle: University of Washington Press.

Wentz, Frank J., and Matthias Schabel (1998). “Effects of Orbital Decay on Satellite-Derived Lower-Tropospheric Temperature Trends.” Nature 394: 661-64.

Wertenbaker, William (1974). The Floor of the Sea. Maurice Ewing and the Search to Understand the Earth. Boston: Little, Brown.

West, R.G. (1961). “Late- and Postglacial Vegetational History in Wisconsin, Particularly Changes Associated with the Valders Readvance.” American J. Science 259: 766-83.

Westerling, A. L., et al. (2006). “Warming and Earlier Spring Increase Western U.S. Forest Wildfire Activity.” Science 313: 940-43 [doi:10.1126/science.1128834].

Westra, Seth, et al. (2013). “Global Increasing Trends in Annual Maximum Daily Precipitation.” Journal of Climate 26: 3904-18 [doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00502.1].

Wexler, Harry (1952). “Volcanoes and World Climate.” Scientific American 186, no. 4 (April), pp. 74-80.

Wexler, Harry (1953). “Radiation Balance of the Earth as a Factor in Climatic Change.” In Climatic Change, edited by Shapley, Harlow, pp. 73-105. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Wexler, Harry (1956). “Variations in Insolation, General Circulation and Climate.” Tellus 8: 480-94.

Wexler, Harry (1960). “Possible Causes of Climatic Fluctuations.” In Dynamics of Climate: The Proceedings of a Conference on the Application of Numerical Integration Techniques to the Problem of the General Circulation Held October 26-28, 1955, edited by R.L. Pfeffer, pp. 93-95. Oxford: Pergamon; reprint New York: Elsevier, 2013.

Weyl, Peter K. (1968). “The Role of the Oceans in Climatic Change: A Theory of the Ice Ages.” Meteorological Monographs 8: 37-62.

White, Frank (1987). The Overview Effect: Space Exploration and Human Evolution. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

White, James (2005). “Early and Profound Human Impact?” [Review of Took, Plows, Plagues and Petroleum.] Science 311: 472.

White, M.R., ed. (1985). Characterization of Information Requirements for Studies of CO2 Effects, Washington, DC, Department of Energy Weart DGW 8/21 Bibl II p.106

White, Oran R., ed. (1977) The Solar Output and Its Variation. Boulder, CO: Colorado Associated University Press.

White, Warren B., et al. (1997). “Response of Global Upper Ocean Temperature to Changing Solar Irradiance.” Journal of Geophysical Research 102: 3255-66.

White, Warren B., et al. (1998). “Global Upper Ocean Heat Storage Response to Radiative Forcing from Changing Solar Irradiance and Increasing Greenhouse Gas/Aerosol Concentrations.” Journal of Geophysical Research 103: 21335-66.

White, Warren B. (2006). “Response of Tropical Global Ocean Temperature to the Sun’s Quasi- Decadal UV Radiative Forcing of the Stratosphere.” Journal of Geophysical Research 111: C09020 [doi:10.1029/2004JC002552].

White, W.H. (1986). “On the Theoretical and Empirical Basis for Apportioning Extinction by Aerosols: A Critical Review.” Atmospheric Environment 20: 1659-72.

Whitford, David (2007). “The Man Who Would Be Mr. Clean.” Fortune 156, no. 13 pp. 69-78.

Wiener, Norbert (1948). Cybernetics; or, Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine. Cambridge, MA: Technology Press.

Wiener, Norbert (1956a). “Nonlinear Prediction and Dynamics.” In Proceedings of the Third Berkeley Symposium on Mathematical Statistics and Probability, Vol. 3, edited by Neyman, Jerzey, pp. 247-52. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Wiener, Norbert (1956b). I Am a Mathematician, the Later Life of a Prodigy. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.

Wigley, Tom M. L., and P. D. Jones (1981). “Detecting CO2-Induced Climatic Change.” Nature 292: 205-08.

Wigley, Tom M.L., et al. (1986). “Warm World Scenarios and the Detection of Climatic Change Induced by Radiatively Active Gases.” In The Greenhouse Effect, Climatic Change, and Ecosystems. SCOPE Report No. 29, edited by Bolin, Bert, et al., pp. 271-322. Chichester: John Wiley.

Wigley, Tom M.L., and S.C.B. Raper (1987). “Thermal Expansion of Sea Water Associated with Global Warming.” Nature 330: 127-31.

Wigley, Tom M. L., and P.M. Kelly (1990). “Holocene Climatic Change, 14C Wiggles and Variations in Solar Irradiance.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London A330: 547-560. Weart DGW 8/21 Bibl II p.107

Wigley, Tom M. L. (1994). “Outlook Becoming Hazier.” Nature 369: 709-10.

Wigley, Tom M.L. (2005). “The Climate Change Commitment.” Science 307: 1766-69.

Wigley, Tom M. L., et al. (2005). “Effect of Climate Sensitivity on the Response to Volcanic Forcing.” Journal of Geophysical Research 110: D09107 [doi:10.1029/2004JD005557].

Wigley, Tom M. L. (2006). “A Combined Mitigation/Geoengineering Approach to Climate Stabilization.” Science 314: 452-54 [doi:10.1126/science.1131728].

Wilcox, J. M., et al. (1973). “Solar Magnetic Sector Structure: Relation to Circulation in the Earth’s Atmosphere.” Science 180: 185-86.

Wilcox, J. M., et al. (1974). “[Followup to 1973 Science Paper].” J. Atmospheric Sciences 31: 581-.

Wild, Martin, et al. (2005). “From Dimming to Brightening: Decadal Changes in Solar Radiation at Earth’s Surface.” Science 308: 847-50.

Wild, M., et al. (2007). “Impact of Global Dimming and Brightening on Global Warming.” Geophysical Research Letters 34: L04702, [doi:10.1029/2006GL028031].

Wild, Martin (2009). “Global Dimming and Brightening: A Review.” Journal of Geophysical Research 114: D00D16 [doi:10.1029/2008JD011470].

Wildt, Rupert (1940). “Note on the Surface Temperature of Venus.” Astrophysical J. 91: 266-68.

Wilkins, Lee, and Philip Patterson (1991). “Science as Symbol: The Media Chills the Greenhouse Effect.” In Risky Business: Communicating Issues of Science, Risk, and Public Policy, edited by Wilkins, Lee, and Philip Patterson, pp. 159-76. New York: Greenwood.

Wilkins, Lee (1993). “Between Facts and Values: Print Media Coverage of the Greenhouse Effect, 1987-1990.” Public Understanding of Science 2: 71-84.

Willeit, M., et al. (2019). “Mid-Pleistocene Transition in Glacial Cycles Explained by Declining

CO2 and Regolith Removal.” Science Advances 5: eaav7337 [doi:10.1126/sciadv.aav7337].

Willett, H.C. (1949). “Long-Period Fluctuations of the General Circulation of the Atmosphere.” J. Meteorology 6. Weart DGW 8/21 Bibl II p.108

Willett, H.C. (1950). “Temperature Trends of the Past Century.” In Royal Meteorological Society Centenary Proceedings, pp. 195-206. London: Royal Meteorological Society.

Willis, Josh K., et al. (2007). “Correction to ‘Recent Cooling of the Upper Ocean’.” Geophysical Research Letters 34: L16601 [doi:10.1029/2007GL030323].

Willson, Richard C., et al. (1981). “Observations of Solar Irradiance Variability.” Science 211: 700-702.

Willson, Richard C. (1982). “Solar Irradiance Variations and Solar Activity.” J. Geophysical Research 87: 4319-26.

Willson, Richard C., and H.S. Hudson (1988). “Solar Luminosity Variations in Solar Cycle 21.” Nature 332: 810-12.

Willson, Richard C. (1997). “Total Solar Irradiance Trend During Solar Cycles 21 and 22.” Science 277: 1963-65.

Willson, Richard C., and Alexander V. Mordvinov (2003). “Secular Total Solar Irradiance Trend During Solar Cycles 21-23.” Geophysical Research Letters 30: 1199-1202.

Wilson, Alex T. (1964). “Origin of Ice Ages: An Ice Shelf Theory for Pleistocene Glaciation.” Nature 201: 147-49.

Wilson, Alex T. (1966). “Variation in Solar Insolation to the South Polar Region as a Trigger Which Induces Instability in the Antarctic Ice Sheet.” Nature 210: 477-78.

Wilson, Alex T. (1969). “The Climatic Effects of Large-Scale Surges of Ice Sheets.” Canadian J. Earth Sciences 6: 911-18.

Wilson, C.A., and J.F.B. Mitchell (1987). “A Doubled CO2 Climate Senstivity Experiment with a Global Climate Model Including a Simple Ocean.” J. Geophysical Research 92: 13315- 13343.

Wilson, Carroll L., and William H. Matthews (1971) Inadvertent Climate Modification. Report of Conference, Study of Man’s Impact on Climate (SMIC), Stockholm. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Wilson, C. T. R. (1899). “On the Condensation Nuclei Produced in Gases by the Action of Roentgen Rays, Uranium Rays, Ultra-Violet Light, and Other Agents.” Proceedings of the Royal Society of London 64: 127-29. Weart DGW 8/21 Bibl II p.109

Wilson, David J., et al. (2018). “Ice Loss from the East Antarctic Ice Sheet During Late Pleistocene Interglacials.” Nature 561: 383-86 [https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0501- 8].

Wilson, K.M. (1995). “Mass Media as Sources of Global Warming Knowledge.” Mass. Comm. Review 22: 75-89.

Wilson, K.M. (2000). “Drought, Debate, and Uncertainty: Measuring Reporters’ Knowldge and Ignorance About Climate Change.” Public Understanding of Science 9: 1-13.

Wilson, Kris (2009). “Opportunities and Obstacles for Television Weathercasters to Report on Climate Change.” Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society: 1457-65 [doi:10.1175/2009bams2947.1].

Wingham, D.J., et al. (1998). “Antarctic Elevation Change from 1992 to 1996.” Science 282: 456-58 [doi:10.1126/science.282.5388.45].

Wingham, D. J., et al. (2009). “Spatial and Temporal Evolution of Pine Island Glacier Thinning, 1995–2006.” Geophysical Research Letters 36: L17501 [doi:10.1029/2009LL039126].

Winograd, Isaac J., et al. (1992). “Continuous 500,000-Year Climate Record from Vein Calcite in Devils Hole, Nevada.” Science 258: 255-60.

Winograd, Isaac J., and Tyler B. Coplen (2016). “Comments on ‘Reconciliation of the Devils Hole Climate Record with Orbital Forcing’.” Science 354: 296 [doi:10.1126/science.aaf8074 and doi:10.1126/science.aaf7718].

Winstanley, D. (1973). “Rainfall Patterns and General Atmospheric Circulation.” Nature 245: 190-94.

Witze, Alexandra (2006). “Tempers Flare at Hurricane Meeting.” Nature 441: 11.

Winkelmann, Ricarda, et al. (2015). “Combustion of Available Fossil Fuel Resources Sufficient to Eliminate the Antarctic Ice Sheet.” Science Advances 1: e1500589 [doi:10.1126/sciadv.1500589].

Wise, Matthew G., et al. (2017). “Evidence of Marine Ice-Cliff Instability in Pine Island Bay from Iceberg-Keel Plough Marks.” Nature 550: 506-10 [doi:10.1038/nature24458].

Witze, Alexandra (2018). “Why Extreme Rains Are Gaining Strength as the Climate Warms.” Nature 563: 458-460 [doi:10.1038/d41586-018-07447-1.

WMO (World Meteorological Organization) (1975). Proceedings of the WMO/IAMAP Weart DGW 8/21 Bibl II p.110

Symposium on Long-Term Climatic Fluctuations, Norwich, Aug. 1975 (WMO Doc. 421). Geneva: World Meteorological Organization.

WMO (World Meteorological Organization) (1975a). The Physical Basis of Climate and Climate Modeling. GARP Publ. Ser. No. 16. Geneva: World Meteorological Organization.

WMO (World Meteorological Organization) (1979). Declaration of the World Climate Conference. Geneva: World Meteorological Organization, online at http://www.dgvn.de/fileadmin/user_upload/DOKUMENTE/WCC- 3/Declaration_WCC1.pdf.

WMO (World Meteorological Organization) (1985). “International Assessment of the Role of Carbon Dioxide and of Other Greenhouse Gases in Climate Variations and Associated Impacts.” WCP Newsletter (WMO, Geneva).

WMO (World Meteorological Organization) (1986). Report of the International Conference on the Assessment of the Role of Carbon Dioxide and of Other Greenhouse Gases in Climate Variations and Associated Impacts, Villach, Austria, October 1985(WMO Doc. 661). Geneva: WMO/UNEP/ICSU.

WMO (World Meteorological Organization) (1989). The Changing Atmosphere: Implications for Global Security, Toronto, Canada, 27-30 June 1988: Conference Proceedings. Geneva: Secretariat of the World Meteorological Organization, online at http://www.cmos.ca/ChangingAtmosphere1988e.pdf.

Woillard, Geneviève M., and Willem G. Mook (1982). “Carbon-14 Dates at Grande Pile: Correlation of Land and Sea Chronologies.” Science 215: 159-61.

Wolbach, W.S., et al. (1985). “Cretaceous Extinctions: Evidence for Wildfire and Search for Meteoritic Material.” Science 230: 167-70.

Wolf, Johanna, and Susanne C. Moser (2011). “Individual Understandings, Perceptions, and Engagement with Climate Change: Insights from in-Depth Studies across the World.” Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change 2 547-69 [doi: 10.1002/wcc.120].

Wolkomir, Richard (1976). “Is a New Ice Age Coming?” Saturday Evening Post 248, no. 2 (March), pp. 50-51,78.

Wollin, Goesta, et al. (1971). “Variations in Magnetic Intensity and Climate Changes.” Nature 232: 549-51.

Wood, Richard A., et al. (1999). “Changing Spatial Structure of the Thermohaline Circulation in

Response to Atmospheric CO2 Forcing in a Climate Model.” Nature 399: 572-75. Weart DGW 8/21 Bibl II p.111

Wood, R.W. (1909). “Note on Theory of the Greenhouse.” Philosophical Magazine ser. 6 Vol. 17: 319-20.

Woodman, A.G. (1904). “The Exact Estimation of Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide: A Brief Survey.” The Technology Quarterly and Proceedings of the Society of Arts (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) 17: 258-69.

Woodwell, George M., and E.V. Pecan (1973) Carbon and the Biosphere. Washington, DC: Atomic Energy Commission.

Woodwell, George M., and R.A. Houghton (1977). “Biotic Influences on the World Carbon Budget.” In Global Chemical Cycles and Their Alterations by Man (Report of Dahlem Workshop, Berlin, Nov. 1976), edited by Stumm, Werner, pp. 61-72. Berlin: Abakon.

Woodwell, George M. (1978). “The Carbon Dioxide Question.” Scientific American 238: 34-43.

Woodwell, George M., et al. (1978). “The Biota and the World Carbon Budget.” Science 199: 141-46.

Woodwell, George M., et al. (1979). The Carbon Dioxide Problem: Implications for Policy in the Management of Energy and Other Resources. A Report to the Council on Environmental Quality, reprinted Woods Hole, MA, 1988.

Woodwell, George M, et al. (1983). “Global Deforestation: Contribution to Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide.” Science 222: 1081-86.

Woodwell, George M. (1991). “Forests in a Warming World: A Time for New Policies.” Climatic Change 19: 245-51.

Woodwell, George M., and F.T. Mackenzie (1995). Biotic Feedbacks in the Global Climate System: Will the Warming Feed the Warming? New York: Oxford University Press.

Worden, John R., et al. (2017). “Reduced Biomass Burning Emissions Reconcile Conflicting Estimates of the Post-2006 Atmospheric Methane Budget.” Nature Communications 8: 2227 [doi:10.1038/s41467-017-02246-0].

Woronko, S.F. (1977). “Comments on “a Non-Equilibrium Model of Hemispheric Mean Surface Temperature”.” Journal of Atmospheric Science 34: 1820-21.

Worthington, L.V. (1954). “A Preliminary Note on Th Time Scale in North Atlantic Circulation.” Deep-Sea Research 1: 244-51.

Worthington, L.V. (1968). “Genesis and Evolution of Water Masses.” Meteorological Weart DGW 8/21 Bibl II p.112

Monographs 8: 63-67.

Wu, Man-Chi, et al. (2006). “Trends in Western North Pacific Tropical Cyclone Intensity.” Eos, Transactions of the American Geophysical Union 87: 537-38.

Wunderling, Nico, et al. (2021). “Interacting Tipping Elements Increase Risk of Climate Domino Effects under Global Warming.” Earth System Dynamamics 12: 601-619 [doi.org/10.5194/esd-12-601-2021].

Wunsch, Carl (1981). “Low-Frequency Variability of the Sea.” In Evolution of Physical Oceanography: Scientific Surveys in Honor of Henry Stommel, edited by Warren, Bruce A., and Carl Wunsch, pp. 342-74. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Wunsch, Carl (2004). “Quantitative Estimate of the Milankovitch-Forced Contribution to Observed Quaternary Climate Change.” Quaternary Science Reviews 23: 1001-12.

Wynes, Seth, and Kimberly A. Nicholas (2017). “The Climate Mitigation Gap: Education and Government Recommendations Miss the Most Effective Individual Actions.” Environmental Research Letters 12: 074024 [https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aa7541].

Xie, Shang-Ping (2016). “Oceanography: Leading the Hiatus Research Surge.” Nature Climate Change 6: 345-46 [doi:10.1038/nclimate2973].

Xu, Yangyang, et al. (2018). “Global Warming Will Happen Faster Than We Think.” Nature 564: 30-32 [doi:10.1038/d41586-018-07586-5].

Xua, Yangyang, and Veerabhadran Ramanathan (2017). “Well Below 2°C: Mitigation Strategies for Avoiding Dangerous to Catastrophic Climate Changes.” Publications of the National Academy of Sciences 114 201618481 [doi:10.1073/pnas.1618481114].

Yoder, Hatten S., Jr. (1997). Planned Invasion of Japan, 1945: The Siberian Weather Advantage (Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society, 223). Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society.

Yohe, G., and M. Oppenheimer (2011). “Evaluation, Characterization, and Communication of Uncertainty by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. An Introductory Essay.” Climactic Change 108: 629-39 [https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-011-0176-8], online at https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10584-011-0176-8.

Young, A.T. (1973). “Are the Clouds of Venus Sulfuric Acid?” Icarus 18: 564-82.

Young, C.A. (1895). The Sun. Akron, Ohio: Werner. Weart DGW 8/21 Bibl II p.113

Young, D. A., et al. (2011). “A Dynamic Early East Antarctic Ice Sheet Suggested by Ice- Covered Fjord Landscapes.” Nature 474: 72-75 [doi:10.1038/nature10114].

Young, N.W. (1979). “Responses of Ice Sheets to Environmental Changes.” In Sea Level, Ice and Climatic Change. Proceedings of the Symposium... 7-8 December 1979, edited by Allison, Ian, pp. 331-60. Washington, DC: International Association of Hydrological Sciences, publication no. 131.

Young, William R. (2000). “The Future of Physical Oceanography.” In Fifty Years of Ocean Discovery. National Science Foundation 1950-2000, edited by National Research Council, Ocean Studies Board, pp. 165-71. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

Zachos, J., et al. (2001). “Trends, Rhythms, and Aberrations in Global Climate 65 Ma to Present.” Science 292: 686-93 [doi:10.1126/science.1059412].

Zahn, Rainer (2009). “Climate Change: Beyond the CO2 Connection.” Nature 460: 335-36 [doi:10.1038/460335a].

Zandt, M. H. in ‘t, et al. (2020). “Roles of Thermokarst Lakes in a Warming World, , (9), .” Trends in Microbiology 28: 769-79 [doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2020.04.002].

Zelazny, Roger (1969). Damnation Alley. New York: Putnam.

Zelinka, Mark D., et al. (2020). “Causes of Higher Climate Sensitivity in CMIP6 Models.” Geophysical Research Letters 47: e2019GL085782 [doi.org/10.1029/2019GL085782].

Zeng, Ning (2003). “Drought in the Sahel.” Science 302: 999-1000.

Zeng, Ning, et al. (2004). “How Strong Is Carbon Cycle-Climate Feedback under Global Warming?” Geophysical Research Letters 31: L20203 [doi:10.1029/2004GL020904].

Zeng, Xubin (2010). “What Is the Atmosphere’s Effect on Earth’s Surface Temperature?” Eos, Transactions of the American Geophysical Union 91: 134-35.

Zeuner, F.E. (1946 [4th ed., 1958]). Dating the Past. London: Methuen.

Zhang, Guang J., et al. (2019). “The Double ITCZ Syndrome in GCMs: A Coupled Feedback Problem among Convection, Clouds, Atmospheric and Ocean Circulation.” Atmospheric Research 229: 255-68 [doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2019.06.023], pdf at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169809518316788.

Zhang, Julian (2007). “Increasing Antarctic Sea Ice under Warming Atmospheric and Oceanic Conditions.” Journal of Climate 20: 2515-29 [doi:10.1175/JCLI4136.1]. Weart DGW 8/21 Bibl II p.114

Zhang, Pingzhong, et al. (2008). “A Test of Climate, Sun, and Culture Relationships from an 1810-Year Chinese Cave Record.” Science 322: 940-942 [doi:10.1126/science.1163965].

Zhou, C., et al. (2021). “Greater Committed Warming after Accounting for the Pattern Effect.” Nature Climate Change 11: 132-36 [doi.org/10.1038/s41558-020-00955-x].

Zhu, Zaichun, et al. (2016). “Greening of the Earth and Its Drivers.” Nature Climate Change 6: 791-95 [doi:10.1038/nclimate3004].

Zhu, Chenyu, and Zhengyu Liu (2020). “Weakening Atlantic Overturning Circulation Causes South Atlantic Salinity Pile-Up.” Nature Climate Change 10: 998-1003 [doi.org/10.1038/s41558-020-0897-7].

Zickfeld, K., et al. (2012). “Is the Climate Response to CO2 Emissions Path Dependent?” Geophysical Research Letters 39: [doi:10.1029/2011GL050205].

Zielinski, Sarah (2007). “IPCC: How It Happens.” Eos, Transactions of the American Geophysical Union 88: 210.

Zillman, John W. (2018). “International Cooperation in Meteorology, Art 1: Origin and Early Years; Part 2: The Golden Years and Their Legacy.” Weather 73: 295-300 [https://doi.org/10.1002/wea.3217]; 341-47 [https://doi.org/10.1002/wea.3219].

Ziman, John, ed. (2000) Technological Innovation as an Evolutionary Process. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Zimmerman, P.R., et al. (1982). “Termites: A Potentially Large Source of Atmospheric Methane, Carbon Dioxide, and Molecular Hydrogen.” Science 218: 563-65.

Zirin, H., et al. (1976). “Proceedings of the Workshop: The Solar Constant and the Earth’s Atmosphere, Held at Big Bear Solar Observatory... May 1975.” Solar Physics 46: 377- 409.

Zubakov, V.A., and I.I. Borzenkova (1990). Global Palaeoclimate of the Late Cenozoic. Amsterdam: Elsevier.

Zwally, H. Jay, et al. (2002). “Surface Melt-Induced Acceleration of Greenland Ice-Sheet Flow.” Science 297: 218-22 [doi:10.1126/science.1072708].

Zwally, H.J., et al. (2005). “Mass Changes of the Greenland and Antarctic Ice Sheets and Shelves and Contributions to Sea-Level Rise: 1992-2002.” Journal of Glaciology 51: 509-27.

Zwally, H. Jay, et al. (2015). “Mass Gains of the Antarctic Ice Sheet Exceed Losses.” Journal of Weart DGW 8/21 Bibl II p.115

Glaciology 61: 1019-36 [doi:10.3189/2015JoG15J071].