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Thermal Maturation of the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin in the Rocky Mountain Foothills and Plains of Alberta South of the Red Deer River

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Thermal Maturation of the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin in the Rocky Mountain Foothills and Plains of Alberta South of the Red Deer River THERMAL MATURATION OF THE WESTERN CANADIAN SEDIMENTARY BASIN IN THE ROCKY MOUNTAIN FOOTHILLS AND PLAINS OF ALBERTA SOUTH OF THE RED DEER RIVER By TIMOTHY DAVID JOHN ENGLAND B.Sc, The University of British Columbia, 1980 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES Department of Geological Sciences We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA September 1984 ©Timothy D. J. England, 1984 '6 In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the head of my department or by his or her representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission.. *. * GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES Department of The University of British Columbia 1956- Main. Mall. Vancouver,. Canada V6T 1Y3 OCTOBER 12, 1984 i i ABSTRACT Vitrinite reflectance was measured for over 600 samples of coal and coaly particles from Jurassic to Paleocene strata in the Foreland Basin of southern Alberta, south of the Red Deer River, to establish a regional base of maturity data for modeling thermal history. The relationship between random and maximum reflectance for coals in the study area is: %RoR = 0.938 x %RoMax + .00112. Maturity of coal in strata of the same age generally increases from east to west across the Plains; however, significant variation in maturity is apparent in the Plains, possibly as a result of varying geothermal gradients. Maturity increases from south to north in the Disturbed Belt in the study area. Coalification gradients in the axis of the Basin are exceedingly low, averaging 0.07 log %RoR/km, a manifestation of very low paleogeothermal gradients resulting from rapid sediment deposition in the Paleogene. Time-averaged paleo-geothermal gradients for the deepest part of the Basin range from 7.5 to 15 deg. C./km based on measured coalification gradients. The thickness of eroded Tertiary section in the axis of the Basin is estimated to range from 5 to 9 km with an average value of about 6 to 7 km. Time-temperature modeling using an integral form of the Lopatin equation shows that for most of the Jura-Cretaceous wedge, the level of maturity required for hydrocarbon generation was not attained until the late Eocene. Syn- to post-orogenic maturation of strata in the Plains is a result of Basin loading by overthrust sheets or molasse. In the Disturbed Belt, a significant component of maturation resulted from overthrusting, as evident from maturity profiles of deep wells. A model describing the effect of overthrusting on maturity of footwall strata shows that paleo-geothermal gradients in the Disturbed Belt have been low, less than 20 deg. C./km, since Jurassic, and that thrust sheet thickness was probably 5 km or less in the Waterton, Highwood River (Foothills), and Jumping Pound areas, and greater than 5 km in the Highwood River (Front Ranges), and Burnt Timber Creek areas. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT i i LIST OF TABLES v LIST OF FIGURES vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENT x INTRODUCTION 1 THEORY 6 Thermal Maturity Indices 6 Time-temperature Models 8 Vitrinite 9 PREVIOUS WORK 11 METHODS 14 Collection of Samples 14 Determination of Vitrinite Reflectance 15 Random versus Maximum Reflectance 16 Thermal History Modeling 17 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 21 Reflectance Data 21 Plains Data 21 Foothills Data 23 Problems Using Well-cuttings 46 Host Rock Influence 47 Stratigraphic Considerations 48 Coal Rank Variation 50 Coalification Gradients 58 Time-temperature Modeling and Geothermal Gradients 62 Geothermal Gradient Variations 66 Importance of Groundwater Flow 68 Hydrocarbon Maturation 69 Thickness of Eroded Section 71 Alternative Calculation of Thickness of Eroded Section 74 Geomorphologic evidence for erosion 75 Denudation and Sedimentation Rate Constraints 78 Overthrusting Problems 83 Thrust Modeling 87 iv Page CONCLUSIONS 94 REFERENCES CITED 99 APPENDIX 109 List of Wells Sampled 112 Well Sample Data Sheets 115 Field Sample Data Sheets 158 V LIST OF TABLES Page Table I. Random reflectance data versus maximum reflectance data 18 Table II. Reflectance-depth data for 28 wells from the study area 25 Table III. Coalification gradients from 28 wells in southern Alberta 26 Table IV. %RoR field data 27 Table V. %RoR core data 29 Table VI. Paleogeothermal gradients calculated from time-temperature modeling 66 Table VII. Denudation rates measured by sediment sampling 80 Table VIII. Sedimentation rates measured from Cretaceous and Paleocene strata well penetrations in the axis of the Basin 81 APPENDIX Table IX. Reflectance-depth data for 28 wells from the study area based on a linear coalification gradient best fit 110 Table X. Mean annual surface temperatures in southern Alberta (Environment Canada, 1982) 111 VI LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 1. Index map showing the location of the study area Figure 2. Mean random versus mean maximum reflectance 19 Figure 3. Reflectance-depth profile for Esso Sundance Nanton 6-32-15-29W4 32 Figure 4. Reflectance-depth profile for Esso Windpump 10-36-11-28W4 32 Figure 5. Reflectance-depth profile for Esso Sundance Muddy Lake 8-8-10-27W4 32 Figure 6. Reflectance-depth profile for Esso Sundance Claresholm 6-16-12-27W4 32 Figure 7. Reflectance-depth profile for Esso Sundance Muddy Lake 10-24-10-27W4 33 Figure 8. Reflectance-depth profile for Esso Sundance Highwood 6-36-17-1W5 33 Figure 9. Reflectance-depth profile for Esso Sundance Nanton 8-4-16-29W4 33 Figure 10. Reflectance-depth profile for Esso Sundance Cayley 11-10-17-1W5 33 Figure 11. Reflectance-depth profile for Texaco et al. Mazeppa 10-7-20-27W4 34 Figure 12. Reflectance-depth profile for Texaco Alderson 10-4-16-10W4 34 Figure 13. Reflectance-depth profile for Texaco Enchant 6-6-13-15W4 34 Figure 14. Reflectance-depth profile for Texaco Little Bow 8-32-14-18W4 34 Figure 15. Reflectance-depth profile for Gulf Kim 2-18-8-25W4 35 VI 1 Page Figure 16. Reflectance-depth profile for Gulf Peigan 6-8-8-27W4 35 Figure 17. Reflectance-depth profile for Gulf Peigan 3-27-6-28W4 35 Figure 18. Reflectance-depth profile for Gulf et al. Blood 3-22-7-24W4 35 Figure 19. Reflectance-depth profile for Gulf West Blood 3-32-7-24W4 36 Figure 20. Reflectance-depth profile for Esso Sundance Nanton 10-25-15-29W4 36 Figure 21. Reflectance-depth profile for Esso Connemara 8-14-16-27W4 36 Figure 22. Reflectance-depth profile for Esso Sundance Oxley 8-3-13-28W4 36 Figure 23. Reflectance-depth profile for Esso Oxley 6-11-14-29W4 37 Figure 24. Reflectance-depth profile for Esso Parkland 8-11-15-28W4 37 Figure 25. Reflectance-depth profile for Esso Sundance Nanton 6-2-16-29W4 37 Figure 26. Reflectance-depth profile for Esso Sundance Claresholm 6-6-13-26W4 37 Figure 27. Reflectance-depth profile for Esso Sundance Lyndon 13-16-12-28W4 38 Figure 28. Reflectance-depth profile for Shell Jumping Pound W. 13-4-26-6W5 38 Figure 29. Reflectance-depth profile for Shell Middlepass a-94-L 82-G-l 39 Figure 30. Reflectance-depth profile for Shell 42 Waterton 8-20-4-1W5 39 Figure 31. Reflectance-depth profile for Shell Waterton 7-24-5-3W5 40 Figure 32. Reflectance-depth profile for Shell Home Waterton 6-3-6-3W5 40 viii Page Figure 33. Reflectance-depth profile for Shell Home Sheep 8-30-18-3W5 41 Figure 34. Reflectance-depth profile for Shell Getty Sullivan 7-7-17-4W5 41 Figure 35. Reflectance-depth profile for Shell 8 Panther River 7-8-29-10W5 42 Figure 36. Reflectance-depth profile for Shell Hunter Valley 11-32-28-8W5 42 Figure 37. Reflectance-depth profile for cuttings and core samples from wells in townships 10 to 22 in the axis of the Basin 43 Figure 38. Reflectance-depth profile for cuttings samples from wells in townships 10 to 22 in the axis of the Basin 44 Figure 39. Reflectance-depth profile for cuttings samples from wells in townships 6 to 8 in the axis of the Basin 45 Figure 40. Relative ages of strata in southern Alberta 49 Figure 41. Isoreflectance map of the surface of southern Alberta Plains 51 Figure 41A. Reflectance data for the surface of southern Alberta Disturbed Belt 52 Figure 42. Reflectance-depth profile for Mannville coals (Hacquebard, 1977) 55 Figure 43. Reflectance-depth profile for Mannville coals (this study) 56 Figure 44. Composite reflectance-depth profile for Mannville coals 57 Figure 45. Coalification gradient map of southern Alberta 59 Figure 46. Dependence of coalification gradients on geothermal gradient present during deep burial 63 Figure 47. Time-temperature model for Esso Sundance Muddy Lake 8-8-10-27W4 64 IX Page Figure 48. Time-temperature model for Esso Connemara 8-14-16-27W4 64 Figure 49. Time-temperature model for Texaco Alderson 10-44-16-10W4 65 Figure 50. Time-temperature model for Shell Middlepass a-94-L 82-G-l 65 Figure 51. Map of the depth to the oil window in southern Alberta 70 Figure 52. The generation of higher temperatures in footwall strata as a result of overthrusting 89 Figure 53. Time-temperature model for overthrust simulation 90 Figure 54. Comparison of observed coal ification gradient to gradient obtained from the overthrust simulation 91 x ACKNOWLEDGEMENT It is with appreciation and respect that the author acknowledges the mentorship of Dr.
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