Moddu. Baas, Langobard. Barbas and Their Etymologies
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ModDu. baas, Langobard. barbas and Their Etymologies Peter Alexander Kerkhof Abstract In this article it is argued that Modern Dutch baas ‘supervisor’ is a loanword from Romance *βasso- ‘servant’. This Romance word of Celtic origin (cf. OW gwas ‘servant’) is reflected in Medieval Latin vassus, bassus and developed the meaning ‘supervisor, leader’ in the course of the Early Middle Ages. This means that the Middle Dutch and Early Modern Dutch meaning of the word baas, i.e. ‘pater familias, head of the house- hold’, is secondary. Therefore Modern Dutch baas cannot be connected to Old High German basa ‘paternal aunt’ or Langobardic barbas ‘paternal uncle’. The origin of Langobardic barbas remains obscure and can both be explained in Romance terms or as a loanword from Alanic. 1 Modern Dutch and Middle Dutch The ModDu. word baas “supervisor, superior, boss” has no accepted etymology. 1 In the Etymologisch Woordenboek van het Nederlands (Philippa a.o. 2003: 197) the word is considered as a possible substratum word from a non-Indo- European language. Nevertheless, the substratum theory that is often invoked in this work as a last resort has recently been critiziced by Kroonen in his new Etymological dictionary of Proto-Germanic (2013).2 In the case of the word ModDu. baas I believe we are dealing with a loanword, but not from a non-IE substratum. 1 Special thanks to Michiel de Vaan who corrected an early version of this article. I would also like to thank Cor van Bree and Orsat Ligorio for commenting on specific problems in this article. 2 Guus Kroonen (2013) assumes that around 4–5 % of the Proto-Germanic lexicon is of demonstrably non-Indo-European origin. This opinion is shared by Roland Schuhmann who defended the same assertion at the Indogermanische Fachtagung 2012 in Copenhagen in his talk “Where is the substrate in the Germanic lexicon.” For the alternative view see Roberge (2010). See also Lubotsky (2001) for a review of the methodology involved with research into substratum loans. © koninklijke brill nv, leiden, ���5 | doi ��.��63/9789004�98460Downloaded_005 from Brill.com09/26/2021 05:07:17AM via free access 62 kerkhof ModDu. baas goes back to MidDu. baes “pater familias, patron,” which is first encountered in the Van den vos Reinaerde poem (see M. de Vries 1856: 31). Doe sprac Reynaert: nu gaen wi eten desen goeden vetten hasen. Die welp- kinde liepen ten base ende ghinghen eten al ghemene Then spake Reynaert: Now we will eat this tasty fat hare. The whelps walked up to their father and all started to eat. (C 3134).3 We might also connect the earlier attestation of a Middle Dutch personal name Pieter f. Baes (ca. 1280 CE, see Gysseling CG I 1977: 462) in a thirteenth century diploma from Brugge, in which the element baes is a personal name indicating the father of Pieter, i.e. Pieter filius Baes. In Kiliaan’s C16 dictionary we find the word as baes “amicus & herus, pater familias” which means “friend, master and pater familias” (Kiliaen 1599: 24). Later on, the argument goes, the word would have come to denote “boss, superior” and was loaned into the neighbouring languages, giving ModE boss / bass “boss, leader of a political party”, ModFris. baas, ModDa., ModSw., ModNw. bas “supervisor”). It is unclear whether Late MLG bas, baas “supervisor, leader” is an independent cognate. As I will argue later on, I believe it does constitute a loan from Middle Dutch. When we proj- ect the MidDu. word baes back into Pre-Dutch we could reconstruct OLFrnk. *bas4 < PGmc. *basa- (st. masc. a-stem). In this article I would like to explore the different possibilities of etymologizing the ModDu. word baas, most nota- bly its assumed connection to Langob. barbas. I will conclude with my own etymology for the word baas. 2 Old High German and Langobardic If a purported PGmc. *basa- would have had a meaning close to the MidDu. meaning “pater familias,” it might have been derived from an original kinship word. This would make a connection to OHG basa, wasa5 gl. amita, thia “pater- nal aunt” (see Schützeichel AAG I, 2004: 276) possible, as suggested by De Vries (1856: 31) and later Vercoullie (1925: 18–19). Bugge (1888: 175) however argued 3 Comburgh Manuscript, Württembergische Landesbibliothek Cod.Poet.Philol.22, C14. 4 Late Old Low Franconian *bās- in oblique cases because of vowel lengthening in open syl- lables. See also the section below “From Romance to Germanic.” 5 The word is found under two entries in Schützeichel 2004: in AAG I under basa (I: 276) and in AAG II under wasa (X: 409–410). Downloaded from Brill.com09/26/2021 05:07:17AM via free access Moddu. baas, langobard. barbas and their Etymologies 63 that OHG basa is a nursery word indirectly continuing a hypothesized PGMc. *baðurswesō < *faðurswesō, which was reduced as Lallwort to *basō˜. Although similar reductions are often found in nursery kinship terms, Lloyd and Springer (1988: 495) in the Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Althochdeutschen are right in rejecting this solution and remark that the reduction itself seems highly erratic with no convincing motivation why PGmc. *faðurswesō would have to yield exactly OHG basa. Also the voicing of the initial fricative remains unexplained and has to be attributed to child speech. OHG basa, wasa has been connected by Bruckner (1895) to Langobard. barbas “patruus” (paternal uncle) from the seventh century Langobardic law text, the Edictus Rothari.6 Bruckner (1895: 40) explained the gloss as *bar-bas with the first element as bar “free man” (cf. MHG bar “free man” as in MHG barman, bardiu, barschalc, see Lexer 1872: 127–132) and the second element as *bas “male father’s sibling” which seems possible. However, since Langob. did possess the word baro, which according to its Romanization must have been an n-stem, one wonders why the com- pound did not yield Langob. **baro-bas (see also Van der Rhee 1970: 37). In Seeboldt-Kluge’s etymological dictionary (1989: 62–63) it is suggested that Langob. barbas and OHG basa are Verner variants of PGmc. *baswō˜ / *bazwō˜. This suggestion is also criticized by Lloyd and Springer (1988). We would have to assume Romance influence for the post-consonantal -w- to have become a voiced fricative, i.e. Langob. *-rw- > *-rβ- > Italo-Rom. *-rb- or assume assimilation of the *w to the preceding b (see Lloyd et Springer 1988: 495). Furthermore, since the gloss reads Langob. barbas, barba and barbanus it cannot have been a masc. n-stem, for Langobardic masculine n-stems regularly joined the Romance n-stem declination in *-one, i.e. Langob. *barwō˜ > *barβo > Italo-Rom. **barβone (cf. ModIt. barone < Langob. *baro < PGmc. *barō˜, see Van der Rhee 1970: 38–39). The form barbanus which is found in the manuscripts merits a closer look since it is the most occuring variant of the Langobardic gloss (Van der Rhee 1970: 36) and is continued in modern Italo-Romance dialects as barbanë and varëvanë in the regions of Taranto and Bari (Borg 1996: 134). The Romance suffix *-ane is a secondary creation mainly found in Gallo-Romance, Rhaeto- Romance and northern Italo-Romance and was formed analogically to the Romance noun class in nominative *-o, oblique *-one (Kramer 2011: 1968). Meyer-Lübke (1894: 24) assumed that the suffix was created in order to accom- modate the romanization of Germanic n-stems in nom. -a, obl. -an, which is corroborated by the fact that among the few Romance words that contain the suffix there are several Germanic loanwords (e.g. ModSp. guardiano < EGm. 6 For discussion, see Van der Rhee (1970: 36–38). Downloaded from Brill.com09/26/2021 05:07:17AM via free access 64 kerkhof *wardja “guard”) and even more Germanic personal names (cf. OFr. nom. berte < WGmc. *berhta, obl. bertain [proper noun], see Meyer-Lübke l.c.).7 Since Langobardic masculine n-stems show the West-Germanic vocalism of the nominative, e.g. Langob. baro, the formation *barbanus must have been made to a secondary *barba which cannot have been a Langobardic masculine n-stem. We should note that barba in the meaning of “uncle”, which is found in Piemont, Liguria, western Emilia, Lombardia, Malta and Venice, is the more common dialect form which eventually made its way into Modern Greek as μπάρμπας. The preponderance of the dialectal form barba would agree with the supposition that the original romanization was barba which only later was extended with a Romance *-ane-suffix (see Vàrvaro 1980: 273; Borg 1996: 134). The most important problem with the hypothesis that the glosses barba, bar- banus would be derived from a Germanic n-stem is that we must disregard the final -s of the attestation in the oldest manuscript (Cod. SanktG. 730, late C7), which is also my objection against the possibility that Langob. barbas “patruus” simply continues Lat. barba “beard” (contra Corellazzo and Zolli 2004: 128; Van der Rhee 1970: 37–38). A semantic shift from “beard” to “paternal uncle” or “grandfather” is not self-evident and the notion that the Langobards would have adopted a Romance word meaning “beard” so early on when they were so proud of their own beards is suspect to say the least (Pohl 2006: 146). Lloyd and Springer (1988: 495–496) suggest that it might be possible for a nursery element *ba- to have been extended with hypocoristic *-sa (cf. MHG [Rhine Franconian] Tantese, Mamese). This solution also neglects the fact that the Langobardic attestation barbas with final -s is the oldest. If one insists on connecting the Old High German and Langobardic words it seems simpler to accept Bruckner’s hypothesis and depart from a compound *bar-bas.