§ 1910.261 29 CFR Ch. XVII (7–1–11 Edition)

U.S.C. 653, 655, 657); Secretary of Labor’s (4) Other standards. The following Order Nos. 12–71 (36 FR 8754), 8–76 (41 FR standards, which are incorporated by 25059), 9–83 (48 FR 35736), 1–90 (55 FR 9033), 6– reference as specified in § 1910.6, shall 96 (62 FR 111), or 5–2007 (72 FR 31159), as ap- be considered standards under this sec- plicable; and 29 CFR part 1911. tion: § 1910.261 Pulp, paper, and paper- (i) ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel board mills. Code, Section VIII, Unfired Pressure Vessels, including addenda 1969. (a) General requirements—(1) Applica- (ii) Building Exits Code for Life Safe- tion. This section applies to establish- ty from Fire, NFPA 101—1970. ments where pulp, paper, and paper- (iii) Safety in the Handling and Use board are manufactured and converted. of Explosives, IME Pamphlet No. 17, This section does not apply to logging July 1960, Institute of Makers of Explo- and the transportation of logs to pulp, sives. paper, and paperboard mills. (b) Safe practices—(1) Lockouts. De- (2) Standards incorporated by reference. vices such as padlocks shall be pro- Standards covering issues of occupa- vided for locking out the source of tional safety and health which have power at the main disconnect switch. general application without regard to Before any maintenance, inspection, any specific industry are incorporated cleaning, adjusting, or servicing of by reference in paragraphs (b) through equipment (electrical, mechanical, or (m) of this section and in subpara- other) that requires entrance into or graphs (3) and (4) of this paragraph and close contact with the machinery or made applicable under this section. equipment, the main power disconnect Such standards shall be construed ac- switch or valve, or both, controlling its cording to the rules set forth in § 1910.5. source of power or flow of material, (3) General incorporation of standards. shall be locked out or blocked off with Establishments subject to this section padlock, blank flange, or similar de- shall comply with the following stand- vice. ards of the American National Stand- (2) Emergency lighting. Emergency ards Institute, which are incorporated lighting shall be provided wherever it by reference as specified in § 1910.6: is necessary for employees to remain at (i) Practice for Industrial Lighting, their machines or stations to shut A11.1—1965 (R–1970). down equipment in case of power fail- (ii) Scheme for the Identification of ure. Emergency lighting shall be pro- Piping Systems, A13.1—1956. vided at stairways and passageways or (iii) Safety Code for Elevators, aisleways used by employees for emer- Dumbwaiters, and Moving Walks, gency exit in case of power failure. A17.1—1965, including Supplements Emergency lighting shall be provided A17.1a—1967, A17.1b—1968, A17.1c—1969, in all plant first aid and medical facili- and A17.1d—1970. ties. (iv) Practice for the Inspection of (c) Handling and storage of pulpwood Elevators (Inspector’s Manual), A17.2— and pulp chips—(1) Handling pulpwood 1960, including Suppelements A17.2a— with forklift trucks. Where large forklift 1965 and A17.2b—1967. trucks, or lift trucks with clam-jaws, (v) Safety Code for Conveyors, are used in the yard, the operator’s en- Cableways, and Related Equipment, closed cab shall be provided with an es- B20.1—1957. cape hatch, whenever the hydraulic (vi) Power Piping, B31.1.0—1967 and arm blocks escape through the side addenda B31.10a—1969. Fuel Gas Piping, doors. B31.2—1968. (2) Handling pulpwood with cranes or (vii) Identification of Gas-Mask Can- stackers. (i) Where locomotive cranes isters, K13.1—1967. are used for loading or unloading pulp- (viii) Prevention of Sulfur Fires and wood, the pulpwood shall be piled so as Explosions, Z12.12—1968. to allow a clearance of not less than 24 (ix) Installation of Blower and Ex- inches between the pile and the end of haust Systems for Dust, Stock, and the cab of any locomotive crane in use, Vapor Removal or Conveying, Z33.1— when the cab is turned in any working 1961. position.

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(ii) The minimum distance of the (vi) A derail shall be used to prevent pulpwood pile from the centerline of a movement of other rail equipment into standard-gage track shall be main- cars where persons are working. tained at not less than 81⁄2 feet. (5) Handling pulpwood from trucks. (i) (iii) Logs shall be piled in an orderly Cutting of stakes and binder wires and stable manner, with no projection shall be done in accordance with para- into walkways or roadways. graph (c)4(iii) of this section. (iv) Railroad cars shall not be spotted (ii) Where binder chain and steel on tracks adjacent to the locomotive stakes are used, the binder chains shall cranes unless a 24-inch clearance is be released and the stakes tripped from maintained, as required in paragraph the opposite side of the load spillage. (c)(2)(i) of this section. (iii) Where binder chains and crane (v) The handling and storage of other slings are used, the crane slings shall materials shall conform to paragraphs be attached and taut before the binder (c)(2) (i) and (ii) of this section with re- chains are released. The hooker shall spect to clearance. see that the helper is clear before sig- (vi) No person shall be permitted to naling for the movement of the load. walk beneath a suspended load, bucket, (6) Handling pulp chips from railway or hook. cars. All cars shall be securely fastened (3) Handling pulpwood from ships. in place and all employees in the clear (i) [Reserved] before dumping is started. (ii) The hatch tender shall be re- (7) Handling pulp chips from trucks and quired to signal the hoisting engineer trailers. All trucks and trailers shall be to move the load only after the men securely fastened in place and all em- working in the hold are in the clear. ployees in the clear before dumping is (iii) The air in the ship’s hold, tanks, started. or closed vessels shall be tested for ox- (8) Cranes. ygen deficiency and for both toxic and (i) [Reserved] explosive gases and vapors. (ii) A safety device such as a heavy (4) Handling pulpwood from flatcars chain or cable at least equal in and all other railway cars. (i) Railroad strength to the lifting cables shall be flatcars for the conveyance of pulp- fastened to the boom and to the frame wood loaded parallel to the length of the car shall be equipped with safety- of the boom crane (if it is other than stake pockets. locomotive) at the base. Alternatively, a telescoping safety device shall be fas- (ii) Where pulpwood is loaded cross- tened to the boom and to the cab wise on a flatcar sufficient stakes of sizes not smaller than 4 by 4 inches frame, so as to prevent the boom from shall be used to prevent the load from snapping back over the cab in the shifting. event of lifting cable breakage. (iii) When it is necessary to cut (iii) A crane shall not be operated stakes, those on the unloading side where any part thereof may come with- should be partially cut through first, in 10 feet of overhead powerlines (or and then the binder wires cut on the other overhead obstructions) unless the opposite side. Wire cutters equipped powerlines have been deenergized. The with long extension handles shall be boom shall be painted bright yellow used. No person shall be permitted from and including the head sheave to along the dumping side of the car after a point 6 feet down the boom towards the stakes have been cut. the cab. (iv) When steel straps without stakes (iv) Standard signals for the oper- are used, the steel straps shall be cut ation of cranes shall be established for from a safe area to prevent employees all movements of the crane, in accord- from being struck by the falling logs. ance with American National Stand- (v) Flatcars and all other cars shall ards B30.2—1943 (reaffirmed 1968) and be chocked during unloading. Where B30.2.0—1967. equipment is not provided with hand (v) Only one member of the crew brakes, rail clamping chocks shall be shall be authorized to give signals to used. the crane operator.

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(vi) All cranes shall be equipped with (ii) Where conveyors cross passage- a suitable warning device such as a ways or roadways, a horizontal plat- horn or whistle. form shall be provided under the con- (vii) A sheave guard shall be provided veyor extending out from the sides of beneath the head sheave of the boom. the conveyor a distance equal to 1.5 (9) Traffic warning signs or signals. (i) times the length of the wood handled. A flagman shall direct the movement The platform shall extend the width of of cranes or locomotives being moved the road plus 2 feet on each side, and across railroad tracks or roads, and at shall be kept free of wood and rubbish. any points where the vision of the op- The edges of the platform shall be pro- erator is restricted. The flagman must vided with toeboards or other protec- always remain in sight of the operator tion to prevent wood from falling, in when the crane or locomotive is in mo- accordance with § 1910.23. tion. The blue flag policy shall be used (iii) All conveyors for pulpwood shall to mark stationary cars day and night. have the inrunning nips between chain This policy shall include marking the and sprockets guarded; also, turning track in advance of the spotted cars drums shall be guarded. (flag for daytime, light for darkness). (iv) Every belt conveyor shall have (ii) After cars are spotted for loading an emergency stop cable extending the or unloading, warning flags or signs length of the conveyor so that it may shall be placed in the center of the be stopped from any location along the track at least 50 feet away from the line, or conveniently located stop but- cars and a derail set to protect work- tons within 10 feet of each work sta- men in the car. tion, in accordance with American Na- (10) Illumination. Artificial illumina- tional Standard B20.1—1957. tion shall be provided when loading or (16) Signs. Where conveyors cross unloading is performed after dark, in walkways or roadways in the yards, accordance with American National signs reading ‘‘Danger—Overhead Con- Standard A11.1—1965 (R—1970). veyor’’ or an equivalent warning shall (11) [Reserved] be erected, in accordance with Amer- (12) Barking devices. When barking ican National Standard Z35.1—1968. drums are employed in the yard, the (d) Handling and storage of raw mate- requirements of paragraph (e)(12) of rials other than pulpwood or pulp chips— this section shall apply. (1) Personal protective equipment. When- (13) Hand tools. Handles of wood ever possible, all dust, fumes, and gases hooks shall be locked to the shank to incident to handling materials shall be prevent them from rotating. controlled at the source, in accordance (14) Removal of pulpwood. (i) The ends with American National Standard of a woodpile shall be properly sloped Z9.2—1960. Where control at the source and cross-tiered into the pile. Upright is not possible, respirators with goggles poles shall not be used at the ends of or protective masks shall be provided, woodpiles. To knock down wood from and employees shall wear them when the woodpile, mechanical equipment handling alum, clay, soda ash, lime, shall be used to permit employees to bleach powder, sulfur, chlorine, and keep in the clear of loosened wood. similar materials, and when opening (ii) If dynamite is used to loosen the rag bales. pile, only authorized personnel shall be (2) Clearance. (i) When materials are permitted to handle and discharge the being piled inside a building and upon explosive. An electric detonator is pref- platforms, an aisle clearance at least 3 erable for firing; if a fuse is used, it feet greater than the widest truck in shall be an approved safety fuse with a use shall be provided. burning rate of not less than 120 sec- (ii) Baled paper and rags stored inside onds per yard and a minimum length of a building shall not be piled closer than 3 feet, in accordance with Safety in the 18 inches to walls, partitions, or sprin- Handling and Use of Explosives, IME kler heads. Pamphlet No. 17, July 1960. (3) Piling and unpiling pulp. (i) Piles (15) Belt conveyors. (i) The sides of the of wet lap pulp (unless palletized) shall conveyor shall be constructed so that be stepped back one-half the width of the wood will not fall off. the sheet for each 8 feet of pile height.

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Sheets of pulp shall be interlapped to ance with paragraph (b)(2) of this sec- make the pile secure. Pulp shall not be tion. piled over pipelines to jeopardize pipes, (9) [Reserved] or so as to cause overloading of floors, (10) Stops. All control devices shall be or to within 18 inches below sprinkler locked out and tagged when knives are heads. being changed. (ii) Piles of pulp shall not be under- (11) Speed governor. Water wheels, mined when being unpiled. when directly connected to barker (iii) Floor capacities shall be clearly disks or grinders, shall be provided marked on all floors. with speed governors, if operated with (4)(i) [Reserved] gate wide open. (ii) Where rolls are pyramided two or (12) Continuous barking drums. (i) more high, chocks shall be installed be- When platforms or floors allow access tween each roll on the floor and at to the sides of the drums, a standard every row. Where pulp and paper rolls railing shall be constructed around the are stored on smooth floors in proc- drums. When two or more drums are essing areas, rubber chocks with wood- arranged side by side, proper walkways en core shall be used. with standard handrails shall be pro- (iii) When rolls are decked two or vided between each set, in accordance more high, the bottom rolls shall be with paragraph (b)(3) of this section. chocked on each side to prevent shift- (ii) Sprockets and chains, gears, and ing in either direction. trunnions shall have standard guards, (e) Preparing pulpwood—(1) Gang and in accordance with paragraph (b)(1) of slasher saws. A guard shall be provided this section. in front of all gang and slasher saws to (iii) Whenever it becomes necessary protect workers from wood thrown by for a workman to go within a drum, saws. A guard shall be placed over tail the driving mechanism shall be locked sprockets. and tagged, at the main disconnect (2) Slasher tables. Saws shall be switch, in accordance with paragraph stopped and power switches shall be (b)(4) of this section. locked out and tagged whenever it is (13) Intermittent barking drums. In ad- necessary for any person to be on the dition to motor switch, clutch, belt slasher table. shifter, or other power disconnecting (3) [Reserved] device, intermittent barking drums (4) Runway to the jack ladder. The shall be equipped with a device which runway from the pond or unloading may be locked to prevent the drum dock to the table shall be protected from moving while it is being emptied with standard handrails and toeboards. or filled. Inclined portions shall have cleats or (14) Hydraulic barkers. Hydraulic equivalent nonslip surfacing in accord- barkers shall be enclosed with strong ance with § 1910.23. Protective equip- baffles at the inlet and the outlet. The ment shall be provided for persons operator shall be protected by at least working over water. five-ply laminated glass. (5) Guards below table. Where not pro- (15) Splitter block. The block upon or tected by the frame of the machine, the against which the wood is rested shall underside of the slasher saws shall be have a corrugated surface or other enclosed with guards. means provided that the wood will not (6) Conveyors. The requirements of slip. Wood to be split, and also the paragraph (c)(15)(iv) of this section splitting block, shall be free of ice, shall apply. snow, or chips. The operator shall be (7) [Reserved] provided with eye and foot protection. (8) Barker feed. Each barker shall be A clear and unobstructed view shall be equipped with a feed and turnover de- maintained between equipment and vice which will make it unnecessary workers around the block and the for the operator to hold a bolt or log by workers’ help area. hand during the barking operation. (16) Power control. Power for the oper- Eye, ear, and head protection shall be ation of the splitter shall be controlled provided for the operator, in accord- by a clutch or equivalent device.

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(17) Knot cleaners. The operators of (iv) Hoods of cutters, shredders, and knot cleaners of the woodpecker type dusters shall have exhaust ventilation, shall wear eye protection equipment. in accordance with American National (18) Chipper spout. The feed system to Standard Z9.2—1960. the chipper spout shall be arranged in (3) Blowers. (i) Blowers used for trans- such a way that the operator does not porting rags shall be provided with feed stand in a direct line with the chipper hoppers having outer edges located not spout. All chipper spouts shall be en- less than 48 inches from the fan. closed to a height of at least 42 inches (ii) The arrangement of the blower from the floor or operator’s platform. discharge outlets and work areas shall When other protection is not sufficient, be such as to prevent material from the operator shall wear a safety belt falling on workers. line. The safety belt line shall be fas- (4) Conveyors. Conveyors and con- tened in such a manner as to make it veyor drive belts and pulleys shall be impossible for the operator to fall into fully enclosed or, if open and within 7 the throat of the chipper. Ear protec- feet of the floor, shall be constructed tion equipment shall be worn by the and guarded in accordance with para- operator and others in the immediate graph (c)(15) of this section and Amer- area if there is any possibility that the ican National Standards B15.1—1953 noise level may be harmful (see (Reaffirmed 1958) and B20.1—1957. § 1910.95). (5) Dust. Measures for the control of (19) Carriers for knives. Carriers shall dust shall be provided, in accordance be provided and used for transportation with American National Standards of knives. Z33.1—1961, Z87.1—1968, and Z88.2—1969. (f) Rag and old paper preparation—(1) (6) Rag cookers. (i) When cleaning, in- Ripping and trimming tools. (i) Hand spection, or other work requires that knives and scissors shall have blunt persons enter rag cookers, all steam points, shall be fastened to the table and water valves, or other control de- with chain or thong, and shall not be vices, shall be locked and tagged in the carried on the person but placed safely closed or ‘‘off’’ position. Blank flanging in racks or sheaths when not in use. of pipelines is acceptable in place of (ii) Hand knives and sharpening closed and locked valves. steels shall be provided with guards at (ii) When cleaning, inspection, or the junction of the handle and the other work requires that persons must blade. enter the cooker, one person shall be (2) Shredders, cutters, and dusters. (i) stationed outside in a position to ob- Rotating heads or cylinders shall be serve and assist in case of emergency, completely enclosed except for an in accordance with paragraph (b)(5) of opening at the feed side sufficient to this section. permit only the entry of stock. The en- (iii) [Reserved] closure shall extend over the top of the (iv) Rag cookers shall be provided feed rolls. It shall be constructed either with safety valves in accordance with of solid material or with mesh or open- the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel ings not exceeding one-half inch and Code, Section VIII, Unfired Pressure substantial enough to contain flying Vessels—1968, with Addenda. particles and prevent accidental con- (g) Chemical processes of making pulp— tact with moving parts. The enclosure (1) Sulfur burners. (i) Sulfur-burner shall be bolted or locked into place. houses shall be safely and adequately (ii) A smooth-pivoted idler roll rest- ventilated, and every precaution shall ing on the stock or feed table shall be be taken to guard against dust explo- provided in front of feed rolls except sion hazards and fires, in accordance when arrangements prevent the oper- with American National Standards ator from standing closer than 36 Z9.2—1960 and Z12.12—1968. inches to any part of the feed rolls. (ii) Nonsparking tools and equipment (iii) Any manually fed cutter, shred- shall be used in handling dry sulfur. der, or duster shall be provided with an (iii) Sulfur storage bins shall be kept idler roll as per subdivision (ii) of this free of sulfur dust accumulation, in ac- subparagraph or the operator shall use cordance with American National special hand-feeding tools. Standard Z9.2—1960.

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(iv) Sulfur-melting equipment shall tendant stationed at the bin to sum- not be located in the burner room. mon assistance. (2) Protection for employees (acid (9) Exits (digester building). At least plants). (i) Supplied air respirators one unobstructed exit at each end of shall be strategically located for emer- the room shall be provided on each gency and rescue use. floor of a digester building. (ii) During inspection, repairs, or (10) Gas masks (digester building). Gas maintenance of acid towers, the work- masks must be available, and they man shall be provided with eye protec- must furnish adequate protection tion, a supplied air respirator, a safety against sulfurous acid and chlorine belt, and an attached lifeline. The line gases and be inspected and repaired in shall be extended to an attendant sta- accordance with 29 CFR 1910.134. tioned outside the tower opening. (11) Elevators. (i) Elevators shall be (3) Acid tower structure. Outside ele- constructed in accordance with Amer- vators shall be inspected daily during ican National Standard A17.1—1965. winter months when ice materially af- (ii) Elevators shall be equipped with fects safety. Elevators, runways, stairs, gas masks for the maximum number of etc., for the acid tower shall be in- passengers. spected monthly for defects that may (iii) Elevators shall be equipped with occur because of exposure to acid or an alarm system to advise of failure. corrosive gases. (12) Blowoff valves and piping. (i) The (4) Tanks (acid). (i) Tanks shall be blowoff valve of a digester shall be ar- free of acid and shall be washed out ranged so as to be operated from an- with water, and fresh air shall be blown other room, remote from safety valves. into them before allowing men to (ii) Through bolts instead of cap bolts enter. Men entering the tanks shall be shall be used on all digester pipings. provided with supplied air respirators, lifebelts, and attached lifelines. (iii) Heavy duty pipe, valves, and fit- (ii) A man shall be stationed outside tings shall be used between the di- to summon assistance if necessary. All gester and blow pit. These valves, fit- intake valves to a tank shall be tings, and pipes shall be inspected at blanked off or disconnected. least semiannually to determine the (5) Clothing. Where lime slaking degree of deterioration. takes place, employees shall be pro- (iv) Digester blow valves shall be vided with rubber boots, rubber gloves, pinned or locked in closed position protective aprons, and eye protection. throughout the entire cooking period. A deluge shower and eye fountain shall (13) Blow pits and blow tanks. (i) be provided to flush the skin and eyes Blowpit openings shall be preferably on to counteract lime or acid burns. the side of the pit instead of on top. (6) Lead burning. When lead burning When located on top, openings shall be is being done within tanks, fresh air as small as possible and shall be pro- shall be forced into the tanks so that vided with railings in accordance with fresh air will reach the face of the § 1910.23. worker first and the direction of the (ii) A specially constructed ladder current will never be from the source shall be used for access to blow pits, to of the fumes toward the face of the be constructed so that the door of the workers. Supplied air respirators (con- blow pit cannot be closed when the lad- stant-flow type) shall be provided. der is in place; other means shall be (7) Hoops for acid storage tanks. Hoops provided to prevent the closing of the of tanks shall be made of rods rather pit door when anyone is in the pit. than flat strips and shall be safely (iii) A signaling device shall be in- maintained by scheduled inspections. stalled in the digester and blow-pit (8) Chip and sawdust bins. Steam or rooms and chip bins to be operated as compressed-air lances, or other facili- a warning before and while digesters ties, shall be used for breaking down are being blown. the arches caused by jamming in chip (iv) Blow-pit hoops shall be main- lofts. No worker shall be permitted to tained in a safe condition. enter a bin unless provided with a safe- (14) Blowing digester. (i) Blowoff ty belt, with line attached, and an at- valves shall be opened slowly.

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(ii) After the digester has started to they have not become plugged or cor- be blown, the blowoff valve shall be left roded to the point of being inoperative. open, and the hand plate shall not be (See the ASME Boiler and Pressure removed until the digester cook signals Vessel Code, Section VIII, Unfired the blow-pit man that the blow is com- Pressure Vessels—1968, with Addenda.) pleted. Whenever it becomes necessary (ii) All safety devices shall conform to remove the hand plate to clear to Paragraph U–2 in the ASME Boiler stock, operators shall wear eye protec- and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII, tion equipment and protective clothing Unfired Pressure Vessels—1968, with to guard against burns from hot stock. Addenda. (iii) Means shall be provided whereby (18) Miscellaneous. Insofar as the proc- the digester cook shall signal the man esses of the sulfate and soda operations in the chip bin before starting to load are similar to those of the sulfite proc- the digester. esses, the standard of paragraphs (g) (1) (15) Inspecting and repairing digester. through (17) of this section shall apply. (i) Valves controlling lines leading into (i) Quick operating showers, bub- a digester shall be locked out and blers, etc., shall be available for emer- tagged. The keys to the locks shall be gency use in case of caustic soda burns. in the possession of a person or persons (ii) Rotary tenders, smelter opera- doing the inspecting or making repairs. tors, and those cleaning smelt spouts (ii) Fresh air shall be blown into the shall be provided with eye protection digester constantly while workmen are equipment (fitted with lenses that fil- inside. Supplied air respirators shall be ter out the harmful rays emanating available in the event the fresh air sup- from the light source) when actively ply fails or is inadequate. engaged in their duties, in accordance (iii) No inspector shall enter a di- with American National Standard gester unless a lifeline is securely fas- Z87.1—1968. tened to his body by means of a safety (iii) Heavy-duty pipe, valves, and fit- belt and at least one other experienced tings shall be used between digester employee is stationed outside the di- and blow pit. These shall be inspected gester to handle the line and to sum- at least semiannually to determine the mon assistance. All ladders and life- degree of deterioration and repaired or lines shall be inspected before each use. replaced when necessary, in accordance (iv) All employees entering digesters with American National Standards for inspection or repair work shall be B31.1—1955, B31.1a—1963, B31.1.0—1967, provided with protective headgear. Eye and B31.2—1968. protection and dust masks shall be pro- vided to workmen while the old brick (iv) Smelt-dissolving tanks shall be lining is being removed, in accordance covered and the cover kept closed, ex- with American National Standards, cept when samples are being taken. Z87.1—1968, Z88.2—1969, and Z99.1—1969. (v) Smelt tanks shall be provided (16) Pressure tanks-accumulators (acid). with vent stacks and explosion doors, (i) Safety regulations governing inspec- in accordance with American National tion and repairing of pressure tanks-ac- Standard Z9.1—1951. cumulators (acid) shall be the same as (19) Blow lines. those specified in subparagraph (15) of (i)–(ii) [Reserved] this paragraph. (iii) When blow lines from more than (ii) The pressure tanks-accumulators one digester lead into one pipe, the shall be inspected twice annually. (See cock or valve of the blow line from the the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel tank being inspected or repaired shall Code, Section VIII, Unfired Pressure be locked or tagged out, or the line Vessels—1968, with Addenda.) shall be disconnected and blocked off. (17) Pressure vessels (safety devices). (i) (20) Furnace room. Exhaust ventila- A safety valve shall be installed in a tion shall be provided where niter cake separate line from each pressure vessel; is fed into a rotary furnace and shall be no hand valve shall be installed be- so designed and maintained as to keep tween this safety valve and the pres- the concentration of hydrogen sulfide sure vessel. Safety valves shall be gas below the parts per million listed checked between each cook to be sure in § 1910.1000.

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(21) Inspection and repair of tanks. All chlorine gas shall be instructed in their piping leading to tanks shall be use. blanked off or valved and locked or (iii) For emergency and rescue work, tagged. Any lines to sewers shall be independent self-contained oxygen- blanked off to protect workers from air type masks or supplied air equipment contaminants. shall be provided. (22) Welding. Welding on blow tanks, (iv) At least two exits, remote from accumulator tanks, or any other ves- each other, shall be provided for all sels where turpentine vapor or other rooms in which chlorine is stored. combustible vapor could gather shall (v) Spur tracks upon which tank cars be done only after the vessel has been containing chlorine and caustic are completely purged of fumes. Fresh air spotted and connected to pipelines shall be supplied workers inside of ves- shall be protected by means of a derail sels. in front of the cars. (23) Turpentine systems and storage (vi) All chlorine, caustic, and acid tanks. Nonsparking tools and ground lines shall be marked for positive iden- hose shall be used when pumping out tification, in accordance with Amer- the tank. The tank shall be surrounded ican National Standard A13.1—1967. by a berm or moat. (4) Bagged or drummed chemicals. Bagged or drummed chemicals require (h) Bleaching—(1) Bleaching engines. efficient handling to prevent damage Bleaching engines, except the Bellmer and spillage. Certain oxidizing chemi- type, shall be completely covered on cals used in bleaching pulp and also in the top, with the exception of one some sanitizing work require added small opening large enough to allow precautions for safety in storage and filling, but too small to admit a person. handling. In storage, these chemicals Platforms leading from one engine to must be isolated from combustible ma- another shall have standard guardrails terials and other chemicals with which in accordance with § 1910.23. they will react such as acids. They (2) Bleach mixing rooms. (i) The room must also be kept dry, clean and in which the bleach powder is mixed uncontaminated. shall be provided with adequate ex- (i) Mechanical pulp process—(1) Pulp haust ventilation, located at the floor grinders. (i) Water wheels directly con- level, in accordance with American Na- nected to pulp grinders shall be pro- tional Standard Z9.1—1951. vided with speed governors limiting the (ii) Chlorine gas shall be carried peripheral speed of the grinder to that away from the work place and breath- recommended by the manufacturer. ing area by an exhaust system. The gas (ii) Doors of pocket grinders shall be shall be rendered neutral or harmless arranged so as to keep them from clos- before being discharged into the atmos- ing accidentally. phere. The requirements of American (2) Butting saws. Hood guards shall be National Standard Z9.2—1960 shall provided on butting saws, in accord- apply to this subdivision. ance with American National Standard (iii) For emergency and rescue oper- O1.1—1954 (reaffirmed 1961). ations, the employer must provide em- (3) Floors and platforms. The require- ployees with self-contained breathing ments of paragraph (b)(3) of this sec- apparatuses or supplied-air respirators, tion shall apply. and ensure that employees use these (4) Personal protection. Persons ex- respirators, in accordance with the re- posed to falling material shall wear quirements of 29 CFR 1910.134. eye, head, foot, and shin protection (3) Liquid chlorine. (i) Tanks of liquid equipment, in accordance with Amer- chlorine shall be stored in an ade- ican National Standards Z87.1—1968, quately ventilated unoccupied room, Z88.2—1969, Z89.1—1969, and Z41.1—1967. where their possible leakage cannot af- (j) Stock preparation—(1) Pulp shred- fect workers. ders. (i) Cutting heads shall be com- (ii) Gas masks capable of absorbing pletely enclosed except for an opening chlorine shall be supplied, conven- at the feed side sufficient to permit iently placed, and regularly inspected, only entry of stock. The enclosure and workers who may be exposed to shall be bolted or locked in place. The

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enclosure shall be of solid material or out. Blank flanging and tagging of pipe with mesh or other openings not ex- lines is acceptable in place of closed ceeding one-half inch. and locked or tagged valves. Blank (ii) Either a slanting feed table with flanging of steam and water lines shall its outer edge not less than 36 inches be acceptable in place of valve locks. from the cutting head or an automatic (6) Stock chests. (i) All control devices feeding device shall be provided. shall be locked or tagged out when per- (iii) Repairs for cleaning of blockage sons enter stock chests, in accordance shall be done only when the shredder is with paragraph (b)(4) of this section. shutdown and control devices locked. (ii) When cleaning, inspecting, or (2) Pulp conveyors. Pulp conveyors other work requires that persons enter and conveyor drive belts and pulleys stock chests, they shall be provided shall be fully enclosed, or if open and with a low-voltage extension light. within 7 feet of the floor, shall be con- (k) Machine room—(1) Emergency stops. structed and guarded in accordance Paper machines shall be equipped with with American National Standard devices that will stop the machine B20.1—1957. quickly in an emergency. The devices (3) [Reserved] shall consist of push buttons for elec- (4) Beaters. (i) Beater rolls shall be tric motive power (or electrically oper- provided with covers. ated engine stops), pull cords con- (ii) When cleaning, inspecting, or nected directly to the prime mover, other work requires that persons enter control clutches, or other devices, the beaters, all control devices shall be interlocked with adequate braking ac- locked or tagged out, in accordance tion. The devices shall be tested peri- with paragraph (b)(4) of this section. odically by making use of them when (iii) When beaters are fed from a floor stopping the machine and shall be so above, the chute opening, if less than located that any person working on the 42 inches from the floor, shall be pro- machine can quickly disconnect the vided with a complete rail or other en- machine from the source of power in closure. Openings for manual feeding case of emergency. shall be sufficient only for entry of (2) Drives. (i) All drives shall be pro- stock, and shall be provided with at vided with lockout devices at the least two permanently secured power switch which interrupts the flow crossrails in accordance with § 1910.23. of current to the unit. (iv) [Reserved] (ii) All ends of rotating shafts includ- (v) Floors around beaters shall be ing dryer drum shafts shall be com- provided with sufficient drainage to re- pletely guarded. move wastes. (iii) All accessible disengaged doctor (5) Pulpers. (i) All pulpers having the blades should be covered. top or any other opening of a vessel less than 42 inches from the floor or (iv) All exposed shafts shall be guard- work platform shall have such open- ed. Crossovers shall be provided. ings guarded by railed or other enclo- (v) Oil cups and grease fittings shall sures. For manual charging, openings be placed in a safe area remote from shall be sufficient to permit the entry nip and heat hazards. of stock, and shall be provided with at (3) Protective equipment. Face shields, least two permanently secured aprons, and rubber gloves shall be pro- crossrails in accordance with § 1910.23. vided for workmen handling acids in (ii) When cleaning, inspecting, or accordance with paragraphs (b)(2) and other work requires that persons enter (d)(1) of this section. the pulpers, they shall be equipped (4)–(5) [Reserved] with safety belt and lifeline, and one (6) Steps. Steps of uniform rise and person shall be stationed outside at a tread with nonslip surfaces shall be position to observe and assist in case of provided at each press in accordance emergency. with § 1910.23. (iii) When cleaning, inspecting, or (7) Plank walkways. A removable other work requires that persons enter plank shall be provided along each pulpers, all steam, water, or other con- press, with standard guardrails in- trol devices shall be locked or tagged stalled. The planks shall have nonslip

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surfaces in accordance with paragraph be provided at each calendar stack in (b)(3) of this section. accordance with § 1910.23. (8) Dryer lubrication. If a gear bearing (16) [Reserved] must be oiled while the machine is in (17) Sole plates. All exposed sole plates operation, an automatic oiling device between dryers, calenders, reels, and to protect the oiler shall be provided, rewinders shall have a nonskid surface. or oil cups and grease fittings shall be (18) Nip points. The hazard of the nip placed along the walkways out of reach points on all calender rolls shall be of hot pipes and dryer gears. eliminated or minimized by means of (9) Levers. All levers carrying weights an effective barrier device, or by feed- shall be constructed so that weights ing the paper into the rolls by means of will not slip or fall off. a rope carrier, air jets, or hand feeding (10) First dryer. Either a permanent devices. guardrail or apron guard or both shall (19) Platforms. [Reserved] be installed in front of the first dryer (20) Scrapers. Alloy steel scrapers in each section in accordance with with pullthrough blades approximately paragraph (b)(1) of this section. 3 by 5 inches in size shall be used to re- (11) Steam and hot-water pipes. All ex- move ‘‘scabs’’ from calender rolls. posed steam and hot-water pipes within (21) Illumination. Permanent lighting 7 feet of the floor or working platform shall be installed in all areas where or within 15 inches measured hori- employees are required to make ma- zontally from stairways, ramps, or chine adjustments and sheet transfers fixed ladders shall be covered with an in accordance with the American Na- insulating material, or guarded in such tional Standard A11.1—1965 (R 1970). manner as to prevent contact. (22) Control panels. All control panel (12) Dryer gears. Dryer gears shall be handles and buttons shall be protected guarded excepting where the oilers’ from accidental contact. walkway is removed out of reach of the (23) [Reserved] gears’ nips and spokes and hot pipes in accordance with American National (24) Lifting reels. (i) The reels shall Standard B15.1—1953 (reaffirmed 1958). stop rotating before being lifted from (i) A guardrail shall be provided at bearings. broke holes in accordance with (ii) All lifting equipment (clamps, ca- § 1910.23. bles, and slings) shall be maintained in (13) Broke hole. (i) A guardrail shall a safe condition and inspected regu- be provided at broke holes in accord- larly. ance with § 1910.23. (iii) Reel shafts with square block (ii) Where pulpers are located di- ends shall be guarded. rectly below the broke hole on a paper (25) Feeder belts. Feeder belts, carrier machine and where the broke hole ropes, air carriage, or other equally ef- opening is large enough to permit a fective means shall be provided for worker to fall through, any employee starting paper into the nip or drum- pushing broke down the hole shall wear type reels. a safety belt attached to a safety belt (26) Inrunning nip. (i) Where the nip- line. The safety belt line shall be fas- ping points of all drum winders and re- tened in such a manner that it is im- winders is on the operator’s side, it possible for the person to fall into the shall be guarded by barrier guards pulper. interlocked with the drive mechanism. (iii) An alarm bell or a flashing light (ii) [Reserved] shall be actuated before dropping ma- (27) Core collars. Set screws for secur- terial through the broke hole. ing core collars to winding and (14) Feeder belt. A feeder belt or other unwinding shafts shall not protrude effective device shall be provided for above the face of the collar. All edges starting paper through the calender of the collar with which an operator’s stack. hand comes in contact shall be beveled (15) Steps. Steps or ladders of uniform to remove all sharp corners. rise and tread with nonslip surfaces (28) Slitter knives. Slitter knives shall shall be provided at each calendar be guarded so as to prevent accidental stack. Handrails and hand grips shall contact. Carriers shall be provided and

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used for transportation of slitter and a hood shall be provided for the knives. second knife. (29) Winder shaft. The winder shall (iii) Safe access shall be provided to have a guide rail to align the shaft for the knives of a rotary cutter by means easy entrance into the opened rewind of catwalks with nonslip surfaces, rail- shaft bearing housings. ings, and toeboards in accordance with (30) Core shaft. When the core shaft paragraph (b)(3) of this section. weighs in excess of the safe standard, a (iv) A guard shall be provided for the mechanical device such as a dolly shall spreader or squeeze roll at the nip side be provided for carrying all or part of on sheet cutters. the weight when it is being removed (v) Electrically or manually operated from the set of paper and placed in the quick power disconnecting devices with dressing brackets on the winder. adequate braking action shall be pro- (31) Winder area. A nonskid surface vided on all operating sides of the ma- shall be provided in the front vicinity chine within easy reach of all opera- of the winder to prevent accidental tors. slipping. (vi) The outside slitters shall be (32) Radiation. Special standards re- guarded. garding the use of radiation equipment (8) Platers. (i) A guard shall be ar- shall be posted and followed as required ranged across the face of the rolls to by § 1910.96. serve as a warning that the operator’s (l) Finishing room—(1) Cleaning rolls. hand is approaching the danger zone. Rolls shall be cleaned only on the (ii) A quick power disconnecting de- outrunning side. vice shall be installed on each machine (2) Emergency stops. Electrically or within easy reach of the operator. manually operated quick power dis- (9) Finishing room rewinders. (i) The connecting devices, interlocked with nipping points of all drum winders and braking action, shall be provided on all rewinders located on the operator’s operating sides of the machine within side shall be guarded by either auto- easy reach of all employees. These de- matic or manually operated barrier vices shall be tested by making use of guards of sufficient height to protect them when stopping the machine. fully anyone working around them. (3) Core collars. The requirements of The barrier guard shall be interlocked paragraph (k)(27) of this section and with the drive mechanism to prevent the American National Standard operating above jog speed without the B15.1—1953 (reaffirmed 1958) shall guard in place. apply. A zero speed switch should be installed (4) Elevators. These shall be in accord- to prevent the guard from being raised ance with American National Standard while the roll is turning. A17.1—1965. (ii) A nonskid surface shall be pro- (5) Control panels. The requirements vided in front of the rewinder to pre- of paragraph (k)(22) of this section vent an employee from slipping in ac- shall apply. cordance with paragraph (b)(3) of this (6) Guillotine-type cutters. (i) Each section. guillotine-type cutter shall be equipped (iii) Mechanical lifting devices shall with a control which requires the oper- be provided for placing and removing ator and his helper, if any, to use both rolls from the machine. hands to engage the clutch. (10) Control panels. The requirements (ii) Each guillotine-type cutter shall of paragraph (k)(22) of this section be equipped with a nonrepeat device. shall apply. (iii) Carriers shall be provided and (11) Roll-type embosser. The nipping used for transportation of guillotine- point located on the operator’s side type cutter knives. shall be guarded by either automatic or (7) Rotary cutter. (i) On single-knife manually operated barrier guards machines a guard shall be provided at a interlocked with the drive. point of contact to the knife. (12) Sorting and counting tables. (i) Ta- (ii) On duplex cutters the protection bles shall be smooth and free from required for single-knife machines splinters, with edges and corners shall be provided for the first knife, rounded.

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(ii) Paddles shall be smooth and free belt shifter in position while the ma- from splinters. chine is stopped and the belt is idling (13) Roll splitters. The nip point and on the loose pulleys. cutter knife shall be guarded by either (3) Calender. A calender in essence automatic or manually operated bar- consists of a set of heavy rollers rier guards. mounted on vertical side frames and (m) Materials handling—(1) Hand arranged to pass cloth between them. trucks. No person shall be permitted to Calenders may have two to ten rollers, ride on a powered hand truck unless it or bowls, some of which can be heated. is so designed by the manufacturer. A (4) Embossing calender. An embossing limit switch shall be on operating han- calender is a calender with two or more dle—30 degrees each way from a 45-de- rolls, one of which is engraved for pro- gree angle up and down. ducing figured effects of various kinds (2) [Reserved] on a fabric. (3) Cartons. The carton-stitching ma- (5) Cans (drying). Drying cans are hol- chine shall be guarded to prevent the low cylindrical drums mounted in a operator from coming in contact with frame so they can rotate. They are the stitching head. heated with steam and are used to dry (4) [Reserved] fabrics or yarn as it passes around the (5) Unloading cars. Flag signals, de- perimeter of the can. rails, or other protective devices shall (6) Carbonizing. Carbonizing means the be used to protect men during switch- removing of vegetable matter such as ing operations. The blue flag policy burns, straws, etc., from wool by treat- shall be invoked according to para- ment with acid, followed by heat. The graph (c)(9)(i) of this section. undesired matter is reduced to a car- bon-like form which may be removed [39 FR 23502, June 27, 1974, as amended at 40 FR 23073, May 28, 1975; 43 FR 49751, Oct. 24, by dusting or shaking. 1978; 49 FR 5323, Feb. 10, 1984; 55 FR 32015, (7) Card. A card machine consists of Aug. 6, 1990; 61 FR 9241, Mar. 7, 1996; 63 FR cylinders of various sizes—and in cer- 1285, Jan. 8, 1998; 63 FR 33467, June 18, 1998; 72 tain cases flats—covered with card FR 71070, Dec. 14, 2007] clothing and set in relation to each other so that fibers in staple form may § 1910.262 Textiles. be separated into individual relation- (a) Application requirements—(1) Appli- ship. The speed of the cylinders and cation. The requirements of this sub- their direction of rotation varies. The part for textile safety apply to the de- finished product is delivered as a sliv- sign, installation, processes, operation, er. Cards of different types are: The re- and maintenance of textile machinery, volving flat card, the roller-and-clearer equipment, and other plant facilities in card, etc. all plants engaged in the manufacture (8) Card clothing. Card clothing is the and processing of textiles, except those material with which many of the sur- processes used exclusively in the manu- faces of a card are covered; e.g., the facture of synthetic fibers. cylinder, doffer, etc. It consists of a (2) Standards incorporated by reference. thick foundation material, usually Standards covering issues of occupa- made of textile fabrics, through which tional safety and health which are of are pressed many fine, closely spaced, general application without regard to specially bent wires. any specific industry are incorporated (9) Comber. A comber is a machine for by reference in paragraphs of this sec- combing fibers of cotton, wool, etc. The tion and made applicable to textiles. essential parts are a device for feeding All such standards shall be construed forward a fringe of fibers at regular in- according to the rules of construction tervals and an arrangement of combs set out in § 1910.5. or pins which, at the right time, pass (b) Definitions applicable to this sec- through the fringe. All tangled fibers, tion—(1) Belt shifter. A belt shifter is a short fibers, and neps are removed and device for mechanically shifting a belt the long fibers are laid parallel. from one pulley to another. (10) Combing machinery. Combing ma- (2) Belt shifter lock. A belt shifter lock chinery is a general classification, in- is a device for positively locking the cluding combers, sliver lap machines,

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