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Oderinwale, Olatunde Akeem PERFORMANCE, OXIDATIVE STRESS AND IN VITRO STUDIES OF KALAHARI, WAD, KALAWAD DOES AND THEIR KIDS FED DIETS CONTAINING TURMERIC POWDER BY ODERINWALE, OLATUNDE AKEEM FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE, ABEOKUTA SEPTEMBER, 2018 PERFORMANCE, OXIDATIVE STRESS AND IN VITRO STUDIES OF KALAHARI, WAD, KALAWAD DOES AND THEIR KIDS FED DIETS CONTAINING TURMERIC POWDER BY ODERINWALE, OLATUNDE AKEEM (PG/11/0176) O.N.D. (FECA, Akure); B. Agric., M. Agric. (FUNAAB, Abeokuta) A Thesis submitted to the Livestock Science and Sustainable Environment Programme, World Bank Africa Centre of Excellence in Agricultural Development and Sustainable Environment, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the award of degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Ruminant Production September, 2018 DECLARATION I hereby declare that this Thesis has been written by me and is a correct record of my own research work. It has not been presented in any previous application for a higher degree in this or any other university. All citations and sources of information are clearly acknowledged by means of references. ……………………………………………. ODERINWALE, OLATUNDE AKEEM Date: ……………………………………… ii CERTIFICATION We certify that this Thesis entitled “Performance, oxidative stress and in vitro studies of Kalahari, WAD, KalaWAD Does and their kids fed diets containing turmeric powder” is the outcome of the research carried out by O.A. Oderinwale in the Livestock Science and Sustainable Environment Programme, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta. …………………………….. ……………………. Prof. (Mrs.) B.O. Oluwatosin Date (Major Supervisor) …………………………….. ……………………. Prof. O.M. Onagbesan Date (Co-Supervisor) …………………………….. ……………………. Prof. A.O. Akinsoyinu Date (Co-Supervisor) …………………………….. ........……………… Prof. O.O. Oluwatosin Date (Program Leader, Livestock Science and Sustainable Environment) …………………………….. ........……………… Prof. O.D. Akinyemi Date (Director, Centre of Excellence in Agricultural Development and Sustainable Environment) iii ABSTRACT The overall wellbeing of animals is dependent partly on nutritional plane which in turns affect the growth and survivability of offsprings produced. When all the processes involved in the feeding to achieve production goals are not properly guided, this is bound to affect the animal and environment negatively. Thus, a study was conducted to evaluate the performance, oxidative stress (OS) and in vitro studies of Kalahari (KR), West African Dwarf (WAD) and KalaWAD (KWD) Does and their kids fed diets containing turmeric powder. Forty five dry and healthy primiparous Does consisting of 15 Does/breed and divided into 5 Does per/treatment/breed were used. Dietary treatments fed at 5% bodyweight were concentrate diet (CD) as TU-0; CD+2g/kg turmeric powder inclusion (TP) as TU-2g; and CD+5g/kg TP as TU-5g. Brachaiaria ruziziensis (BR) was used as basal diet. Oestrous synchronization was done twice using Lutalyse, while mating was done by KR bucks. Feeding trial for Does lasted for 162 days pre-natal and 90 days postnatal/lactation. Rumen liquor was collected from the Does at 20th week of prenatal feeding for in vitro studies of three feed types (concentrate; BR; and 75% concentrate+25% BR). A total of 5 kids produced/breed/treatment was used for kids’ evaluation which lasted for 90days pre-weaning and 4weeks post-weaning after being fed the dietary treatments at 5% bodyweight. Data obtained were arranged in a 3x3 factorial layout in a Completely Randomized Design, while Analysis of Variance was done using SAS 9.2. Results of the study revealed that KR fed TP- 2g had overall best (p<0.05) prenatal growth performance in terms of weight gains (17.65kg, 119.40g/day). WAD fed TP-2g and TP-5g had the lowest weight gains (9.51kg, 65.57g/day). For reproductive performance, KWD fed TP-5g and WAD fed TP-0 had significantly (p<0.05) highest (156.8 days) and lowest (144.2 days) values for gestation lengths respectively. KR fed TP-5g recorded kids with highest (p<0.05) birth weight (3596.67g), iv while WAD fed TP-2g had lowest birth weight of 1853.13g. KR fed TP-5g had highest (p<0.05) post-natal weight gains of 1.06kg and 11.80g/day while weight losses of 4.42kg and 50.26g/day were recorded for KWD fed TP-0. KR fed TP-2g had highest (p<0.05) milk yield which peaked at week 4 with 1560ml/24hrs, whereas WAD fed TP-0 recorded lowest milk yield that peaked at week 6 with 464ml/24hrs. Milk protein (5.12%) and total solid (22.80%) were highest (p<0.05) for KR fed TP-5g. For OS markers, KWD fed TP-2g had reduced (p<0.05) value of 2.70u/ml for TBARS, while KR fed TP-0 had highest value (7.17u/ml). Kids produced by KR fed TP-2g had highest (p<0.05) pre-weaning weight gains of 12.51kg and 148.93g/day. Highest (p<0.05) post-weaning weight gains of 1.80kg and 64.40g/day were recorded for KR kids fed TP-5g. KWD kids fed TP-2g had faecal egg count of 0, while 0.40x103EPG was obtained for KR kids fed TP-0. For in vitro studies, concentrate supplemented with TP-5g had highest (p<0.05) gas production. The study concluded that TP improved the overall performance of the goats especially KR and their kids, and also reduced methane production. v DEDICATION This Thesis is dedicated to the glory of God, the Author and finisher of our faith. I also dedicate this Thesis to my amiable wife; son (Oluwajomiloju Ise-Oluwa ODERINWALE); Prof and Prof (Mrs) Oluwatosin; and my parents for their support in all ramifications and most importantly for successful completion of this study. vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am very grateful to God Almighty who has been my strength, shield and succour since I was given birth to. What I am today is just by His grace without my slightest comprehension. God’s word in the book of Jeremiah 32:27 which says: ‘Behold, I am the LORD, the God of all flesh, is there anything too hard for me?’ still remains my words of encouragement, comfort and hope for better tomorrow when everything around me seems difficult with visions, aspirations and ambitions looking very much unachievable. I am very grateful to my Major Supervisor- Prof. (Mrs) B.O. Oluwatosin for her motherly disposition, love, care, concern and understanding of things I passed through in the course of the study. Even, when I tried to act as a man in times of financial difficulties and psychological disturbances, she would still notice by adding oil to my burning heels. I do not know what to say, may God be her present help in times of need and grant all her heart desires in Jesus name, Amen. I am also greatly indebted to the Programme Leader- Professor O.O. Oluwatosin for his fatherly roles, sound acumen, physical and spiritual assistance, love, care, wealth of knowledge and morals he gave to me cheerfully. May God bless you abundantly Sir. I appreciate the efforts of my co-supervisors, in persons of Prof. O.M. Onagbesan and Prof. A.O. Akinsoyinu for their love and technical advices towards the success of this study. May God replenish their strength and bless them abundantly. Amen. I want to appreciate World Bank for funding the study through Africa Centre of Excellence in Agricultural Development and Sustainable Environment (CEADESE) with World Bank Grant No. ACE 023 and for the scholarship given to me to undertake the study. vii I want to say a big thank you to the Director of CEADESE, FUNAAB- Prof. O.D. Akinyemi and the Deputy Director of the centre- Dr. A.O. Fafiolu for the roles God used them to play towards the successful completion of the study, God bless you Sirs. I appreciate the efforts of all pioneer staff of CEADESE- Mr Somefun, Mr G.O., Mrs Mosaku, Mr Odeogbola, Mr Adekunle and Mr Enilolobo for their efforts and understanding. I am also very grateful to the following staff of COLANIM and FUNAAB at large for their love and care- Dr O.M. Sogunle, Prof. C.O.N. Ikeobi, Dr Fasae, Dr Egbeyale, Dr Adeleye, Dr (Mrs) K.O. Sanwo, Dr (Mrs) Ayo-Ajasa, Dr Ekunsaitan, Dr Yusuf, Dr Ayoola, Dr Akinola, Dr (Mrs) Adewumi, Dr Whetto, Dr Ngozi, Dr Famakinde, Dr Shittu, Mr Toviesi, Mr Odeyemi, Mr Joshua, Mr Nojeem, Mr Idowu, Mrs C.B. Kuforiji, Mr Kupoluyi, Dr Osipitan and others whose names could not be mentioned. I want to appreciate the following set of people who have painstakingly assisted in a way or the other: Mr Amosu, Miss Mariam Olaniyi, Mr Sokoya, Mr Folarin, Mr Dada, Mr Gbemiro, Miss Moyosore and all students of CEADESE (especially the pioneer set) and FUNAAB in general. I express my gratitude to members of Apostolic Faith Church, Ogun District and Nigerian Fellowship of Evangelical Students (NIFES-CU), FUNAAB Chapter and everyone who has affected my life positively. I want to appreciate Mrs. Sonde of then Senate and Admissions, FUNAAB, for the unforgettable selfless role she played unconsciously during my admission into UNAAB, in the year 2006! May the Lord favour all your children wherever they go. Amen. I appreciate the entire families of Makinde in Lagos, Olawuni and Adabale in Ibadan, all my brothers and my wonderful sisters. Thank you very much. viii I appreciate my mum, step-mother and my father for their supports and sleepless nights busy praying for me. I can feel your prayers in times of happiness and difficulty, Thank you mas. I am very grateful to IFSERAR, FUNAAB for allowing me to make use of Kalahari Red and other goats together with experimental farm with its facilities for my research. Lastly, my immense gratitude goes to my wife and son for standing by me at all time.
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