2012 Pest Management in Wisconsin Field Crops

A3646 Pest Management in Wisconsin Field Crops

A guide to managing weeds, insects, and diseases in corn, soybean, forages, and small grains

Eileen Cullen Vince Davis Bryan Jensen Glenn Nice Mark Renz 2013 Pest Management in Wisconsin Field Crops

A guide to managing weeds, insects, and diseases in corn, soybean, forages, and small grains

2University of Wisconsin-Extension01 3 Cooperative Extension Pesticide references and updates References to pesticide products in this publication are for your convenience and are not an endorsement or criticism of one product over other similar products. You are responsible for using pesticides according to the manufacturer’s current label directions. Follow directions exactly to protect the environment and people from pesticide exposure. Failure to do so violates the law. Note also that this publication is not a complete list of all pesticide labels. Several pesticides are marketed in numerous formulations and the common names of their active ingredients (e.g., atrazine, glyphosate, 2,4-D) are generally recog- nizable. These pesticides are referenced by their common names. The active ingredients in other pesticides may be marketed by multiple companies, but their common names are not generally known by users. For name recognition purposes, these pesticides are referenced by the trade name of the primary registrant, but the common name of the active ingredient is provided as a cross reference for your use. For a listing of common names of pesticides, please refer to appendix tables 1a–c. New to this publication: Highlights of this year’s updates can be found at the end of the book, on page 267. For updates throughout the growing season, consult the Wisconsin Crop Manager newsletter, available online at ipcm.wisc.edu/wcm. Current pesticide labels are available online at www.cdms.net/LabelsMsds/LMDefault.aspx?t= Measurements used in this publication vary according to common usage. In most cases, US customary units (ounces, miles, etc.) are used, and values are expressed in decimals rather than fractions. In a few instances, metric units and/or fractions have been retained to avoid confusion. PRINCIPLES OF Contents PEST MGMT

1 PRINCIPLES OF Pest Management

Pest management Weed Management principles and pesticides for all crops CORN Integrated pest management...... 2 Selecting a weed management program . . 11 Federal pesticide-use law...... 2 When to apply herbicides...... 11 Wisconsin’s training and Can herbicide rates be reduced? ...... 12 certification program ...... 3 Mixing herbicides...... 12 Wisconsin pesticide laws and regulations . .3 Herbicide/fertilizer combinations. . . . . 12

Pesticides and community right to know . . 3 Weather and herbicides...... 13 SOYBEAN Worker protection standard for Herbicide residues in soil...... 13 agricultural pesticides...... 4 Herbicides and conservation tillage. . . . 13 Oral notification and posting...... 4 Herbicide-resistant weeds ...... 14 Restricted entry interval...... 5 Using new herbicides ...... 14 Pesticide toxicity...... 5 Selecting herbicides...... 14 Pesticide safety...... 6 FORAGES & Pesticide accidents...... 7 Fungicide resistance PASTURES Pesticides and endangered species. . . . . 7 management principles Pesticide drift...... 8 FRAC Code 1 ...... 17 Pesticides and groundwater...... 8 FRAC Code 3 ...... 17 Calibrating pesticide equipment...... 9 FRAC Code 7 ...... 17 Cleaning pesticide sprayers...... 9 FRAC Code 11 ...... 17 SMALL GRAINS Preparing pesticide sprayers for storage. . .9 FRAC Code M...... 18 Pesticide disposal...... 10 Fungicide resistance management . . . . .18

Tables

Pest management PERENNIAL WEEDS 1-1. Examples of agricultural chemicals subject to Title III of SARA...... 4 1-2. Toxicity categories of pesticides . . . . 6 Weed management 1-3. Listing of herbicides by mode of action and risk of developing

resistant biotypes...... 15 STORED GRAIN INSECTS APPENDIX

iii PRINCIPLES OF PEST MGMT 2 Corn Pest Management

Corn weed management Postemergence herbicides...... 40 Accent Q ...... 40 Atrazine rate limits and restrictions. . . . .20 Atrazine...... 41 Burndown herbicides for no-till corn . . . . 24 Banvel ...... 41 Terminating corn stands for replant. . . . 24 Basagran ...... 41 Autumn + 2,4-D...... 24 Basis Blend ...... 42 CORN Autumn Super 51 WDG...... 24 Buctril...... 42 Basis Blend + Express + 2,4-D ...... 25 Cadet...... 43 Fierce ...... 25 Callisto...... 43 Glyphosate ...... 26 Callisto Xtra ...... 43 Gramoxone Inteon...... 26 Capreno...... 44 Ignite 280/Liberty...... 27

SOYBEAN Clarity ...... 44 Rage D-Tech...... 27 Dicamba...... 44 Vida...... 27 Glyphosate ...... 45 Preplant-incorporated & Halex GT...... 46 preemergence herbicides ...... 27 Harmony SG...... 46 Acetochlor + safener...... 27 Hornet WDG...... 46 Acetochlor + atrazine + safener...... 28 Ignite 280/Liberty...... 47 FORAGES & PASTURES Atrazine...... 29 Impact/Armezon...... 47 Banvel ...... 29 Laudis ...... 48 Bicep Lite II Magnum...... 29 Metribuzin...... 48 Bullet/Lariat*...... 30 NorthStar...... 49 Callisto...... 30 Option...... 49 Capreno...... 31 Permit...... 50 SMALL GRAINS Clarity ...... 31 Priority...... 50 Degree Xtra...... 31 Rage D-Tech...... 50 Dicamba...... 31 Realm Q...... 51 Dual II Magnum ...... 32 Resolve Q...... 51 G-Max Lite ...... 32 Resource ...... 52 Harness...... 33 Roundup formulations...... 52 PERENNIAL WEEDS Harness Xtra...... 33 Shotgun...... 52 Hornet WDG...... 33 Status...... 52 Keystone LA*...... 33 Steadfast Q ...... 53 Lumax EZ* ...... 33 Stinger...... 53 Metribuzin...... 34 Yukon...... 54 Outlook...... 34 2,4-D amine or ester...... 54 Princep...... 35 STORED GRAIN Prowl H O ...... 35 INSECTS 2 Python...... 36 Resolve Q...... 36 Sharpen...... 37 SureStart/TripleFLEX...... 37 Surpass...... 38 Valor SX...... 38 APPENDIX Verdic...... 38 Zemax ...... 39 Zidua...... 40

iv PRINCIPLES OF PEST MGMT

Corn insect management

Chemigation...... 59 Nematode diseases ...... 101 Predicting soil insect control needs for corn. 59 Ear rot ...... 103 Continuous corn...... 59 Corn molds and livestock disorders (mycotoxins)...... 103 Corn after soybeans...... 60 Storage diseases...... 106 CORN Corn after soybeans: Variant western corn rootworm. . . . . 60 Corn after sod...... 61 Corn after alfalfa ...... 61 Tables Corn after sudangrasses...... 61 Corn weed management Insect pests...... 61 2-1. Atrazine active ingredient rate limits. .21 SOYBEAN Armyworm...... 61 2-2. Wisconsin rate limits for products Corn earworm ...... 61 containing atrazine ...... 21 Corn flea beetle...... 62 2-3. Weed control ratings of corn herbicides ...... 22 Corn leaf aphid...... 62 2-4. Forage, grazing, and grain harvest Corn rootworm...... 62 intervals for corn herbicides...... 55 Cutworm...... 65

2-5. Rate equivalents of corn herbicide FORAGES & European corn borer...... 66 premixes ...... 56 PASTURES Japanese beetle...... 67 2-6. Rainfree period and adjuvants Slugs...... 68 required for postemergence corn herbicides...... 57 Stalk borer...... 68 2-7. Application timings for Two-spotted spider mite...... 68 postemergence herbicides...... 58 Western bean cutworm...... 69 Corn insect management SMALL GRAINS Bt sprays and transgenic Bt corn for insect 2-8. Soil insecticides labeled for control ...... 70 rootworm control at planting. . . . . 64 Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)...... 70 2-9. Guide to black cutworm Transgenic Bt corn...... 70 development and damage in corn. . . 65 Bt corn insect traits and 2-10. Economic thresholds for refuge requirements...... 71 stalk borer at three corn prices. . . . .68 PERENNIAL WEEDS Single Bt trait hybrids...... 71 2-11. Master list of Bt traits with target pests Stacked Bt trait hybrids...... 72 and refuge requirements for Pyramided Bt trait hybrids...... 72 Midwest corn...... 74 Seed blend Bt trait hybrids...... 73 2-12. Insecticide suggestions for corn pests. . 76 Summary...... 73 Corn disease management 2-13. Fungicides labeled for leaf diseases Corn disease management of field corn...... 96 STORED GRAIN Disease management strategies...... 94 2-14. Nematode genera associated with corn in Wisconsin...... 101 INSECTS Resistant hybrids...... 94 2-15. Corn nematode populations Crop rotation and tillage practices . . . . .94 associated with yield loss...... 102 Seed protectants...... 95 2-16. Directory of nematology laboratories. .102 Leaf disease control with fungicides. . . . 95 2-17. Directory of mycotoxin laboratories. .104 Disease problems ...... 98 2-18. Some mycotoxins and their effects. . 105

Seed rot and seedling blights...... 98 2-19. Maximum time for storage of APPENDIX Leaf diseases...... 98 shelled corn at various corn moisture and air temperatures. . . . 106 Stalk rot...... 100 2-20. General guide for sampling Root and crown rot ...... 100 stored grain...... 106

v PRINCIPLES OF PEST MGMT 3 SOYBEAN Pest Management

Soybean weed management Postemergence herbicides ...... 127 Assure II ...... 127 Burndown herbicides for no-till soybean. . 110 Basagran ...... 127 Autumn + 2,4-D...... 110 Cadet...... 127 Autumn Super 51 WDG...... 111 Classic ...... 128 Canopy...... 111 Cobra...... 128 CORN Canopy EX + 2,4-D...... 111 Extreme...... 128 Enlite ...... 114 FirstRate...... 129 Envive ...... 114 Flexstar...... 129 Extreme ...... 114 Flexstar GT 3.5 ...... 130 Glyphosate ...... 115 Fusilade DX...... 130 Gramoxone Inteon...... 115

SOYBEAN Fusion...... 130 Ignite 280/Liberty...... 115 Glyphosate ...... 131 Optill ...... 116 Gramoxone Inteon...... 132 OpTILL PRO...... 116 Harmony SG...... 132 Rage D-Tech...... 117 Ignite 280/Liberty...... 132 Sequence...... 117 Lactofen...... 133 Sharpen...... 117 Outlook...... 133 FORAGES &

PASTURES Synchrony XP + Express + 2,4-D. . . . . 118 Phoenix ...... 133 Valor XLT ...... 118 Poast Plus ...... 133 Verdict ...... 118 Pursuit...... 134 Vida...... 119 Raptor ...... 134 2,4-D ester...... 119 Resource ...... 135 Preplant-incorporated & preemergence Roundup formulations...... 135 SMALL GRAINS herbicides...... 119 Select Max...... 135 Authority Assist...... 119 Sequence...... 135 Authority First...... 120 Synchrony SG...... 136 Authority MTZ...... 120 Touchdown...... 136 Boundary 6.5EC...... 120 Ultra Blazer...... 137 Dual II Magnum...... 121 PERENNIAL WEEDS FirstRate...... 121 Gangster ...... 122 Intrro ...... 122 Lorox DF...... 122 Metribuzin...... 123 Outlook...... 123 Prefix ...... 124 STORED GRAIN Prowl H20...... 124 INSECTS Pursuit...... 124 Python...... 125 Sonic...... 125 Sulfentrazone + cloransulam premix. . . 125 Trifluralin ...... 125 Valor SX...... 126 APPENDIX Warrant...... 126

vi PRINCIPLES OF PEST MGMT

Soybean insect management Tables Insect pests...... 139 Soybean weed management Bean leaf beetle...... 139 3-1. Weed control ratings of Grasshoppers...... 141 soybean herbicides...... 112 Green cloverworms...... 141 3-2. Rate equivalents of soybean herbicide premixes...... 136 Japanese beetle...... 141 CORN 3-3. Forage and grain harvest intervals Potato leafhopper...... 142 for soybean herbicides...... 137 Seedcorn maggot...... 142 3-4. Rainfree period and adjuvants Soybean aphid ...... 142 required for postemergence Stink bugs...... 144 soybean herbicides...... 138 Thistle caterpillar (painted lady butterfly). 144 Soybean insect management Two-spotted spider mite...... 145 3-5. Early-season bean leaf beetle SOYBEAN economic thresholds in soybeans . . .140 Soybean disease management 3-6. Second-generation bean Resistant or tolerant varieties...... 156 leaf beetle economic thresholds in reproductive stage soybean. . . . . 141 Crop management...... 156 3-7. Treatment decision guidelines Fungicides...... 156 for two-spotted spider mites . . . . .146 FORAGES & Fungicidal seed treatment ...... 156 3-8. Suggestions for insect control in PASTURES soybeans ...... 146 Foliar fungicides...... 157 Soil-applied fungicides...... 159 Soybean disease management 3-9. Fungicides for treating soybean Soybean diseases ...... 160 seeds for protection against Phytophthora root rot...... 160 Rhizoctonia, Pythium, Phytophthora, and Phomopsis. . . . 157 Brown stem rot...... 160 SMALL GRAINS Sudden death syndrome...... 161 3-10. Fungicides for foliar and soil application for soybean. . . . . 159 Leaf diseases...... 161 3-11. Risk assessment of soybean cyst Soybean rust...... 162 nematode (SCN) by soil population Soybean cyst nematode...... 162 and soil type...... 163 Diaporthe pod and stem blight...... 166 3-12. Fungicides registered for foliar

Sclerotinia stem rot (white mold) . . . . .166 soybean diseases in Wisconsin. . . . 164 PERENNIAL WEEDS Alfalfa mosaic virus...... 168 3-13. Management recommendations for Bean pod mottle virus...... 168 Sclerotinia stem rot (white mold) . . .167 Soybean mosaic virus ...... 168 Tobacco streak virus ...... 168

STORED GRAIN INSECTS APPENDIX

vii PRINCIPLES OF PEST MGMT 4 Forage & Pasture Pest Management

Forage & pasture Pasture renovation...... 189 weed management Glyphosate ...... 189 Gramoxone...... 189 Forage legumes...... 170 Establishing forage legumes without Forage & pasture a cover crop (direct seeding)...... 170 insect management CORN Buctril...... 172 Reducing insecticide hazards to bees. . . .192 Butyrac 200...... 172 Alfalfa insects Eptam...... 172 ...... 193 Extreme...... 173 Alfalfa blotch leafminer...... 193 Glyphosate ...... 173 Alfalfa caterpillar...... 194 Poast Plus ...... 174 Alfalfa weevil...... 194 SOYBEAN Aphids...... 195 Prowl H2O ...... 174 Pursuit...... 174 Grasshoppers...... 195 Raptor ...... 175 Plant bugs...... 195 Select ...... 175 Potato leafhopper...... 195 Treflan...... 176 Spittlebugs...... 196 Insect pests of birdsfoot trefoil, Summer seedings...... 176 FORAGES &

PASTURES clover, and pasture...... 196 Weed management in established forage legumes...... 177 Butyrac 200...... 178 Tables Chateau...... 178 Forage & pasture weed management Extreme...... 178 4-1. Impact of common weeds on Glyphosate ...... 179 SMALL GRAINS forage quality...... 171 Metribuzin...... 179 4-2. Seedling legume tolerance and herbicide Poast Plus ...... 180 effectiveness on weeds commonly found in establishing legumes seeded without Prowl H2O ...... 180 a cover crop ...... 171 Pursuit...... 180 4-3. Legume tolerance and herbicide Raptor ...... 181 effectiveness on weeds commonly

PERENNIAL WEEDS Select ...... 181 found in established legume stands. . 177 Velpar DF ...... 181 4-4. Herbicide effectiveness on weeds commonly found in pastures. . . . .183 Weed and brush control in grass pastures. 182 4-5. Harvest and/or grazing restrictions Banvel/Clarity...... 183 for herbicides registered for use in Chaparral...... 183 forages and pastures...... 190 Crossbow...... 184 Forage & pasture insect management Curtail ...... 184 4-6. Timing of insecticide applications STORED GRAIN Dicamba...... 185 to avoid bee deaths...... 192 INSECTS Escort...... 185 4-7. Periods to scout for insect pests of ForeFront...... 186 forages...... 193 Glyphosate ...... 186 4-8. Treatment thresholds for potato Milestone...... 186 leafhoppers on alfalfa ...... 196 Overdrive ...... 187 4-9. Insecticide suggestions for birdsfoot trefoil, clover, and pasture...... 197 Spike...... 187 4-10. Insecticide suggestions for alfalfa. . .198 APPENDIX Stinger...... 187 Weedmaster ...... 188 Forage disease management 2,4-D for herbaceous weed control. . . . 188 4-11. Probability and occurrence of alfalfa diseases in stands of different ages. . 205 2,4-D ester for brush control...... 189

viii PRINCIPLES OF

Forage & Pasture Pest Management PEST MGMT

Forage disease management Aphanomyces/Phytophthora root rot complex...... 207 Alfalfa leaf and stem diseases...... 205 General root and crown rot ...... 208 Alfalfa seedling diseases...... 206 Red clover diseases ...... 208 Alfalfa root Crown and root rots ...... 208

and crown diseases...... 206 Northern anthracnose...... 208 CORN Bacterial wilt...... 206 Powdery mildew...... 208 Fusarium wilt...... 206 Viruses...... 208 Verticillium wilt...... 207 Diseases of forage grasses...... 208 Phytophthora root rot...... 207 SOYBEAN 5 Small grains pest management

Small grains weed Ergot...... 223 management Leaf rust and stem rust...... 223 Powdery mildew...... 224 Small grains with a legume seeding . . . .210 FORAGES &

Scab ...... 224 PASTURES Buctril (bromoxynil) ...... 210 Septoria black stem of oat...... 224 MCPA ...... 212 Septoria leaf blotch of wheat ...... 224 Choosing between Buctril and MCPA. . .213 Smut...... 225 Small grains without a legume seeding. . .213 Take-all ...... 225 Affinity BroadSpec ...... 213

Banvel/Clarity...... 214 SMALL GRAINS Buctril...... 214 Figure Callisto...... 214 5-1. Herbicide application periods at Dicamba...... 214 various growth stages of small grains Harmony Extra SG ...... 215 (using Feekes scale)...... 211 Harmony SG...... 215 Tables Huskie...... 216 PERENNIAL WEEDS MCPA ...... 216 Small grains weed management Orion ...... 216 5-1. Crop registration, tolerance, and herbicide effectiveness on weeds Rage D-Tech...... 217 commonly found in small grains. . . 212 Starane...... 217 5-2. Harvest and/or grazing restrictions Stinger...... 217 for herbicides registered for use in 2,4-D...... 218 small grains...... 219

Small grains insect management STORED GRAIN

Small grains insect management INSECTS 5-3. Treatment thresholds for aphids to Insect pests of small grains...... 220 prevent direct plant damage (not Aphids...... 220 disease reduction) and subsequent grain yield loss...... 221 Armyworms...... 221 5-4. Insecticide suggestions for Grasshoppers...... 221 small grains...... 222 Wireworms...... 221 Small grains disease management APPENDIX Small grains disease 5-5. Fungicides for control of foliar management diseases of small grains...... 226 5-6. Seed treatment fungicides for Small grain diseases ...... 223 small grains...... 230 Barley yellow dwarf (red leaf)...... 223 ix PRINCIPLES OF PEST MGMT 6 Perennial weed Management

Quackgrass...... 232 Perennial broadleaf control in glyphosate- Accent Q and Option for corn...... 232 resistant crops...... 235 Assure II, Fusion, Poast Plus, and Canada thistle in conventional grain crops Select Max for soybeans...... 233 and pastures...... 236 Glyphosate ...... 233 Dicamba and 2,4-D ...... 236 Poast Plus and Select for alfalfa and trefoil.233 Glyphosate ...... 236 CORN Wirestem muhly...... 233 Milestone...... 237 Control in soybeans...... 234 Stinger...... 237 Control in corn...... 234 Hemp dogbane in conventional crops . . . 237 Control in other crops...... 234 Dicamba...... 237 Yellow nutsedge ...... 234 Glyphosate ...... 238 Acetochlor, Alachlor, Dual II Magnum, Starane...... 238 SOYBEAN and Outlook for corn and soybeans. . . 234 Authority premixes for soybeans . . . . .235 Table Basagran for corn, soybeans, and dry or 6-1. Summary of herbicides for succulent beans...... 235 perennial weed suppression in Classic for soybeans...... 235 corn and soybeans...... 238 Permit for corn...... 235 FORAGES & PASTURES 7 stored grain Insect management

Bin preparation...... 242 Indian meal moth ...... 244 Residual bin sprays and Grain inspection...... 244 empty-bin fumigation...... 242 SMALL GRAINS Safety precautions...... 245 Grain protection with insecticides. . . . . 243 Controlling established infestations. . . . 245 Actellic 5E...... 243 Fumigation ...... 246 Diacon II ...... 243 Storcide ...... 243 Grain surface spray...... 243 Table PERENNIAL WEEDS Actellic 5E...... 243 7-1. The number of live insects required for FGIS designation as infested . . . 245 Diacon II ...... 243 DiPel...... 244 Storcide ...... 244

APPENDIX STORED GRAIN

INSECTS Appendix Table 1. Pesticide products Additional resources...... 266 and related information Highlights of the updates to —1a. Herbicides...... 248 Pest Management in Wisconsin —1b. Insecticides...... 252 Field Crops—2013 ...... 267 —1c. Fungicides ...... 254 Appendix Table 2. Planting interval

APPENDIX for rotational crops...... 257 Appendix Table 3. Herbicide price list. . .260 Appendix Table 4. Herbicide effectiveness on listed invasive weeds in CRP fields. . 264

x PRINCIPLES OF FORAGES & PERENNIAL STORED GRAIN PEST MGMT CORN SOYBEAN PASTURES SMALL GRAINS WEEDS INSECTS APPENDIX

1 Of Principles anagement Pest M The Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA) The Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA) pro- If, during the pesticide registration -use law Federal pesticide the Federal When Congress amended and Rodenticide Insecticide, Fungicide, it included a man- Act (FIFRA) in 1972, States Environmental date for the United (EPA) to evaluate all Protection Agency for new and existing pesticide products potential harm they may cause. It also made it illegal to use, except as provided by FIFRA, any pesticide in a manner inconsistent with its labeling. Deviations from the label not recognized by FIFRA are a violation of the law. regu- of 1996 strengthens the system that - lates pesticide residues on food. Recogniz in ing that pesticide residues are present more sources than just food, the FQPA resi- sets limits on the total exposure from and dues found in food, drinking water, non-dietary sources (such as household, uses landscape, and pet uses). The more the a particular pesticide has, the greater and, chance its total exposure will be met thus, some or all of its uses canceled. cess, the EPA finds a product to generally cause unreasonable adverse effects on the environment, including injury to the applicator, it will be classified as restricted use. Because restricted-use products can be used only by certified applicators, the FIFRA amendments also call for each state to develop a program for training and certi- fying pesticide applicators. The certification program is designed to ensure that users of restricted-use products are properly qualified to handle and apply these materials safely and efficiently. A current list of restricted-use pesticides registered for use in Wisconsin may be downloaded from the Pesticide Applicator Training (PAT) website (ipcm.wisc.edu/pat). To help train growers, field scouts, and - The primary goal of your pest manage Integrated pest management is the Integrated Pest Management (IPM) coordinated use of multiple pest control methods. By becoming familiar with the crop, the pest, and all available control tactics, you can develop and implement a sound IPM program that will help you apply pesticides only when necessary. consultants, the University of Wisconsin conducts field scout training classes each year in Madison and River Falls and a Wisconsin crop diagnosis training program at the Arlington Agricultural Research Sta- tion in Arlington. For more information about the Wisconsin IPM program, contact your county Extension agent or call the state IPM coordinator at 608-263-4073. management Pest and pesticides it a weed, insect, or Controlling a pest—be of a total pest man- disease—is only part Pest control is a correc- agement program. use pesticides or some tive measure; you to reduce a damaging other control method pest population. (or potentially damaging) pre- Pest management, however, includes ventative measures as well. ment program is to maintain pest damage pests at an acceptable level. Eradication of our is rarely possible or feasible. In fact, attempts at eradication may create more resis- problems than they solve (pesticide Pesti- tance, secondary pest outbreaks, etc.). cides are vital, effective tools for agriculture food and for the production of our nation’s viewed and fiber, but they can no longer be as a cure-all for all of our pest problems. the contextRather, they must be viewed in of a total pest management program. 2

PRINCIPLES OF CORN SOYBEAN FORAGES & SMALL GRAINS PERENNIAL STORED GRAIN APPENDIX PEST MGMT PASTURES WEEDS INSECTS Wisconsin’s training and information on Wisconsin’s licensing and 3 PRINCIPLES OF certification program certification program, visit datcp.wi.gov/ PEST MGMT Plants/Pesticides/Licenses. In Wisconsin, responsibility for training lies with the University of Wisconsin- Extension’s PAT program, while actual Wisconsin pesticide laws certification is the responsibility of the and regulations Wisconsin Department of Agriculture, Operating under the provisions of the Wis- Trade, and Consumer Protection (WDATCP). consin Pesticide Law and Administrative The Wisconsin Pesticide Law requires Rule, Chapter ATCP 29 (Register, April that all commercial applicators for hire 2009), the WDATCP has primary respon- CORN participate in the training and certification sibility for pesticide use and control in the process if they intend to use any pesticide state. The Wisconsin Department of Natu- in the state of Wisconsin, whether or not it ral Resources (WDNR) has responsibility is restricted use. for pesticide use involving “waters of the Since 1977, the PAT program has trained state,” the control of birds and mammals,

over 215,000 Wisconsin applicators in the and pesticide and container disposal. The SOYBEAN safe handling of pesticides and prepared Wisconsin Division of Emergency Manage- them for the written certification exam ment (WDEM) has responsibility for help- administered by the WDATCP, which ing communities evaluate their prepared- enforces Wisconsin’s pesticide regulations. ness for responding to accidental releases The selection, use, and potential risks of of hazardous compounds, including pes- pesticides vary depending on the method ticides, under Title III of the EPA’s Super- PASTURES of application and what it is you want to fund Amendments and Reauthorization FORAGES & protect from pests. Therefore, there is a Act (SARA). The Wisconsin Department of separate training manual and certification Transportation (WisDOT) has responsibil- exam for 21 pest control categories, includ- ity for regulating the transportation of pes- ing categories for agricultural producers, ticides listed as hazardous materials (ship- the agricultural industry (10 categories), ping papers, vehicle placarding, etc.) and use in and around commercial and residen- for issuing commercial driver’s licenses. It tial buildings (6 categories), use in right- is your responsibility to become familiar SMALL GRAINS of-way and surface waters (3 categories), with all pertinent laws and regulations and preserving wood. Certification is valid affecting pesticide use in Wisconsin. for 5 years, after which you can recertify by passing a new exam that is based on a Pesticides and community revised training manual. right to know The regulated community—includ- To help communities evaluate their pre- ing pesticide manufacturers, dealers, and PERENNIAL WEEDS applicators—strongly support training paredness for responding to chemical and certification as a way to protect people spills, Congress passed the Emergency and the environment while ensuring that Planning and Community Right-to-Know pesticides remain an option in pest man- Act (EPCRA). This law is part of a much agement. Nearly 75% of applicators sur- larger legislation called the Superfund veyed at live training sessions said they Amendments and Reauthorization Act had already adopted or plan to adopt all 24 (SARA) and is often referred to as Title III STORED GRAIN INSECTS pesticide use practices listed on the survey of SARA. Title III sets forth requirements as a direct result of Wisconsin’s training for reporting of hazardous substances effort; of the remaining applicators, over stored in the community and for develop- 90% said they plan to adopt at least one ing an emergency response plan. additional use practice. We encourage all The first step in emergency planning applicators to take advantage of the train- is to know which chemicals can cause ing and certification process, whether or health problems and environmental dam- not you use restricted-use pesticides. For age if accidentally released. The EPA has APPENDIX more information about the Wisconsin prepared a list of such chemicals and calls PAT program, contact your county Exten- them extremely hazardous substances. sion agent or visit ipcm.wisc.edu/pat. For These substances are subject to emergency planning and the threshold planning 4 quantity, the smallest amount of a sub- involved in the production of agricultural PRINCIPLES OF PEST MGMT stance which must be reported. Some of plants in a nursery, greenhouse, forest, or the chemicals listed are commonly used in farming operation. agricultural production (see table 1-1). The WPS requires employers to do the A complete list of EPA’s extremely haz- following: ardous substances is available from the ■■ Display pesticide safety information in Local Emergency Planning Committee a central location. (LEPC). For a list of county LEPC directors in the state of Wisconsin, visit: ■■ Train uncertified workers and handlers on general pesticide safety principles.

CORN emergencymanagement.wi.gov/EPCRA/ forms/County_EM_Director_LECP_ ■■ Provide personal protective clothing Listing_wEmail.pdf. and equipment to employees. Any facility, including a farm, that ■■ Provide a decontamination site (water, produces, uses, or stores any of these sub- soap, towels, and coveralls). stances in a quantity at or greater than their ■■ threshold planning quantity must notify Provide transportation to an emergency SOYBEAN the WDEM and their LEPC that it is sub- medical facility for employees who are ject to the emergency planning notification poisoned or injured by pesticide expo- requirements of Title III of SARA. sure. In addition to emergency planning noti- ■■ Provide notification to employees about fication, agricultural service businesses pesticide applications (see below). with one or more employees are subject to For more information about the WPS and two community right-to-know reporting PASTURES FORAGES & the training requirements for uncertified requirements: submission of material safety workers and handlers, download the 2005 data sheets (MSDS) and submission of Tier edition of the EPA’s How To Comply with the II inventory forms. Tier II forms request Worker Protection Standard for Agricultural specific information on each hazardous Pesticides, revised 2005 manual (www.epa. chemical stored at or above its threshold. gov/agriculture/twor.html).

SMALL GRAINS Worker protection Oral notification and standard for posting agricultural pesticides The WPS requires employers to give notice The federal Worker Protection Standard of pesticide applications to all workers who (WPS) for Agricultural Pesticides took will be in a treated area or walk within effect January 1, 1995. Its purpose is to .25 miles of a treated area during the pes- reduce the risk of employee exposure to ticide application or during the restricted PERENNIAL

WEEDS pesticides. You are subject to the WPS if entry interval (described in the next sec- you have at least one employee who is tion). Notification may either be oral warnings or posting of warning signs at

Table 1-1. Examples of agricultural chemicals subject to Title III of SARA STORED GRAIN

INSECTS Threshold planning quantity Active ingredient Trade name (lb or gal of product) anhydrous ammonia (fertilizer) — 610 lb azinphos-methyl Guthion 50WP 20 lb dimethoate Dimethoate 4EC 125 gal paraquat Gramoxone Inteon 5 gal

APPENDIX phorate Thimet 20G 50 lb phosmet Imidan 70WP 14.3 lb terbufos Counter 15G 667 lb entrances to treated sites; both are necessary Perhaps the greatest hazard for the appli- 5 PRINCIPLES OF if the label requires dual (oral and posting) cator is in loading and mixing the pesticide PEST MGMT notification. A current list of dual-notice concentrate, which presents a significant pesticides registered for use in Wisconsin risk of exposure to the chemical in its most is available at ipcm.wisc.edu/pat/down- toxic form. Although hazards associated load/download/Dual%20Notice_tbl_10. with the actual application are frequently pdf. much less severe, they can still be substan- Wisconsin’s Agriculture, Trade & Con- tial, especially if there is significant drift or sumer Protection (ATCP) 29 posting rule if appropriate precautions are ignored. A

is designed to protect the general public pesticide may be toxic as a result of expo- CORN as well as workers. Thus, it requires post- sure to a single dose (acute toxicity) or as ing of areas treated with pesticides having a result of repeated exposures over time a dual notification statement or, for non- (chronic toxicity). agricultural pesticide applications, if the Acute toxicities are normally expressed label prescribes a restricted entry interval as the amount of pesticide required to kill for that particular application. Refer to 50% of a population of test animals (usu- On-Farm Posting of Pesticide-Treated Sites in ally rats or rabbits). For oral and dermal SOYBEAN Wisconsin, available at ipcm.wisc.edu/pat/ exposure, this is referred to as the LD50 or download/download/OFPost98.pdf, for “lethal dose to 50%” in milligrams of toxi- a flowchart guiding users through a series cant per kilogram of body weight (mg/kg). of questions to determine when posting For inhalation exposure, it is expressed as of treated sites is needed, what warning the LC50 or “lethal concentration to 50%” sign to use, and where the sign should in parts per million (ppm) of toxicant in PASTURES FORAGES & be located. Also covered are the separate the total volume of air when the toxicant is posting requirements for chemigation treat- a gas or vapor, and in milligrams per liter ments. This publication is available from (mg/l) of air when the toxicant is a dust or your county Extension office or online at mist. Pesticides with greater acute toxici- ipcm.wisc.edu/pat (search for “On-farm ties have lower LD50 and/or LC50 values; posting”). that is, it takes less of the chemical to kill

50% of the test population. SMALL GRAINS Restricted entry Labels indicate the relative level of acute interval toxicity through signal words and sym- bols (see table 1-2). The toxicity category A restricted entry interval (REI) is the is assigned based on the highest measured length of time that must expire after pes- toxicity, be it oral, dermal, or inhalation; ticide application before people can safely effects on the eyes and external injury to enter the treated site without using per- the skin are also considered.

sonal protective equipment. Pesticide resi- PERENNIAL In the event of human pesticide poison- WEEDS dues on a treated crop or in a treated area ing, the pesticide label is your first source may pose a significant hazard to workers or of first-aid information. Always bear in others who enter the area after treatment. mind, however, that first-aid response to Therefore, nearly all pesticides affected pesticide exposure is not a substitute for by the WPS (see above) have an REI (see professional medical help. Seek medical appendix tables 1a–c). Check the Agricul-

attention promptly and always be sure that STORED GRAIN tural Use Requirements section on the label the label or labeled container is given to the INSECTS for the specific REI for your product. These doctor. The product’s Material Safety Data intervals must be strictly observed. Sheet (MSDS) is a more technical document than the label, and it often contains addi- Pesticide toxicity tional treatment instructions for the attend- There are four common ways in which pes- ing medical professional. ticides enter the human body: through the Poison Control Center (1-800-222-1222).

skin (dermal), the mouth (oral), the lungs You may call the Poison Control Center APPENDIX (inhalation), and the eyes. Absorption at any hour for information regarding through the skin is the most common route proper treatment of pesticide poisoning. of poisoning of agricultural workers. While hospitals and medical facilities may have some information, the Poison Control 6 Center has the most complete and current label requires one) when mixing, load- PRINCIPLES OF PEST MGMT files, and their personnel are specifically ing, or applying pesticides. trained to deal with poison cases. ■■ If you wear fabric coveralls, also wear a Most labels also list a phone number chemical-resistant apron when mixing that you (or medical personnel) can call for and loading pesticides. specific information on poisoning (or other accidents) involving that particular product. ■■ Stand in the crosswind when mixing or loading pesticides. Pesticide safety ■■ Never apply pesticides when there is

CORN the likelihood of significant drift. Before you handle pesticides, stop and read the label. Labels contain human safety ■■ Never leave a spray tank containing a precaution statements and list the specific pesticide unattended. personal protective clothing and equipment ■■ Avoid back siphoning into the water that you need to wear. Some of the follow- source. ing may be label requirements; others are ■■ Never eat, drink, or smoke when han-

SOYBEAN common-sense guidelines that will help dling pesticides. minimize pesticide exposure to you, your co-workers, and your family and neighbors. ■■ Wash hands thoroughly after handling pesticides. ■■ Wear a long-sleeved shirt, long pants, shoes, and socks when handling pesti- ■■ If you splash pesticide on yourself, cides. remove contaminated clothing immedi- ■■ ately and wash yourself thoroughly.

PASTURES Wear coveralls (fabric or chemical- FORAGES & resistant) over your work clothes for an ■■ Wash contaminated clothes separately added layer of protection. from other household laundry. ■■ Unless the label states otherwise, ■■ Keep pesticides in original containers. always wear chemical-resistant gloves ■■ Store and lock pesticides out of the whenever you work with pesticides. reach of children. ■■ Wear chemical-resistant footwear, SMALL GRAINS ■■ Observe restricted entry intervals on a gloves, eyewear, and a respirator (if the treated crop or area.

Table 1-2. Toxicity categories of pesticides ——————————————Toxicity category—————————————— I II III IV PERENNIAL

WEEDS High Moderate Slight Low Measure of toxicity toxicity toxicity toxicity toxicity

Oral LD50 (mg/kg) 0–50 50–500 500–5,000 >5,000

Dermal LD50 (mg/kg) 0–200 200–2,000 2,000–20,000 >20,000

Inhalation LC50

STORED GRAIN gas/vapor (ppm) 0–200 200–2,000 2,000–20,000 >20,000 INSECTS dust/mist (mg/l) 0–0.2 0.2–2 2–20 >20 Eye effects corrosive irritation persists irritation reversible no irritation for 7 days within 7 days Skin effects corrosive severe moderate mild irritation irritation irritation Signal word DANGERa WARNING CAUTION CAUTION APPENDIX Abbreviations: mg/kg = milligrams per kilogram; mg/l = milligrams per liter; ppm = parts per million; < = less than; > = greater than a Products assigned to Category I due to oral, inhalation, or dermal toxicity (as distinct from eye and local skin effects) must also have the word “poison” and the skull and crossbones symbol on the label. Pesticide accidents themselves and others from injury. For 7 PRINCIPLES OF information on cleanup and decontamina- PEST MGMT Pesticide spills. Regardless of the magni- tude of a spill, the objectives of a proper tion, contact the WDEM and the pesticide response are the same—you must control manufacturer(s). the spill, you must contain it, and you Livestock poisoning. When you suspect must clean it up. A thorough knowledge of animal poisoning by pesticides, first call appropriate procedures will allow you to your veterinarian. If the cause of poisoning minimize the potential for adverse effects. cannot be determined, call the WDATCP’s Spills of any compound need to be Animal Toxic Response Team Coordina- reported to the WDNR. However, you do tor at 608‑224‑4500 (during office hours) or CORN not need to report the spill if it is completely the Division of Emergency Government at confined within an impervious secondary 1-800-943-0003 (after hours and on week- containment and the spilled amount can be ends). recovered with no discharge to the envi- Wildlife poisoning or water contamination. ronment. On the other hand, a spill of any Contact the WDNR district office. District offices are located in Eau Claire, Fitchburg,

amount is reportable if it occurred outside SOYBEAN of secondary containment and it harmed, Green Bay, Milwaukee, Rhinelander, and or threatens to harm, human health or the Spooner. environment (e.g., back siphoning). The spill is exempt from the WDNR reporting Pesticides and requirements if: endangered species ■■ you deem the spill will not harm, or Endangered and threatened species are the PASTURES threaten to harm, human health or the most vulnerable plants and animals in our FORAGES & environment and native natural communities. These species are either in danger of extinction or likely ■■ the amount spilled would cover less to become endangered in the foreseeable than 1 acre if applied at labeled rates future. Starting in 2010, the EPA’s Endan- and gered Species Protection Program (ESPP) ■■ if a SARA pesticide, it is less than the will implement county-specific bulletins to reportable quantity. provide applicators the information they SMALL GRAINS Reportable spills involving SARA sub- need about pesticide use limitations in their stances (see “Pesticides and Community county to better protect listed species and Right to Know,” page 3) are also to be their habitat. The first product to carry a reported to the WDEM and to your LEPC. label statement directing users to view a To simplify emergency notification require- bulletin is methoxyfenozide (Intrepid 2F), ments to state agencies, call the WDEM to protect the endangered Karner blue but-

24-hour spill hotline (1-800-943-0003) when- terfly and Hine’s emerald dragonfly. Please PERENNIAL WEEDS ever a spill of any compound occurs. Call- note that it may take several years for prod- ing this hotline will not, however, remove ucts with the new label to replace existing your responsibility of notifying your LEPC. product in the channel trade. As always, Spills of some compounds may require pesticide users are to follow the label on the that you notify federal authorities by call- product they are using. ing the National Response Center (1-800- When using pesticides whose label statements instruct you to follow the measures STORED GRAIN

424-8802). Your call to the WDEM spill INSECTS hotline should provide you with assistance contained in the ESPP Bulletin, you must in determining whether federal authorities either access the EPA’s Bulletins Live! need to be notified. website or call their toll-free number (800- Pesticide fires. In the event of a fire, iso- 447-3813) within 6 months before using late the entire area and clear all personnel the product. The bulletin will show which to a safe distance upwind from smoke and counties or portions of counties are affected fumes. Always inform the fire department and the use limitations for that particular APPENDIX of the nature of the pesticides involved and product. You must use the bulletin that is of any specific information that may help valid for the month and year in which you them in fighting the fire and protecting will apply the product. 8 Go to www.epa.gov/espp/ for general This publication also describes the critical PRINCIPLES OF PEST MGMT information on the ESPP and to access role the pesticide applicator plays in decid- bulletins Live! The WDNR is responsible ing whether to spray when arriving at the for implementing ESPP for our state. site. For more information about protected plants, animals, and natural communi- Pesticides and ties in Wisconsin, see dnr.wi.gov/topic/ groundwater endangeredresources/biodiversity.html. Trace amounts of pesticides are found in our nation’s groundwater. To minimize CORN Pesticide drift further contamination, many pesticide It is impossible to totally eliminate pesticide labels contain precautionary statements drift. Drift occurs because of unforeseen either advising against or prohibiting use in wind variations and other factors, many of areas vulnerable to groundwater contami- which are beyond the applicator’s control. nation. A summary of these precautionary People living in areas subject to pesticide statements is included under “Remarks”

SOYBEAN drift worry about the acute and chronic for each pesticide in this publication. effects of exposure to pesticides. State rules To protect our state’s water resources, governing pesticide drift attempt to strike Wisconsin’s groundwater law (Act a balance between the intended benefits 310) created two guidelines to limit the of pesticide use and the potential risks to presence of fertilizer and pesticides in those exposed to pesticide drift. groundwater: enforcement standards are According to state law, people living maximum chemical levels allowed in PASTURES FORAGES & adjacent to land that is aerially sprayed groundwater and preventive action limits with pesticides can request to be notified at are set at a percentage of the enforcement least 24 hours before application. Beekeep- standard. When contamination approaches ers also are entitled to notification of appli- preventive action limits, the responsible cations that occur within a 1.5-mile radius party must implement corrective measures of their honeybee colonies. Both ground to prevent further contamination. and aerial pesticide applications are subject Through groundwater monitoring stud- SMALL GRAINS to advance notification requirements to ies, the most commonly found pesticide is beekeepers who request such notification. atrazine. Atrazine rate limits and restrictions For ground applications, you can minimize are explained more fully in the “Corn Weed drift by following these recommendations: Management” section of this publication. ■■ Follow all label precautions for specific Mixing and loading pesticides. Mixing drift-reduction measures. and loading pesticides pose a high risk of point source contamination of ground and ■■ Spray when wind speed is low.

PERENNIAL surface water because of the concentration, WEEDS ■■ Use the maximum size nozzle orifice quantity, and type of pesticides that are without sacrificing pest control activity. usually handled at a mixing and loading ■■ Keep pressure at the lowest setting pos- site. To minimize this risk of environmental sible without distorting spray pattern contamination, Wisconsin requires that cer- and distribution. tain mixing and loading sites have second- ■■ ary containment.

STORED GRAIN Use drift-control agents when permit- Both private and commercial applicators INSECTS ted by product label. are required to have a mixing and loading ■■ Consider using nozzles specifically pad if more than 1,500 pounds of pesticide designed to reduce drift. active ingredient are mixed or loaded at ■■ Leave an untreated border strip next to any one site in a calendar year or if mixing adjacent property. and loading occurs within 100 feet of a well or surface water. In-field mixing is exempt For more information about drift—what from the pad requirements provided mix- APPENDIX it is, how it occurs, and drift management ing or loading at the site of application principles—ask for Managing Pesticide occurs 100 feet or more from a well or sur- Drift in Wisconsin: Field Sprayers from your face water. county Extension office or download it by going to ipcm.wisc.edu/pat/downloads/. Agricultural Chemical Cleanup Program. on label. Simpler still, mount a clean 9 PRINCIPLES OF Cleanup of contaminated soil or of con- water source on your sprayer and flush PEST MGMT taminated groundwater itself is costly. The the system while in the field. Agricultural Chemical Cleanup Program 2. Select the appropriate cleaning solution (ACCP) helps ease the financial burden for the pesticide used: for facilities and farms by reimbursing Hormone-type herbicides (e.g., 2,4–D, them for eligible costs associated with the Banvel). Fill the sprayer with sufficient cleanup of sites contaminated with pesti- water to operate, adding 1 quart house- cides or fertilizers. For more information, hold ammonia for every 25 gallons of

contact the WDATCP at 608-224-4518. CORN water. Circulate the ammonia solution through the sprayer system for 15 to Calibrating pesticide 20 minutes and then discharge a small equipment amount through the boom and nozzles. Accurate and uniform pesticide application Let the solution stand for several hours, is fundamental to satisfactory pest control. preferably overnight. (Please note:

Too frequently a grower does not know household ammonia will corrode alumi- SOYBEAN exactly how much pesticide has been used num sprayer parts.) until the application is completed. This Other herbicides, insecticides, and fun- can lead to substantial monetary losses gicides. Fill the sprayer with sufficient due to unnecessary pesticide and labor water to operate, adding .25 to 2 costs, unsatisfactory pest control resulting pounds powder detergent (liquid deter- in reduced yields, and crop damage. Good gent may be substituted for powder at a PASTURES pesticide application begins with accurate rate to make a sudsy solution) for every FORAGES & sprayer or granular applicator calibration. 25 to 40 gallons of water. Circulate the One method of calibration is contained in solution through the sprayer system for the Training Manual for the Private Pesticide 5 to 10 minutes and then discharge a Applicator. It also is found in the Training small amount through the boom and Manual for the Commercial Pesticide Applica- nozzles. Let the solution stand for sev- tor: Field and Vegetable Crops. Both of these eral hours, preferably overnight. are available at ipcm.wisc.edu/pat. SMALL GRAINS 3. Flush the solution out of the spray tank and through the boom. Cleaning pesticide 4. Remove the nozzles, screens, and sprayers strainers and flush the system twice Thorough sprayer cleaning is necessary with clean water. when switching from pesticide application 5. Scrub all accessible parts with a stiff on one crop to the application of a different

bristle brush. PERENNIAL pesticide on another crop. This is especially WEEDS important when the second crop is quite Preparing pesticide sensitive to the first pesticide. For example, residue of dicamba left in a sprayer may sprayers for storage damage soybeans and other dicamba- Before storing the sprayer at the end of the sensitive crops during subsequent pesticide season: applications. No cleaning method is 100% 1. Clean the sprayer per label instructions STORED GRAIN foolproof, however. If you apply significant or as specified above. INSECTS quantities of different types of pesticides, 2. Fill the sprayer with sufficient water reserve one sprayer for herbicides only and to operate, adding 1 to 5 gallons of another for insecticides and fungicides. lightweight emulsifiable oil, depending Check the label for specific cleaning upon the size of the tank. Circulate the instructions. If none are listed, follow these oil/water solution through the sprayer guidelines: system for 5 to 10 minutes. 1. Park the sprayer on a wash pad, flush APPENDIX 3. Flush the solution out of the spray tank the tank, lines, and booms thoroughly and through the boom; the oil will leave with clean water, and apply the pesti- a protective coating on the inside of the cide-contaminated rinsate to sites listed tank, pump, and plumbing. 10 4. Remove the nozzles, screens, and ■■ Triple-rinse all pesticide containers. PRINCIPLES OF PEST MGMT strainers and place them in diesel fuel Even if the pesticides were hazardous, a or kerosene to prevent corrosion. Cover triple-rinsed container is not hazardous the nozzle openings in the boom to pre- waste; you can dispose of it in a sani- vent dirt from entering. tary landfill. 5. As an added precaution to protect ■■ Don’t mix hazardous waste with other pumps, pour 1 tablespoon of radiator pesticide waste, or the entire mixture rust-inhibitor antifreeze in each of the will be considered hazardous. inlet and outlet ports. Rotate the pump Wisconsin Clean Sweep program. Wiscon- CORN several revolutions to completely coat sin’s Clean Sweep program, sponsored by the interior surfaces. WDATCP and individual counties, offers a way to dispose of most kinds of pesticide Pesticide disposal waste including liquids, dry formula- It is the legal responsibility of all pesticide tions, and waste classified as hazardous. users to properly dispose of pesticide waste For details on when a site will be held in

SOYBEAN in an environmentally acceptable manner your area, check with your county Exten- (it is illegal to bury or burn any pesticide sion office or view the WDATCP Clean containers in Wisconsin). Sweep interactive map at datcp.wi.gov/ Some pesticides are considered “hazard- environment/clean_sweep/index.aspx. ous” by the EPA. Disposing waste or excess Wisconsin Clean Sweep offers grants for resulting from use of these pesticides comes the collection and disposal of agricul- under stringent regulations of the Resource tural waste, household hazardous waste, PASTURES FORAGES & Conservation Recovery Act (RCRA). This and prescription drugs. However, not all federal law and the accompanying state municipalities collect all three types of law (NR 600) regulate generators of hazard- waste at the same time, while some munici- ous waste—those who need to dispose of palities offer collection sites without use of hazardous pesticides. Wisconsin Clean Sweep funds. The simplest way to avoid becoming a Plastic pesticide container recycling program. hazardous-waste generator is to triple-rinse The best way to dispose of plastic contain- SMALL GRAINS all pesticide containers and apply rinsates ers is to recycle them. The Wisconsin Crop to labeled sites. If you must generate haz- Production Association (WCPA) sponsors ardous waste, disposal procedures may a recycling program and sets up collection differ depending on the volume of waste sites at member dealers throughout the generated and its characteristics. state. This program accepts triple-rinsed You can reduce the amount of pesticide (dirty containers will not be accepted) plas- waste (hazardous or not) by following tic pesticide containers of all sizes, includ-

PERENNIAL these guidelines: ing mini-bulk tanks. Farmers must work WEEDS ■■ Determine whether the pesticide you through their dealer to recycle jugs and intend to use is considered hazardous mini-bulks. Visit www.wiagribusiness.org/ by the EPA. A list of these pesticides is recycling.php for instructions on the proper available from your WDNR regional preparation of containers intended for recy- office. If listed, check for alternative cling and for their summer and fall recy- pesticides that are not hazardous and cling schedules. STORED GRAIN Please note that this recycling program INSECTS will provide equivalent pest control. is not a Wisconsin Clean Sweep program; ■■ Mix only the amount of pesticide waste pesticides will not be accepted at needed and calibrate equipment so all container collection or granulation sites. of the solution is applied. Recycling mini-bulk tanks. Although mini- ■■ Attach a clean water supply to the bulk tanks are recycled at the same time sprayer unit so the tank can be rinsed as the smaller jugs, dealers must register and the rinsate applied to the labeled with WCPA at least 1 week in advance of APPENDIX site while still in the field. a scheduled recycling date for all tanks 60 gallons and larger. Visit the Pesticide Con- tainers Recycling Program at www.wiagribusiness.org/recycling.php for details. PRINCIPLES OF FORAGES & PERENNIAL STORED GRAIN PEST MGMT CORN SOYBEAN PASTURES SMALL GRAINS WEEDS INSECTS APPENDIX 11 Herbicides vary in the types of plants Herbicides vary in Soil-incorporating herbicides are posi- Early preplant- and preemergence- they control. Some treatments control they control. Some grassy weeds, others most broadleaf and annual grasses, and still control primarily broadleaf weeds. Soil others control only affect herbicide perfor- characteristics may mance and crop safety. Most soil-applied high in herbicides are less effective on soils on organic matter and may be ineffective not be peat and muck soils. Others should since used on light-textured sandy soils, they leach too readily and may damage crop seedlings. Still others interact with seri- organophosphate insecticides to cause in ous corn injury. Some herbicides remain and the soil into the next cropping season injure sensitive crops. Check the rotational you crop restrictions for the herbicides that next are considering to prevent injury to year’s crop. When to apply herbicides Some herbicides must be soil-incorporated Others before planting for effective control. plant- can be surface-applied before or after regis- ing. Many herbicide treatments are tered for application after crop emergence. tioned where weed seeds are germinating and beginning growth. Some herbicides require incorporation to prevent loss through volatility or photo-decomposition. Proper herbicide incorporation is essential; check the herbicide label for recommended tillage/incorporation tools and how deep and fast they should be operated. Although rainfall after preplant-incorporated herbicide application will improve weed control, it isn’t essential. applied herbicides depend on rainfall to move them into the soil. Under Wiscon- sin conditions, spring rainfall is usually adequate to accomplish this. When rainfall is limited, a shallow tillage tool such as a

Rotation to another crop is another Herbicides are highly effective chemi- Plan your weed management program well in advance of the planting season. Base it on thorough knowledge of the weed problem, soil characteristics, and future cropping plans. As crop production practices change, weed problems also change, so a good weed management program must be flexible. Selecting a weed management program

crops for all principles of cultural, The proper combination practices can mechanical, and chemical levels that are not eco- maintain weeds at The goal of cultural nomically damaging. is to allow a crop to weed management with weeds. Crop compete vigorously and competition is one of the most useful This economical methods of weed control. at is achieved by planting adapted varieties the ideal density into a favorable seedbed forage that has adequate nutrients. Seeding grain companion crop with a small legumes com- is an excellent example of using crop grain petition to control weeds. The small germinates and grows quickly, preventing most weeds from becoming established. man- essential component of sound weed weeds agement programs because certain in are more common in some crops than others. A well-planned cropping system prevents the buildup of weeds associated with monocultures. Mechanical control seed- such as tilling to prepare a weed-free bed, rotary hoeing, and row cultivation in are effective and important components many weed management programs. cals if carefully selected to match the weed spectrum and if application conditions are favorable. Still, the best herbicide and/or tillage program will not be effective without good crop competition. anagement Weed M 12 rotary hoe or spike-toothed harrow can ■■ The safest way to cut herbicide use is to PRINCIPLES OF PEST MGMT provide sufficient soil incorporation to acti- make banded applications. If you apply vate the herbicide treatment and destroy 10-inch bands over corn in 30-inch the first flush of weed seedlings. rows, then you’ll apply 67% less herbi- Many postemergence-applied herbicide cide in the field. You’ll reduce the rate options are available and have increased in even more if the rate applied in the band use. The effectiveness of these treatments is less than the conventional rate. Two is drastically influenced by weed size as timely cultivations normally give ade- well as temperature, moisture, and other quate control with banded treatments.

CORN environmental conditions. Proper timing is critical with postemergence applications Mixing herbicides to optimize weed control and minimize the Using mixtures of two or more herbicides risk of crop injury. for simultaneous application has become popular in recent years. The objective of Can herbicide rates mixing herbicides is to capitalize on the be reduced? advantages of all products while dimin- SOYBEAN ishing their disadvantages. Many such Producers are reevaluating their weed combinations have been registered for use. management practices and some are using Herbicide combinations that are not recom- lower herbicide rates than in the past. Uni- mended on the label may cause crop injury versity of Wisconsin research has shown or provide ineffective weed control. that application rates as much as 50% lower When tank mixing wettable powder, liq- than the normal rates, combined with cul-

PASTURES uid flowable, or dry flowable herbicides FORAGES & tivation, can give excellent weed control. with emulsifiable concentrate herbicides, While the normal rate of a soil-applied mix the wettable powder with the water or herbicide often provides 60 to 90 days of liquid fertilizer first. Then add water or liq- weed control, reducing the rate shortens uid fertilizer until you’ve reached approxi- the length of control; successful full-season mately 75% of the total spray volume you’ll weed control with reduced rates often use. Add the emulsifiable concentrate last; depends on a timely cultivation 30 to 40 SMALL GRAINS then bring the mixture to final spray volume. days after planting and subsequent crop competition. Reducing rates can be effective with both broadcast applications and Herbicide/fertilizer banded treatments over the crop row. combinations If you are considering using reduced rates Herbicide application in liquid fertilizer of herbicides, keep these factors in mind: solutions rather than water is popular. ■■ It is legal to use less than the labeled While such combination treatments save

PERENNIAL one trip over the field and enhance the WEEDS rate of a pesticide. However, the manufacturer and commercial applicator are burndown of existing weeds in conser- not liable for the performance under vation tillage, emerged corn is usually these conditions. You must be ready to injured. Many individual herbicides and cultivate if and when needed to obtain herbicide combinations are registered with effective full-season control. the EPA for simultaneous application with liquid fertilizers. Herbicide labels and STORED GRAIN ■■ Try reducing the conventional rate 20 accompanying literature provide helpful INSECTS to 30% on a few acres the first year. As mixing suggestions to minimize compat- you gain confidence and experience ibility problems. If you have any doubt with the system, you can decide on the about the compatibility of a particular her- direction and pace of future changes. bicide/fertilizer combination, run a com- ■■ Do not consider reduced rates of soil- patibility test first. Adding compatibility applied herbicides if you have hard-to- agents such as Unite or Compex can reduce kill weeds like shattercane, wild proso mixing problems. Wettable powder, liquid APPENDIX millet, yellow nutsedge, or woolly cup- flowable, or dry flowable herbicides not grass. Also, reduced rates may not give properly mixed will sometimes float when satisfactory performance if your soils mixed with liquid fertilizers. Emulsifiable have more than 5% organic matter or a concentrates occasionally cause mixing high clay content. problems. There also has been a trend toward Herbicide residues in soil 13 PRINCIPLES OF PEST MGMT impregnating herbicides on certain dry Most herbicides control weeds only as long fertilizers. Some herbicides and herbicide as the herbicides remain in the soil. Full- combinations are registered with the EPA season weed control is considered desir- for this type of application. The herbicide able for any herbicide treatment. But soil manufacturer generally provides detailed herbicide residue that persists after harvest directions and guidance for the impregna- or into the following growing season and tion process. Herbicide-impregnated fertil- damages the next crop is objectionable. izer applications can provide weed control Following a few simple rules will reduce equal to comparable treatments applied as the risk of herbicide residue damage. CORN sprays. However, the herbicide/fertilizer blend and its application must be uniform, ■■ Follow crop rotation guidelines listed generally calling for a double spread or an on the herbicide product label. See air-flow applicator. appendix table 2 for a listing of rotational crop intervals for many common Weather and herbicides crops. Herbicides that have no carryover risk do not list rotation restrictions. SOYBEAN Herbicides applied to the soil are taken ■■ up by seeds, roots, and stems of seedling Use the minimum recommended rate weeds and by established perennial plants. necessary for adequate weed control Adequate rainfall is necessary to move and apply the herbicide uniformly. surface-applied herbicides into the soil for ■■ Till treated fields before planting a sen- maximum uptake by developing weed sitive crop the next year. PASTURES seedlings. Preplant soil-incorporated treat- ■■ At equal rates of the same herbicide, FORAGES & ments position herbicide in the soil and preplant or preemergence applications minimize the need for rainfall to make generally present less risk of carryover them effective. Only certain herbicides can than postemergence applications. The be used in this way; others become too earlier treatment allows more time for diluted or increase the risk of injuring crops breakdown. when mixed into the soil.

■■ SMALL GRAINS Adequate soil moisture also helps weed Crops vary in their tolerance to carry- seeds germinate quickly, which is desir- over of specific herbicides. Select a crop able when using soil-applied herbicides. that has a high degree of tolerance to However, excessive rainfall after herbicide the previous year’s herbicide treatment application may leach the more soluble her- or select an herbicide that will permit bicides into the vicinity of germinating crop the planting of a rotation crop. seeds and cause crop damage, especially Several years of experience on a particu- on light, sandy soils. Chemical and micro- lar soil and an appreciation of environmen- PERENNIAL bial decomposition break down herbicides tal effects on herbicide carryover are the WEEDS more slowly in cool, dry soils, thereby best guide to which crops you can safely increasing the danger that some herbicides plant the year after applying residual herbi- may carry over and injure sensitive crops cide. Growers are encouraged to run a soil the following year. bioassay to determine whether harmful soil Weather conditions also affect post‑emer- residues exist. gence herbicides. Both weed and crop plant STORED GRAIN sensitivity generally increase with tem- Herbicides and INSECTS perature. Lower herbicide or adjuvant rates conservation tillage are sometimes suggested in hot, humid In conservation tillage systems, crop resi- weather to minimize crop injury. Weeds due protects the soil surface from excessive are more difficult to kill in dry, cool, or raindrop impact and soil erosion. This sur- cloudy weather. Mature weeds are always face debris can also affect weed seed germi- more difficult to control than weed seed-

nation and herbicide distribution. Gener- APPENDIX lings. Rainfall after postemergence applica- ally, surface residue of 3,000 pounds per tion may reduce an herbicide’s effective- acre or less (30% or less surface cover) does ness. Check the product label or tables 2-6 not interfere with herbicide performance. (corn) and 3-4 (soybean) for the minimum The key consideration of annual weed required rain-free period. 14 management in conservation tillage is that To minimize the risk of developing resis- PRINCIPLES OF PEST MGMT weed control may or may not be more dif- tant weeds, a sound herbicide resistance ficult, but it probably will be different than management program uses a combination in conventional systems. of these practices: ■■ Use herbicides only when necessary. Herbicide-resistant weeds ■■ Rotate herbicides with different modes At least one population of glyphosate-resis- of action from year to year. tant giant ragweed has been confirmed in a ■■ Use multiple modes of action each year. production field in Rock County, Wiscon- CORN sin. Control failures following glyphosate ■■ Use broad crop rotations; three or four have been anecdotally noted in additional crops in rotation provide more resis- fields in several other counties in the tance protection than only two. state. Moreover, at least one population of ■■ Integrate mechanical control practices ALS-inhibitor resistant giant ragweed has (rotary hoeing and cultivation) with been confirmed in Columbia County, with herbicide use.

SOYBEAN anecdotally noted control failures in other ■■ Scout fields regularly and control escap- areas. If you have heavy infestations of ing weeds as needed. giant ragweed in corn and soybean fields, it is advised to implement a sound herbicide ■■ Clean tillage and harvest equipment resistance management plan with diverse before moving from fields or farms with weed management tactics. resistant weeds to other fields. Additionally, biotypes of lambsquarters, PASTURES FORAGES & smooth pigweed, velvetleaf, and kochia Using new herbicides growing in Wisconsin are resistant to atra- The introduction of new herbicides invari- zine and other triazine herbicides. These ably creates a good amount of grower inter- problems developed after using triazine est. We encourage you to try new products herbicides for six or more years without that appear to fit your weed situation and complementary control measures. This soil condition but suggest you try them on allowed the resistant biotype, initially a a relatively small scale the first year. SMALL GRAINS very small proportion of the total population, to produce seed and become the Selecting herbicides dominant biotype in many fields. Biotypes of weeds resistant to other herbicides have The herbicide treatments described in the also been found in Wisconsin: giant foxtail following sections have provided effective and large crabgrass resistant to lipid syn- weed control under Wisconsin conditions. thesis inhibitors like Poast Plus, Select, and For corn and soybeans, review tables 2-3 Assure; giant foxtail, eastern black night- and 3-1 to determine which herbicides PERENNIAL WEEDS shade, and kochia resistant to acetolactate will control the weeds in your fields. Then synthase (ALS) inhibitors. Careful attention review the remarks in the herbicide entry to sound weed management programs is to select the herbicide that best fits your critical if we hope to prevent the appear- situation. Tables that summarize rain-free ance of more herbicide-resistant biotypes. periods and adjuvant requirements for Comprehensive lists of herbicide-resistant postemergence herbicides, forage and grain

STORED GRAIN weeds and other information can be found harvest intervals, and rotational crop inter- INSECTS at weedscience.org/In.asp. vals are also included for easy reference. The risk of developing more resistant All herbicide rates are expressed in weed problems is greater if we overuse weight or volume of commercial product as herbicides that kill weeds by affecting only applied on a broadcast basis. See appendix one physiological process in plants (that is, table 1a for a list of herbicide products and with a single mode of action). Table 1-3 lists related information. the modes of action of most common herbi- APPENDIX cides and ranks them according to the risk of developing resistant weeds. Table 1-3. Listing of herbicides by mode of action and risk of developing 15 PRINCIPLES OF resistant biotypes PEST MGMT Mode (site) of action Groupa Herbicide Ingredient High risk of developing resistance Amino acid synthesis inhibitors 2 Accent Q nicosulfuron (ALS) Affinity BroadSpec thifensulfuron + tribenuron Ally/Escort metsulfuron Arsenal imazapyr Autumn iodosulfuron CORN Autumn Super iodosulfuron + thiencarbazone Basis Blend rimsulfuron + thifensulfuron Beacon primisulfuron Canopy EX chlorimuron + tribenuron Cimarron metsulfuron SOYBEAN Classic chlorimuron Express tribenuron FirstRate cloransulam Harmony Extra SG thifensulfuron + tribenuron Harmony SG thifensulfuron

Option foramsulfuron PASTURES FORAGES & Oust sulfometuron Peak prosulfuron Permit halosulfuron Plateau imazapic Pursuit imazethapyr

Python flumetsulam SMALL GRAINS Raptor imazamox Realm Q rimsulfuron + mesotrione Resolve Q rimsulfuron + thifensulfuron Steadfast Q rimsulfuron + nicosulfuron Synchrony XP chlorimuron + thifensulfuron Telar chlorsulfuron PERENNIAL Lipid synthesis inhibitors 1 Assure II/Targa quizalofop WEEDS (ACCase) Fusilade DX fluazifop Fusion fluazifop + fenoxaprop Poast Plus sethoxydim Select Max/Arrow clethodim Medium risk of developing resistance STORED GRAIN

Amino acid inhibitors 9 Roundup/ glyphosate INSECTS (EPSP synthase) Touchdown/etc. Cell membrane disrupters (PPO) 14 Cadet fluthiacet Cobra/Phoenix lactofen Flexstar/Reflex fomesafen Resource flumiclorac

Sharpen saflufenacil APPENDIX Spartan sulfentrazone Starane fluroxypyr a Weed Science Society of America-approved group numbers for the corresponding (continued) herbicide mode of action 16 Table 1-3. Listing of herbicides by mode of action and risk of developing PRINCIPLES OF PEST MGMT resistant biotypes (continued) Mode (site) of action Groupa Herbicide Ingredient Medium risk of developing resistance (continued) Ultra Blazer acifluorfen Valor SX flumioxazin Cell membrane disrupters 22 Gramoxone Inteon paraquat (photosystem I) Reglone diquat CORN Photosynthesis inhibitors 6 Basagran bentazon —contact (photosystem II) Buctril bromoxynil Photosynthesis inhibitors 5 AAtrex, etc. atrazine —systemic (photosystem II) Metribuzin, etc. metribuzin Princep simazine Sinbar terbacil SOYBEAN Velpar L hexazinone 7 Lorox DX linuron Spike tebuthiuron Pigment inhibitors 27 Callisto mesotrione (isoprenoid pathway) Impact topramazone PASTURES

FORAGES & Laudis tembotrione 13 Command clomazone Seedling root growth inhibitors 3 Balan benefin

(multiple) Prowl H2O, etc. pendimethalin Treflan trifluralin Low risk of developing resistance

SMALL GRAINS Amino acid inhibitors 10 Ignite glufosinate (Glutamine synthetase) Growth regulators (multiple) 4 Banvel/Clarity, etc. dicamba Crossbow triclopyr + 2,4-D Curtail 2,4-D + clopyralid Forefront aminopyralid + 2,4-D MCPA MCPA PERENNIAL WEEDS Milestone aminopyralid Starane fluroxypyr Status diflufenzopyr + dicamba Stinger clopyralid Thistrol MCPB Tordon picloram STORED GRAIN

INSECTS Weedmaster 2,4-D + dicamba 2,4-D 2,4-D Seedling shoot growth inhibitors 15 Dual II Magnum, etc. metolachlor (multiple) Harness/Surpass, etc. acetochlor Intrro, etc. alachlor Zidua/Outlook pyroxasulfone/dimethenamid

APPENDIX 8 Eptam/Eradicane EPTC Ro-Neet cycloate a Weed Science Society of America-approved group numbers for the corresponding herbicide mode of action PRINCIPLES OF FORAGES & PERENNIAL STORED GRAIN PEST MGMT CORN SOYBEAN PASTURES SMALL GRAINS WEEDS INSECTS APPENDIX 17 There are The QoI fungi- The DMI fungicide risk of These fungicides include boscalid, carboxin, and flutolanil. Boscalid boscalid, carboxin, and flutolanil. Boscalid against is primarily a foliar fungicide used patho- Botrytis, Sclerotinia, and Alternaria gens. These fungicides work by inhibiting the respiration of target fungi, specifically - the complex II fungal respiration. Carbox amides have locally systemic to systemic properties and movement is translaminar. three fungicide families within the QoI fungicide group: strobilurins, imidazoles, and oxazoles. QoI fungicides are effective against a broad range of fungi. The model of action of QoI fungicides is through the inhibition of mitochondrial respiration, which effectively stops energy production of the fungus and results in its death. These fungicides are effective on spore germination and early growth. However, they are not effective against fungi that are growing inside the leaf tissue, so they must be applied preventatively or at early infection. Similar to the DMI fungicides, they are locally systemic and have approximately a 7- to 21-day residual activity. cide risk of resistance is HIGH. spores contain enough sterol for the forma- spores contain enough Because of this, DMI tion of germ tubes. applied preventatively fungicides must be to be effective. DMI or at early infection systemic, meaning fungicides are locally up by the leaves and that they are taken move within the leaf but not necessarily these from one leaf to another. Generally, of fungicides have approximately 14 days residual activity. resistance is MEDIUM. FRAC Code 7 Carboxamides. The Carboxamide fungicide risk of resistance is MEDIUM. FRAC Code 11 Quinone outside inhibitors (QoI). This This group The MBC fun-

contains the triazole fungicides. DMI fungicides are highly effective against powdery mildews, rusts, and many leaf-spotting fungi. DMI fungicides inhibit a specific enzyme that plays a role in sterol production in fungi. Sterols are necessary for the development of functional cell walls. Application of a DMI results in abnormal fungal growth and death. However, triazoles have no effect on spore germination; group contains the benzimidazole and thio- group contains the benzimidazole and - phanate fungicide families. These fungi of cides are effective against a broad range crown fungi that cause leaf spots, root and (but rots, stem rots, and powdery mildews not rusts). MBC fungicides inhibit tubulin cell production, interfering with normal division in sensitive fungi. These fungicides activ- have preventative and early-infection ity. While they have systemic properties, they cannot move down the plant, making canopy penetration and complete plant coverage essential for control. Demethylation inhibitors (DMI). FRAC Code 3 FRAC Code 1 Methyl benzimidazole carbamate (MBC).

principles management an important tool for Fungicides can be in corn, soybean, and controlling diseases care must be used when wheat. However, to reduce the risk of applying fungicides Resistance Action resistance. The Fungicide is an organization made Committee (FRAC) up of representatives of the agrochemical industry. FRAC developed a code—known www. as the FRAC Code and available at fun- frac.info—that can be used to classify gicides into groups based on their modes in of action. Fungicides labeled for use fall Wisconsin on corn, soybean, and wheat M. into five FRAC Codes: 1, 3, 7, 11, and resistance Fungicide gicide risk of resistance is HIGH. 18 FRAC Code M ■■ Scout fields on a regular basis, noting PRINCIPLES OF PEST MGMT Multi-site activity fungicides. These include incidence and severity of diseases. Use inorganic compounds, dithiocarbamates, this information to develop a field his- and chloronitriles. Multi-site activity fungi- tory for future disease management cides have a broad spectrum of disease con- decisions. trol activity. These fungicides are consid- ■■ Tank-mix high-risk fungicides with ered protective or preventative fungicides fungicides that have different modes of as they are applied to the leaf and stem sur- action, are active against the targeted faces prior to pathogen appearance. They disease(s), and have similar lengths of

CORN have no effect on a fungus once the fungus residual activity. has infected the plant host. Multi-site activ- ■■ Do not use reduced rates of fungicides. ity fungicides affect multiple biochemical sites in fungi, killing fungi by overwhelm- ■■ Alternate or tank-mix fungicides with ing them with toxins. These fungicides are different modes of action when mul- sensitive to rainfall and sunlight because tiple applications are required. they are not absorbed into the plant. Multi- ■■ Apply fungicides preventatively or SOYBEAN site activity fungicides typically remain early in the disease cycle and when a active for 7 to 14 days. The multi-site activity disease threat is warranted. fungicide risk of resistance is LOW. ■■ Avoid curative fungicide applications, Fungicide resistance especially with high-risk fungicides. management Note: Always read and follow the pesticide label PASTURES FORAGES & Follow the following guidelines when for maximum number of sprays per season, applying fungicides to reduce the risk of for recommended application rates, and for resistance. application timing for both target disease and ■■ Plant disease-resistant hybrids/variet- plant growth stage. ies whenever possible. SMALL GRAINS PERENNIAL WEEDS STORED GRAIN INSECTS APPENDIX PR I N CI P L ES O F PEST MGMT

2 C ORN Corn pest management SO YB EAN PAST U RES F ORAGES & SMA LL GRA I NS PERENN I A L W EE D S STORE D GRA I N I NSE C TS APPEN DIX PR I N CI P L ES O F PEST MGMT

C ORN weeds Corn weed management

Herbicide treatments are specific as to time atrazine postemergence to “rescue” seed and method of application, weeds they or sweet corn from weed competition. This control, rates of application to be used on exception applies only to seed corn and different soils, and crops that may follow in sweet corn, and the total amount of atrazine rotation. Failure to apply them according used at planting and postemergence may to label directions can result in incomplete not exceed 1.5 lb/a on coarse soil and 2 lb/a SO YB EAN weed control, excessive crop injury, or on medium or fine soil. In addition, atrazine damage to subsequent crops. If you don’t use is prohibited in extensive areas of Dane get significant rainfall within 5 to 7 days county and the entire Lower Wisconsin after preemergence herbicide application, River valley extending downstream from use a rotary hoe or spike-toothed harrow the Highway 60 bridge at Prairie du Sac to incorporate the herbicide into the soil as to the confluence of the Wisconsin and PAST U RES

F ORAGES & well as to destroy many weed seedlings. Mississippi Rivers. Localized areas of Whenever possible, use row cultivation Adams, Brown, Calumet, Chippewa, to control those weeds that might have Columbia, Dodge, Eau Claire, Grant, escaped earlier weed control treatments. Green, Green Lake, Iowa, Jackson, Juneau, Many herbicide combinations are regis- Lafayette, Manitowoc, Marathon, Marinette, tered for use on corn. The use of herbicide Marquette, Monroe, Outagamie, Pierce, combinations that are not registered is Portage, Richland, Rock, St. Croix, Sauk,

SMA LL GRA I NS discouraged since liability for performance Trempealeau, Vernon, Walworth, Waupaca, and crop injury lie solely with the user. Waushara, Winnebago, and Wood counties Similarly, the combination of herbicides have a total prohibition on atrazine use. with fertilizers or insecticides for simul- Contact your county Extension office for taneous application is discouraged unless detailed maps of atrazine prohibition areas the herbicide label outlines directions for or visit the WDATCP website: such combination use. Be sure to check the datcp.wi.gov/Environment/Water_Quality/ herbicide label or accompanying literature Atrazine/Atrazine_Prohibition_Areas. PERENN I A L W EE D S carefully before using herbicides in combi- Table 2-1 lists atrazine active ingredient nation with fertilizers, insecticides, or other rate limits for various management situa- herbicides. tions in Wisconsin, and table 2-2 lists the maximum rates of atrazine-containing Atrazine rate limits and products according to these rate limits. Be restrictions certain to reduce the use rates of atrazine

STORE D GRA I N and atrazine-containing products according

I NSE C TS Because of concern about groundwater to the Wisconsin Atrazine Rule. contamination, Wisconsin has enacted State and federal rules have also estab- atrazine rate restrictions based on surface lished setbacks for mixing, loading, and soil texture, prior atrazine use, and applying atrazine and atrazine-containing geographic location relative to atrazine herbicides. Heed the following guidelines detection in groundwater. Wisconsin’s to minimize ground- and surface water con- Atrazine Rule (ATCP 30) imposes a 0.75 to tamination by atrazine.

APPEN DIX 1.5 pound/acre (lb/a) rate limit on atrazine use statewide. An exception is allowed for growers who find it necessary to use

20 PRINCIPLES OF FORAGES & PERENNIAL STORED GRAIN PEST MGMT CORN weeds SOYBEAN PASTURES SMALL GRAINS WEEDS INSECTS APPENDIX 21 3.0 pt 3.4 qt 3.0 qt 2.7 qt 4.8 pt 5.4 pt 3.6 pt 3.5 pt 3.7 qt 8.0 pt 2.2 qt 1.9 qt 1.67 lb 3.0 pt 1.5 lb lb limit 1.5 medium/fine 3.0 pt 2.3 qt 2.67 qt 1.8 qt 3.2 pt 4.7 pt 2.4 pt 2.9 pt 2.98 qt 5.3 pt 1.5 qt 1.3 qt 1.11 lb 1.11 2.0 pt 1.0 lb limit lb 1.0 1.5 lb/a 0.75 lb/a no atrazine no atrazine Surface texture soil used last year used last coarse 2.7 pt 1.7 qt 2.0 qt 1.3 qt 2.4 pt 3.5 pt 1.8 pt 2.2 pt 2.2 qt 4.0 pt 1.1 qt 0.9 qt 0.83 lb 1.5 pt a 0.75 lb limit 1.0 lb/a 0.75 lb/a last year atrazine used atrazine used tatewide atrazine limits Statewide Labeled rate of Lumax EZ does not exceed the atrazine rate limits. Labeled rate of Lumax EZ does not exceed the Shotgun Lexar Keystone LA Keystone Harness Xtra 5.6L Harness Xtra Guardsman Max Guardsman G-Max Lite Degree Xtra Degree Bullet/Lariat Bicep Lite II Magnum Bicep II Magnum Atrazine 90DF Herbicide a able 2-2. Wisconsin rate limits for products Table 2-2. Wisconsin containing atrazine Atrazine 4L Medium and fine trazine active active Atrazine 2-1. Table rate limits ingredient Surface soil texture Coarse No application within 66 feet of where No application within streams (perennial field runoff enters rivers. or intermittent) and No application before April 1 or after No application before April 1 or after July 31. Atrazine application records must be kept for 3 years. No application within 50 feet of a well No application within 200 feet of the or sinkhole or within or impounded lakes shoreline of natural or reservoirs. No mixing or loading within 100 feet of feet of within 100 loading or No mixing or res- streams, lakes, wells, sinkholes, over mixing or loading ervoirs unless in pad constructed a spill containment ATCP 29. with Wisconsin compliance applies Wisconsin, this rule (Note: In rules require a for all pesticides. Federal atrazine only.) 50-foot setback for ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■

Table 2-3. Weed control ratings of corn herbicidesa PR I N CI P L ES O F PEST MGMT Grasses Broadleaves Perennials b C ORN weeds

Herbicides Mode of action group Risk of corn injury Barnyardgrass Crabgrass Fall panicum Field sandbur Foxtails millet Wild proso cupgrass Woolly Cocklebur Common ragweed Eastern black nightshade Giant ragweed Lambsquarters Pigweeds Smartweeds Velvetleaf Canada thistle Dandelion Hemp dogbane Nutsedge Quackgrass Preplant–incorporated Acetanilides + atrazine premixesc 5,15 VS G/E G/E G/E F G/E F F F/G G E F/G G/E E E F P — P G P Acetochlor (Harness/Surpass, etc.) 15 VS G/E G/E G/E F G/E F F P F G P F/G G/E F P N — N G N Atrazine 5 N F P P F F P P F/G G G/E F/G G/E G/E E F P — P P P Dual II Magnum 15 VS G/E G/E G/E F G/E F F P P G P F G P P N — N G N SO YB EAN Outlook 15 VS G/E G/E G/E F G/E F F P P G P F G P P N — N G N Zidua 15 VS G/E G/E G/E F G/E F F N P G N P G — P N N N F — Preemergence Acetanilides + atrazine premixesc 5,15 VS E E E G E F F F G E F G/E E E F/G P P P F P Acetochlor (Harness/Surpass, etc.) 15 VS E E E F/G E G F P F E P F/G G/E F P N N N F N PAST U RES

F ORAGES & Dual II Magnum 15 VS E E E F E F F P P G/E P F G P P N N N F N Outlook 15 VS E E E F E F F P P G/E P F G P P N N N F N Atrazine 5 N F P P P F P P F G G/E F G/E G/E E F/G P P P P P Callisto 27 VS P P/F P P P P P F F/G G/E F G/E E G/E G/E P P N P N Dicamba (Banvel/Clarity) 4 S P P P P P P P F G F F G G G F N F/G P N N Fierce 14,15 S G/E G/E G/E P/F G/E F F P F G/E P G/E G/E F F P P P F —

SMA LL GRA I NS Hornet WDG 2,4 S N N N N N N N G G/E G F G G G G P P P N N Lumax EZ 5,15,27 VS E E E G E F F G G E F/G E E E G/E P F P F P Princep 5 N F F P P F P P F G G/E F G/E G/E E F/G P P P P P

Prowl H2O 3 S G E E G E F F P N P N G/E G/E P F/G N N N N N Python 2 S N N N N N N N F F F P G G F/G G N P P N N Resolve 2 S G P/F F P G P P F P/F F P G G F F P — P P P Sharpend 14 S P P P P P/F P P P F G P G G F F P P/F P N N PERENN I A L W EE D S SureStartd 2,4,15 VS F F F F F/G F F F F G P F/G G F F P P P P N Valor SX 14 S P P P P P/F P P P F G P G G F F P P/F P N N Verdictd 14,15 S P P P P F P P P F G P G G F F P P/F P P N Zemax 15,27 VS E E E F E F F F F/G E F G/E E G/E G/E P N N F N Zidua 15 VS E E E F E F F N P/F G/E N P/F G/E — P/F N N N P/F —

Abbreviations: (continued) STORE D GRA I N

I NSE C TS Risk of corn injury: M = moderate; S = slight; VS = very slight; N = none Control ratings: E = excellent; G = good; F = fair; P = poor; N = none; — = insufficient information Ratings that are good or excellent are set boldface a These herbicides have been rated for expected weed control, but d Ratings based on full-season control for comparison to other herbi- actual results may vary depending upon rates applied, soil types, cides. SureStart, Verdict, and Sharpen are intended for early-season weather conditions, and crop management. control and to be followed by glyphosate (Roundup Ready only) or b Weed Science Society of America-approved group numbers for the cor- Ignite 280/Liberty (Liberty Link only). responding herbicide mode of action. e Glyphosate can only be used on Roundup Ready corn hybrids. c f

APPEN DIX Acetanilide + atrazine premixes include Bicep Lite II Magnum, Bullet, Ignite/Liberty can only be used with Liberty Link corn hybrids. Degree Xtra, G-Max Lite, Harness Xtra, Keystone LA, and Lariat.

22 Table 2-3. Weed control ratings of corn herbicidesa (continued) PR I N CI P L ES O F Grasses Broadleaves Perennials PEST MGMT b C ORN weeds

Herbicides Mode of action group Risk of corn injury Barnyardgrass Crabgrass Fall panicum Field sandbur Foxtails millet Wild proso cupgrass Woolly Cocklebur Common ragweed Eastern black nightshade Giant ragweed Lambsquarters Pigweeds Smartweeds Velvetleaf Canada thistle Dandelion Hemp dogbane Nutsedge Quackgrass Postemergence Accent Q 2 S G/E P G G G/E G/E G/E P P P P P G G F P P P/F P G/E Atrazine 5 VS F P P F F P F G/E E E G E E E G/E P F P P F Basagran 6 VS N N N N N N N E F/G P F/G F P E G F P P G N Basis Blend 2 S/M G P F/G P G P P P/F F N P G/E G/E G/E G P P P — P SO YB EAN Buctril 6 S N N N N N N N E G/E G F G/E G G/E G P/F P P N N Cadet 14 S N N N N N N N P P P P F/G G P E — N N N N Callisto 27 VS P F/G P P P P P G F/G E G E E E G/E P/F F P F P Callisto Xtra 5,27 VS F F/G P P/F F P P/F G/E G/E E G/E E E E E P/F F P F P Capreno 2,27 VS G F/G G F/G G G G G/E G/E E G E E E G/E F P P — — PAST U RES

Dicamba (Banvel/Clarity) 4 S/M N N N N N N N G/E G F/G G G/E G/E E G F/G G F/G N N F ORAGES & Glyphosatee 9 VS G G G G E G/E G/E E G/E G/E G G/E G/E G G G/E F G F G/E Halex GT 9,15,27 VS G/E G/E G/E G/E E G/E G/E E G/E E G/E E E E G/E G G G F G/E Harmony SG 2 S/M N N N N N N N F F N P G/E E G/E G P P P — N Hornet WDG 2,4 S N N N N N N N E G F G F F G G/E F/G F/G P N N Ignite/Libertyf 10 VS F G G F G G G G/E G/E G G G G G/E G F F/G F P F

Impact/Armezon 27 VS F/G F/G P P G G F G/E G/E E G E E G E F — P P N SMA LL GRA I NS Laudis 27 VS G F/G P F G F/G F/G G/E G/E E G E E E E F P P P N NorthStar 2,4 S/M P P F/G F F P P E G/E G G/E G/E G/E E G/E F/G F F/G F G Option 2 S G/E P G G G/E G G P/F F/G G P/F G G P G P F — P G/E Permit 2 VS N N N N N N N E G/E N F P G F/G E P P — G/E N Priority 2,14 S N N N N N N N E E G G G G/E G E P F P G/E N Rage D-Tech 4,14 S N N N N N N N G G G F G G F E F F F N N PERENN I A L Realm Q 2,27 S G F/G G P G/E F F G F/G E F/G E E E G/E P/F F P F P/F W EE D S Resolve Q 2 S G P G P G/E F F F F N P/F F/G G/E F/G G F F P P/F F Resource 14 S N N N N N N N P/F F P P F F P E P N — N N Status 4,19 S P P P P P P P G/E G F/G G G/E G/E E G F/G G/E F/G N N Steadfast Q 2 S/M G/E P G G G/E G G P/F P P P P/F G F F P/F G P P/F G/E Stinger 4 VS N N N N N N N G/E G F/G G N N F P G/E G P N N STORE D GRA I N

Yukon 2,4 S N N N N N N N E E F G G G/E G E P P/F P G/E N I NSE C TS 2,4–D 4 M N N N N N N N E G F G G/E G/E P G F F/G G N N a These herbicides have been rated for expected weed control, but d Ratings based on full-season control for comparison to other herbi- actual results may vary depending upon rates applied, soil types, cides. SureStart, Verdict, and Sharpen are intended for early-season weather conditions, and crop management. control and to be followed by glyphosate (Roundup Ready only) or b Weed Science Society of America-approved group numbers for the cor- Ignite 280/Liberty (Liberty Link only). responding herbicide mode of action. e Glyphosate can only be used on Roundup Ready corn hybrids. c f Acetanilide + atrazine premixes include Bicep Lite II Magnum, Bullet, Ignite/Liberty can only be used with Liberty Link corn hybrids. APPEN DIX Degree Xtra, G-Max Lite, Harness Xtra, Keystone LA, and Lariat.

23 Field corn can be Field corn can be Add 1% crop oil concentrate or Autumn Super 51 WDG is Apply in the fall after harvest or 0.5 oz/a. Rotational restrictions: Rate: Adjuvants: Timing: Remarks: otational restrictions: Rotational restrictions: Autumn Super 51 WDG (iodosulfuron + thiencarbazone premix) 30 days before planting corn in the spring. 30 days before planting corn in the intended to provide fall burndown control intended to provide fall burndown and limited residual activity on broadleaf - weeds including alfalfa, plantain, dande spe- lion, horseweed, and several mustard rec- cies. The Autumn Super 51 WDG label ommends application to certain broadleaf weeds up to 3 inches and annual grasses no greater than 1 inch in height. However, Autumn Super 51 WDG can be tank mixed with 2,4-D, glyphosate, dicamba, paraquat, or metribuzin for enhanced burndown activity and increased weed spectrum and sizes consistent with the label of the tank- mix partner. The 30-day interval between application and corn planting will primarily limit use to fall applications. Autumn Super 51 WDG is rainfast in 2 hours. Do not apply to frozen soil or soil with pH greater than 8.0. to annual broadleaf weeds up to 3 inches 3 inches up to weeds broadleaf to annual with 2,4-D a tank mixture tall. However, controlled. the size of weeds will increase with glyphosate can also be mixed Autumn 30-day interval grass weeds. The to control planting will application and corn between use to fall appli- primarily limit Autumn’s rainfast in 2 hours. Do cations. Autumn is soil or soil with a pH not apply to frozen can be applied greater than 8.0. Autumn or silage corn, but not before planting field seed or sweet corn. planted after 1 month; soybeans after 2 months; spring and winter wheat after 3 months; barley, white corn, seed corn, popcorn, and sweet corn after 9 months with a 15-inch minimum rainfall; and all other planted after 30 days; soybeans after 90 planted after 30 days; after 4 months; and days; winter wheat after 8 to 9 small grains and sorghum for months. Other crops cannot be planted 18 months. methylated seed oil and either 1.5 to 2 qt/a methylated seed oil and either 1.5 to to 3.0 28% urea ammonium nitrate or 1.5 lb/a ammonium sulfate. + 2,4-D Add 1% crop oil concentrate (iodosulfuron) Autumn + 2,4-D is intended Apply in the fall after harvest or 0.3 oz/a Autumn + 1.0 pt/a 2,4-D Rate: Adjuvants: Timing: Remarks: Autumn 30 days before corn planting in the spring. to provide fall burndown control and limited residual activity on broadleaf weeds including alfalfa, plantain, dandelion, horseweed, and several mustard species. The Autumn label recommends application Terminating corn stands for replant unde- Occasionally corn stands are deemed andsirable due to low establishment rates cornthere is a need to terminate emerged - seedlings with a herbicide in no-till situa tions. If the corn hybrid is not glyphosate- resistant (Roundup Ready), then glyphosate thecan be effectively used by following inburndown recommendations presented book. Ifthe corn and soybean sections of this the hybrid is glyphosate-resistant (Roundup forReady), then a supplemental label exists 6 flSelect Max herbicide to be applied at inter- oz/a for corn up to 12 inches and the 6 days.val for replanting corn is reduced to The replant interval is 30 days for higher rates. Follow adjuvant recommendations noted for Select Max in the Postemergence Herbicides section of the Soybean Pest Man- agement chapter of this book. es for own herbicid Burnd corn no-till increasingly systems are No-till cropping and envi- due to the economic being used Weed man- benefits they offer. ronmental important in these agement is particularly tillage is done before systems because no producers cultivate no-till planting and few The purpose of a burn- fields after planting. is to ensure down herbicide application into a weed-free that the crop is planted carefully to determine setting. Check fields is needed. Give par- if such a treatment perennial weeds like ticular attention to cockle, and quackgrass dandelion, white like shepherd’s purse, plus winter annuals chickweeds, buttercups, and pennycress. and either 1.5 to 2.0 qt/a of 28% nitrogen solution or 1.5 to 3.0 lb/a ammonium sulfate. ester. 24

PRINCIPLES OF CORN weeds SOYBEAN FORAGES & SMALL GRAINS PERENNIAL STORED GRAIN APPENDIX PEST MGMT (burndown) PASTURES WEEDS INSECTS crops after 18 months with a 30-inch mini- Basis Blend 25 (rimsulfuron + Harmony PR I N CI P L ES O F mum rainfall. In soils with pH of 7.5 to 8.0, PEST MGMT SG premix) + Express (tribenuron) longer rotation intervals are needed; check + 2,4-D appendix table 2. Rate: 0.825 oz/a Basis Blend + 0.25 oz/a Basis Blend (rimsulfuron + Harmony Express + 1 pt/a 2,4-D ester. SG premix) Adjuvants: Add a crop oil concentrate at 1% to the spray mixture. Rate: 0.825 to 2.5 oz/a.

Timing: Apply in the fall or at least 14 (burndown) Adjuvants: Add crop oil concentrate at 1% C ORN weeds days before planting in the spring. to the spray mixture plus either 28% nitro- Remarks: Basis Blend is a commonly used gen solution at 2 qt/a or ammonium sulfate corn postemergence herbicide. Express at 2 to 4 lb/a. is a sulfonylurea herbicide registered for Timing: Apply in the fall for dandelion use in small grains. Fall application of control. Apply in the spring within 7 days Basis Blend, Express, and 2,4-D provides before planting to preemergence after economical and broad-spectrum control planting for greatest residual control. Fol- of most winter annual and several peren- SO YB EAN low the postemergence directions if corn nial weeds. This combination needs to be has spiked. applied after fall harvest but before the Remarks: Basis Blend is intended to pro- ground freezes. Treatments made through vide weed burndown and early residual corn stalks have performed well in killing control. It will control foxtails up to 2 dandelions. If possible, wait 10 to 14 days inches tall; woolly cupgrass up to 1 inch after harvest for the stalks to settle and PAST U RES tall; and lambsquarters, pigweed, smart- F ORAGES & weeds to be exposed to the spray solution. weeds, and velvetleaf up to 3 inches tall. At Basis Blend could also be applied without 1.25 oz/a or more, quackgrass, and com- Express as a burndown treatment prior to mon ragweed should be controlled. Basis planting corn in the spring. Blend should control small dandelions. Rotational restrictions: Corn can be Tank mixing Basis Blend with 2,4-D and planted the spring following a Basis Blend atrazine will expand the number of broad-

+ Express application. Soybean can be SMA LL GRA I NS leaf weeds controlled. It is labeled for use planted 15 days after application of Basis on soils with 1 to 3.5% organic matter and Blend at 0.825 oz/a. should not be used on coarse-textured soils with less than 1% organic matter. Do not tank mix with Autumn Super, Capreno, Fierce (Valor + Zidua) Hornet WDG, or Python. Basis Blend can Rate: 3.0 to 4.5 oz/a applied in the fall; 3.0 be applied with water or liquid fertilizer as oz/a applied in the spring. the carrier. It can be used preemergence on Timing: Fierce may be applied in the fall PERENN I A L field and silage corn, but not on seed corn or in the spring at 3.0 oz/a as an early W EE D S or sweet corn. preplant burndown 7 to 30 days ahead of Rotational restrictions: Field corn and planting field corn in no-till and minimum potatoes can be planted any time after Basis till corn systems. If rates higher than 3.0 Blend application; winter wheat after 3 oz/a are used, or if herbicide is incorpo- months; spring cereals after 9 months; snap rated with tillage, then a minimum of 30 beans, dry beans, and sweet corn after 10 days is required before planting. If Fierce STORE D GRA I N months; and other crops not listed on the is applied in the fall or winter following I NSE C TS label after 18 months. If tank mixed with crop harvest, do not apply before October 2,4-D and/or atrazine, observe appropriate 15th and do not apply to frozen or snow- plant-back restrictions. When Basis Blend covered ground. is applied at 1.25 oz/a, Optimum GAT soy- Remarks: Fierce provides selective burn- bean can be planted any time after applica- down and residual weed control in mini- tion, STS soybean can be planted after 30 mum and no-till field corn systems. Do not days, and all other soybean can be planted use on popcorn, sweet corn, or seed corn. APPEN DIX after 10 months. If the rate is 0.825 oz/a, Fierce is primarily to be used in minimum soybean can be planted 15 days after appli- till and no-till field corn systems. Fields can cation. be cultivated following applications, but 26 the minimum preplant interval is 30 days herbicide. Where a preplant treatment is PR I N CI P L ES O F PEST MGMT if the herbicide is incorporated, and incor- made as a split application, include glypho- poration will reduce residual weed control. sate with the first application but only if Fierce can be tank mixed with several other weeds are present at the time of treatment. herbicides, including glyphosate and 2,4-D, If quackgrass is present, include glyphosate to enhance burndown activity. Fierce does in the second application instead of the not require any spray additives; however, first. Glyphosate can be tank mixed with spray adjuvants should be used according 2,4-D or dicamba for improved annual (burndown)

C ORN weeds to the label of the tank-mix partner. Do not broadleaf weed burndown. use on soils with less than 1% organic mat- To control quackgrass, apply 0.75 lb ae/a ter unless at least ½ inch of rainfall occurs of glyphosate to 6- to 10-inch quackgrass before planting. if the field will be tilled after application. Rotational restrictions: Only field corn can Delay tillage for 3 days after application. be planted following applications of Fierce. Increase the rate of glyphosate to 1.5 lb Root crops can be planted 12 months after ae/a if the field will be no-till planted. application. No other crops are currently Glyphosate can be applied in 28% nitrogen SO YB EAN labeled for rotation. solution rather than in water, but it is not recommended when treating perennials. Glyphosate Rotational restrictions: Glyphosate formu- Rate: 0.38 to 0.56 lb ae/a for annuals and lations have no rotational restrictions for 0.75 to 1.5 lb ae/a for quackgrass. See labels Wisconsin field crops except for a 30-day for specific rate recommendations. interval before tobacco. PAST U RES F ORAGES & Glyphosate conversion table Gramoxone Inteon (paraquat) ——Rate for—— Rate: 2.0 to 2.5 pt/a when weeds are 1 to Formulation 0.38 lb 0.75 lb 3 inches tall, 2.5 to 3.0 pt/a when weeds are Name (lb ae/gal) ae/a ae/a 3 to 6 inches tall, and 3.0 to 4.0 pt/a when Many 3.0 16 fl oz 32 fl oz weeds are taller than 6 inches. Durango DMA 4.0 12 fl oz 24 fl oz Adjuvants: Include nonionic surfactant at SMA LL GRA I NS Touchdown Total 4.17 12 fl oz 23 fl oz 0.125% or crop oil concentrate at 1% to the spray mixture. Roundup 4.5 11 fl oz 21 fl oz Timing: Preplant—Apply preplant or PowerMAX before corn has emerged. Touchdown HiTech 5.0 10 fl oz 19 fl oz Remarks: Gramoxone can be included with preplant residual herbicides to provide Adjuvants: Ammonium sulfate at 8.5 to burndown of existing vegetation. Where a 17.0 lb/100 gal of spray mixture is fre- preplant treatment is made as a split appli- PERENN I A L W EE D S quently recommended, especially when cation, include Gramoxone with the first tank mixing glyphosate with residual application, but only if weeds are present herbicides. Check the label to see if the at the time of treatment. Annual weeds glyphosate formulation requires additional emerging after Gramoxone application must surfactant. be controlled by the residual herbicide. Timing: Preplant—Apply to annual weeds Tank mixing Gramoxone with atrazine or

STORE D GRA I N less than 6 inches tall or to quackgrass 6 to Princep can increase burndown activity. I NSE C TS 8 inches tall and actively growing. With the Use a minimum of 10 gal/a of water at exception of Roundup Ready corn, do not 30 to 50 psi pressure with ground applica- include glyphosate in any spray mixture if tions. Flat fan nozzles are more effective corn has emerged. than flood nozzles at delivering the fine Remarks: Glyphosate can be included as a spray droplets necessary for thorough component of a preplant residual herbicide spray coverage. If applying less than treatment to provide burndown of existing 20 gal/a of water, only use flat fan nozzles.

APPEN DIX vegetation. Annual weeds emerging after Do not apply Gramoxone when conditions glyphosate application must be controlled prevent uniform coverage or when exces- by a residual herbicide or a postemergence sive spray drift may occur. Rotational restrictions: None. Ignite 280/Liberty Vida 27 (glufosinate) (pyraflufen) PR I N CI P L ES O F PEST MGMT Rate: 29 to 36 fl oz /a. A maximum of 36 Rate: 0.5 to 2.0 fl oz/a. fl oz per application and a maximum of 65 Adjuvants: Add 0.5% nonionic surfactant fl oz/a can be used for the entire season in or 1% crop oil concentrate. Liberty Link corn. Timing: Apply to emerged broadleaf Adjuvants: Adding 2 lb/a ammonium sul- weeds before they exceed 4 inches in height fate will help control weeds under stress. or 3 inches in rosette diameter and prior to Timing: Apply to young, actively growing corn planting. C ORN weeds weeds before planting or before corn seed- Remarks: Vida is a contact herbicide that (pre/ppi) lings emerge. will control many emerged annual broad- Remarks: Do not apply with liquid fertil- leaf weeds. Only the top growth of peren- izers as the carrier. Use nozzles that deliver nials will be controlled. Vida can be tank medium-sized droplets for adequate spray mixed with glyphosate for grass control or coverage with a minimum of 15 gal/a added control of larger broadleaf weeds. spray solution. Increase spray rate to Vida can also be mixed with 2,4-D or other between 20 and 40 gal/a for dense weed residual herbicides. Good spray coverage is SO YB EAN growth. necessary for good weed control. Rotational restrictions: Corn and soybean Rotational restrictions: Only corn, soy- may be planted any time after applica- beans, potatoes, or wheat can be planted tion. Root and tuber vegetables, leafy veg- after a burndown application of Vida. etables, brassica leafy vegetables, and small Other crops can be planted after 30 days. grains (barley, buckwheat, oats, rye, teo- PAST U RES sinte, triticale, and wheat) may be planted Preplant-incorporated & F ORAGES & after 70 days, and all other crops may be preemergence herbicides planted after 180 days. Acetochlor + safener Rage D-Tech (Aim + 2,4-D premix) Rate: Harness—1.25 to 2.75 pt/a. On soils Rate: Apply 8 fl oz/a for weeds less than with 6 to 10% organic matter, use 2.5 to 3.4 6 inches tall. Increase the rate to 16 fl oz/a pt/a. Apply 3.4 pt/a on soils with greater SMA LL GRA I NS for weeds greater than 12 inches tall. than 10% organic matter. Adjuvants: Add nonionic surfactant at Surpass—1.5 to 3 pt/a. Use 2.0 to 0.25% or crop oil concentrate at 1.5 to 3.75 pt/a of Surpass on soils with greater 2%. Nitrogen fertilizer may be added if than 7% organic matter. required by a tank-mix partner. Timing: Preplant-incorporated—Apply and Timing: Apply 3, 7, and 14 days before incorporate 1 to 2 inches deep within 14 planting corn when using the 8, 16, and days before planting. PERENN I A L 32 fl oz/a rates, respectively. Preemergence—Apply after planting but W EE D S Remarks: Rage D-Tech will control many before weed emergence. winter and summer annual broadleaf Postemergence—Acetochlor can be applied weeds. The Aim component will provide to corn from emergence to 11 inches tall for a faster burn of weed foliage than 2,4-D residual grass control. Acetochlor will not alone. Rage D-Tech can be tank mixed control emerged weeds so a tank-mix part- glyphosate or Gramoxone for annual grass ner is generally necessary for initial control. STORE D GRA I N control. It can also be tank mixed with Add adjuvants according to requirements I NSE C TS preemergence residual herbicides. Do not of the tank-mix partner. Acetochlor labels apply Rage D-Tech on sandy soils or soils vary, but most allow tank mixtures with with less than 1% organic matter. Do not many postemergence grass and broad- apply if wind exceeds 15 mph. leaf herbicides, including glyphosate and Rotational restrictions: Corn or soybeans Ignite/Liberty, on resistant hybrids. Use can be planted after the required interval water as a carrier when applying these after burndown treatments. Most other postemergence treatments. Using liquid APPEN DIX crops can be planted after 30 days. fertilizer as a carrier may cause severe crop injury. Acetochlor and the tank mixtures may cause temporary leaf burn. 28 No-till—Harness is recommended at 1.5 to Preemergence—Apply after planting and PR I N CI P L ES O F PEST MGMT 3 pt/a in no-till. Surpass is recommended at within 5 days of the last tillage. 2 to 3 pt/a in no-till. Surpass or Harness can Postemergence—Acetochlor + atrazine be applied up to 30 days before planting, can be applied to corn from emergence to but it gives the best control when applied 11 inches tall unless limited by a tank-mix closer to planting and before weeds emerge. partner. This premix will control small Acetochlor can be tank mixed with atrazine, annual broadleaf weeds but generally will Hornet, Princep, or Python in conservation not control emerged annual grasses unless C ORN weeds

(pre/ppi) tillage systems. If weeds are present at treat- they have only one or two leaves. Larger ment, tank mix glyphosate, Gramoxone, or emerged weeds need to be controlled by 2,4‑D with either formulation for annual a tank-mix partner. Acetochlor + atrazine weed burndown. will then provide residual weed control. Remarks: Acetochlor provides good to Include adjuvants according to require- excellent control of foxtails, crabgrass, ments of the tank-mix partner. Acetochlor and fall panicum but has no effect on + atrazine labels vary, but most allow quackgrass. It controls some small-seeded tank mixtures with many postemergence SO YB EAN broadleaf weeds but only suppresses grass and broadleaf herbicides, including velvetleaf. Acetochlor can be tank mixed glyphosate and Ignite/Liberty, on resis- with atrazine, dicamba, Hornet, Princep, tant hybrids. Use water as a carrier when or Python for improved broadleaf weed applying these postemergence treatments. control. When preplant-incorporated, a Using liquid fertilizer as a carrier may cause minimum of 2.5 pt/a of Harness or Surpass severe crop injury. Acetochlor + atrazine is required to provide reasonable yellow and the tank mixtures may cause temporary PAST U RES F ORAGES & nutsedge suppression on medium- and leaf burn. fine-textured soils, but preemergence appli- No-till—Preplant surface-applied ace- cations only partially control yellow nut- tochlor + atrazine can be applied up to 30 sedge. Do not use on sands with less than days before planting, but it gives the best 3% organic matter, on loamy sands with control when applied closer to planting and less than 2% organic matter, or on sandy before weeds emerge. If weeds are present

SMA LL GRA I NS loams with less than 1% organic matter at the time of treatment, include glyphosate, when depth to groundwater is less than Gramoxone, or 2,4‑D in the spray mixture 30 feet. All acetochlor formulations contain for annual weed burndown. a chemical safener to protect corn from her- Remarks: Several formulations of this pre- bicide injury. However, acetochlor-treated mix are marketed. The Harness Xtra 5.6L corn sprouting in cold, wet soils may and Keystone formulations contain a higher occasionally leaf out underground. Aceto- concentration of atrazine than Harness Xtra chlor can be mixed with liquid fertilizer or and Keystone LA, respectively. To stay PERENN I A L W EE D S impregnated onto certain dry fertilizers for below Wisconsin’s atrazine rate limits, the simultaneous application. It may be used rates of Harness Xtra 5.6L that can be used on field corn, seed corn, and sweet corn. do not provide the desired amount of ace- Rotational restrictions: Wheat can be tochlor. The rates of Degree Xtra, Harness planted 4 months after application; alfalfa, Xtra, and Keystone LA closely match our barley, potato, and oat can be planted the atrazine rate limits with the proper amount

STORE D GRA I N following year. Snap beans and peas cannot of acetochlor for good grass control. Aceto-

I NSE C TS be planted for 2 years. chlor + atrazine provides good to excellent control of foxtails, crabgrass, fall panicum, Acetochlor + atrazine + and most annual broadleaf weeds, but will safener* have little effect on quackgrass. Some velvetleaf may escape. Preplant incorporated Rate: Degree Xtra—2.9 to 3.7 qt/a. applications provide reasonable nutsedge Harness Xtra—1.8 to 2.3 qt/a. control. Preemergence applications provide Keystone LA—1.6 to 3.0 qt/a. APPEN DIX only partial yellow nutsedge control. Ace- Timing: Preplant incorporated—Apply tochlor + atrazine can be tank mixed with *Contains atrazine. and incorporate 1 to 2 inches deep within Princep to enhance broadleaf weed con- See pages 20–21 14 days before planting. trol. Degree Xtra also recommends Hornet for rate restrictions. WDG and Python tank mixtures. Do not use on sands with less than 3% Rotational restrictions: Atrazine may 29 PR I N CI P L ES O F organic matter, loamy sands with less than persist and damage susceptible crops the PEST MGMT 2% organic matter, or sandy loams with following growing season. Corn, sorghum, less than 1% organic matter when depth and soybeans may be planted the follow- to groundwater is less than 30 feet. All ing year. If atrazine is applied after June 10, formulations contain a chemical safener to the treated area must be planted to corn or protect corn from herbicide injury. It can be sorghum the following year. Do not plant mixed with liquid fertilizer or impregnated winter wheat or rye after corn silage har- C ORN weeds onto certain dry fertilizers for simultane- vest nor sugar beets, tobacco, vegetables (pre/ppi) ous application. Acetochlor + atrazine may (including dry beans), spring-seeded be used on field corn, seed corn, and sweet small grains, or small-seeded legumes and corn. grasses the year following application, or Rotational restrictions: Corn, sorghum, injury may occur. and soybeans can be planted the year after application. Wheat can be planted 15 Banvel months after application of Keystone. See dicamba (page 31). SO YB EAN

Atrazine* Bicep Lite II Magnum* Rate: 4L formulation—1.5 to 3.0 pt/a. (Dual II Magnum + atrazine premix) 90DF formulation—0.83 to 1.67 lb/a. Rate: 0.9 to 2.2 qt/a. Timing: Preplant-incorporated—Shallowly Timing: Preplant-incorporated—For best incorporate atrazine within 2 weeks before results, apply and blend into the top 2 inches PAST U RES planting. F ORAGES & of soil within 14 days before planting. In Preemergence—Apply after planting, but dry seasons, preplant-incorporated applica- before emergence. tions will provide better annual weed con- No-till—Because of the 1.5 to 3.0 pt/a (4L trol than preemergence applications. formulation) rate limit, soil-applied atra- Preemergence—Apply after planting, but zine treatments are generally inadequate before weed emergence. for complete weed control in no-till corn

Postemergence—Bicep Lite II Magnum SMA LL GRA I NS production. However, postemergence- can be applied to corn up to 5 inches tall or applied atrazine can provide annual broad- as a directed application to corn 12 inches leaf weed control. tall. This premix will control small annual Remarks: These atrazine rates alone are broadleaf weeds but generally will not inadequate to control annual grass weeds control emerged annual grasses. Larger except on very coarse-textured, low organic emerged weeds need to be controlled by matter soils and when combined with a tank-mix partner. This premix will then rotary hoeing and/or row cultivation. PERENN I A L

provide residual weed control. Include W EE D S Otherwise, atrazine controls most annual adjuvants according to requirements of the broadleaf weeds. Some velvetleaf and tank-mix partner. Labeled tank-mix part- giant ragweed often escape control. These ners include glyphosate and Ignite/Liberty atrazine treatments are ineffective on peat on resistant hybrids. Only use water as a or muck soils. These rates will not control carrier when applying these postemergence perennial weeds. Many cases of atrazine- treatments; liquid fertilizer is not permit- (triazine-) resistant common lambsquarters, STORE D GRA I N

ted as a carrier because of the risk of crop I NSE C TS smooth pigweed, velvetleaf, and kochia injury. have been documented in Wisconsin. No-till—This treatment can be split with Increasing the atrazine rate or altering one-half of the herbicide applied early application timing will not control triazine- and the remainder applied at planting. resistant weeds. When corn will be planted in 7 days, make Atrazine can be mixed with liquid fertil- a single application either ahead of or at izer for simultaneous preplant-incorpo- planting. If weeds are present at the time of rated or preemergence applications. Atra- APPEN DIX treatment, include Gramoxone or glypho- zine may be used on field, silage, seed, and sate in the spray mixture for improved sweet corn. *Contains atrazine. See pages 20–21 for rate restrictions. 30 annual weed burndown. It may be tank or glyphosate in the spray mixture for PR I N CI P L ES O F PEST MGMT mixed with Princep as a conservation till- improved annual weed burndown. Bullet/ age treatment. Lariat may be tank mixed with Princep as a Remarks: This premix contains the cor- conservation tillage treatment. rect ratio of atrazine to s-metolachlor to Remarks: These treatments provide good maintain the full rate of s-metolachlor with to excellent control of foxtails, crabgrass, the maximum allowable rate of atrazine for fall panicum, and most broadleaf annual Wisconsin. weeds but have little effect on quackgrass. C ORN weeds

(pre/ppi) This premix provides good to excellent Some velvetleaf may escape. Bullet/Lariat control of foxtails, crabgrass, fall panicum, may be tank mixed with other labeled and most annual broadleaf weeds, but has preemergence herbicides. A reduced rate little effect on quackgrass. Some velvetleaf of 2.0 qt/a is labeled if followed by a post and giant ragweed may escape. Preplant- emergence application of glyphosate in incorporated applications at 2.2 qt/a glyphosate-resistant corn. Bullet/Lariat will generally provide reasonable yellow may also be tank mixed with glyphosate nutsedge suppression, but preemergence and applied early postemergence. These SO YB EAN applications only partially control yellow treatments are ineffective on peat or muck nutsedge. It may be tank mixed with other soils. Do not apply if wind exceeds 10 mph. labeled preemergence herbicides. Bicep Lite Bullet/Lariat generally doesn’t injure II Magnum is ineffective on peat or muck corn. However, under some circumstances, soils. corn injury is possible. Bullet/Lariat can be This formulation contains a chemi- mixed with liquid fertilizer for simultane- cal safener to protect corn, and injury is ous preplant-incorporated or preemergence PAST U RES F ORAGES & unlikely. It can be mixed with liquid fertil- application. Preplant-incorporated Bullet/ izer for simultaneous preplant-incorpo- Lariat can also be impregnated onto certain rated or preemergence applications and can dry fertilizers. Bullet/Lariat may be used also be impregnated onto certain dry fertil- on field corn, silage corn, and sweet corn. izers. Bicep Lite II Magnum may be used Rotational restrictions: Only corn, sor- on field corn, silage corn, and sweet corn. ghum, or soybeans should be planted the

SMA LL GRA I NS Rotational restrictions: Only corn, sor- following year. ghum, or soybeans should be planted the year following application. Callisto (mesotrione) Rate: 6.0 to 7.7 fl oz/a or 5 to 6 fl oz/a Bullet/Lariat* (alachlor + atrazine when tank mixed with an atrazine-contain- premixes) ing herbicide. Rate: 2.5 to 4.0 qt/a. Timing: Preemergence—Apply after plant- Timing: Preplant-incorporated—Apply ing but before weed emergence. PERENN I A L W EE D S to dry soil within 7 days before planting, Remarks: Callisto controls many annual blending the herbicide into the top 1 to 2 broadleaf weeds including lambsquarters, inches of soil during seedbed preparation. nightshade, pigweed, common ragweed, In dry seasons, preplant-incorporated appli and velvetleaf. Callisto can be tank mixed cations will provide better annual weed with other preemergence grass herbicides control than preemergence applications. for broad-spectrum weed control. Corn has

STORE D GRA I N Preemergence—Apply after planting but good tolerance to preemergence applica- I NSE C TS within 5 days after the last tillage for weed tions of Callisto. Do not tank mix Callisto control. with grass herbicides that have an emulsi- Postemergence—Bullet/Lariet can be fiable concentrate formulation and apply applied to corn up to 5 inches tall. This after corn has spiked because injury may premix will control small annual broad- occur. Callisto drift will bleach the leaves leaf weeds, but in general will not control of sensitive plants. Do not apply Callisto if emerged annual grasses. wind speed exceeds 10 mph. Callisto can APPEN DIX No-till—Apply 6 to 8 pt/a Bullet/ be applied with water or liquid fertilizer Lariat preemergence. See label for early (except suspension fertilizers) as the carrier. *Contains atrazine. preplant rates. If weeds are present at the Callisto can be applied to field, silage, seed, See pages 20–21 time of treatment, include Gramoxone and sweet corn. for rate restrictions. Rotational restrictions: Small grains can Timing: Preemergence—Apply after plant- 31 PR I N CI P L ES O F be planted 120 days after application. ing and before corn emergence. Delay PEST MGMT Alfalfa, soybeans, potatoes, and tobacco application for 5 to 7 days after planting to can be planted after 10 months. Other crops reduce risk of corn injury. cannot be planted until 18 months after No-till—Apply 1 pt/a of dicamba before treatment. or immediately after corn planting to control emerged and actively growing annual Capreno (Laudis + thiencarbazone) broadleaf weeds. Use the 0.5 pt/a rate on C ORN weeds Rate: 3 to 6 fl oz/a. coarse-textured soils or on medium- or (pre/ppi) Adjuvants: No adjuvants are needed if no fine-textured soils with less than 2.5% weeds are present. If weeds are present (for organic matter. When planting into a no-till burndown), use 1% crop oil concen- legume sod, apply dicamba after 4 to 6 trate plus 1.25 pt/a urea ammonium nitrate inches of regrowth has occurred. For added or 1.5 lb/a ammonium sulfate. control of dandelion or plantain, add 0.25 Timing: Apply prior to crop emergence. to 0.5 lb/a 2,4-D to the spray mixture. If Remarks: If Capreno is used preemer- grass weeds are present at the time of treat- SO YB EAN gence it cannot be applied postemergence ment, include Gramoxone or glyphosate in as well. Do not use preemergence in the spray mixture. Dicamba may be tank coursely textured soils with less than 2% mixed with acetochlor, atrazine, Dual II, organic matter. Capreno provides control Outlook, or Princep as preplant/preemer- of many broadleaf weeds and several grass gence treatments in no-till. weeds but may not provide acceptable sea- Remarks: Dicamba gives early season residual control of many broadleaf weeds, PAST U RES son-long residual grass control. The Laudis F ORAGES & component of Capreno is synergized by 0.5 but some velvetleaf often escapes. Preplant lb/a atrazine and improves the consistency and preemergence applications will not of control, which may help burndown suppress perennials like Canada thistle and activity in no-till applications. Do not use hemp dogbane. Dicamba can be tank mixed Capreno with Lorsban, Counter, Thimet, with acetochlor, atrazine, Dual II Magnum, or Dyfonate or injury may result. Capreno Outlook, pendimethalin, or Princep as may be used on field corn, silage corn, and preemergence treatments. Do not apply SMA LL GRA I NS corn grown for seed. dicamba preemergence to coarse-textured Rotational restrictions: Field corn can soils. Do not apply Clarity to soils with less be replanted immediately. Wheat can be than 2.5% organic matter except if corn was replanted after 4 months; barley, soybean, no-till planted. The Banvel label allows and sweet corn after 10 months if 15 inches use on soils with at least 2% organic mat- of rainfall is received. The interval for all ter. Do not apply preemergence if corn is other crops is 18 months. If the soil pH is planted less than 1.5 inches deep. Soybeans, PERENN I A L greater than 7.5, consult the label for the tobacco, and most vegetables and flowers W EE D S extended interval before planting sweet are extremely sensitive to dicamba so avoid corn, alfalfa, snap and dry beans, oats, and drift. Two applications of dicamba may be potatoes. made during a growing season but cannot exceed a total of 1.5 pt/a. Allow at least 2 Clarity weeks between applications. Dicamba may

be used on field corn and silage corn, but STORE D GRA I N

See dicamba. not on sweet corn. I NSE C TS Rotational restrictions: Dicamba will Degree Xtra* not persist after harvest. Any crop can See acetochlor + atrazine + safener be planted 120 days after an application (page 28). of Clarity or Banvel. Soybeans can be replanted 14 days after 8 fl oz/a and 28 Dicamba days after 16 fl oz/a. Grass crops can be

planted 15 and 30 days after 8 and 16 fl APPEN DIX Rate: Banvel or Clarity—0.5 to 1.0 pt/a. oz/a, respectively. Adjuvants: Adding a surfactant for improved spray coverage is recommended *Contains atrazine. for burndown treatments. See pages 20–21 for rate restrictions. 32 Dual II Magnum treated corn sprouting in cold, wet soil may PR I N CI P L ES O F (s-metolachlor + PEST MGMT occasionally leaf out underground. It can be safener) mixed with liquid fertilizer for simultane- Rate: 1.0 to 2.0 pt/a. ous application and preplant-incorporated Timing: Preplant-incorporated—Apply Dual II Magnum can also be impregnated within 14 days before planting, blending onto certain dry fertilizers. Dual II Mag- the herbicide into the top 2 inches of soil num may be used on field corn, silage corn, during seedbed preparation. In dry sea- and sweet corn. sons, preplant-incorporated applications C ORN weeds

(pre/ppi) Rotational restrictions: Dual II Magnum will provide better annual weed control will not persist into the fall or the following than preemergence applications. growing season. Preemergence—Apply after planting but before corn or weeds emerge. Postemergence—Dual II Magnum can be G-Max Lite* (Outlook + atrazine applied to corn up to 40 inches tall. Drop premix) nozzles are recommended for applications Rate: 2.0 to 3.5 pt/a.

SO YB EAN to corn taller than 5 inches. Dual II Magnum Timing: Preplant-incorporated—Apply will not control emerged weeds so a tank- and incorporate 1 to 2 inches deep within mix partner is generally necessary for initial 14 days before planting. In dry seasons, control. Dual II Magnum will then provide preplant-incorporated treatment provides residual grass control. Include adjuvants better annual weed control than preemer- according to requirements of the tank-mix gence treatment. partner. Labeled tank mixes include Accent Preemergence—Apply after planting and PAST U RES F ORAGES & Q, Ignite/Liberty, and glyphosate on resis- before weed and corn emergence. tant hybrids. Only use water as a carrier Postemergence—G-Max Lite can be when applying Dual II Magnum post applied to corn up to 12 inches tall. Apply emergence; liquid fertilizer is not permitted before weeds exceed 1.5 inches tall. Since as a carrier because of the risk of crop injury. the Outlook in this premix will not control No-till—Apply 1.67 to 2.0 pt/a as a pre- emerged grasses, it is important to treat plant surface treatment. This treatment can early while the grasses are small enough SMA LL GRA I NS be split with one half applied early and the to be burned down by the atrazine. Larger remainder applied at planting. When corn emerged weeds need to be controlled by a will be planted in 7 days, make a single tank-mix partner. G-Max Lite will then pro- application either ahead of or at planting. If vide residual weed control. Add adjuvants weeds are present at the time of treatment, according to requirements of the tank-mix include glyphosate, Gramoxone, or 2,4‑D partner. G-Max Lite can be tank mixed with in the spray mixture for improved annual most postemergence grass and broadleaf PERENN I A L

W EE D S weed burndown. On sands, loamy sands, herbicides, including glyphosate and Ignite/ and sandy loams, apply 1.33 pt/a within 14 Liberty, on resistant hybrids. Use water as a days before planting. carrier when applying G-Max Lite postemer- Remarks: Dual II Magnum provides gence; liquid fertilizer is not recommended good to excellent control of foxtails, crab- as a carrier because of the risk of crop injury. grass, and fall panicum but has no effect No-till—Use 3.5 pt/a G-Max Lite to on quackgrass. It fails to control velvetleaf compensate for early preplant treatment STORE D GRA I N

I NSE C TS and several other annual broadleaf weeds. and/or heavy crop residue. Usually a split It can be tank mixed with atrazine, Hornet, application where one-half of the herbicide Princep, or Python for added broadleaf is applied early and the remainder applied weed control. Preplant-incorporated appli- at planting provides better weed control. cations at 2 pt/a will generally provide When corn will be planted in 7 days, make reasonable yellow nutsedge control, but a single application either ahead of or at preemergence applications provide only planting. If weeds are present at the time of partial yellow nutsedge control. On soils treatment, include Gramoxone or glypho- APPEN DIX with 6 to 20% organic matter, use up to sate in the spray mixture for improved 2.5 pt/a. It is not labeled for use on peat annual weed burndown. Early preplant *Contains atrazine. or muck soils. Both formulations contain a treatment is not recommended on coarse- See pages 20–21 chemical safener to protect corn. However, textured soils. for rate restrictions. Remarks: The G-Max Lite premix contains Hornet WDG gives partial control of 33 PR I N CI P L ES O F the correct ratio of atrazine to Outlook to emerged Canada thistle in no-till, but will PEST MGMT maintain the full rate of both components not affect plants that have not yet emerged. to fit within Wisconsin’s Atrazine Rule. Remarks: Hornet WDG provides residual G‑Max Lite provides good to excellent con- control of many annual broadleaf weeds. trol of foxtails, crabgrass, fall panicum, and Because it is a broadleaf herbicide, it will most annual broadleaf weeds, but has little generally be tank mixed with grass herbi- effect on quackgrass. Some velvetleaf and cides such as acetochlor, Dual II Magnum, C ORN weeds giant ragweed may escape. The maximum or Outlook. Do not use on peat or muck (pre/ppi) rate applied preplant-incorporated gener- soils or on soils with pH less than 5.9 ally provides reasonable yellow nutsedge and organic matter above 5% because of control, but preemergence-applied treat- reduced weed control. The flumetsulam ments only partially control yellow component in this premix can cause corn nutsedge. G-Max Lite is not recommended stunting. The injury may be due to corn on soils with more than 20% organic mat- emerging in cold soils or to other factors. ter. It generally does not injure corn, but To minimize the risk of injury, plant corn under some circumstances corn injury is at least 1.5 inches deep and use on soils SO YB EAN possible. G‑Max Lite can be mixed with with at least 1.5% organic matter. Dow liquid fertilizer or impregnated onto certain does not recommend using Hornet WDG dry fertilizers for simultaneous application. if Counter or Thimet have been applied It may be used on field corn, silage corn, (but the Counter label allows Hornet use seed corn, and sweet corn. with banded Counter applications). Apply Rotational restrictions: Only corn, sor- other soil insecticides in a T‑band to avoid PAST U RES F ORAGES & ghum, or soybeans should be planted the crop injury. Do not use if soil pH is greater year following treatment. than 7.8 and organic matter is less than 3% to avoid crop injury. Hornet WDG can be Harness applied with liquid fertilizer or impregnated onto certain dry fertilizers for simul- See acetochlor + safener (page 27). taneous applications, but the water soluble

packages need to be slurried before mixing SMA LL GRA I NS Harness Xtra* or impregnation. Hornet WDG may be (Harness + atrazine premix) used on field corn, but not sweet corn or See acetochlor + atrazine + safener popcorn. (page 28). Rotational restrictions: Small grains can be planted 4 months after application; alfalfa, dry beans, forage grasses, popcorn, and Hornet WDG (Python + Stinger soybean after 10.5 months. Sweet corn vari-

premix) PERENN I A L eties listed on the supplemental 2ee label W EE D S Rate: 3 to 5 oz/a. can be planted 10.5 months after applica- Timing: Preplant-incorporated—Apply up tion, sweet corn varieties not listed after 18 to 30 days before planting and incorporate months; peas, snap beans, potatoes, sun- into the top 2 to 3 inches of soil. In dry sea- flower, and tobacco after 18 months, and all sons, preplant-incorporated applications other crops after 26 months. will provide better annual weed control STORE D GRA I N than preemergence applications. Keystone LA* I NSE C TS Preemergence—Apply after planting, but See acetochlor + atrazine + safener before weed emergence. (page 28). No-till—Apply as a preplant-surface application up to 30 days before plant- Lumax EZ* (Dual II Magnum + ing. If applying more than 14 days before planting, use the higher rate listed for that atrazine + Callisto premix) Rate: 2.7 qt/a on soils with less than 3% soil texture. If weeds are present at time of APPEN DIX treatment, include glyphosate, Gramox- organic matter; 3.25 qt/a on soils with 3% organic matter or more. one, or 2,4-D for annual weed burndown. *Contains atrazine. Timing: Preplant—Up to 14 days before See pages 20–21 for planting. rate restrictions. 34 Preemergence—Apply after planting but with water or liquid fertilizer (except sus- PR I N CI P L ES O F PEST MGMT before grass weeds emerge. pension fertilizers) as the carrier. Lumax EZ Postemergence—Lumax EZ can be applied may be applied to field, silage, seed, and to corn from emergence to 12 inches tall, sweet corn. but the treatment will not control emerged Rotational restrictions: Winter wheat can grasses unless tank mixed with Accent be planted 4.5 months after a Lumax EZ Q, Basis Blend, or Steadfast Q. Broadleaf application and small grains and soybeans weeds less than 3 inches tall should be con- can be planted the spring after application. C ORN weeds

(pre/ppi) trolled. Add nonionic surfactant or crop oil Other crops should not be planted the year concentrate when making postemergence after application. Only corn or sorghum applications, but do not add a nitrogen can be planted the following year if applied source. The Lumax EZ rate can be reduced after June 1. to 2 qt/a when mixed with glyphosate or Ignite/Liberty. When tank mixing with Metribuzin Ignite/Liberty, use ammonium sulfate as Rate: 2 to 4 oz/a of metribuzin when the only adjuvant. When tank mixing with applied 9 days preplant to preemergence or SO YB EAN glyphosate, add a surfactant and ammo- 2 to 5.3 oz/a metribuzin when applied 10 to nium sulfate if the glyphosate formulation 30 days preplant. requires surfactant. If the glyphosate does Timing: Apply either preplant or preemer- not require surfactant, only add ammo- gence. nium sulfate. Do not apply postemergence No-till—Metribuzin can be tank mixed if the corn was treated with Counter. with glyphosate, Gramoxone, or 2,4-D LVE, No-till—Lumax EZ can be applied before PAST U RES F ORAGES & to improve the burndown of many annual or after planting and should be tank mixed broadleaf weeds. Metribuzin will also pro- with glyphosate or Gramoxone to con- vide limited early season residual control of trol emerged weeds. It can be tank mixed broadleaf weeds. with 2,4-D to enhance control of broadleaf Remarks: Metribuzin can be tank mixed weeds, but grass weeds would not be con- with most residual corn herbicides to assist trolled with this mixture. Use the adjuvant with the residual control of several annual SMA LL GRA I NS recommended by the burndown herbicide. broadleaf weeds. The amount of residual Remarks: Lumax EZ provides good to activity will depend on the rate and time of excellent control of foxtails, crabgrass, application. Do not use for residual control fall panicum, and most annual broadleaf on peat or muck soils. Metribuzin has the weeds, but has little effect on quackgrass. potential to injure corn if over applied or if The Callisto in this premix improves vel- cold, wet conditions exist. Observe the fol- vetleaf control compared to acetamide plus lowing precautions: plant corn at least 1.5 atrazine premixes, but some giant ragweed inches deep; do not apply to soils with less PERENN I A L W EE D S may still escape control. Yellow nutsedge than 1.5% organic matter or a pH greater will be suppressed. Lumax EZ is not rec- than 7.0; and do not apply more than ommended on soils with more than 10% 4 oz/a metribuzin on soils with less than organic matter. The amount of atrazine in 2% organic matter. Metribuzin may be used Lumax EZ will not exceed atrazine rate on field corn, silage corn, and seed corn limits. Additional atrazine or Princep can varieties that are known to be tolerant.

STORE D GRA I N be tank mixed with Lumax EZ for added Rotational restrictions: Metribuzin will not I NSE C TS broadleaf weed control. Corn has good persist into the following year. Alfalfa and tolerance to preemergence applications of wheat can be planted in the fall. Lumax EZ. Although it contains a safener to protect corn, corn sprouting in cold, Outlook (dimethenamid-P) wet soil may occasionally leaf out underground. Lumax EZ applied postemergence Rate: 12 to 21 fl oz/a. after other organophosphate insecticides Timing: Preplant-incorporated—Blend the herbicide into the top 1 to 2 inches of soil APPEN DIX may cause injury. Lumax EZ drift will bleach the leaves of sensitive plants. Do within the 14 days before planting. In dry not apply if wind speed exceeds 10 mph. seasons, preplant-incorporated treatment Lumax EZ can be applied preemergence provides better annual weed control than preemergence treatment. Preemergence—Apply after planting, but Princep 35 (simazine) PR I N CI P L ES O F before weeds emerge. PEST MGMT Postemergence—Outlook can be applied Rate: 2 qt/a of Princep 4L or equivalent. to corn up to 12 inches tall or as a lay- Timing: Preplant-incorporated—Apply and by application. Outlook will not control incorporate within 14 days before plant- emerged weeds so a tank-mix partner is ing. In dry seasons, preplant-incorporated generally necessary for initial control with applications provide better annual weed Outlook providing residual grass control. control than preemergence applications. Preemergence—Apply before weeds and C ORN weeds

Include adjuvants according to require- (pre/ppi) ments of the tank-mix partner. Labeled corn emerge. tank mixes include most postemergence No-till—Where corn will be planted grass and broadleaf herbicides, including directly into a sod, cover crop, or previous glyphosate and Ignite/Liberty, on resis- crop residue, Princep may be tank mixed tant hybrids. Use water as a carrier when with Gramoxone. applying Outlook postemergence; liquid Remarks: Atrazine has largely replaced fertilizer is not recommended as a carrier Princep because of its greater water solu- because of the risk of crop injury. bility—less rainfall is necessary to make it SO YB EAN No-till—Usually a split application where effective. Nonetheless if rainfall is adequate, one-half of the herbicide is applied early Princep will control annual weeds nearly and the remainder applied at planting pro- equal to atrazine. Princep can be used as vides better weed control. When corn will an atrazine substitute in atrazine prohibi- be planted in 7 days, make a single application areas. Princep can be tank mixed with tion either ahead of or at planting. If weeds acetochlor, atrazine, Dual II Magnum, or PAST U RES F ORAGES & are present at the time of treatment, include Outlook. The longer soil residual of Prin- glyphosate, Gramoxone, or 2,4‑D in the cep may be of value in conservation tillage. spray mixture for annual weed burndown. Princep will not control triazine-resistant Early preplant treatment is not recom- common lambsquarters, smooth pigweed, mended on coarse-textured soils. velvetleaf, or kochia. Princep can be mixed Remarks: Outlook provides good to excel- with liquid fertilizer for simultaneous application. Princep may be used on field corn, lent control of foxtails, crabgrass, and fall SMA LL GRA I NS panicum, but has no effect on quackgrass. It silage corn, and sweet corn. fails to control velvetleaf and several other Rotational restrictions: The carryover annual broadleaf weeds. Preplant-incorpo- potential of Princep is greater than atrazine. rated Outlook at the highest rate for the soil Corn or soybeans can be planted the year type generally provides reasonable yellow after application. nutsedge suppression, but preemergence- applied Outlook only partially controls Prowl H2O (pendimethalin) PERENN I A L yellow nutsedge. Adjust the rate accord- Rate: 2 to 4 pt/a. W EE D S ing to either soil cation exchange capacity Timing: Preemergence—Apply after plant- or soil texture and organic matter content. ing but before corn and weeds emerge. Use 21 fl oz/a of Outlook on all soils with Postemergence—Prowl can be applied greater than 8% organic matter. Do not use to corn up to 30 inches tall or until the on sand with less than 3% organic matter V8 stage. Prowl will not control emerged

when depth to groundwater is less than 30 weeds so a tank-mix partner is generally STORE D GRA I N feet. Outlook generally doesn’t injure corn. necessary for initial control. Prowl will I NSE C TS However, Outlook-treated corn sprouting then provide residual grass control. Include in cold, wet soil may occasionally leaf out adjuvants according to requirements of the underground. Outlook can be mixed with tank-mix partner. Prowl can be tank mixed liquid fertilizer or impregnated onto certain with most labeled postemergence grass and dry fertilizers for simultaneous application. broadleaf herbicides, including glyphosate It may be used on field corn, silage corn, and Ignite/Liberty, on resistant hybrids. sweet corn, and seed corn. Use water as a carrier when applying these APPEN DIX Rotational restrictions: Outlook will not postemergence treatments. Do not use liq- persist into the fall or following growing uid fertilizer as the carrier because severe season. crop injury may occur. 36 No-till—Prowl can be used on field corn weed burndown. Do not include Gramox- PR I N CI P L ES O F PEST MGMT or silage corn where emerged weeds will one or glyphosate if corn has spiked. be controlled by a tank-mix partner. Apply Remarks: Python controls lambsquarters, only after corn planting and be certain that pigweed, and velvetleaf at lower labeled the seed furrow has been thoroughly closed rates. Higher rates are labeled to control and leveled before treatment. Plant corn smartweed and nightshade. Some com- at least 1.5 inches deep. Corn seed contact mon and giant ragweed will escape control, with Prowl will cause stand loss. even at higher rates. It can be tank mixed C ORN weeds

(pre/ppi) Remarks: Prowl provides excellent con- with other grass or broadleaf herbicides to trol of foxtails, crabgrass, and fall panicum, expand the spectrum of weeds controlled. but has no effect on quackgrass, nutsedge, Do not use on peat or muck soils or on or other perennial weeds. It provides fair soils with pH less than 5.9 and organic control of many annual broadleaf weeds matter above 5% because of reduced weed including velvetleaf, but will not control control. Python and Hornet WDG contain ragweeds or mustards. To improve broad- flumetsulam. Do not apply more than 0.07 leaf control, Prowl is labeled for tank mixes lb/a flumetsulam per year. Python may SO YB EAN with atrazine, Banvel, Hornet WDG, and cause stunting, which may be due to corn Python. Prowl is ineffective on peat and emerging in cold soils or other factors. To muck soils. Under cold, wet conditions, minimize the risk of injury, plant corn at Prowl may cause stunting and yellowing of least 1.5 inches deep and use on soils with seedling corn. It may also cause root prun- at least 1.5% organic matter. Do not use ing and occasional lodging. Do not soil- if soil pH is greater than 7.8 and organic incorporate or corn injury will occur. Plant matter is less than 3% to avoid crop injury. PAST U RES F ORAGES & corn at least 1.5 inches deep. Do not apply Do not use if Counter or Thimet have been ahead of planting because the planter shoe applied. Apply other soil insecticides in a may incorporate sufficient Prowl into the T‑band or surface band to avoid crop injury seed furrow to damage corn. If post-plant when using this herbicide. Python can be tillage is necessary to break a soil crust or mixed with liquid fertilizer or impregnated to control weed escapes, use shallow tillage onto certain dry fertilizers for simultaneous

SMA LL GRA I NS such as a rotary hoe or shallow row cultiva- applications. Python can be applied to field tion. Preemergence-applied Prowl can be corn, silage corn, or tested seed corn lines. mixed with liquid fertilizer for simultane- Rotational restrictions: Field and seed corn ous application. Preemergence application can be replanted any time. Do not plant may be made to field corn, silage corn, and alfalfa, dry or snap beans, small grains, processing varieties of sweet corn. or peas until 4 months after application; Rotational restrictions: Prowl generally tobacco until 9 months after application; or doesn’t persist into the following season, potatoes until 12 months after application. PERENN I A L W EE D S but winter wheat or winter barley should Sweet corn should not be planted until 18 not be planted within 120 days after appli- months after application. Specific hybrids cation. listed on the label or supplemental labels may be planted after 10.5 months. Crops Python (flumetsulam) not listed on the label require a 26‑month Rate: 0.8 to 1.33 oz/a. rotational interval.

STORE D GRA I N Timing: Preplant-incorporated—Apply and I NSE C TS incorporate into the top 2 to 3 inches of soil Resolve Q (rimsulfuron) within 30 days before planting. The lower Rate: 1 oz/a. rates within each soil texture category need Adjuvants: If applied alone, add 1% crop to be applied within 14 days of planting. oil concentrate plus either 2 lb/a of ammo- Preemergence—Apply after planting, but nium sulfate or 2 qt/a of 28% nitrogen before weeds emerge. Applications to spike solution. No adjuvant is required if tank stage corn are permitted. mixing with a glyphosate formulation that APPEN DIX No-till—If weeds are present at the time of already contains all the necessary adjuvant treatment, include Gramoxone, glyphosate, (fully loaded). or 2,4-D in the spray mixture for annual Timing: Corn—Apply preplant or preemergence after planting. Weeds—Apply before woolly cupgrass 2,4-D. Add MSO at 1% v/v plus AMS or 37 PR I N CI P L ES O F exceeds 1 inch and barnyardgrass, foxtails, UAN at 1 to 2.5% for maximum burndown PEST MGMT and fall panicum exceed 2 inches. activity. Decreased activity will occur if a Remarks: Resolve will control or suppress NIS is substituted for the MSO. many small annual grass and broadleaf Remarks: Sharpen applied at 1 fl oz/a weeds and provide some residual control. plus either COC or MSO at 1% plus AMS If tank mixed with glyphosate, it will pro- or UAN at 1 to 2.5% will effectively burn vide some residual control until postemer- down most annual and perennial broad- C ORN weeds gence herbicides are applied. If tank mixed leaf weeds; however, the perennials will (pre/ppi) with atrazine, it can help control emerged recover. Sharpen will not control emerged grasses and contribute to residual control grasses and will require a tank-mix partner. until postemergence herbicides are applied. Early season broadleaf residual control will Requires rainfall within several days after be obtained with Sharpen applied at the application for residual activity. Do not proper rate for the soil type (2 to 3 fl oz/a). apply Resolve preemergence to coarse- Sharpen will require a tank-mix partner textured soils with less than 1% organic to control emerging grasses. A planned matter. Resolve can be used on field corn sequential herbicide application will be SO YB EAN but not seed or sweet corn. required for season-long broadleaf and Rotational restrictions: Corn and potatoes grass weed control. Sharpen plus a residual can be planted any time after application; grass herbicide should allow the postemer- winter wheat after 3 months; small grains gence application to be delayed without after 9 months; and alfalfa, sweet corn, the risk of early season weed competition. soybeans, snap beans, and dry beans after Sharpen has good crop tolerance but may PAST U RES F ORAGES & 10 months. Any crop not listed on the label cause injury under stressful growing con- cannot be planted for 18 months. ditions; do not apply to emerged corn or severe injury will occur. Sharpen may be Sharpen (saflufenacil) used with Aztec, Fortress, or Force insecti- Rate: 1 to 3.5 fl oz/a, dependent on soil cides but cannot be used with Counter or type. 1 to 2 fl oz/a for seed corn. Lorsban insecticides or injury may result. Timing: May be applied in the fall prior to Do not use on sands with less than 3% SMA LL GRA I NS first killing frost at 1 to 2 fl oz/a or in the organic matter and where depth to ground spring, preplant or preemergence. water is 30 feet or less. Preplant-incorporated—Up to 14 days prior Rotational restrictions: None. to planting. Deep incorporation (greater than 2 inches) may result in decreased SureStart/TripleFLEX (acetochlor weed control. Sharpen should not be pre- + Python + Stinger) plant-incorporated for seed corn. This product is only labeled for use on PERENN I A L Preemergence—Apply after planting but Roundup Ready and Liberty Link field and W EE D S prior to crop emergence. Severe crop injury silage corn. will occur if applied after crop emergence. Rate: 1.5 to 3.0 pt/a. Add methylated seed oil (MSO) at 1% v/v Timing: Preplant incorporated—Apply and plus ammonium sulfate (AMS) or 28% fer- incorporate into the top 2 inches of soil tilizer solution (UAN) for maximum burn- within 14 days before planting. down activity. Decreased activity will occur Preemergence—Apply after planting but STORE D GRA I N if a nonionic surfactant (NIS) is substituted before weed emergence. I NSE C TS for the MSO. Sharpen will not control Postemergence—May be applied to corn emerged grasses and requires a tank-mix postemergence up to 11-inch tall corn for partner such as Gramoxone, glyphosate, or residual grass and broadleaf control. Will Ignite 280/Liberty. not control emerged grass weeds and will No-till—Sharpen can be tank mixed with only control certain small broadleaf weeds, Gramoxone, glyphosate, or Ignite 280/Lib- so tank mixtures with glyphosate or Ignite/ erty to increase burndown activity and to Liberty are required to control emerged APPEN DIX control emerged grasses. 2,4-D LVE can be weeds. Use water as a carrier when making tank-mixed to improve dandelion control, postemergence applications. Do not use liq- but planting should be delayed 5 to 7 days uid fertilizer as a carrier as this may cause to reduce the risk of crop injury from the 38 severe injury. Ammonium sulfate may be Valor SX PR I N CI P L ES O F (flumioxazin) PEST MGMT used in tank mixtures with glyphosate or Ignite/Liberty. Rate: 1 to 3 oz/a. No-till: Apply as a preplant surface appli- Timing: Apply 7 to 30 days before plant- cation up to 30 days before planting. Should ing, depending on rate, residue cover, and be tank mixed with glyphosate, Gramox- rainfall. one, or 2,4-D to control emerged weeds. No-till—Valor can be tank mixed with Remarks: This premix provides approxi- glyphosate, Gramoxone, 2,4-D, or other burndown herbicides to improve control C ORN weeds

(pre/ppi) mately half rates of the ingredients in Surpass and Hornet at the 1.5 pt/a rate. A of emerged broadleaf weeds. Valor SX will supplemental label allows rates above 2.0 also provide residual control of broadleaf pt/a for greater residual activity. Provides weeds depending on rate. early season preemergence control of Remarks: Valor SX can only be used in many annual grass and broadleaf weeds. no-till fields where residue has not been Follow with a postemergence application incorporated. At a 1 oz/a rate with glypho- of glyphosate in Roundup Ready corn or sate, more rapid control may be observed SO YB EAN Ignite/Liberty in Liberty Link corn. This plus limited residual suppression of annual product should allow these postemergence broadleaf weeds, but this application must herbicides to be delayed if needed with be made at least 2 weeks before planting. less risk of early season weed competition. At rates of 2 to 3 oz/a, residual annual Do not use on soils with a pH of less than broadleaf weed control should extend past 5.9 and organic matter above 5% because corn planting. Valor SX should not be tank of reduced weed control. To minimize the mixed with acetochlor, Dual, Outlook, PAST U RES F ORAGES & risk of injury, plant corn at least 1.5 inches or products containing these ingredients deep and use on soils with at least 1.5% because of potential injury. Do not irrigate organic matter and avoid soils with a pH corn from emergence until after the V2 above 7.8. Soil-applied organophosphate stage. Valor SX can be used on field and insecticides should be applied in a T-band silage corn, but not on seed or sweet corn. or banded to avoid injury and Counter Rotational restrictions: At Valor rates up to 3 oz/a, tobacco and wheat can be planted SMA LL GRA I NS and Thimet should not be used. When depth to groundwater is less than 30 feet, after 2 months; barley, snap and dry beans, do not use on sands with less than 3% and sweet corn can be planted after 4 organic matter, on loamy sands with less months; and alfalfa and oats can be planted than 2% organic matter, or on sandy loams after 5 months if tilled. with less than 1% organic matter. Soil- applied product can be mixed with liquid Verdict (Sharpen + Outlook premix) fertilizer or impregnated onto certain dry Rate: 10 to 12 fl oz/a coarse-textured PERENN I A L W EE D S fertilizers for simultaneous application. It soils; 13 to 15 fl oz/a medium-textured may be used on field corn and seed corn soils; 16 to 18 fl oz/a fine-textured soils. but not sweet corn. Can be applied at 5 to 10 fl oz/a for seed Rotational restrictions: Field corn can be corn, based on soil type. See supplemental planted any time after application; wheat label for details. after 4 months; alfalfa, barley, clover, dry Timing: Apply either preplant or preemer-

STORE D GRA I N beans, lespedeza, oats, pea, popcorn, rye, gence.

I NSE C TS soybean, and vetch in the spring in the next Preplant-incorporated—Up to 14 days prior year following application; sweet corn vari- to planting. Deep incorporation (greater eties listed on the supplemental 2ee label than 2 inches) may result in decreased 10.5 months after application; sweet corn weed control. Verdict should not be pre- varieties not listed, potatoes, sunflower, plant-incorporated for seed corn. and tobacco after 18 months, and all other Preemergence—Apply after planting but crops after 26 months. prior to crop emergence. Severe crop injury

APPEN DIX will occur if applied after crop emergence. Surpass Verdict will control many small, emerged See acetochlor + safener (page 27). broadleaf weeds but requires additional methylated seed oil (MSO) at 1% v/v plus ammonium sulfate (AMS) or 28% fertilizer solution (UAN) at 1% to 2.5% for maximum Timing: Preplant—Up to 14 days before 39 PR I N CI P L ES O F burndown activity. Decreased activity will planting. PEST MGMT occur if a nonionic surfactant (NIS) is sub- Preemergence—Apply after planting, but stituted for the MSO. Verdict will not con- before grass weed emergence. trol emerged grasses and requires a tank- Postemergence— Zemax can be applied mix partner such as Gramoxone, glypho- to corn from emergence to 30 inches tall sate, or Ignite 280/Liberty. Verdict can or the 8-collar (V8) stage, but it will not follow burndown application of Sharpen at control emerged grasses unless tank mixed C ORN weeds

1 oz/a; however, do not exceed maximum with Accent Q, Basis Blend, or Steadfast (pre/ppi) allowed rate of saflufenacil per season. Q (drop nozzles should be used if corn is No-till—Verdict can be tank mixed with taller than 12 inches). Broadleaf weeds less Gramoxone, glyphosate, or Ignite 280/Lib- than 3 inches tall should be controlled. Add erty to increase burndown activity and to nonionic surfactant (preferred) or crop oil control emerged grasses. 2,4-D LVE can be concentrate when making postemergence tank mixed to improve dandelion control, applications, but do not add a nitrogen but planting should be delayed 5 to 7 days source. The rate can be reduced to 1.6 qt/a to reduce the risk of crop injury from the when mixed with glyphosate or Ignite/ SO YB EAN 2,4-D. Add MSO at 1% v/v plus AMS or Liberty. When tank mixing with Ignite/ UAN at 1 to 2.5% for maximum burndown Liberty, use ammonium sulfate as the only activity. Decreased activity will occur if a adjuvant. When tank mixing with glypho- NIS is substituted for the MSO. sate, add a surfactant and ammonium sul- Remarks: Verdict is a premix with both fate if the glyphosate formulation requires burndown and residual activity. Verdict surfactant. If the glyphosate does not PAST U RES F ORAGES & applied at a labeled rate of 13 fl oz/a on a require surfactant, only add ammonium medium soil will provide the equivalent of sulfate. Do not apply postemergence corn 2.6 fl oz/a of Sharpen and 10.8 fl oz/a of treated with Counter. Outlook. Labeled rates should give accept- No-till—Zemax can be applied before or able early-season control of most annual after no-till planting and should be tank grasses and broadleaf weeds. Verdict will mixed with glyphosate or Gramoxone to

not control perennials weeds. A planned control emerged weeds. It can also be tank SMA LL GRA I NS sequential herbicide application will be mixed with 2,4-D to enhance control of required for season-long weed control. Ver- broadleaf weeds like dandelion, but grass dict should allow the postemergence appli- weeds would not be controlled with this cation to be delayed without the risk of mixture. Use the adjuvant recommended early-season weed competition. Verdict has by the burndown herbicide. good crop tolerance but may cause injury Remarks: Zemax provides good to excel- under stressful growing conditions. Do not lent control of foxtails, crabgrass, fall pani- PERENN I A L apply to emerged corn or severe injury will cum, and most annual broadleaf weeds, but W EE D S occur. Verdict may be used with Aztec, has little effect on quackgrass. The Callisto Fortress, or Force insecticides but cannot in this premix improves velvetleaf control be used with Counter or Lorsban insecti- compared to Bicep Lite II Magnum or other cides or injury may result. Do not use on acetamide plus atrazine premixes, but some sands with less than 3% organic matter and giant ragweed may still escape control. Yel-

where depth to ground water is 30 feet or low nutsedge will be suppressed. Atrazine STORE D GRA I N less. Verdict may be applied impregnated or Princep can be tank mixed with Zemax I NSE C TS on dry fertilizers. for added broadleaf weed control. Rotational Restrictions: Fall-seeded cereal Corn has good tolerance to preemergence crops may be planted after four months. applications of Zemax. Although it contains There are no crop restricts the following a safener to protect corn, corn sprouting spring after a Verdict application. in cold, wet soil may occasionally leaf out underground. Zemax drift will bleach the

Zemax (Dual II Magnum + Callisto leaves of sensitive plants. Do not apply APPEN DIX premix) Zemax if wind speed exceeds 10 mph. Rate: 2 qt/a on soils with less than 3% Zemax can be applied preemergence with organic matter and 2.4 qt/a on soils with water or liquid fertilizer (except suspen- 3% organic matter or more. sion fertilizers) as the carrier. Zemax can 40 be applied to field, silage, seed, and sweet soils or more than 5.0 oz/a per season on PR I N CI P L ES O F PEST MGMT corn. other soils. Certain seed corn, popcorn, and Rotational restrictions: Winter wheat can sweet corn genetics may be more sensitive be planted 4.5 months after a Zemax appli- to Zidua than others, so check with your cation; potatoes, small grains, and soybeans seed supplier for additional information. can be planted the year after application. Do not harvest sweet corn ears for human Other crops should not be planted for consumption less than 37 days after appli- 18 months. Only corn and sorghum can cation.

C ORN weeds be planted the following year if Zemax is Rotational restrictions: Corn can be (post) applied after June 1. planted following applications of Zidua. Root crops can be planted 12 months after Zidua (pyroxasulfone) application. No other crops are currently Rate: 1.5 to 4.0 oz/a based on soil type labeled for rotation. and application timing. Fall—2.5 to 3.5 oz/a on medium soils and Postemergence herbicides 3.5 to 4.0 oz/a on fine soils. Do not apply SO YB EAN on course soils in the fall. Accent Q (nicosulfuron + safener) Preplant-incorporated, preplant surface, or Rate: 0.45 to 1.8 oz/a. If used sequen- preemergence—1.5 to 2.75 oz/a for course tially, do not exceed 1.8 oz/a per cropping soils, 2.0 to 3.0 oz/a for medium soils, and season. 2.5 to 4.0 oz/a for fine soils. Adjuvants: Add crop oil concentrate at 1% Postemergence—1.0 to 2.75 oz/a for course (preferred) or nonionic surfactant at 0.25% PAST U RES F ORAGES & soils, 1.5 to 3.0 oz/a for medium soils, and to the spray solution. Also add 2 qt/a of 2.0 to 4.0 oz/a for fine soils. 28% nitrogen solution or 2 lb/a of spray- Timing: Zidua may be applied in the fall grade ammonium sulfate. or in the spring as a preplant-incorporated, Timing: Corn—Apply from emergence preplant surface, preemergence, or early through the the 6-collar (V6) stage but postemergence application up to the V4 before corn is 20 inches tall. Use drop growth stage. If applied in the fall or win- nozzles for 20- to 36-inch-tall corn. Do not SMA LL GRA I NS ter following crop harvest, do not apply to apply to corn taller than 36 inches or exhib- frozen or snow-covered ground. Soil can be iting 10 or more collars (V10), whichever cultivated before or after application, but comes first. Do not apply Accent Q to seed if soil is tilled after application, make sure corn or popcorn that is more than 20 inches the tillage is uniform and no deeper than tall or exhibits 6 or more collars. 2 inches. Incorporation can occur in the Weeds—Apply to 4-inch foxtails, fall pani- spring up to 14 days prior to planting. cum, barnyardgrass, wild proso millet, and Remarks: Zidua is a selective rate-depen-

PERENN I A L woolly cupgrass; 12-inch shattercane; and W EE D S dent preemergence herbicide for control- 10-inch quackgrass. Accent Q also controls ling annual grasses, sedges, and small pigweed, annual smartweed, and jimson- seeded annual broadleaf weeds. Zidua does weed. Weeds that exceed listed weed sizes not provide postemergence weed control. by up to 50% may be partially controlled Zidua can be applied with water or various with Accent Q rates up to 1.8 oz/a. fertilizer combinations; see label for fertil- Remarks: Accent Q is effective on many STORE D GRA I N izer use details. Zidua can be mixed with annual grasses and quackgrass, but will I NSE C TS one or more herbicide products according not control crabgrass. Crabgrass can be to both the Zidua and tank-mix partner controlled if Accent Q is tank mixed with a labels. Zidua does not require any spray preemergence grass herbicide and applied additives; however, spray adjuvants may before crabgrass emerges. Accent Q lacks be needed with tank-mix partners and residual control, but if a second flush of should be added accordingly. You can weeds develops, a second application may make sequential applications in one season be made. The total quantity applied should APPEN DIX if the first application is in the previous fall, not exceed 1.8 oz/a. Half-rate applications but do not make more than one applica- of Accent Q applied to actively growing tion to corn in the spring and do not apply quackgrass, followed by a timely cultiva- more than 2.75 oz/a per season on course tion, have consistently given acceptable control. Accent Q can be tank mixed with atrazine rate or altering time of application 41 PR I N CI P L ES O F atrazine, Buctril, Callisto, dicamba, Impact/ will not control triazine-resistant weeds. PEST MGMT Armezon plus atrazine, NorthStar, or Sta- Wisconsin ATCP 30 allows postemergence tus to provide broadleaf control. Crop oil rescue treatments to seed and sweet corn concentrate is the preferred adjuvant for all only of up to 3 pt/a (coarse soils) or 4 pt/a these tank mixtures except products con- (medium or fine soils) of the atrazine 4L taining dicamba, where a nonionic surfac- formulation or equivalent. This rescue tant is preferred. Include a nitrogen addi- treatment cannot be used in atrazine pro-

tive with all tank mixes. Do not tank mix hibition areas. Oil-based adjuvants speed C ORN weeds Accent Q with postemergence herbicides weed burndown, but can also burn leaf (post) like Basagran or 2,4-D because crop injury margins and occasionally stunt corn. Injury or antagonism may occur. Tank mixing is increased by cold, wet weather or any Accent Q with dicamba may increase the other conditions that put corn under stress. risk of rat-tailing if applied to small corn. Risk of corn injury is greatest with inbred Do not use Accent Q on fields treated corn lines or breeding stock. Multipurpose with Counter CR applied in furrow at surfactants, wetting agents, and soaps are planting or over the row at cultivation. generally less effective than oil-base addi- SO YB EAN Accent Q may injure corn treated with tives except where weeds are primarily Counter CR, Lorsban, or Thimet if soil has annual broadleaf and relatively small. Atra- less than 4% organic matter. Accent Q may zine may be used on field corn, silage corn, be used on field corn, silage corn, seed and sweet corn. corn, popcorn, and on specific sweet corn Rotational restrictions: Atrazine may hybrids approved by DuPont. persist and damage susceptible crops the PAST U RES F ORAGES & Rotational restrictions: Soybeans may be following growing season. Corn, sorghum, planted 15 days after Accent Q application. and soybeans may be planted the follow- Winter wheat may be planted 4 months ing year. If atrazine is applied after June 10, after application. Barley, oats, or spring the treated area must be planted to corn or wheat can be planted 8 months after appli- sorghum the following year. Do not plant cation. Alfalfa, dry beans, peas, red clover, sugar beets, tobacco, vegetables (including

and snap beans may be planted 10 months dry beans), spring-seeded small grains, or SMA LL GRA I NS after Accent Q application. Sweet corn can small-seeded legumes and grasses the year be planted 10 months after Accent Q appli- following application, or injury may occur. cation, except the varieties Carnival, Merit, and Sweet Success, which should not be Banvel planted until 15 months after Accent Q use. See dicamba (page 44). Other crops may be planted either 10 or 18 months after Accent Q use depending on Basagran (bentazon) PERENN I A L soil pH. W EE D S Rate: 1.5 to 2.0 pt/a. Atrazine* Adjuvants: For common lambsquarters and/or common ragweed, add 1 qt/a of Rate: 1.5 to 3.0 pt/a of the 4L formulation crop oil concentrate in the spray mixture. or equivalent. If velvetleaf is the primary weed problem, Adjuvants: Add 1 qt/a of crop oil concen- add 2 to 4 qt/a of 28% nitrogen solution or trate. STORE D GRA I N

2.5 lb/a of spray grade ammonium sulfate I NSE C TS Timing: Corn—Apply before corn exceeds in the spray mixture. If all are present, use 12 inches tall. crop oil concentrate plus a nitrogen additive. Weeds—Apply before annual broadleaf Timing: Corn—Applications generally weeds exceed 4 inches tall. Treat lambs made to 1- to 5-leaf corn, but all stages are quarters and pigweeds before 6 inches tall. tolerant. Remarks: This treatment controls most Weeds—The 2 pt/a rate will suppress annual broadleaf weeds but fails to con- 2‑inch common lambsquarters and control APPEN DIX trol annual grasses and triazine-resistant 3-inch common ragweed, 5-inch velvetleaf, weeds. Many cases of triazine-resistant and 6-inch giant ragweed, and 10-inch common lambsquarters, smooth pig- cocklebur. The 2 pt/a Basagran rate plus *Contains atrazine. weed, velvetleaf, and kochia have been See pages 20–21 for documented in Wisconsin. Increasing the rate restrictions. 42 crop oil concentrate will suppress 6- to or Fortress should not cause injury. Basis PR I N CI P L ES O F PEST MGMT 8‑inch yellow nutsedge and Canada thistle Blend may only be used on field corn and from 8 inches to bud stage. silage corn. Remarks: Basagran controls several Rotational restrictions: Field corn and broadleaf weeds, but is weak on pigweeds, potatoes can be planted any time after Basis lambsquarters, and nightshade. Basagran Blend application; soybeans after 15 days; may be tank mixed with atrazine, Clarity, winter wheat after 4 months; spring cere- glyphosate (Roundup Ready only), and als, peas, snap beans, and dry beans after 8

C ORN weeds Ignite/Liberty (Liberty Link only). Corn is months; alfalfa, popcorn, sweet corn, and (post) quite tolerant to Basagran, but slight, tem- sugar beets after 10 months; and crops not porary leaf speckling may occur. Basagran listed on the label after 18 months. may be used on field corn, silage corn, seed corn, and sweet corn. Buctril (bromoxynil) Rotational restrictions: None. Rate: 1.0 to 1.5 pt/a. Rates can be increased to 2 pt/a under stress conditions. Basis Blend (rimsulfuron + Harmony SO YB EAN Adjuvants: Do not use adjuvants with SG premix) Buctril unless required for a tank mixture. Rate: 0.33 oz/a. Timing: Corn—Apply 1 pt/a after emer- Adjuvants: Add nonionic surfactant at gence or 1.5 pt/a after the 4-leaf stage but 0.25% or crop oil concentrate at 1% to the before tassel emergence. spray mixture. Also add 2 qt/a 28% nitro- Weeds—See label for maximum weed gen solution or 2 lb/a ammonium sulfate. height and rate required for control. PAST U RES F ORAGES & Timing: Corn—Apply from emergence to Remarks: Many broadleaf weeds are 4-leaf (2-collar) stage. susceptible to Buctril, but pigweed control Weeds—Apply before barnyardgrass, fox- requires the maximum rate. When corn tails, or fall panicum exceed 2 inches and is so large that it interferes with the spray before lambsquarters, redroot pigweed, pattern, use drop nozzles to direct the her- smartweeds, and velvetleaf exceed 3 inches. bicide beneath the corn leaves and onto the Remarks: Basis Blend controls many weeds. To broaden the spectrum of weed SMA LL GRA I NS annual weeds but will not control crabgrass control, the labeled rate of Buctril can be or nightshade, nor will it control quack- tank mixed with 2,4-D or Banvel. However, grass, wild proso millet, or woolly cup- this tank mixture introduces risk of 2,4-D grass, which emerge after application. Basis or Banvel damage. Use application precau- Blend can be tank mixed with atrazine, Cal- tions as when applying 2,4-D or Banvel. listo, or Hornet WDG to improve broadleaf Buctril can also be tank mixed with atra- activity. Tank mixing Basis Blend with a zine, Accent Q, Permit, or Stinger. Buctril

PERENN I A L preemergence grass herbicide will improve usually causes temporary leaf burn, but W EE D S crabgrass control (use nonionic surfactant injury may be excessive if applied before rather than crop oil concentrate if tank mix- the 4-leaf stage. Buctril tank mixtures that ing with Prowl). Tank mixing Basis Blend require a surfactant may increase leaf burn. with dicamba may increase the risk of rat- Buctril is a contact herbicide, so good spray tailing. Because Basis Blend is applied early coverage is important. Buctril may be used and has limited residual activity, a cultiva- on field corn and silage corn, but not on STORE D GRA I N sweet corn.

I NSE C TS tion following treatment is often necessary. Accent Q can be applied 14 days or more Rotational restrictions: Do not plant rota- after Basis Blend for sequential control of tional crops for 30 days after application. grasses. Injury from Basis Blend has occasionally occurred, especially if applied after Cadet (fluthiacet) the 2-collar stage. Do not apply to hybrids with relative maturities of less than 88 Rate: 0.4 to 0.6 fl oz/a in glyphosate mix- days, or they may be injured. Applying tures or 0.6 to 0.9 fl oz/a if applied alone or APPEN DIX Basis Blend to corn treated with Counter in other tank mixtures. CR, Lorsban, or Thimet may cause injury. Adjuvants: Add nonionic surfactant at Applying Basis Blend after Aztec, Force, 0.25% or crop oil concentrate at 1 to 2 pt/a to the spray solution. 28% nitrogen solution at 1 to 2 qt/a or ammonium sulfate at 1 to labeled for tank mixtures with Basagran, 43 PR I N CI P L ES O F 2 lb/a may be added. If mixed with a fully glyphosate (Roundup Ready only), and PEST MGMT loaded glyphosate, only add ammonium Ignite/Liberty (Liberty Link only). Consult sulfate as required for glyphosate. the label for adjuvant recommendations for Timing: Corn—Apply from V2 until 48 Ignite/Liberty and glyphosate tank mix- inches tall or tasseling, whichever occurs tures. Syngenta and DuPont have supple- first. mental labels for tank mixing Callisto with Weeds—At the 0.9 fl oz/a rate, apply Accent Q, Basis Blend, Steadfast Q, and

before lambsquarters and waterhemp Stout. Syngenta recommends a full Callisto C ORN weeds exceed 2 inches, before pigweed exceeds rate while DuPont recommends a reduced (post) 4 inches, and before velvetleaf exceeds 36 rate for many broadleaf weeds. Corn has inches. good tolerance to postemergence applica- Remarks: Cadet may cause temporary tions of Callisto, but occasional yellowing spotting of corn leaves. Cadet has excellent may be seen under stressful conditions. activity on velvetleaf and controls plants Postemergence tank mixes of Callisto and up to 36 inches tall at 0.6 fl oz/a or at lower emulsifiable concentrate formulations of rates in tank mixtures. At the 0.9 fl oz/a preemergence grass herbicides may cause SO YB EAN rate, it is labeled to control lambsquarters, injury. Consult the label for adjuvant rec- waterhemp, jimsonweed, and pigweed, but ommendations to reduce this risk. Do not these weeds are only listed as suppressed apply Callisto if the corn was treated with at lower rates. Cadet has contact activity Counter because injury may occur. Corn and requires good spray coverage with a may also be injured if Lorsban was applied. minimum of 15 gal/a spray volume and 20 Do not tank mix Callisto with organophos- PAST U RES F ORAGES & psi spray pressure. Cadet is an option when phate or carbamate insecticides or apply targeting velvetleaf alone or to improve these insecticides within 7 days of Callisto the control of other broadleaf herbicides. because injury may occur. Callisto drift Cadet is labeled for mixtures with numer- will bleach the leaves of sensitive plants ous grass or broadleaf weeds. Do not apply such as peas. Do not apply Callisto if wind if wind speed exceeds 10 mph. Can be used speed exceeds 10 mph. Callisto can only

on field, silage, seed, and sweet corn. be applied to field, silage, seed, and sweet SMA LL GRA I NS Rotational restrictions: Corn or soybeans corn. can be replanted any time if the crop is lost. Rotational restrictions: Small grains can be Any crop can be planted after harvest. planted 120 days after application. Alfalfa, soybeans, potatoes, and tobacco can be Callisto (mesotrione) planted after 10 months. Other crops cannot be planted until 18 months after treatment. Rate: 3 fl oz/a.

Adjuvants: Add crop oil concentrate at 1% PERENN I A L W EE D S plus either 28% fertilizer at 2.5% or ammo- Callisto Xtra* (mesotrione + nium sulfate at 8.5 lb/100 gal (do not add atrazine) nitrogen adjuvants when treating sweet Rate: 20 to 24 fl oz/a. corn). Do not use methylated seed oil as an Adjuvants: Add crop oil concentrate at 1% adjuvant because injury may occur. plus either 28% fertilizer at 2.5% or ammo- Timing: Corn—Apply from emergence to nium nitrate at 8.7 to 17 lb/100 gallons of 30 inches tall or the 8-collar (V8) stage. STORE D GRA I N spray solution. (Do not use nitrogen fertil- I NSE C TS Weeds—Apply before lambsquarters, izers when treating sweet corn.) Nonionic nightshade, pigweed, giant ragweed, surfactants may be substituted for crop smartweed, and velvetleaf exceed 5 inches oil concentrates but weed control may be and before large crabgrass exceeds 2 inches. reduced. Methylated seed oils should not Remarks: Callisto controls many annual be used due to increased crop injury. broadleaf weeds, but will not control most Timing: Corn—Apply after emergence but grasses. Callisto can be tank mixed with

before corn exceeds 12 inches in height. APPEN DIX atrazine at 0.25 to 0.5 lb/a to improve com- Weeds—Common lambsquarters, night- mon ragweed control in corn less than 12 shade, pigweeds, smartweed, and vel- *Contains atrazine. inches tall. Buctril is an alternative to atra- vetleaf less than 5 inches in height will be See pages 20–21 for zine for corn taller than 12 inches. It is also controlled with 20 fl oz/a. Increasing the rate restrictions. 44 rate to 24 fl oz/a will improve residual yellow foxtail, and woolly cupgrass exceed PR I N CI P L ES O F PEST MGMT activity and control common and giant rag- 3 inches, barnyardgrass and fall panicum weed up to 5 inches. Treat large crabgrass exceed 5 inches, and wild proso millet before it exceeds 2 inches in height. exceeds 6 inches. Remarks: Callisto Xtra controls many Remarks: Capreno provides good con- annual broadleaf weeds but will require a trol of many broadleaf weeds and several tank-mix partner for grass control. Callisto grass weeds. The Laudis component of Xtra can be tank mixed with numerous Capreno is synergized by 0.5 lb/a atrazine

C ORN weeds herbicides for improved burndown and and improves the consistency of control. (post) residual weed control. Consult the label Atrazine cannot be used in tank mixture for adjuvant recommendations when tank if corn is taller than 12 inches, but Buctril mixing with glyphosate (Roundup Ready can be used at 6 fl oz/a. In Liberty Link only) or Ignite 280 (Liberty Link only). or glyphosate-resistant corn, Laudis could Corn has good tolerance but bleaching can also be mixed at 2 fl oz/a with Ignite/Lib- be observed under certain environmental erty or at 3 fl oz/a with glyphosate, respec- conditions; the injury is typically transitory tively. Check the herbicide label for specific SO YB EAN and does not affect yields. Do not tank mix adjuvant recommendations for Ignite/ with emulsifiable grass herbicides unless Liberty or glyphosate mixtures. Do not use specifically addressed in the label or crop Capreno if Lorsban, Counter, Thimet, or injury could occur. Do not apply in liquid Dyfonate was applied or injury may result. fertilizer or to corn treated with Counter or Capreno can be used on field corn, silage Lorsban or severe crop injury could occur. corn, seed corn, and sweet corn, but sweet Do not apply in a tank mix with organo- corn hybrid tolerance has not been well PAST U RES F ORAGES & phosphate or carbamate insecticides or tested. apply postemergence within 7 days before Rotational restrictions: Field corn can or after an organophosphate or carbamate be replanted immediately. Wheat can be insecticide application as crop injury could planted after 4 months; barley, soybean, occur. Only one application per year is and sweet corn after 10 months if 15 inches allowed, with a maximum use rate of 24 of rainfall is received. The interval for all

SMA LL GRA I NS fl oz/a. This premix contains atrazine, so other crops is 18 months. If the soil pH is please follow the restrictions in ATCP 30. greater than 7.5, consult the label for the Rotational restrictions: The label states extended interval before planting sweet that corn (field, pop, seed, and sweet) may corn, alfalfa, snap and dry beans, oats, and be planted immediately after an applica- potatoes. tion in cases of crop failure. Alfalfa, barley, canola, peanuts, soybeans, sunflower, and Clarity wheat may be planted the following spring,

PERENN I A L See dicamba. W EE D S and all other crops may be planted after 18 months. Caution must be exercised when following Callisto Xtra with sensitive crops Dicamba such as alfalfa. A quick soil bioassay would Rate: Early postemergence—0.5 to 1.0 pt/a be a good insurance policy when in doubt. Banvel or Clarity. Late postemergence—0.5 pt/a of Banvel or Clarity. STORE D GRA I N Capreno (Laudis + thiencarbazone I NSE C TS premix) Adjuvants: Adding 2 to 4 qt/a of 28% nitrogen solution or 2.5 lb/a ammonium Rate: 3 fl oz/a. sulfate to the spray mixture will improve Adjuvants: Add 1% crop oil concentrate control of wild mustard and velvetleaf that with a minimum of 1.25 pt/a, plus 1.5 qt/a are over 5 inches tall or growing under 28% nitrogen solution or ammonium sul- drought stress. fate at 1.5 lb/a. Timing: Corn—Apply early postemer- Timing: Corn—Apply from the 1-collar

APPEN DIX gence treatments from emergence through through 6-collar (V1–V6) stage. the 5-leaf stage, but before the corn is 8 Weeds—Apply before broadleaf weeds inches tall. Apply late postemergence treat- exceed 6 inches. Apply before green foxtail ments when corn is 8 to 36 inches tall and exceeds 2 inches, large crabgrass, giant and at least 15 days before tasseling. Use drop nozzles if corn leaves prevent proper spray Glyphosate conversion table 45 PR I N CI P L ES O F PEST MGMT coverage, sensitive crops are growing ——Rate for—— nearby, or Banvel is tank mixed with 2,4-D. Formulation 0.56 lb 0.75 lb Weeds—Annual broadleaf weeds are Name (lb ae/gal) ae/a ae/a controlled best when they are less than Many 3.0 24 fl oz 32 fl oz 3 inches tall. Treat perennials like Canada thistle and hemp dogbane when they are Durango DMA 4.0 18 fl oz 24 fl oz 10 to 18 inches tall. Touchdown Total 4.17 17 fl oz 23 fl oz

Remarks: Dicamba controls many annual Roundup 4.5 16 fl oz 21 fl oz C ORN weeds broadleaf weeds and suppresses perennial PowerMAX (post) broadleaves. Dicamba can be tank mixed Touchdown HiTech 5.0 14 fl oz 19 fl oz with most postemergence herbicides as early postemergence treatments. To lessen Adjuvants: Ammonium sulfate at 8.5 to 17 the chance of injury, use the 0.5 pt/a rate lb/100 gal of spray mixture is frequently on loamy sands and sandy loams. Do not recommended, especially when tank mix- use on sand with less than 3% organic mating glyphosate with residual herbicides. SO YB EAN ter where ground water depth is shallow. Check the label to see if the glyphosate for- Corn injury from dicamba is only slightly mulation requires additional surfactant. less likely than with 2,4-D. Some stalk Timing: Corn—Apply from emergence to brittleness and lodging may occur. Do the V8 stage (8 collars) or 30 inches, which- not cultivate for at least 7 days after treat- ever occurs first. Roundup Ready 2 corn ment or until injury symptoms disappear. hybrids can be sprayed with drop nozzles Soybeans, tobacco, and most vegetables or PAST U RES

from 30 to 48 inches tall. F ORAGES & gardens are extremely sensitive to dicamba, Weeds—Apply the 0.56 lb ae/a rate before so avoid drift. Do not apply dicamba when crabgrass, foxtails, wild proso millet, and soybeans are nearby if corn is taller than 24 woolly cupgrass exceed 6 inches. Apply inches, soybeans are taller than 10 inches, before lambsquarters, common ragweed, or soybeans have begun to blossom. Two and giant ragweed exceed 12 inches. Apply applications of dicamba may be made dur- the 0.75 lb ae/a rate to 6-inch velvetleaf. ing a growing season, but do not exceed Remarks: Glyphosate provides nonselec- SMA LL GRA I NS a total of 1.5 pt/a. Allow at least 2 weeks tive control of annual grass and broadleaf between applications. Dicamba may be weeds and will suppress or control peren- used on field corn and silage corn, but not nial weeds. Unless following a preemer- on sweet corn. gence herbicide, glyphosate applications Rotational restrictions: Dicamba/Clarity will need to be made before the weed will not persist after harvest. Any crop may stages listed above to prevent yield losses be planted 120 days after an application. from early-season weed competition. Mon- PERENN I A L Soybeans can be replanted 14 days after 8 santo has recommended reduced rates of W EE D S fl oz/a and 28 days after 16 fl oz/a. Grass preemergence herbicides that should be crops can be planted 15 and 30 days after 8 applied at planting, which will lessen this and 16 fl oz/a of Clarity, respectively. concern. If applied early in the season, the glyphosate application may be before Glyphosate the optimum timing for control of peren-

Only use on Roundup Ready corn nial broadleaf weeds. Glyphosate does not STORE D GRA I N hybrids. have residual activity, but tank mixtures I NSE C TS Rate: 0.56 to 0.75 lb ae/a. A total of 1.5 with acetochlor or atrazine are labeled to lb ae/a may be applied in season, but 0.75 improve residual control. When apply- lb ae/a is the maximum rate for a single ing glyphosate, be cautious to avoid drift application. Hybrids with the Roundup and make sure the spray tank is cleaned Ready 2 trait can be treated with a maxi- before spraying a sensitive crop. Roundup mum of 1.13 lb ae/a per application and Ready corn hybrids have good tolerance to 2.25 lb ae/a per season. glyphosate. Roundup Ready corn can be APPEN DIX harvested for silage or grain after single or sequential applications of glyphosate. 46 Rotational restriction: Glyphosate formu- Rotational restrictions: Field or sweet PR I N CI P L ES O F PEST MGMT lations have no rotational restrictions for corn can be replanted any time; barley Wisconsin field crops except for a 30-day and wheat can be planted after 120 days; interval before tobacco. alfalfa, potato, soybeans, and tobacco can be planted after 10 months; and other crops Halex GT (Dual Magnum + Callisto can be planted after 18 months. + glyphosate premix) Use only on Roundup Ready hybrids. Harmony SG (thifensulfuron) C ORN weeds Rate: 3.6 to 4 pt/a. Rate: 0.125 oz (1/8). (post) Adjuvants: Add nonionic surfactant at Adjuvants: Add nonionic surfactant at 0.25 to 0.5% and ammonium sulfate at 0.25% or crop oil concentrate at 1% plus 8.5 to 17 lb/100 gal. Use of 28% nitrogen either 2 to 4 qt/a 28% nitrogen solution solution is not recommended because of or 2 to 4 lb/a of ammonium sulfate. With the risk of injury. glyphosate tank mixtures, only ammonium Timing: Corn—Apply from emergence to sulfate is needed if the glyphosate is fully loaded with surfactant. SO YB EAN 30 inches tall or the 8-collar (V8) stage. Weeds—Apply before grass and broadleaf Timing: Corn—Apply to 1- to 5-collar (V1 weeds exceed 4 inches tall. Apply before to V5) stages, but before 16 inches tall. weeds exceed 10 inches when tank mixed Weeds—Apply before lambsquarters with atrazine. exceeds 4 inches, before smartweeds and Remarks: Halex GT will provide poste- velvetleaf exceed 6 inches, and before pig- mergence control of most annual weeds. weed exceeds 12 inches. PAST U RES F ORAGES & The timing may be too early for optimal Remarks: Tank mixing with atrazine or long-term control of perennials although glyphosate (Roundup Ready only) will existing shoots will be killed. The glypho- increase the weed spectrum beyond those sate rate in this premix will control weeds weeds listed above. Thifensulfuron has at the 4-inch stage. The Callisto component minimal soil activity. Corn has good toler- provides a second ingredient with poste- ance to thifensulfuron, but stressed plants mergence broadleaf activity, which would may be injured. Do not apply to corn that is SMA LL GRA I NS improve control of glyphosate-resistant less than 88 days of maturity. Applications weeds. This premix contains about a half to corn treated with Counter CR, Lorsban, rate of Dual and a full rate of Callisto, or Thimet may cause crop injury. Apply to which will provide residual weed control only field or silage corn. if rain is received after application. Halex Rotational restrictions: Corn, soybeans, GT can be applied following many pre- and small grains can be planted any time emergence herbicides. Zemax at 1.6 qt/a after application. Any other crop can be or Lumex at 2 qt/a are the maximum rates planted after 45 days. PERENN I A L W EE D S of these herbicides that may be used prior to Halex GT applications because they also Hornet WDG (Python + Stinger contain mesotrione. Halex GT can be tank premix) mixed with atrazine for improved weed Rate: Spike stage—3 to 6 oz/a. control, and 0.25 to 0.5 lb/a are recom- Postemergence—2 to 5 oz/a. mended. Drift from Halex GT can injure Adjuvants: Add nonionic surfactant at STORE D GRA I N adjacent crops or vegetation. Thoroughly

I NSE C TS 0.25% or crop oil concentrate at 1% to the clean the spray tank after use because resi- spray mixture. When droughty, also add dues can injure glyphosate- or Callisto-sen- 2.5% of 28% nitrogen solution. sitive crops. Do not tank mix with emulsifi- Timing: Corn—Spike stage is from emer- able concentrate grass herbicides because gence to 2 inches, but before the first leaf injury may occur. Halex GT may injure unfurls. Other postemergence applications corn if the corn was treated with Counter, can be made to corn through the 6-collar Lorsban, or other organophosphate soil (V6) stage. APPEN DIX insecticides or applied within 7 days of a Weeds—Apply 2 oz/a when broadleaf foliar organophosphate insecticide. Halex weeds are less than 3 inches tall; 3 oz/a GT can only be used on glyphosate-resis- when broadleaf weeds are up to 6 inches tant field or silage corn. tall; and 4 oz/a when broadleaf weeds are Weeds—For grasses, apply before barn- 47 PR I N CI P L ES O F up to 8 inches tall. yardgrass, crabgrass, fall panicum, and PEST MGMT Remarks: Spike stage applications will yellow foxtail exceed 3 inches and before control many annual broadleaf weeds if giant and green foxtail, wild proso millet, adequate rainfall occurs before weed emer- and woolly cupgrass exceed 6 inches. For gence. When applied at the 2 oz/a post broadleaves, apply before pigweed and emergence rate, cocklebur and velvetleaf velvetleaf exceed 3 inches; before lambs should be controlled but common and giant quarters exceeds 4 inches; and before night-

ragweed, smartweed, and Canada thistle shade, common and giant ragweed, and C ORN weeds are only suppressed. At higher rates, com- smartweeds exceed 6 inches. (post) mon and giant ragweed, smartweed, and Remarks: Ignite 280/Liberty is a nonselec- Canada thistle control improves but black tive contact herbicide that controls many nightshade, common lambsquarters, and annual weeds and will burn the top growth pigweed will only be suppressed. Hornet of perennial weeds. Ignite 280/Liberty can WDG can be tank mixed with other labeled be tank mixed with atrazine or most other herbicides to improve control, but do not postemergence herbicides to enhance weed mix with Basagran. Do not apply Hornet if control or provide residual activity. A sec- SO YB EAN Counter or Thimet were applied. ond application of Ignite 280/Liberty can Hornet WDG at 4 to 5 oz/a will probe made if needed, but use drop nozzles vide reasonable Canada thistle control. after the V7 stage but before corn exceeds The 3 oz/a rate may only control the top 36 inches. Apply in a minimum of 15 gal/a growth of Canada thistle. Best results on for good spray coverage. Do not apply if Canada thistle will be obtained in no-till wind speed exceeds 10 mph. Ignite 280/ PAST U RES F ORAGES & corn because the weed will be more devel- Liberty is rainfast in 4 hours. Glufosinate- oped when the treatment is made. Adding resistant hybrids have good tolerance 2 to 4 oz/a of Stinger to Hornet WDG will to Ignite 280/Liberty, but conventional improve long-term control of Canada thistle. hybrids will be severely injured. Hornet WDG may be used on field and Rotational restrictions: Corn and soybean silage corn. can be replanted at any time. Small grains

Rotational restrictions: Small grains can and root, tuber, and leafy vegetables can be SMA LL GRA I NS be planted 4 months after application; planted 70 days after application and other alfalfa, dry beans, peas, soybeans, and crops after 180 days. specific sweet corn hybrids listed on the supplemental label can be planted after Impact/Armezon (topramazone) 10.5 months; and potatoes, non-listed sweet Rate: 0.75 fl oz/a; use 0.5 fl oz/a if rotat- corn hybrids, and tobacco can be planted ing to snap beans. A maximum rate of 1 fl after 18 months.

oz/a may be applied sequentially or as a PERENN I A L single application to control fall panicum, W EE D S Ignite 280/Liberty (glufosinate) yellow foxtail, or woolly cupgrass prior to Only use on Liberty Link corn hybrids. the third leaf. Check the label for rotational Rate: 29 to 36 fl oz/a. A maximum of 36 restrictions with the 1 fl oz/a rate. fl oz per application and a maximum of 65 Adjuvants: Add 1.0 to 1.5% methylated fl oz/a can be used for the entire season in seed oil (preferred) or crop oil concentrate. Also add 1.25 to 2.5% of 28% nitrogen solu- STORE D GRA I N

Liberty Link corn. I NSE C TS Adjuvants: The Ignite 280/Liberty formu- tion or 8.5 to 17 lb/100 gal of ammonium lation contains surfactants. Additional sur- sulfate. factants or crop oils are not required. Add Timing: Corn—Apply from emergence 3 lb/a of ammonium sulfate prior to add- until 45 days before corn harvest. ing Ignite/Liberty to the spray tank. Can Weeds—Apply 0.75 fl oz/a before smart- reduce to 1.5 lb/a ammonium sulfate above weeds exceed 3 inches; before common 85˚F to avoid corn injury. lambsquarters, nightshades, common rag- APPEN DIX Timing: Apply between dawn and 2 hours weed, and pigweeds exceed 6 inches; and before sunset. before giant ragweed and velvetleaf exceed Corn—Apply from emergence up to the 8 inches. V7 stage or 24 inches tall. 48 Remarks: Topramazone is effective on weeds. Control of broadleaf weeds is gen- PR I N CI P L ES O F PEST MGMT many annual broadleaf weeds. Crab- erally greater than grass weeds. It is less grasses, giant and green foxtail, and wild effective on green foxtail, and fall panicum proso millet are labeled as controlled at the may not be controlled. Using Laudis in a higher rate, but other annual grasses may two-pass program when it is applied after only be suppressed. A preemergence grass a preemergence grass herbicide may be herbicide application or postemergence preferred. If so, crop oil could be used as grass herbicide tank mix may be advised the adjuvant as broadleaf weeds are the pri-

C ORN weeds for total grass weed control. Topramazone mary target. Laudis is synergized with 0.5 (post) works synergistically with atrazine, so tank lb/a atrazine, which would be a common mixtures with 0.25 to 1.0 lb/a atrazine are tank mixture. If corn is taller than 12 inches recommended. It can also be tank mixed tall and atrazine cannot be used, 6 oz/a with most other postemergence herbi- of Buctril can be used instead of atrazine. cides, including glyphosate and Ignite/ Laudis can be tank mixed with Accent Q, Liberty, on resistant hybrids. Corn has Option, Stout, and Steadfast Q for addi- good tolerance to topramazone, but under tional grass activity. In resistant corn, Lau- SO YB EAN stressful conditions, nonionic surfactant dis could also be mixed at 2 fl oz/a with should be used in tank mixtures with 2,4-D Ignite/Liberty or at 3 fl oz/a with glypho- or dicamba to reduce the risk of injury. sate. With the safener in Laudis, field corn Topramazone has no insecticide use restric- has excellent tolerance to Laudis. Laudis tions. Topramazone drift will bleach the can be applied to field, silage, seed, and leaves of sensitive plants. Do not apply if sweet corn. wind speed exceeds 10 mph. Topramazone Rotational restrictions: Small grains can PAST U RES F ORAGES & is rainfast in 1 hour. Topramazone can be be planted after 4 months; soybean can be used on field corn (grain, silage, and seed) planted after 8 months; and alfalfa, peas, and sweet corn. potato, and snap bean can be planted after Rotational restrictions: Corn can be 10 months. planted any time after application; small grains after 3 months; alfalfa, peas, pota- Metribuzin

SMA LL GRA I NS toes, sorghum, and soybean after 9 months; and other crops after 18 months. If the Rate: 2 to 3 oz/a of metribuzin 75DF or 0.5 fl oz/a rate is used, snap beans can be equivalent of other metribuzin formulations. planted after 9 months; otherwise, they Adjuvants: Never use crop oil concentrate. cannot be planted for 18 months. Do not use adjuvants in 2,4-D or Buctril tank mixes. In tank mixtures with atrazine or dicamba, 1 qt of nonionic surfactant per Laudis (tembotrione + safener) 100 gal of spray mixture may be added.

PERENN I A L Rate: 3 fl oz/a. Surfactant or 28% nitrogen solution may be W EE D S Adjuvants: Add 1% crop oil concentrate or added to Basagran tank mixtures. methylated seed oil plus 1.5 qt/a 28% nitro- Timing: Corn—Metribuzin can be applied gen solution or ammonium sulfate at 8.5 from emergence to tasseling, but timing is lb/100 gal. Methylated seed oil is preferred restricted by the tank-mix partner. over crop oil concentrate if Laudis is being Weeds—Maximum size of broadleaf used as a one-pass postemergence program weeds controlled depends on the tank-mix STORE D GRA I N to maximize the grass weed control. partner. See label for specifics. I NSE C TS Timing: Corn—Apply from emergence up Remarks: Metribuzin has been labeled as to the 8-collar (V8) stage. a tank-mix partner for atrazine, dicamba, Weeds—Apply before broadleaf weeds Basagran, Buctril, and 2,4-D to enhance exceed 6 inches tall. Apply before large broadleaf weed control. Metribuzin may crabgrass, giant and green foxtail, woolly cause some corn leaf burn, but the effects cupgrass exceed 3 inches; before wild proso are generally temporary. Do not apply over millet exceeds 4 inches; before barnyard- coarse-textured soils with less than 0.5% APPEN DIX grass exceeds 5 inches; and before shatter- organic matter or to cold-stressed corn. If cane exceeds 6 inches. a preemergence application of metribuzin Remarks: Laudis provides good control was applied, do not apply more than a total of many broadleaf weeds and several grass of 5.3 oz/a metribuzin. Metribuzin may be treated as conventional hybrids. NorthStar 49 PR I N CI P L ES O F applied to field corn and silage corn, but can be used on field corn, silage corn, and PEST MGMT not to sweet corn. seed corn. Do not use on sweet corn. Rotational restrictions: Injury to rotational Rotational restrictions: Field corn may be field crops is not a concern with these low planted 14 days after NorthStar application; rates of metribuzin. winter wheat after 3 months; alfalfa dry and green beans, sweet corn, peas, pota- NorthStar (primisulfuron + dicamba toes, soybeans, small grains, and tobacco

premix) after 8 months. Other crops may be planted C ORN weeds 18 months after application. (post) Rate: 5 oz/a. Adjuvants: Add nonionic surfactant at Option (foramsulfuron + safener) 0.25% to the spray solution or 1 to 4 pt/a of crop oil concentrate if corn is less than Rate: 1.5 oz/a. 12 inches tall. Adding 2 to 4 qt/a of 28% Adjuvants: Add methylated seed oil at nitrogen solution or 2 to 4 lb/a ammonium 1.5 pt/a plus either 28% fertilizer at 1.5 to 2 sulfate may improve the control of some qt/a or ammonium sulfate at 1.5 to 3 lb/a. SO YB EAN weeds. Timing: Corn—Apply from the 1-collar Timing: Corn—Apply to 4- to 20-inch corn through the 6-collar (V6) stage. (applications before 4 inches may cause Weeds—Apply before woolly cupgrass injury and after the V6 stage may cause exceeds 2 inches; before green and yel- pinched ears). Use drop nozzles for corn low foxtails, wild proso millet, and fall from 20 inches to 36 inches tall. panicum exceed 3 inches; before barnyard- PAST U RES Weeds—Apply to 4- to 12-inch shatter- grass exceeds 4 inches; before giant foxtail F ORAGES & cane, 4- to 8-inch quackgrass, and 3-inch exceeds 6 inches; and before quackgrass fall panicum. Apply before lambsquarters, and wirestem muhly exceed 10 inches. smartweed, and velvetleaf exceed 4 inches; Broadleaf weeds should be treated before pigweeds exceed 5 inches; cocklebur and lambsquarters, common ragweed, and nightshade exceed 6 inches; and common velvetleaf exceed 2 inches; before pigweed and giant ragweed exceed 9 inches. exceeds 3 inches; and before nightshade SMA LL GRA I NS Remarks: NorthStar controls many annual exceeds 4 inches. Weeds beyond these broadleaves and quackgrass, but will only stages may be treated with a 1.75 oz/a rate. suppress most annual grasses. NorthStar Remarks: Option controls many annual can be tank mixed with atrazine, dicamba, grass weeds and quackgrass, but it will not or Resource to improve broadleaf weed control smooth crabgrass. Large crabgrass control or tank mixed with Accent Q for and wirestem muhly may only be sup- added annual grass control. Corn occasion- pressed. Grasses like crabgrass and woolly

cupgrass that emerge after application PERENN I A L

ally may show temporary yellowing or W EE D S leaning/brittleness (from the dicamba com- will not be controlled adequately because ponent) after application. Delay cultivation Option has short residual activity. Option until normal growth occurs to prevent stalk is an ALS inhibitor like the Accent Q fam- breakage. Soybeans, tobacco, and most ily of herbicides. As a result, ALS-resistant vegetables are extremely sensitive to the grasses will likely be cross resistant to dicamba component in NorthStar, so avoid Option. Option can be tank mixed with atrazine, Callisto, dicamba, Hornet, North- STORE D GRA I N drift. To prevent residues from injuring I NSE C TS other crops like soybeans, use an ammonia Star, Status, or Yukon to improve broadleaf solution to clean the sprayer after use. Do weed control or with acetochlor, Zemax, not apply NorthStar if Counter CR was Lumax EZ, or Prowl for residual activity. applied in furrow. NorthStar applied after Corn is tolerant to Option, which contains surface-banded or T‑banded Counter CR a safener to enhance herbicide metabolism, may cause injury. NorthStar applications but stressed corn may be temporarily yel- after Dyfonate, Lorsban, and Thimet may lowed or stunted. Do not use Option if APPEN DIX also cause temporary injury. NorthStar Counter (in-furrow), Dyfonate, or Thimet can be used on IR corn hybrids regardless was applied because of the risk of injury. of insecticide use without increasing risk Option may cause temporary injury if of injury, but IT corn hybrids should be Lorsban or Counter (T-band) was applied. 50 Option should not be applied within 7 days Timing: Corn—Apply from emergence PR I N CI P L ES O F PEST MGMT of the application of an organophosphate through the 8-collar (V8) stage. insecticide. Option can be applied to field Weeds—Apply before smartweed exceeds corn, silage corn, and sweet corn. It is not 2 inches, before lambsquarters and giant recommended on seed corn. ragweed exceed 3 inches, before night- Rotational restrictions: Corn can be shade and pigweed exceed 4 inches, before replanted 7 days after application and soy- cocklebur and common ragweed exceed beans can be planted 14 days after applica- 9 inches, and before velvetleaf exceeds

C ORN weeds tion. All other crops can be planted 60 days 18 inches. (post) after application. Remarks: Priority provides the equivalent of 0.5 oz/a of Aim EW and 0.67 oz/a of Permit. It provides excellent velvetleaf con- Permit (halosulfuron) trol plus good control of several broadleaf Rate: 0.67 to 1.33 oz/a. weeds and yellow nutsedge. Priority can Adjuvants: Add nonionic surfactant at be tank mixed with postemergence grass 0.25% or crop oil concentrate at 1% to the herbicides like Accent Q, Basis Blend, and SO YB EAN spray mixture. A 28% nitrogen solution Steadfast Q, or with other postemergence may be added at 2 to 4 qt/a or ammonium herbicides to control weeds not controlled sulfate at 2 to 4 lb/a if required by a tank- by Priority. The Aim component will cause mix partner. some speckling of corn leaves. Avoid Timing: Corn—Apply from emergence to spraying within 6 to 8 hours before rain or lay-by stage (about 36 inches tall). irrigation or spraying excessive rates in the Weeds—At the low rate, apply before whorl as excessive leaf burn may occur. PAST U RES F ORAGES & smartweed exceeds 2 inches, before pig- Adjust the spray boom to spray at least 18 weed and giant ragweed exceed 3 inches, inches above the corn. Priority may be used and before cocklebur, common ragweed, on field corn, silage corn, seed corn, and and velvetleaf exceed 9 inches. At 1.0 to sweet corn, but should only be applied to 1.33 oz/a, Permit controls 4- to 12-inch yel- seed corn using drop nozzles. low nutsedge and larger stages of the pre- Rotational restrictions: Field corn can be vious weeds. SMA LL GRA I NS replanted 1 month after application; small Remarks: Permit controls several broad grains can be planted 2 months after appli- leaf weeds and nutsedge but it does not cation; sweet corn can be planted after control black nightshade and only sup- 3 months; soybeans can be planted after presses common lambsquarters. Permit 9 months; and alfalfa, dry and snap beans, can be tank mixed with atrazine, Buctril, peas, and potatoes can be planted after dicamba, or 2,4-D to broaden the spectrum 12 months. of broadleaf weed control. Tank mixtures

PERENN I A L can also be made with Accent Q to control W EE D S Rage D-Tech (Aim + 2,4-D premix) specific grasses. Corn has good tolerance to Permit. Permit can be applied to field corn, Rate: 8 fl oz/a. silage corn, and seed corn, but not sweet Adjuvants: Add nonionic surfactant at corn. 0.25%. Timing: Rotational restrictions: Field corn can Corn—Apply from spike to be replanted 1 month after application; 8 inches tall. Drop nozzles can be used on STORE D GRA I N corn up to 36 inches tall.

I NSE C TS small grains can be planted 2 months after application; sweet corn can be planted Weeds—Apply before broadleaf weeds after 3 months; and alfalfa, dry and snap exceed 6 inches tall. beans, peas, potatoes, and soybeans can be Remarks: Rage D-Tech should control planted after 9 months. lambsquarters, nightshade, pigweed, and velvetleaf. Tank mixtures with atrazine or glyphosate (Roundup Ready corn only) Priority (Aim EW + Permit premix) are recommended to broaden the spectrum APPEN DIX Rate: 1.0 oz/a. of weed control. The Aim component will Adjuvants: Add 0.25% nonionic surfac- provide a faster burn of weed foliage than tant. Nitrogen additives or crop oil concen- 2,4-D alone. Rage D-Tech will cause some trates may be used if required by a tank- temporary speckling of corn leaves and mix partner. may cause stalk twisting or brittleness. Rotational restrictions: Field corn can be 51 PR I N CI P L ES O F Avoid spraying within 6 to 8 hours of rain planted any time after application; winter PEST MGMT or irrigation or when dew exists because wheat after 4 months; small grains after 9 excessive leaf burn may occur. Rage D-Tech months; and alfalfa, canola, potatoes, flax, can be used on field, silage, and sweet corn. sorghum, sweet corn, popcorn, soybeans, Rotational restrictions: Corn or soybeans and sunflowers after 10 months. Any crop could be replanted after the required inter- not listed on the label cannot be planted for val indicated for burndown treatments. 18 months.

Snap beans, peas, and tobacco can be C ORN weeds planted after 12 months. Most other crops Resolve Q (rimsulfuron + Harmony (post) can be planted after 30 days. SG + safener premix) Rate: 1.25 oz/a. Realm Q (rimsulfuron + mesotrione Adjuvants: If applied alone, add 0.25% premix) nonionic surfactant plus either 2 lb/a of Rate: 4 oz/a. ammonium sulfate or 2 qt/a of 28% nitro-

Adjuvants: Add 1% crop oil concentrate gen solution. Surfactant is not required if SO YB EAN or methylated seed oil plus 2 qt/a 28% tank mixing with a glyphosate formula- nitrogen solution or ammonium sulfate tion that already contains all the necessary at 2 lb/a. Nonionic surfactant at 0.25% surfactant (fully loaded) or with Ignite/ plus 2 qt/a 28% urea ammonium nitrate Liberty. or ammonium sulfate at 2 lb/a can also be Timing: Corn—Apply from emergence to used, but COC is preferred. 20 inches tall, but before the V7 stage. PAST U RES Timing: Postemergence—Apply to corn up Weeds—Apply before barnyardgrass, F ORAGES & to 20 inches or with seven visible collars foxtails, or fall panicum exceed 2 inches (V7), whichever is more restrictive. Apply and before pigweed and velvetleaf exceed before 12-inch corn for best performance. 3 inches. Remarks: Realm Q will control or sup- Remarks: Resolve Q will control or suppress several small annual grass and broad- press several small annual grass and broadleaf weeds and provides limited residual leaf weeds and will provide limited resid- control. Realm Q is suggested for use dur- ual control. Resolve Q is being marketed to SMA LL GRA I NS ing early postemergence applications as a be mixed with glyphosate or Ignite/Liberty sequential weed control component follow- to increase their postemergence activity ing several suggested herbicide programs and provide residual activity. Rainfall or used prior to corn emergence. Realm Q can irrigation within several days after applica- be tank mixed with glyphosate products tion is necessary to obtain residual activ- for application on Roundup Ready corn, ity of velvetleaf, pigweed, lambsquarters,

with glufosinate for application on Liberty and foxtails. Resolve Q may also be tank PERENN I A L W EE D S Link corn, and with a variety of other pos- mixed with preemergence grass herbicides temergence corn herbicides to improve the or reduced rates of Lumax EZ for greater spectrum of weed control. Do not exceed residual activity or with Impact/Armezon the total annual limits of rimsulfuron or plus atrazine for greater postemergence mesotrione. Rainfall or irrigation is needed activity. Do not tank mix with Basagran within 5–7 days following application to because crop injury may occur. Do not use provide residual control. If no rainfall is on fields treated with Counter CR applied STORE D GRA I N I NSE C TS received in that timeframe, provide row in furrow or over the row at cultivation. cultivation for soil incorporation or apply Resolve Q may injure corn treated with another postemergence application as Counter CR, Lorsban, or Thimet if soil has needed. Do not tank mix Realm Q with less than 4% organic matter. Resolve Q can Basagran because severe crop injury may be used on field corn, but not on seed or occur. Do not mix Realm Q with foliar- sweet corn. applied organophosphate insecticides such Rotational restrictions: Corn can be as Lorsban, malathion, or parathion, as planted any time after application; pota- APPEN DIX severe crop injury may occur. Do not apply toes after 1.5 months; winter wheat after to field corn grown for seed, popcorn, or 3 months; small grains after 9 months; sweet corn. and alfalfa, peas, sweet corn, soybeans, 52 snap beans, and dry beans after 10 months. corn or with drop nozzles to 5-leaf or PR I N CI P L ES O F PEST MGMT Any crop not listed on the label cannot be 12-inch corn on medium and fine-textured planted for 18 months. soils. Weeds—Annual broadleaf weeds are best Resource (flumiclorac) controlled if less than 4 inches tall. Remarks: Shotgun controls many com- Rate: Broadcast applications—4 to fl 6 oz/a. mon annual broadleaf weeds. Corn stalks Drop-nozzle applications—4 to 8 fl oz/a. may become brittle during the week follow- Tank mixtures—4 fl oz/a.

C ORN weeds ing Shotgun application. To minimize the Adjuvants: Add 1 pt/a crop oil concen- (post) risk of injury, make early applications or trate for broadcast application or 2 pt/a for use drop nozzles at larger growth stages to drop nozzle applications. See label for tank avoid spraying excessive rates in the whorl mixture recommendations. of the corn plant. Later applications also Timing: Corn—Apply from V2 to V10 (2- increase the risk of deformed brace roots. to 10-collar) stage. Tank mix applications Be cautious when applying Shotgun at tem- can be made from V2 through the maximum peratures above 85˚F because 2,4-D ester stage allowed by the tank-mix partner. SO YB EAN vapors may drift to injure nearby sensitive Weeds—Apply broadcast applications of plants. Shotgun may only be used on field 6 fl oz/a Resource before common ragweed corn and silage corn. and smooth pigweed exceed 3 leaves and Rotational restrictions: Corn, sorghum, before velvetleaf exceeds 6 leaves. Larger and soybeans can be planted the year after weeds can be controlled with drop-nozzle application. applications at 8 fl oz/a. PAST U RES F ORAGES & Remarks: Resource may cause temporary spotting of corn leaves. Resource is highly Status (dicamba + diflufenzopyr effective on velvetleaf, controlling up to + safener premix) 10‑leaf velvetleaf at 8 fl oz/a. It is less effec- Rate: 5 to 10 oz/a. Can be tank mixed at tive on other broadleaf weeds and must 2.5 oz/a with glyphosate or Ignite/Liberty be applied early for control. Resource can on resistant corn hybrids. be tank mixed at low rates with numer- Adjuvants: Add 0.25% nonionic surfactant SMA LL GRA I NS ous broadleaf herbicides to enhance the or 1% crop oil concentrate. Also add either velvetleaf control of the tank-mix partner. 28% nitrogen solution at 1.25% to the spray Resource may be used on field corn and mixture or ammonium sulfate at 5 lb/100 silage corn, but not on sweet corn. gal of spray. Rotational restrictions: Corn and soybeans Timing: Corn—4 to 36 inches tall or V10. can be planted any time. Other crops can be Weeds—The label does not specify maxi- planted 30 days after application. mum weed sizes for treatment. However, broadleaf weeds should be treated before PERENN I A L W EE D S Roundup formulations weed competition occurs and while weeds are still easily controlled. It seems wise to See glyphosate (page 45). treat before most annual broadleaf weeds exceed 4 inches. Shotgun* (atrazine + 2,4-D ester Remarks: Status controls many annual premix) broadleaf weeds and suppresses peren-

STORE D GRA I N Rate: 2 to 3 pt/a; see comments under nial broadleaves. Status may also suppress I NSE C TS timing. growth of annual grasses that escape con- Adjuvants: Do not add adjuvants to the trol after a preemergence grass herbicide spray mix or apply in liquid fertilizer. application, but do not rely on Status for Timing: Corn—Apply 2 pt/a from emer- annual grass control. Status can be tank gence to the 4-leaf stage or before 8 inches mixed with other postemergence grass tall on any soil texture or with drop nozzles or broadleaf herbicides with the follow- to corn up to 5 leaves or 12 inches tall on ing exceptions: dicamba, Hornet WDG, APPEN DIX coarse textured soils. Three pt/a can be Northstar, and 2,4‑D. Tank mixing with applied broadcast to 4-leaf or 8-inch-tall emulsifiable concentrate formulations of *Contains atrazine. preemergence grass herbicides are not See pages 20–21 for recommended because of potential injury. rate restrictions. Corn injury (stalk brittleness or twisting) control. Tank mixing Steadfast Q with 53 PR I N CI P L ES O F from Status should be less than injury from dicamba may increase the risk of rat-tailing PEST MGMT other dicamba products because of the when applied to small corn. Do not tank safener added to the formulation. Soybeans, mix Steadfast Q with Basagran, or 2,4-D tobacco, and most vegetables or gardens are because crop injury or antagonism may extremely sensitive to Status, so avoid drift. occur. Only tank mix with ALS herbicides To prevent residues from injuring other when recommended by DuPont. Do not crops like soybeans, the sprayer should be apply to hybrids with relative maturities of

cleaned after use with a strong detergent less than 77 days or injury may occur. Do C ORN weeds or spray tank cleaner. Do not use Status on not use Steadfast Q on fields treated with (post) soils classified as sand with less than 3% Counter CR applied in furrow at planting organic matter and where groundwater or over the row at cultivation. Steadfast Q depth is shallow. Status can be used on may injure corn treated with Counter CR, field corn, silage corn, and seed corn, but Lorsban, or Thimet if soil has less than 4% not on sweet corn. organic matter. Do not apply organophos- Rotational restrictions: Field corn can phate insecticides within 7 days before or 3 be replanted 7 days after application and days after Steadfast Q applications. Stead- SO YB EAN alfalfa, small grains, and soybeans can be fast Q may only be used on field and silage planted 30 days after application if 5 oz/a corn. or less was applied and 1 inch of rain was Rotational restrictions: Field corn can be received. Otherwise, crops should not be planted any time after application; soy- planted for 120 days. beans after 15 days; winter wheat after 4 months; spring cereals after 8 months; PAST U RES F ORAGES & Steadfast Q (rimsulfuron + Accent and alfalfa, dry beans, snap beans, peas, Q + safener premix) potatoes, and sweet corn after 10 months. Rate: 1.5 oz/a. Adjuvants: Add crop oil concentrate at 1% Stinger (clopyralid) (preferred) or nonionic surfactant at 0.25% Rate: 0.25 to 0.5 pt/a for annual weeds to the spray solution. Also add 2 qt/a of and 0.33 to 0.5 pt/a for Canada thistle. 28% nitrogen solution or 2 lb/a ammonium Adjuvants: Not required. SMA LL GRA I NS sulfate. Timing: Corn—Apply from emergence Timing: Corn—Apply from emergence to through 24 inches tall. 20 inches, but before the 7-collar (V7) stage. Weeds—Apply before annual broadleaf For corn with 77- to 88-day maturities, weeds exceed 5 leaves. Apply to Canada apply before 12 inches or V6 stage. thistle after 6 to 8 inches, but before bud Weeds—Apply before large crabgrass stage. Remarks: Stinger controls many weeds in exceeds 1 inch; before woolly cupgrass PERENN I A L exceeds 3 inches; before foxtails, barnyard- the sunflower family including cocklebur, W EE D S grass, fall panicum, and wild proso millet sunflower, common and giant ragweed, exceed 4 inches; and before quackgrass Jerusalem artichoke, and Canada thistle exceeds 8 inches. plus some weeds in the nightshade, buck- Remarks: Steadfast Q is effective on many wheat, and legume families. For Canada annual grasses and quackgrass. Smooth thistle control, do not cultivate before appli- crabgrass will not be controlled and large cation and delay cultivation 2 to 3 weeks STORE D GRA I N I NSE C TS crabgrass may only be suppressed. Crab- after application for maximum effective- grass can be controlled if Steadfast Q is tank ness. For lighter Canada thistle infestations, mixed with a preemergence grass herbicide the 0.33 pt/a rate is recommended on the and applied before the crabgrass emerges. label and has been effective in Wisconsin. Do not add a nitrogen fertilizer if tank mix- Stinger may be used on field corn and ing with Lumax EZ. Steadfast Q is labeled silage corn, but not sweet corn. for tank mixtures with lower rates of atra- Rotational restrictions: Small grains, field zine, Callisto, dicamba, Hornet, Impact/ corn, and grasses can be planted any time APPEN DIX Armezon plus atrazine, or Status to provide after a Stinger application. Do not plant broadleaf weed control. Tank mixing with alfalfa, dry beans, soybeans, or sweet corn Permit or Yukon will also provide nutsedge for 10.5 months after application or peas and potatoes for 18 months after application. 54 Yukon (Permit + dicamba premix) Timing: Corn—Apply early postemer- PR I N CI P L ES O F PEST MGMT gence broadcast applications to 4- to 8‑inch Rate: 4 to 8 oz/a. corn. Make late postemergence drop-nozzle Adjuvants: Add nonionic surfactant at 0.25 applications to corn between 8 inches tall to 0.5% (preferred) or crop oil concentrate until 1 week before tassel emergence. Pre- at 1% to the spray solution. If required by a harvest applications can be made after silks tank-mix partner, 2 to 4 qt/a of 28% nitro- brown. gen solution or 2 to 4 lb/a ammonium sul- Weeds—Annual broadleaf weeds are fate may be added.

C ORN weeds controlled best when less than 3 inches tall.

(post) Timing: Corn—Apply from emergence to Perennial broadleaves should be 10 inches 36 inches. or more in height when treated. Weeds—At the low rate, apply before Remarks: Corn injury is most likely when smartweed exceeds 3 inches; before lambs corn is growing rapidly under high tem- quarters, nightshade, and giant ragweed perature and high soil moisture conditions. exceed 6 inches; and before nutsedge, Under such circumstances, delay cultiva- pigweed, and common ragweed exceed 12 tion for 8 to 10 days to allow corn to over- SO YB EAN inches. come any temporary stalk brittleness. Corn Remarks: Yukon at 4 oz/a is equivalent to hybrids vary in their tolerance to 2,4-D. the standard 0.67 oz/a rate of Permit plus For early postemergence applications, use 4 oz/a of dicamba. It controls many annual the lower rate for treatment in hot, humid broadleaf weeds and provides good control weather. For late drop-nozzle applications, of yellow nutsedge. Yukon is labeled for adjust the application rate in direct propor- tank mixtures with atrazine, Accent, Cal- tion to the amount of the field area actually PAST U RES F ORAGES & listo, Impact/Armezon, and Steadfast Q. being treated. If the entire row and inter- It can be tank mixed with glyphosate or row area is being treated, no rate reduction Ignite/Liberty on resistant hybrids. Corn is necessary. Direct the spray toward the has good tolerance to early postemergence base of the corn row to obtain maximum applications, but certain hybrids may have weed coverage with minimum corn injury. temporary twisting or brittleness because of Smartweeds and wild buckwheat are some- the dicamba component. Soybeans, tobacco,

SMA LL GRA I NS what tolerant of 2,4-D, especially the amine and most vegetables are extremely sensi- form. tive to the dicamba component in Yukon, Only certain brands of 2,4-D are regis- so avoid drift. To prevent residues from tered for preharvest use. The purpose of injuring other crops like soybeans, clean the preharvest treatment is to limit weed seed sprayer after use with a detergent solution production and suppress tall growing weeds followed by an ammonia solution. Yukon that might interfere with corn harvest. can be used on field, silage, and seed corn, Apply 1 qt/a by ground or air after corn

PERENN I A L but not on sweet corn. W EE D S silks turn brown. Tall pigweed, sunflower, Rotational restrictions: Field corn can be cocklebur, and hemp dogbane are often planted 1 month after application; small controlled, but velvetleaf control is usually grains can be planted 2 months after appli- poor. Some studies have shown substantial cation; sweet corn can be planted after 3 reduction in the viability of certain weed months; and alfalfa, dry and snap beans, seeds, but velvetleaf seed viability was peas, potatoes, and soybeans can be planted reduced only slightly. Postemergence appli- STORE D GRA I N after 9 months. I NSE C TS cation of 2,4-D may be used on field corn, silage corn, and sweet corn. Because sweet 2,4-D amine or ester corn is more susceptible to damage than Rate: Early postemergence—0.5 to 1.0 pt/a field corn, 2,4-D is seldom used on sweet of 2,4-D amine or 0.33 to 0.67 pt/a of 2,4-D corn. low volatile ester, assuming 3.8 lb ae/gal. Rotational restrictions: Soil persistence of Late postemergence—1 pt/a of 2,4-D amine 2,4-D is short. Rotational restrictions depend

APPEN DIX or low volatile ester. on rate and are generally 30 days or less. Adjuvants: Do not add crop oil or serious corn injury may occur. Add surfactant if directed by tank-mix partner. Table 2-4. Forage, grazing, and grain harvest intervals for corn herbicidesa 55 PR I N CI P L ES O F PEST MGMT Product Forage/grazing interval Grain harvest interval Accent Q 30 days no restrictions Acetochlor no restrictions no restrictions Acetochlor + atrazine 60 days no restrictions Alachlor + atrazine 21 days no restrictions Atrazine 60 days no restrictions

Basagran 12 days no restrictions C ORN weeds

Basis Blend 30 days 30 days (post) Bicep Lite II Magnum 60 days no restrictions Buctril 30 days apply before tassel emergence Cadet 30 days 90 days Callisto 45 days 45 days Capreno 45 days no restrictions Dicamba delay harvest until milk stage no restrictions SO YB EAN Dual II Magnum 30 days no restrictions Fierce no restrictions no restrictions Glyphosate–broadcast 50 days 7 days G-Max Lite 60 days no restrictions Halex GT 45 days 45 days Harmony SG 30 days 30 days PAST U RES Hornet WDG 45 days 85 days F ORAGES & Ignite/Liberty 60 days 70 days Impact/Armezon 45 days 45 days Laudis 45 days no restrictions Lumax EZ 60 days 45 days Metribuzin 60 days 60 days

NorthStar grazing: 30 days; silage: 45 days 60 days SMA LL GRA I NS Option 45 days 70 days Outlook 40 days no restrictions Permit 30 days no restrictions Princep 60 days 60 days Priority 30 days no restrictions Prowl H2O 21 days no restrictions

Python 85 days 85 days PERENN I A L W EE D S Rage D-Tech 7 days 3 days Realm Q 45 days 70 days Resolve Q 30 days 30 days Resource 28 days 28 days Shotgun 21 days no restrictions

Status 32 days 72 days STORE D GRA I N

Steadfast Q 30 days no restrictions I NSE C TS Stinger 40 days no restrictions SureStart/TripleFLEX no restrictions 85 days Verdict 80 days no restrictions Yukon 30 days no restrictions Zemax 45 days 45 days Zidua no restrictions no restrictions APPEN DIX 2,4-D amine or ester 7 days no restrictions a Labels may have changed after this table was prepared. Consult current labels to verify the information. 56 Table 2-5. Rate equivalents of corn herbicide premixes PR I N CI P L ES O F PEST MGMT Herbicide Rate/a Provides the equivalent of: Basis Blend 30DF 0.825 oz 0.66 oz Resolve 25DF + 0.17 oz Harmony SG Bicep II Magnum 5.5L 1.9 qt 1.2 pt Dual II Magnum 7.64EC + 1.6 lb atrazine 90DF Bicep Lite II Magnum 6L 1.5 qt 1.3 pt Dual II Magnum 7.64EC + 1.1 lb atrazine 90DF Bullet 4ME 3 qt 3.75 pt Micro-Tech 4ME + 1.25 lb atrazine 90DF Callisto Xtra 3.7CS 24 fl oz 3 fl oz Callisto 4L + 0.62 lb atrazine 90DF C ORN weeds

(post) Capreno 3.45L 3 fl oz 2.47 fl oz Laudis 3.5L + 0.013 lb thiencarbazone Degree Xtra 4.04CS 3.7 qt 2.85 pt Harness 7EC + 1.38 lb atrazine 90DF Fierce WDG 3 oz 2 oz Valor SX 51DF + 1.5 oz Zidua 85WG G-Max Lite 5L 3 pt 18 fl oz Outlook 6EC + 1.1 lb atrazine 90DF Guardsman Max 5L 3.6 pt 16 fl oz Outlook 6EC + 1.67 lb atrazine 90DF Halex GT 3.6 pt 1 pt Dual Magnum 7.64EC + 3 fl oz Callisto 4L SO YB EAN + 0.9 lb ae glyphosate Harness Xtra 5.6L 2.3 qt 2 pt Harness 7.0EC + 1.6 lb atrazine 90DF Harness Xtra 6L 2 qt 2.46 pt Harness 7.0EC + 0.94 lb atrazine 90DF Hornet 68.5WDG 4 oz 0.92 oz Python 80WG + 5.3 oz Stinger 3SC Keystone 5.25L 2.6 qt 2.4 pt Surpass 6.4EC + 1.63 lb atrazine 90DF

PAST U RES Keystone LA 5.5L 2 qt 2.5 pt Surpass 6.4EC + 0.83 lb atrazine 90DF F ORAGES & Lumax EZ 3.95L 3.25 qt 2.1 pt Dual II Magnum 7.64EC + 6.4 fl oz Callisto 4L + 0.83 lb atrazine 90DF NorthStar 47.4WG 5 oz 0.5 oz Beacon 75WG + 4 oz Clarity 4SC Priority 62.5DG 1 oz 0.67 oz Permit 75WDG + 0.5 oz Aim EW Rage D-Tech 8 fl oz 0.5 oz Aim EW + 8.3 oz 2,4-D LV4 (3.8 lb ae/gal)

SMA LL GRA I NS Realm Q 4 oz 1.2 oz Resolve 25 WDG + 2.5 fl oz Callisto 4L Resolve Q 1.25 oz 0.9 oz Resolve 25WDG + 0.1 oz Harmony SG Shotgun 3.25L 2 pt 0.625 lb atrazine 90DF + 8.42 oz Low Vol 4 (3.8 lb ae/gal) Status 5 oz 0.8 oz ae diflufenzopyr + 4 fl oz Clarity 4S Steadfast Q 37.7WDG 1.5 oz 0.67 oz Accent Q 54.5WDG + 0.75 oz Resolve 25DF SureStart/TripleFLEX 1.5 pt 0.88 pt Surpass 6.4EC + 2.3 fl oz Stinger 3SC PERENN I A L W EE D S + 0.45 oz Python 80WG Verdict 5.57EC 13 fl oz 2.6 fl oz Sharpen 2.86SC + 10.8 fl oz Outlook 6EC Yukon 67.5WDG 4 oz 0.67 oz Permit 75WDG + 4 oz Clarity 4S Zemax 3.67L 2.4 qt 2.1 pt Dual II Magnum 7.64EC + 6.3 oz Callisto 4L STORE D GRA I N I NSE C TS APPEN DIX PRINCIPLES OF CORN weeds FORAGES & PERENNIAL STORED GRAIN PEST MGMT (post) SOYBEAN PASTURES SMALL GRAINS WEEDS INSECTS APPENDIX 57

AMS at 2 lb/a AMS at qt/a or 28% N at 2 AMS at 5–17 lb/100 gal 28% N at 1.25% or nitrogen additive AMS at 2.5 lb/a 28% N at 2–4 qt/a or AMS at 2.5 lb/a 28% N at 2–4 qt/a or AMS at 2 lb/a 28% at 2 qt/a or AMS at 2–4 lb/a may be28% N at 2–4 qt/a or by tank-mix partner added if required AMS at 2 lb/a 28% N at 2 qt/a or AMS at 1–2 lb/a may AMS at 1–2 lb/a 28% N at 1–2 qt/a or be added AMS at 8.5 lb/100 gal AMS at 8.5 lb/100 28% N at 2.5% or 28% UAN at 2.5% or AMS at 8.5 lb/100 gal lb/100 at 8.5 AMS or at 2.5% 28% UAN AMS at 1.5 lb/a 28% N at 1.5 qt/a or AMS at 2.5 lb/a may 28% N at 2–4 qt/a or be added for velvetleaf AMS at 8.5–17 lb/100 gal Add AMS at 8.5–17 lb/100 gal AMS at 2–4 lb/a 28% N at 2–4 qt/a or Add 28% N at 2.5% if droughty AMS at 3 lb/a Add 28% N at 1.25–2.5% or AMS at 8.5–17 lb/100 gal AMS at 8.5 lb/100 gal 28% N at 1.5 qt/a or AMS at 2–4 lb/a may 28% N at 2–4 qt/a or be added 28% N at 1.5–2.0 qt/a or AMS at 1.5–3.0 lb/a AMS at 2–4 lb/a may be28% N at 2–4 qt/a or by tank-mix partner added if required AMS at 2–4 lb/a may be28% N at 2–4 qt/a or by tank-mix partner added if required AMS at 2 lb/a 28% N at 2 qt/a or AMS at 2 lb/a 28% N at 2 qt/a or or or plus plus plus plus plus plus plus plus plus plus plus plus plus plus plus ecommended adjuvants Recommended b 1% 1% 1 qt/a 1% 1 qt/a COC 1% 1% 1–2 pt/a 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1.0–1.5% (MSO 1.0–1.5% (MSO preferred) 1% (MSO preferred) 1–4 pt/a if corn < 12" 1% 1% 1 pt/a or or or or or or or or or or or or Do not add adjuvants. 0.25% 0.25% nonionic surfactant 0.25% 0.25% Adjuvants not required. 0.25–0.5% by tank-mix partner. Do not add COC; add surfactant if directed by tank-mix partner. Do not add COC; add surfactant if directed Add as directed by tank-mix partner. by tank-mix Add as directed 0.25% 0.25% Check label to see if surfactant is needed. 0.25–0.5% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% Add 1.5 pt/a MSO. 0.25–0.5% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 1 4 1 1 4 4 2 4 1 1 4 2 4 4 4 1 — — — — 6–8 6–8 6–8 2–3 2–6 Hours rainfast AMS = ammonium sulfate; COC = crop oil concentrate; MSO = methylated seed oil; N = nitrogen; UAN = urea-ammonium AMS = ammonium sulfate; COC = crop oil concentrate; MSO = methylated seed oil; N = a Use 2 pt/a for drop-nozzle applications. Add COC for lambsquarters and common ragweed control, a nitrogen additive for velvetleaf control, or both if all three weeds are present. Add COC for lambsquarters and common ragweed control, a nitrogen additive for velvetleaf Shotgun Status Accent Q ainfree period and adjuvants required for postemergence corn herbicides for postemergence required period and adjuvants Rainfree Table 2-6. Herbicide Atrazine Steadfast Q Basis Blend Yukon 2,4-D ester Basagran Stinger 2,4-D amine Cadet Buctril Callisto Callisto Xtra Capreno Dicamba Glyphosate Halex GT Harmony SG Hornet WDG Ignite/Liberty Impact/ Armezon Laudis NorthStar Option Realm Q Permit Priority Rage D-Tech Resolve Q Resource nitrate. Abbreviations: a b 2 3 4 1 4 6 3 3 2 1 1 — — — — — — — — — — — — 12 — — — — — — — — — — — 2 6 4 4 6 3 4 4 3 — — — — — — — — — — — — — 12 — — — — — — — — — — — — 2 3 1 4 3 3 3 2 — — — — — — — — — — — 12 — — — — — — — — — — 0.5 1.5 0.5 0.5 2 lf

2 3 2 4 4 3 3 4 3 2 2

— — — — — — — — — — 12 — — — — — — — — — — 1.5 1.5 2 lf Woolly cupgrass Woolly

2 2 2 4 4 6 3 4 3 2 2

Wild proso millet proso Wild — — — — — — — — — — 12 — — — — — — — — — —

1.5 1.5 2 lf Grasses

Large crabgrass Large 2 3 2 4 4 6 4 3 4 6 2 2

— — — — — — — — — — — 12 — — — — — — — — — 1.5 2 lf Foxtail, yellow Foxtail,

2 5 2 4 4 3 4 3 3 2 2

— — — — — — — — — — — 12 — — — — — — — — — — 1.5 2 lf Foxtail, green Foxtail,

2 5 2 4 6 4 3 4 5 4 4 2 2

Foxtail, giant Foxtail, — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —

— 1.5 2 lf

Fall panicum Fall 5 5 5 6 3 2 4 3 6 4 5 6 4 3 8 6 4 4 4 2 6 3 5 3 6 9

36 — 12 — — 18 1.5 2 lf 6 lf Barnyardgrass

6 5 5 6 3 3 4 3 6 3 4 6 4 6 3 6 4 4 6 4 6 5 3 6 2 2

— — — 10 — — — (Labeled rates for certain herbicides may be may certain herbicides rates for (Labeled 1.5 2 lf Velvetleaf

6 5 5 6 6 3 4 4 4 6 4 6 8 6 4 4 9 6 5 3 3 3 martweed

S — — — — — 12 — — — — — 1.5 5 lf

agweed, giant agweed,

R 6 5 6 3 4 4 4 3 4 6 6 6 4 4 9 2 6 5 3 9 9

— — 12 — — — 12 — — — 1.5 5 lf 2 lf 3 lf

agweed, common agweed, R

2 4 5 5 6 3 4 4 3 4 6 4 3 6 6 4 4 4 5 3 3 5 3 6 4 3

— 12 12 — 18 — — 1.5

2 lf igweed P

Broadleaves

6 5 5 6 6 3 4 4 4 6 4 6 6 6 4 4 6 4 5 3 6 4 ightshade N — — — — — — — — — — — — 1.5 O does not control emerged weeds. emerged O does not control

Lambsquarters 8 2 5 5 6 6 3 4 4 3 4 6 2 4 4 6 6 4 4 4 2 5 3 6 3

— — 12 — — — — 1.5 2 lf 3 lf Cocklebur 5 5 6 3 4 4 4 4 6 8 6 4 4 6 2 6 5 3 6 9 9 10 — 14 — — — 10 24 — — — 1.5 5 lf 2 lf Zidua does not control emerged weeds. emerged Zidua does not control Prowl H Prowl aximum size in inches or leaf stage (lf) ——————— ——————— Maximum size in inches Acetochlor does not control emerged weeds. emerged control Acetochlor does not weeds. Dual II Magnum does not control emerged Outlook does not control emerged weeds. emerged Outlook does not control 1 qt 3 qt 1 pt 2 pt 2 pt 1 pt 4 oz 5 oz 5 oz 3 oz 4 oz 1 oz 2.4 qt 1.5 pt 3.6 pt 2.5 oz 0.9 oz 1.5 oz 3 fl oz 3 fl oz 3 fl oz 6 fl oz 8 fl oz 0.25 pt 0.75 oz 1.25 oz 0.67 oz 24 fl oz 22 fl oz Rate/a 0.9 fl oz 0.825 oz 0.083 oz variable variable variable variable variable variable 0.75 fl oz 0.75 lb ae V4 NR 0–5” 4–8” 0–8” 0–8” 0–V2 0–V8 0–V6 0–V8 0–11” 0–12” 0–36” 0–40” 0–12” 0–24” 0–12” 0–12” 0–12” 0–36” V1–V6 V1–V6 4 lf–BT V2–48” V2–V10 0–45” BH 0–8” or 5 lf Corn stage 0–30” or V8 0–30” or V8 0–30” or V8 0–30” or V8 0–20” or V6 0–30” or V8 0–24” or V7 0–20” or V6 0–20” or V7 0–20” or V6 4–36” or V10 V1–V5 or 16” 4–20” (V2–V6) lf = leaf; NR = no restrictions; BH = before harvest; BT = before tasseling; — = not labeled for control. lf = leaf; NR = no restrictions; BH = before harvest; BT = before tasseling; — = not labeled a a a a a a O a 2 a a a a Drop nozzles allow these herbicides to be applied before stages listed: Shotgun up to 12 inches; Accent Q up to 36 inches or 10 collars; Drop nozzles allow these herbicides to be applied before stages listed: Shotgun up to 12 2,4-D Cadet Callisto Callisto Xtra Capreno Dicamba Yukon Zemax Zidua Status Herbicide Acetochlor Basagran Basis Blend Bicep Lite II Magnum Buctril Dual II Magnum G-Max Lite Halex GT Harmony SG Hornet WDG Impact/Armezon Laudis Lumax EZ Steadfast Q Stinger Atrazine 4L Glyphosate Accent Q pplication timings for postemergence herbicides herbicides postemergence for timings Application 2-7. Table higher or lower than the rate included in this table. At different rates, the maximum weed size labeled for control may change.) labeled for control may maximum weed size different rates, the in this table. At than the rate included higher or lower Option Outlook Prowl H Prowl Ignite/Liberty NorthStar Realm Q Resolve Q Resource Shotgun Priority Rage D-Tech Permit Abbreviations: a up to V8; 2,4-D before tasseling. dicamba, Hornet, Ignite/Liberty, NorthStar, Rage D-Tech, and Status up to 36 inches; Option 58

PRINCIPLES OF CORN weeds SOYBEAN FORAGES & SMALL GRAINS PERENNIAL STORED GRAIN APPENDIX PEST MGMT (post) PASTURES WEEDS INSECTS PRINCIPLES OF FORAGES & PERENNIAL STORED GRAIN PEST MGMT CORN insects SOYBEAN PASTURES SMALL GRAINS WEEDS INSECTS APPENDIX 59 and an approvedis system anti-siphon Wisconsin DATCP forrequired. Contact the requirements. information on legal Continuous corn Corn rootworm is known as a continuous to corn pest because it requires corn roots cause complete development. Rootworms when damage beginning the second year feed overwintering eggs hatch and larvae on corn roots to complete development. (Larvae that emerge in fields planted to nonhost crops such as alfalfa or soybean will not complete development.) A corn rootworm control strategy usually is needed at planting in the rootworm area of the state. A line from Green Bay to Eau Claire typically marks the northern limits of corn rootworm problems during most years. However, along the Mississippi River, relatively high populations extend into St. Croix County. Muck and non-irri- gated sandy soils seldom have damaging rootworm populations. For more details about rootworms and control options, see the discussion under “Insect Pests.” il insect Predicting so ds for corn control nee influ- Crop rotation patterns significantly insect ence the occurrence and extent of soil problems in corn. Awareness of these relationships, along with field scouting for information, can help predict the need insecti- a planting-time application of a soil cide, a seed-applied insecticide, or selection of a Bt corn hybrid. Exceptions occasionally can occur because of weather fluctuations, till- abundance or lack of natural enemies, for age, etc. The following are guidelines and predicting soil insect problems in corn selecting insect pest management tactics accordingly.

A number of the products listed in this A number of the products listed in Common and trade names of insecticides

Chemigation Some insecticides, such as Ambush 2E, Cobalt Advanced, Lorsban Advanced, Pounce 3.2 EC, Penncap-M, Sevin, and Warrior II, can be applied through certain sprinkler irrigation systems, as specified on the label, for control of various aboveground corn insect pests. Consult product labels for specific instructions. Wisconsin has stringent regulations regarding application of pesticides through irrigation water, insect management Corn in this section are Insecticides suggested to assist you in select- intended as a guide options. While sugges- ing chemical control of product reg- tions provide an overview field crop insect pests, istrations for specific as an exhaustive this guide is not intended insecticide label source. Product inclusion or omission does not imply endorsement by the University of Wisconsin-Extension. active Keep in mind that certain insecticide ingredients are produced by more than use, one manufacturer, and directions for vary rate, and method of application may the by formulation. Therefore, always read insecticide label completely before using the material. section are restricted-use insecticides. in We discuss restricted-use pesticides the beginning of this publication. Refer - to appendix table 1b for a list of insecti cides that currently require certification to be applied. It is possible that additional the insecticides will be classified before county next growing season. Contact your Extension agent for additional information on insecticide restrictions. are often used interchangeably. Trade names such as Lorsban are capitalized, while common chemical names, chlorpyrifos in this example, are not. 60 Corn after soybeans potato stem borer the following year, since PR I N CI P L ES O F PEST MGMT The incidence of soil insect problems in the weeds can be attractive to egg-laying corn following soybeans is typically low, adults during the summer. and the use of a planter box or commercial Corn after soybeans: seed treatment for control of soil-dwelling Variant western corn rootworm secondary insect pests (e.g., seedcorn maggot, wireworm, white grub) will normally A variant strain of the western corn root- be sufficient. Check seed-applied insec- worm has developed a behavioral adapta- C ORN insects ticide labels for pests controlled and/or tion to the corn-soybean rotation in some suppressed. Soil-applied insecticides are areas of the Midwest, including parts of seldom necessary. Wisconsin. This strain no longer requires In most of the state, corn rootworm dam- corn as an egg-laying site. Like normal age is not a problem when corn is rotated western corn rootworm beetle populations, annually with soybeans or other crops, as the this variant moves readily between corn and adult beetles primarily lay their eggs in corn other crops. Unlike normal rootworm beetles, fields. Larvae that hatch in fields other than this variant can lay heavy populations of eggs SO YB EAN corn will starve to death. This makes crop in soybean fields, resulting in economic rotation a highly reliable cultural control. injury to corn planted the following year. In some cases, not all northern corn root- The variant western corn rootworm worm eggs will hatch after the first winter. (variant WCR) has been documented in Some northern corn rootworm eggs remain southern Wisconsin, the northern two in a dormant state for two or more winters thirds of Illinois, much of Indiana, southern Michigan, and western Ohio. A team of PAST U RES F ORAGES & before hatching. This behavior, known as extended diapause, is more prevalent in UW-Extension researchers, corn-soybean states west of Wisconsin. In a 3-year suc- growers, and Wisconsin DATCP specialists cessive rotation of corn/soybean/corn, this confirmed its presence in Kenosha, Racine, can result in economic rootworm injury Walworth, and Rock counties. Contact your during the year that corn follows soybean. UW-Extension agent for the most current Therefore, damage to corn that follows soy- information on variant WCR in your area. SMA LL GRA I NS bean in rotation does not necessarily mean In affected areas, producers and consul- that rootworm beetles laid eggs in soy- tants should take steps to minimize the risk bean. Additionally, corn rootworm beetles of corn rootworm damage to first-year corn present in corn fields that follow soybean, following soybeans. It’s important to scout alfalfa, or another crop in rotation did not to determine whether the variant WCR necessarily emerge from the soil in those is present in sufficient numbers to cause fields. Rootworm beetles are mobile and economic damage. Treating first-year corn are capable of dispersing to new fields very without first establishing the need is both PERENN I A L W EE D S soon after emergence. For areas not affected costly and environmentally unsound. by the variant western corn rootworm (see Unbaited yellow sticky traps, available next section), if beetles are present in corn from Gempler’s and Great Lakes IPM, are fields that follow a crop other than corn, used to monitor beetle abundance in soy- they are likely migrants and did not emerge beans and predict the need for at-planting in such fields. corn rootworm treatment the following year. For assistance implementing a scout- STORE D GRA I N Although rootworm beetles can be found I NSE C TS in “clean” soybean fields, they are espe- ing program, contact your county Exten- cially attracted to weedy fields or those that sion agent. contain volunteer corn. In these cases, root- If you determine that control is needed, worm beetles may deposit enough eggs in there are several options for reducing soybean fields to cause economic damage damage the following year: when corn is planted the following year. ■■ Use a granular or liquid soil insecticide Control of grassy weeds and volunteer corn at planting. APPEN DIX will help reduce potential problems from ■■ Plant a Bt rootworm corn hybrid. corn rootworm as well as larval wireworm, ■■ white grub, stalk borer, hop vine borer, and Plant corn treated with a corn rootworm-rate insecticidal seed treatment. Corn after sod to cornfields to lay their eggs, because we 61 PR I N CI P L ES O F PEST MGMT True grass sod, including grassy legume have not observed rootworm damage in fields, may harbor pests such as white grubs, corn planted after these grasses in rotation. wireworms, cutworms, sod webworms, and grasshoppers. Species of wireworms Insect pests and white grubs that take longer than Armyworm 1 year to develop also may be a problem The true armyworm causes serious dam- the second and third years if not controlled age in some areas of the state almost every C ORN insects the first year. Seedcorn maggot flies also may year. Armyworms will climb into corn be attracted to the increased organic matter whorls or even attack tasseled corn and of a grass sod broken for corn planting. “rag” the leaves from the outside edges Insecticidal seed treatments will control toward the midrib, sometimes leaving only seedcorn maggots, but soil insecticide treat- midribs on the stalk or eventually eating ments may be needed for pests like wire- the stalks to the ground. Defoliation below worms and white grubs. Several soil insec- the ear zone is not as detrimental as leaf ticides labeled for corn rootworm control feeding above the ear. SO YB EAN are also labeled for control of wireworms Armyworm moths will lay eggs on grass and white grubs. In addition, low-rate in cornfields; thus grass weed control in nicotinoid insecticidal seed treatments are corn is important. If a cornfield has a heavy labeled for wireworms and white grubs. infestation of grassy weeds, scout the Minimum tillage of true grass sods is field carefully. Look on the ground, under favorable to such corn insect pests as cut- debris, and on the weeds. PAST U RES worms, armyworms, grasshoppers, and “Weed-free” fields will not guarantee F ORAGES & stalk borers. immunity from armyworm attack. The Corn after alfalfa armyworm can also migrate into corn from nearby harvested alfalfa, pea, or small grain Rootworms occasionally can be a problem fields or other grassy areas. Monitoring in corn following alfalfa, but this is less these kinds of fields when they border corn common than damage to corn planted after is necessary. When the armyworm migrates soybean. Adult rootworm beetles attracted SMA LL GRA I NS into corn from adjoining areas, only a few to alfalfa or weed blossoms during the border rows may need treatment if infesta- summer egg-laying period occasionally tion is detected early enough. have laid enough eggs to cause economic If you find signs of armyworm feed- damage the following summer. ing, check five sets of 20 plants at random. There also is a potential for damage from Record the number of damaged plants and wireworms and white grubs when corn fol- the number of worms per plant. Spot treat, lows grassy alfalfa and clover fields. PERENN I A L

if possible, when you find two or more W EE D S Some insecticides (Ambush 2E, Brigade armyworms (.75-inch or smaller) per plant 2EC, Pounce 3.2EC, and Warrior II) are on 25% of the plants or one per plant on labeled for preventative treatment for occa- 75% of the plants. Finding the worms while sional pests such as black cutworm, early- they are still small and before damage to season armyworm, and stalk borer, particu- corn is severe increases the value of control. larly when corn is no-till planted into sod. Young worms also are easier to control

However, because of the erratic occurrence STORE D GRA I N

than those nearing maturity. I NSE C TS of these pests, scouting of seedling corn plants combined with timely insecticide Corn earworm application at insect pest thresholds is a Hybrid seed corn production fields occa- more cost-effective and environmentally sionally need protection from corn ear- sound approach. Your county Extension worm. Moths lay eggs on green and yellow agent can assist you in developing a scout- color-stage silks, and larvae crawl down ing program. the silk channel and feed on kernels. Corn APPEN DIX Corn after sudangrasses earworm larvae can be confused with European corn borer—or western bean Although corn rootworm beetles can be cutworm—larvae, which also feed within found in sudangrass, sudex, and other sim- the ears. ilar grasses, the beetles apparently return 62 Pheromone traps can be used to trap heavy infestations (tassel and upper leaves PR I N CI P L ES O F PEST MGMT male moths and monitor population trends. plastered with aphids) can result in barren Treat with an insecticide (see table 2-12) plants. at 10% silk if traps capture 5 to 10 male The most critical period for damage is the moths/night. A second application may be late-whorl to pollen-shed stages. If aphid needed 7 to 10 days later if traps continue populations are high by the time corn has to catch 5 to 10 moths per night. Moths will tasseled and pollinated, major damage will not lay eggs on dry silks. already be done. Because of this, begin

C ORN insects scouting fields approximately 2 to 3 weeks Corn flea beetle before tassel emergence. (You will have to As the name implies, corn flea beetles are pull and unroll whorl leaves to do this.) small (0.6 inch) and will leap great dis- Treatment is suggested if 50% of the plants tances when disturbed. These black beetles have more than 50 aphids per plant and overwinter in clumps of grass near corn- plants are in the late-whorl to early tassel fields and move to corn seedlings shortly stages. after they emerge in the spring. Feeding Apply sprays before tassels have com- SO YB EAN damage appears as long, thin, silvery-white pletely emerged but not before the upper streaks. Although heavily injured leaves whorl leaves have opened to expose the turn brown and wilt, beetle populations in tassels. Wisconsin are rarely large enough to cause Remember that the presence of predators this type of damage. The corn flea beetle is and adequate soil moisture can influence more important for its role in transmitting a treatment decisions. However, we are often bacterial disease known as Stewart’s wilt or faced with long summer dry spells during PAST U RES F ORAGES & Stewart’s disease. This disease is an occa- the tassel emergence period. sional problem in Wisconsin. Beetles can spread the bacterium, Erwinia stewartii, dur- Corn rootworm ing feeding. The bacterium can overwinter Northern and western corn rootworms within the beetle, on plant debris, or in the overwinter in the egg stage in the soil. soil. For more information about Stewart’s Larvae usually can be found feeding on

SMA LL GRA I NS wilt, see the “Corn Diseases” section. developing corn roots by mid-June, peaking Sweet corn and inbred corn can be highly by early July. After completing three larval susceptible to Stewart’s wilt and should be stages, larvae will leave the roots, form an scouted from seedling emergence to the V5 earthen cell, and pupate. The pupae change stage. An insecticide may be warranted if into adults, which make their way out of the there are two to three beetles per plant and soil to feed on pollen, silks, and, in the case if 10% of the plants exhibit feeding injury. of the western corn rootworm, even tender Flea beetle survival and Stewart’s wilt corn foliage. At Arlington, Wisconsin, first PERENN I A L

W EE D S potential are predicted using the average adults normally begin to appear in mid- monthly temperatures for December, Janu- July. Because of the prolonged egg hatch, ary, and February. Typically, Stewart’s wilt all stages (larvae, pupae, and adults) can be causes significant losses only one or two found in July and August. Most of the eggs years in a 20-year period. For flea beetle will be laid from mid- to late August. predictions, consult early spring issues of The potential for damage and need for the UW-Extension Wisconsin Crop Manager a rootworm control strategy in fields of STORE D GRA I N

I NSE C TS newsletter (ipcm.wisc.edu/wcm) or the corn that follow corn are based on the WDATCP Wisconsin Pest Bulletin number of beetles present in fields during (pestbulletin.wi.gov). the summer. If beetle numbers averaged 0.75 or more per plant during late July and Corn leaf aphid August, or if lodging or “goosenecking” Corn leaf aphids are greenish-blue, soft due to larval feeding were noted during bodied, and about the size of a pinhead. that period, the use of a corn rootworm

APPEN DIX Their sap sucking stresses plants and control tactic (soil insecticide, seed treat- interferes with ear production. Soil mois- ment, or Bt corn rootworm hybrid) is ture stress reduces the plant’s ability to recommended if corn is planted again in withstand attack. Moisture stress and the field the following year. Consult Exten- sion publication Corn Rootworms (A3328) at learningstore.uwex.edu for information The exception to this guideline for first- 63 PR I N CI P L ES O F about scouting cornfields for rootworm year corn is the presence of the variant PEST MGMT beetles and about predicting the need for western corn rootworm affecting corn after rootworm control. soybeans in some fields in southeast Wis- Rootworm control by crop rotation. Where consin. Refer to the earlier section on corn cropping systems allow and where the after soybeans for important information variant western corn rootworm is not estab- (page 60). lished, crop rotation is an excellent method Insecticidal control of rootworms. Although

of controlling corn rootworm. Larvae will a soil insecticide will not kill all corn C ORN insects perish soon after hatching if a crop other rootworms in a field, the level of control than corn is planted. achieved normally is adequate to prevent Late-planted corn fields are attractive to economic damage. However, extremely rootworm beetles. The corn’s green silks high larval populations, heavy rains, and pollen can attract large numbers of improper calibration and/or incorporation, beetles from surrounding, more mature and other factors can result in poor control. fields and result in massive numbers of Following are suggestions for using root- eggs being deposited in the soil. Since soil worm insecticides. SO YB EAN insecticides will not control all of the root- ■■ At planting: Apply a granular or liquid worm larvae, an unacceptable amount of insecticide labeled for rootworm control root feeding could still occur in fields with as an in-furrow or banded application heavy egg populations. In these cases, crop at the labeled rate (table 2-8). Refer to rotation is a better alternative when possible. product label for instructions. Resistance to insecticides is possible PAST U RES F ORAGES & whenever a population of insects is sub- ■■ At cultivation: Counter 15G, Force 3G, jected continually to selection pressure or Lorsban 15G granules can be applied from one insecticide class. Because of this, at the base of stalks with a cultivator we strongly encourage the use of crop rota- applicator at labeled rates and covered tion as a control alternative to insecticide lightly with soil. Note that Counter use for corn rootworm control. 15G is limited to 8.7 lb/a of product per year. Be aware of the herbicide-use Two-year life cycle of the northern corn SMA LL GRA I NS rootworm. Corn rootworm beetles lay eggs restrictions associated with Counter. from late July to early September in corn For applications made at cultivation, field soil. These eggs will not hatch until the Counter 15G may be applied 7 days following spring. This is why crop rotation AFTER application of ALS-inhibiting is an effective method of controlling corn herbicides. Chlorpyrifos (e.g., Lorsban rootworms; the larvae will starve if a crop Advanced) is also labeled for applica- besides corn is planted the following spring. tion at cultivation. Apply the treatment

to each side of the row immediately PERENN I A L There are pockets of northern corn W EE D S rootworms in some areas of the Corn ahead of the cultivator shovels. Refer to Belt where a large portion of the eggs go the label for complete details and prod- through two winters before they hatch. uct restrictions. Use extreme caution Most of the documented cases of this two- when using liquid formulations. year life cycle (or extended diapause) have Treatments are most effective when applied close to peak egg hatch, usu- occurred in areas of Minnesota, Illinois, and STORE D GRA I N

Iowa where they practice extensive annual ally between May 25 and June 15. Such I NSE C TS corn and soybean rotation. Apparently, this applications should be done no later annual crop rotation pattern has selected than mid-June; it is suggested only as a for northern corn rootworms with the rescue treatment because dry weather extended diapause trait. following application can limit insecti- So far, we have documented only a few cide activation and result in marginal incidences of this extended northern corn control. Therefore, planting time treat-

rootworm life cycle in Wisconsin, and, ments are preferred. APPEN DIX based on this evidence, we believe that ■■ Control of rootworm beetles to prevent use of a rootworm insecticide on first-year egg laying: Properly timed insecticide corn is seldom justified under Wisconsin applications may reduce beetle popula- conditions. tions enough to eliminate the need for 64 soil insecticides the following year to Slam and Compel are also available for PR I N CI P L ES O F PEST MGMT protect corn roots. Success using this adult rootworm control. Slam contains program requires frequent and careful Sevin (carbaryl) and cucurbitacin, a scouting. Scouts must be able to differ- rootworm feeding stimulant. Compel entiate between the two beetle species contains cucurbitacin and a stick- (western and northern), determine the ing agent; it is combined with a small sex of the beetles, and tell when the amount of insecticide, usually carbaryl, females contain eggs (are gravid). just before application. The strategy

C ORN insects Treatments include Penncap-M (methyl behind these “bait” compounds is that parathion) and Sevin (carbaryl). These beetles will feed heavily once they insecticides are hazardous to honey- encounter the cucurbitacin, allow- bees. Do not apply or allow product ing use of very low rates of carbaryl. to drift onto blooming crops and/or Although Slam and Compel have been blooming weeds if bees are foraging the shown to reduce beetle populations, area to be treated. Notify local beekeep- they have provided inconsistent protec- ers when using such programs. tion of corn roots from feeding by lar- SO YB EAN vae the following year. Single application treatments for beetle ■■ Alternating the use of insecticide active control are not always sufficient due ingredients: Avoid using the same insec- to beetle migration and weather condi- ticide for several consecutive years. tions. Aerial application is standard in Continuous use of the same class of an adult beetle control program. material, uninterrupted by crop rotation Corn rootworm beetle resistance has PAST U RES

F ORAGES & or periodic rotation of insecticide class, developed to methyl parathion and can lead to development of insect resis- carbaryl in some areas of the Corn Belt tance and loss of product efficacy. where there has been a history of adult rootworm control.

SMA LL GRA I NS Table 2-8. Soil insecticides labeled for rootworm control at planting oz of product/ 40" 38” 36” 30” Insecticide Class 1,000 ft of row rows rows rows rows Granular formulations lb/a of product Aztec 2.1G organophosphate 6.7 5.5 5.8 6.1 7.3 + synthetic pyrethroid Aztec 4.67Ga organophosphate 3.0 2.5 2.6 2.7 3.3 + synthetic pyrethroid PERENN I A L W EE D S Counter 15Gb organophosphate 8 6.5 6.9 7.3 8.7 Force 3G synthetic pyrethroid 4 3.3 3.4 3.6 4.4 Fortress 5Ga organophosphate 3.0–4.5 2.5–3.7 2.6–3.9 2.8–4.1 3.3–4.9 Lorsban 15G organophosphate 8 6.5 6.9 7.3 8.7 Smart Choice 5G organophosphate 4.5–5.0 3.7–4.1 3.9–4.3 4.1–4.5 4.9–5.4 STORE D GRA I N + synthetic pyrethroid I NSE C TS Liquid formulations fl oz/a of product Brigade 2EC synthetic pyrethroid 0.30 3.9 4.1 4.4 5.1 Capture LFR synthetic pyrethroid 0.49 6.4 6.8 7.1 8.5 Force CS synthetic pyrethroid 0.46–0.57 6.0–7.5 6.3–7.9 6.7–8.3 8.0–10.0 a Aztec 4.67G and Fortress 5G are for use in the SmartBox system only. Smart Choice 5G for use in SmartBox system or Lock ’n Load packaging. APPEN DIX b ALS inhibiting herbicides should not be used if Counter 15G has been applied to corn at the time of planting. • If the material you used last year Carefully monitor wet fields, low wet 65 PR I N CI P L ES O F performed poorly, switch to another areas within fields, late-planted fields, and PEST MGMT insecticide class this year or rotate to fields with low-growing winter annual a crop other than corn if possible. weeds, where cutworm problems tend • Avoid using the same organophos- to be most common. Marking off defined phate or pyrethroid during several areas of a field makes it easier to evaluate consecutive years. the cutworm situation. Check these areas every 2 to 3 days for at least 2 to 3 weeks Insecticidal seed treatment for rootworm after corn begins to emerge. Keep records C ORN insects control. Seed treatment with insecticides of plant stand, number of cut plants, and from the nicotinoid class of compounds plants with leaf feeding. This helps evalu- are labeled for corn rootworm. These com- ate whether populations are increasing pounds are systemic, translocated within or decreasing. If you find occasional cut the plant as the seed germinates and the plants, consider corrective measures. plant grows. This is a selective, early- One cutworm is capable of cutting sev- season chemical control tactic as the active eral plants, and the level of damage can ingredient is applied directly to the seed increase dramatically from one day to the SO YB EAN and not the surrounding soil. next. Consult table 2-9 for assistance in Cruiser Extreme 1250 (thiamethoxam) determining how long a cutworm will feed and Poncho 1250 (clothianidin) are labeled and continue to damage corn. For example, at 1.25 mg ai/kernel for corn rootworm. a fourth instar (stage) cutworm (larva) will Corn seed is treated by commercial seed feed for approximately 25 days and will cut treaters in conjunction with seed dealers off four plants if the plants are in the 1-leaf PAST U RES F ORAGES & before it is bagged and sold. Check with stage. your seed dealer to obtain corn seed treated Body length is not always an accurate at the rate labeled for corn rootworm (1.25 indicator of how “old” a cutworm is. The mg ai/kernel). best technique is to measure the width of Bt corn for corn rootworm control. Trans- the insect’s head capsule. Place the head genic Bt corn contains a gene from the capsule (head) of the cutworm between the soil bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) shaded areas under the head capsule width SMA LL GRA I NS enabling the plant to express Bt toxin active column in table 2-9 and match it to one of against rootworms. For details, see the sec- the size categories available. This will help tion on transgenic Bt corn on page 70. you determine the age of the cutworm and Cutworm approximately how long it will continue to feed on corn. Although the glassy cutworm can cause Treatment is suggested when 5% of the serious damage, our most common cut- plants have been cut. Broadcast spray

worm pest in corn is the black cutworm. PERENN I A L insecticide when the suggested threshold W EE D S Young cutworms feed upon corn foliage; is reached. Rescue treatments can be very early detection of this injury allows time effective if infestations are found soon to treat before extensive cutting occurs. enough. However, hot, dry weather can For this reason, monitor fields carefully as reduce the effectiveness of these treatments plants emerge. Check for signs of leaf feed- by causing the black cutworm to spend ing, cut, wilting, or missing plants. Leaf

more time underground, thereby reducing STORE D GRA I N feeding is due to small cutworms (less than I NSE C TS .5 inches long); cutworms start to cut plants when they reach the fourth instar. Table 2-9. Guide to black cutworm development and It is difficult to set a threshold for treat- damage in corn ment because several factors influence Larval Head Approximate Potential number of plants this decision (stage of plant growth, instar capsule days left that may be cut original plant population, growth stage of (stage) width to feed 1-leaf 2-leaf 4-leaf cutworms, soil moisture, etc.). The most

4 25 4 3 1 APPEN DIX important aspect of cutworm control is careful field scouting as soon as plants 5 21 4 3 1 begin to emerge. Remember that there have 6 14 4 3 1 been instances of cutworms cutting plants 7 5 1 1 1 as fast as they emerge. 66 exposure to the insecticide. Incorporating of live borers. Once corn reaches 18 inches PR I N CI P L ES O F PEST MGMT Lorsban Advanced spray with shallow extended leaf height, examine 10 consecu- cultivation or a rotary hoe during such tive plants in 10 areas of the field for leaf weather conditions may enhance activity. feeding. Pull the whorl leaves from two However, do not incorporate Ambush, infested plants in each area and unroll the Asana, Pounce, or Warrior, as this may leaves to look for corn borer larvae. Cal- reduce their cutworm activity. culate the percentage of plants with recent If widespread cutworm damage neces- leaf feeding (“plants infested”) and the

C ORN insects sitates replanting, you may need to average number of European corn borer use preemergence rescue treatments. larvae per infested plant. Consult the Man- Depending on cutworm size when corn agement worksheet for first-generation is replanted, feeding injury could occur corn borer (see box) to determine whether before, during, and after seedling emer- treatment is necessary. gence. In these situations, treating fields The best time to control first-generation after planting but before seedling emer- corn borers is during a 5-day period of gence may be advisable. accumulated 800 to 1100 modified grow- SO YB EAN Soil insecticides such as Aztec 2.1G, Bri- ing degree days (above 50˚F average). gade 2EC, Force 3G and CS, Fortress, and In extreme southern Wisconsin this falls Lorsban 15G are labeled for application at around July 1 to 4. planting time for cutworm control. These Second-generation European corn borer products should be applied the same as for egg laying occurs over a long period of rootworm control (refer to table 2-8). Cur- time, and infestations can go unnoticed rent research suggests that some of these until ears begin to drop and stalks begin PAST U RES F ORAGES & products are relatively effective in control- to break in the fall. Due to the extended ling light to moderate infestations when egg-laying period, one sampling of a field applied at planting. However, data for is not sufficient. Scout fields weekly look- heavy infestations are limited, and reports ing for white egg masses on the undersides of unacceptable levels of damage from of leaves near the midrib. Most of the eggs heavy infestations have occurred. Because will be laid on leaves near the ear and

SMA LL GRA I NS of these factors and the difficulty of predict- above. Use the Management worksheet for ing cutworm outbreaks, the “preventive second-generation corn borers (see box) approach” to black cutworm control is not to determine whether treatment will be suggested. Field scouting and rescue treat- economically worthwhile. If possible, treat ment is more reliable (table 2-12). when tiny black dots are apparent on most of the egg masses. At this “black-head” European corn borer stage, the eggs are almost ready to hatch. The European corn borer has two gen- Most borers are killed when corn is cut PERENN I A L W EE D S erations per year in most of Wisconsin. for silage or shredded for fodder if stubble Borers overwinter as 5th instar larvae in is under 2 inches. Dry-stalk shredding cornstalks, crib corn, and large-stemmed may kill 80% of the borers. Plowing under weeds. Moths emerge to begin warm-night crop stubble and shredding stalks in the egg laying on undersides of leaves about fall to destroy overwintering larve will mid-June (in the extreme south of the state). reduce corn borer populations. However, Eggs hatch into very small, black-headed,

STORE D GRA I N moldboard plowing is often unacceptable

I NSE C TS whitish, smooth larvae (borers) that crawl because of the potential for soil erosion. into the whorl. Early planted corn is most Bt corn for European corn borer control. apt to be infested. Late-planted corn usu- Transgenic Bt corn contains a gene from ally avoids first-generation borers but is the soil bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) attractive to the second generation. “Early” enabling the plant to express Bt toxin active borer leaf feeding shows as irregular pin- against European corn borers. For details, hole damage in leaves growing out of see the “Transgenic Bt Corn” section on

APPEN DIX the whorl. “Recent” leaf feeding can be page 70. found down in the whorl and is evidence 67 PR I N CI P L ES O F Management worksheet for FIRST-GENERATION European corn borer PEST MGMT _____ % of 100 plants infested x _____ ave. # borers/infested planta = _____ borers/plant _____ borers/plant x 5% yield loss/borer = _____ % yield loss _____ % yield loss x _____ expected yield (bu/a) = _____ bu/a loss _____ bu/a loss x $______price/bu = $______loss/a

$______loss/a x _____ % controlb = $______preventable loss/a C ORN insects $______preventable loss/a – $______cost of control/a = $______gain (+) or loss (–) per acre if treatment is applied a Determined by checking whorls from 10 plants. b Assume 80% control for most products; assume 50% control for Asana and Lorsban sprays. SO YB EAN

Management worksheet for SECOND-GENERATION European corn borer _____ number of egg masses/planta x 2 borers/egg massb = _____ borers/plant _____ borers/plant x 4% loss/borerc = _____ % yield loss PAST U RES _____ % yield loss x _____ expected yield = _____ bu/a loss F ORAGES & _____ bu/a loss x $______price/bu = $______loss/a $______loss/a x 75% control = $______preventable loss/a $______preventable loss/a – $______cost of control/a

= $______gain (+) or loss (–) per acre if treatment is applied SMA LL GRA I NS a Use cumulative counts, taken 7 days apart. b Assumes a survival rate of two borers/egg mass. c Use 3% loss/borer if infestation occurs after silks are brown. The potential economic benefits of treatment decline rapidly if infestations occur after corn reaches the blister stage. PERENN I A L W EE D S

Japanese beetle extent, cornfields. Eggs hatch into small Japanese beetle adults are about 0.6 inches white grubs that feed on grass roots until long and 0.4 inches wide, with metallic cop- fall temperatures cool. Third instar grubs move down in the soil profile and are inac- STORE D GRA I N per colored wing covers and a green thorax I NSE C TS and head. Adults emerge in late June, feed tive during winter. In early spring, grubs on a wide range of host plants, and can feed, pupate, and then emerge from the soil move to field and sweet corn. The most sig- as adult beetles in late June. nificant damage comes when Japanese bee- Consider a foliar insecticide treatment tles feed on corn silks during pollination. during tasseling and silking if there are During July and August, adults move to three or more beetles per ear, silks have been clipped to less than 0.5 inch, and grass and turf to lay eggs. They can also APPEN DIX lay eggs in soybean fields and, to a lesser pollination is less than 50% complete. 68 Obtain a representative field sample to plant. This stem boring can be seen in the PR I N CI P L ES O F PEST MGMT determine whether field border treatment wilting of the central leaves of the seedling. is sufficient or whole field treatment is When this type of injury is widespread it is necessary. Adults are highly mobile dur- too late to apply an insecticide. Stalk borers ing July and August. Beetles present in the tunnel only in the aboveground portions field when treated with a foliar insecticide of the stem, whereas cutworms, hop vine will be killed, but beetles moving into borer, and potato stem borer feed in the treated fields after application can result underground portion of the stem.

C ORN insects in reinfestation. As one of several species Damage will often be heavy in the four of white grubs, Japanese beetle larvae are to eight rows that are near fencerows, grass an occasional pest of corn roots in corn fol- terraces, and waterways. In these cases the lowing sod, set-aside, some cover crops, or larvae are migrating from adjacent vegeta- soybean. tion. Patches of injury throughout the field indicate significant levels of host weeds Slugs that escaped the weed control program for Slugs have soft slimy bodies and range in the previous year. The best insect manage- SO YB EAN color from light gray to dark brown. They ment tactic is to modify your weed control skeletonize leaf tissue with their rasp-like program using a different herbicide, crop mouths. Cool, damp weather and high crop rotation, or increased mechanical cultivation. residue cover can lead to severe outbreaks. Small corn is most susceptible to injury; Commercially prepared baits containing once plants reach the V7 stage it is unlikely metaldehyde are fairly effective against that they will be killed by stalk borers. moderately heavy infestations. However, Research suggests scouting border rows PAST U RES F ORAGES & prolonged favorable weather conditions will when 1300 to 1400 degree days have lead to a resurgence of slug populations. occurred. Iowa State University studies indicate that 10% of the larvae will have Stalk borer moved into corn from adjacent bromegrass, Stalk borer moths predominately lay their quackgrass, ragweed, and other host weeds eggs on grass weeds during late summer when 1400 degree days have accumulated,

SMA LL GRA I NS and fall. In addition, giant ragweed is one and 50% will have migrated by 1700 degree of the few broadleaf plants to serve as a days. Larvae will start to move when they preferred egg-laying host. Larvae will hatch have outgrown the grass stems in which from these hosts in the spring and move they have been feeding. However, damage quickly to corn. The first indication of dam- from larvae originating within the field age is a series of small pinhole feeding sites (from last year’s weed patches) will start running across the leaves of V1 corn. As the earlier because corn is the only food source. larvae grow, the feeding holes will increase Growers should map these spots during PERENN I A L W EE D S in size, and the larvae will tunnel into the fall harvest and check them the following year, starting at about 900 to 1000 degree days. Treatment thresholds for stalk borer Table 2-10. Economic thresholds for can be found in table 2-10. stalk borer at three corn pricesa Corn prices ($/bu) Two-spotted spider mite Leaf stage $2.00 $3.00 $4.00 Spider mites are relatives of insects and are STORE D GRA I N

I NSE C TS % infested corn so small that 10X or greater magnification 1 10 7 5 is required for them to be seen distinctly. 2 12 8 6 They damage plants by piercing the cells 3 15 10 7 and sucking sap. Small chlorotic lesions 4 16 11 8 on the leaf surface are the first indications 5 17 12 9 of damage. As mite populations build and damage progresses, the webbing produced 6 34 23 17

APPEN DIX by the mites will become apparent, and 7 100 100 100 leaves may die. Plant death is possible if a Based on $13.00/acre control costs and 80% control with insecticides. populations are heavy. Source: Iowa State University PRINCIPLES OF FORAGES & PERENNIAL STORED GRAIN PEST MGMT CORN insects SOYBEAN PASTURES SMALL GRAINS WEEDS INSECTS APPENDIX 69 WBCW has one generation per year and year and per generation has one WBCW most attracted to The female moth is Pheromone traps or degree days can Once WBCW degree-day accumulations Foliar insecticides effectively suppress For field corn, insecticide treatment overwinters as a full-grown larva in the as a full-grown overwinters Spring devel- a soil chamber. ground inside exceed when temperatures opment begins soil in May, pupate in the 50F. Larvae in late June or begin to emerge and moths upon degree day early July, depending which var- (DD) heat unit accumulation, of the state. Half of the ies slightly by area population will have season’s WBCW moth known as the peak emerged at 1422 DD, flight period. and lays eggs on corn just before tasseling of the topmost leaf the upper leaf surface leaves in the ear zone on the plant and on If above and below the developing ear. eggs the tassel has not yet emerged when feed hatch, larvae crawl into the whorl and on pollen. As the tassel emerges, larvae enter switch to feeding on green silks and the developing ear through silk channels feed or chew directly through the husk to may anywhere on the ear. Multiple larvae be found feeding on one ear. be used to monitor adult emergence, egg- and larval hatch in the field. For laying, of the details, consult midsummer issues UW-Extension Wisconsin Crop Manager and newsletter (ipcm.wisc.edu/wcm) the WDATCP Wisconsin Pest Bulletin (pestbulletin.wi.gov). the indicate 25% moth emergence or when first moths are detected in a pheromone trap in your area, examine 20 consecutive corn plants at five locations in the field to obtain a representative field sample. Check the upper three to four leaves of each plant and leaves above and below the ear zone for eggs and small larvae. Scout fields that are tasseling first. When scouting post- whorl corn, also look for small larvae on leave axils, at the intersection of the leaf and stalk, and on silks and husks. larval populations, but only if applied before larvae enter the ear to feed. Once larvae have tunneled into the ear, they’re protected from foliar insecticides. should be considered when 5% of the 100 plants sampled have egg masses and/ or small larvae; for processing sweet corn the threshold is lowered to 4% infestation. Adult WBCW are brown colored moths Adult WBCW are brown colored moths Moths lay white egg masses on the upper First instar larvae are dull orange with a Mites are not a problem in Wisconsin in Wisconsin a problem are not Mites for mite control will Insecticides applied on the undersides of Mites are usually Western bean cutworm Western bean cutworm (WBCW) larvae feed on ears, damaging and consuming are kernels. Secondary pathogens and mold in frequently associated with larval feeding tunnel ears. Unlike corn borers, they do not to into stalks. Economic damage potential 2005, corn in Wisconsin has increased since state. when WBCW was first detected in the .75-inch long with an extended wingspan of 1.5 inches. There are three distinctive wing markings on each forewing: a white cir- bar along the front leading edge, one and cular spot approximately in the center, another boomerang-shaped spot toward the tip of the forewing. surface of corn leaves. These egg masses contain 20 to 200 tightly clustered eggs. As they develop, the eggs change color from creamy white to tan. They remain tan for 2 to 5 days, then turn a deep purple 12 to 24 hours before the larvae emerge. inches are 1.5 larvae Full-grown head. black long and tan in color, with two broad brown stripes on the pronotum, or “neck” area behind the head. This insect can be distinguished from the corn earworm by the dark stripes behind the head and the absence of dark spines, tubercles (warts), or stripes on the side of the body. unless dry weather persists. Infestations weather persists. unless dry where mites start at field edges normally weeds, alfalfa, from adjacent have migrated is suggested if Control or other vegetation. on one-third active mite colonies you find of the plants or if 15 to of the leaves on 50% is covered with mites 20% of the leaf area or their damage. growers will have to not kill eggs, and to 5 days after the initial sample the field 4 mite adults and nymphs. spray and look for may be necessary. A second application treatment difficult. plant leaves, making of By air, apply no less than 4 to 5 gallons of finished spray per acre. During periods late extreme heat, try to make applications insecti- in the day to reduce the amount of cide lost by volatilization. Unlike Bt microbial spray formulations, microbial spray formulations, Unlike Bt a significant risk that However, there is Depending on Bt corn hybrid, the refuge The aim of IRM is to maintain Bt suscep- organism, in this case Bt. The introduced Bt. The introduced case in this organism, toxin with a Bt protein gene produces a particular tar- activity against insecticidal this trait are group. Plants with get insect crops. referred to as Bt commonly residual measured in which have a field in transgenic Bt corn is days, the Bt toxin the plant. This leads to active for the life of economic insect con- more consistent and target insect populations trol in years when levels. reach economic threshold of the target insect with constant exposure resistant popula- population to Bt toxins, To help protect against tions may develop. the this, the EPA has mandated limits to on percentage of Bt corn that can be grown each farm and requires an insect resistance of management (IRM) plan. The purpose of Bt IRM is to maintain the effectiveness tool crops as an insect pest management of by preventing or delaying development plan insect resistance to Bt traits. The IRM corn is implemented by planting refuge hybrid acres on each farm where a Bt corn contain is planted. Refuge corn acres do not Bt the Bt insect trait or traits used in the planting. of must be planted to specific percentage are corn acreage on each farm, and there - field configuration and distance require ments to adhere to in placing IRM refuge (see the corn acres within and among fields - “Bt Corn Insect Traits and Refuge Require ments” section). tible insect populations by way of the refuge. A refuge provides a corn crop habitat that allows target pest insects to feed, mate, and reproduce without being exposed to the Bt trait. Without a refuge, target insect populations that are exposed to Bt corn each growing season over multiple generations will eventually become resistant to Bt. Mating between Bt-susceptible insects from the refuge and potential resistant insects ensures that susceptibility to the Bt toxin is passed on to the next generation. These Bt- susceptible insects from the refuge decrease the odds that a resistant insect can emerge from a Bt corn field. Bt has been commercially available as a Bt has been commercially available Microbial Bt sprays DiPel, Biobit, and Transgenic corn is another option for Transgenic corn is Transgenic Bt corn Transgenic Bt corn hybrids are genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in which corn has had a gene inserted from an unrelated Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) The soil bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) occurs naturally worldwide. Spores a pro- produced by the bacterium contain - tein which, when ingested by a suscep tible insect, ruptures the insect’s midgut and membrane, preventing further feeding killing the insect. There are many different speci- strains of the Bt bacterium, each with ficity toward different groups of insects. microbial foliar insecticide for Lepidoptera corn (caterpillar) larvae such as European borer for decades. Bt spray formulations where are applied to leaves and other areas a the insect larvae feed. Bt sprays have thus a relatively short residual in the field, typi- well-timed single application or, more pest cally, multiple applications based on are insect scouting and target pest life stage necessary to maintain control. Javelin are listed by the Organic Materi- als Review Institute (OMRI) for use in USDA-certified organic production. Refer to product labels for Lepidoptera species controlled. Bt sprays are safe for beneficial insects such as parasitic wasps that attack European corn borer eggs and predators such as lady beetles that feed on other pest insect eggs, immatures, and/or adults. d transgenic Bt sprays an insect control Bt corn for Application timing is critical. In fields that fields that In is critical. timing Application economic thresh- or exceeded have reached insecticide have hatched, the old, if eggs tassel emer- applied after 95% should be the silks. If before larvae enter gence, but and plants has not yet occurred egg hatch insecticide application have tasseled, time egg hatch as possible, as close to expected have reached the dark when egg masses purple color stage. in field corn. For details, managing WBCW Bt Corn” section. see the “Transgenic 70

PRINCIPLES OF CORN insects SOYBEAN FORAGES & SMALL GRAINS PERENNIAL STORED GRAIN APPENDIX PEST MGMT PASTURES WEEDS INSECTS Bt corn insect traits and refuge ■■ Refuge structure: within .5 mile, block, 71 PR I N CI P L ES O F requirements in-field strips at least 4 rows wide, in- PEST MGMT field perimeter For growers who incorporate Bt corn trait European corn borer and western bean cut- technology into their insect pest manage- worm. Another single Bt trait hybrid corn ment strategy, Bt insect trait decisions are produces the Cry1F insecticidal Bt protein made during the hybrid selection process. effective against larvae of European corn Moreover, all Bt corn hybrids are sold borer, southwestern corn borer, and sug- with a low rate neonicotinoid insecticide

arcane borer. In addition, the Cry1F single C ORN insects seed treatment for protection against early trait controls western bean cutworm. Black season soil insect pests. Seed traits and cutworm and fall armyworm are also listed seed treatment are input costs committed as pests controlled by Cry1F, and corn ear- to before planting. This requires a good worm is suppressed. understanding of these inputs to make sure they are a necessary, effective, and eco- ■■ Products: Herculex I nomical fit for insect pest populations and ■■ Bt protein: Cry1F

history on a given farm and crop rotation. SO YB EAN ■■ Refuge required: 20% (with a corn This section and table 2-11 provide an hybrid that does not contain Bt technol- overview of the increasing array of Bt corn ogy for control of corn borers) hybrids available. Some of the single-trait corn borer Bt hybrids have been avail- ■■ Refuge structure: within .5 mile, block, able for over a decade, while stacked-trait, in-field strips at least 4 rows wide, in- pyramided-trait, and seed blend “refuge- field perimeter

Corn rootworm. PAST U RES in-the-bag” Bt trait corn hybrids have been This type of single Bt trait F ORAGES & registered more recently by EPA for com- corn produces one insecticidal Bt protein, mercial use. either Cry 3Bb1, Cry34/35Ab1 or mCry3A, effective against western and northern corn Single Bt trait hybrids rootworm (CRW) larvae. Protection does Single Bt trait hybrids control either caterpil- not extend to adult control later in the sea- lar pests above ground or corn rootworm larvae son, so you can find CRW beetles feeding below ground, but not both. on silks in a Bt CRW cornfield. These bee- SMA LL GRA I NS European corn borer. Corn with this type tles may come from other fields. Addition- of single Bt trait produces the Cry1Ab Bt ally, some adult beetles are produced from insecticidal protein effective against lar- surviving larvae in the Bt CRW cornfield. vae (caterpillar stages) of European corn Compared to Bt proteins for European corn borer (ECB), southwestern corn borer, and borer, Bt CRW proteins are expressed at a sugarcane borer. In Wisconsin and the lower dose in the corn plant. North Central Region, they are commonly ■■

Products: Agrisure GT/RW, Agrisure PERENN I A L referred to as Bt corn borer hybrids because RW, Herculex RW, YieldGard RW, W EE D S ECB is the primary target pest in the region. YieldGard VTRW Corn earworm, fall armyworm, and stalk ■■ Bt protein: mCry3A (Agrisure GT/RW, borer are suppressed, but not controlled, Agrisure RW); Cry34/35Ab1 (Herculex by these single-trait Bt hybrids. Suppres- RW); Cry3Bb1 (YieldGard RW, Yield- sion implies that feeding damage and yield Gard VTRW) impact may reach economic injury level STORE D GRA I N under heavy pest pressure. ■■ Refuge required: 20% (with a corn I NSE C TS hybrid that does not contain Bt technol- ■■ Products: Agrisure CB/LL, Agrisure ogy for control of corn rootworms) GT/CB/LL, YieldGard Corn Borer ■■ Refuge structure: within field or directly ■■ Bt protein: Cry1Ab adjacent, block, in-field strips at least 4 ■■ Refuge required: 20% (with a corn rows wide, in-field perimeter hybrid that does not contain Bt technology for control of corn borers) APPEN DIX 72 Stacked Bt trait hybrids Genuity Vt Triple Pro targets caterpillar PR I N CI P L ES O F PEST MGMT “Stacked” Bt trait hybrids combine a single pests with both Cry1A.105 and Cry2Ab2 trait to control caterpillar pests above ground traits as well as corn rootworms with the with a single trait to control corn rootworm Cry3Bb1 single trait. A 20% adjacent refuge below ground. is required. Caterpillar pests and corn rootworms. A Agrisure Viptera 3110, Agrisure Viptera “stacked” Bt trait hybrid contains a single 3220, Genuity VT Double Pro, and Bt corn rootworm trait and a single Bt corn Optimum Intrasect combine two or more

C ORN insects borer or corn borer/western bean cutworm above ground traits targeting caterpillar trait. These traits offer the same spectrum pests, with no belowground corn rootworm of pest control or suppression as their activity. Agrisure Viptera 3110, with single trait options explained above, but are Cry1Ab and Vip3A traits, requires a 20% combined in one plant. A common refuge refuge within 0.5 mile. Genuity VT Double must satisfy the 20% refuge requirement Pro (Cry1A.105 and Cry2Ab2), Agrisure for both pest groups: corn borers and corn Viptera 3220 (Cry1Ab, Cry1F and Vip3A), rootworms. This means growers need to go and Optimum Intrasect (Cry1F and SO YB EAN with the more conservative structure and Cry1Ab) all require a 5% refuge within 0.5 cannot place the refuge up to .5 mile from mile. the Bt corn field. The refuge must be posi- For Genuity SmartStax and SmartStax tioned to best suit corn rootworm. corn hybrids, Cry3Bb1 and Cry34/35Ab1 target corn rootworms belowground, while ■■ Products: Agrisure 3000GT, Agrisure Cry1A.105, Cry2Ab2 and Cry1F target the CB/LL/RW, Herculex XTRA, caterpillar pest complex aboveground. A PAST U RES F ORAGES & YieldGard Plus, YieldGard Plus RR2, 5% adjacent refuge is required. YieldGard VT Triple For Agrisure 3122 Refuge Renew corn ■■ Bt proteins: Cry1Ab + mCry3A (Agri- hybrids, mCry3A and Cry34/35Ab1 control sure 3000GT, Agrisure CB/LL/RW); corn rootworms belowground, while Cry1F + Cry34/35Ab1 (Herculex Cry1Ab and Cry1F target the caterpillar XTRA); Cry1Ab + Cry3Bb1 (YieldGard pest complex aboveground. A 5% adjacent

SMA LL GRA I NS Plus, YieldGard Plus RR2, YieldGard refuge is required. VT Triple) EPA approval of pyramided Bt corn ■■ Refuge required: 20% (common refuge hybrids (two or more aboveground Cry Bt with a corn hybrid that does not contain protein traits with no belowground trait; Bt trait; separate refuge for each pest two or more aboveground plus two or more group can also be planted. Follow seed belowground traits) enables growers in the dealer instructions) Midwest to reduce structured refuge size from 20 to 5%. According to EPA, multiple ■■ PERENN I A L Refuge structure: within field or directly W EE D S modes of action for corn rootworms and adjacent, block, in-field strips at least 4 multiple modes of action for the caterpillar rows wide, in-field perimeter pest complex are a factor in reduced Pyramided Bt trait hybrids structured refuge size and long-term durability of Bt corn insect trait technology. Pyramided Bt trait hybrids contain multiple Bt This “pyramid” strategy is based in part traits targeting the same pest complex. on the assumption that selection for insect STORE D GRA I N Caterpillar pests and corn rootworms.

I NSE C TS resistance to one toxin does not lead Agrisure Viptera, Genuity, Genuity to cross-resistance to the other toxin(s) SmartStax, Optimum Intrasect, and targeting the same pests. SmartStax corn hybrids utilize the “pyramid” strategy of a transgenic corn crop, producing multiple Bt toxins targeting ■■ Products: Agrisure Viptera 3110, Agri- the same pests. sure Viptera 3111, Agrisure Viptera Agrisure Viptera 3111 targets caterpillar 3220, Genuity VT Double Pro (VT2P), APPEN DIX pests with both Cry1Ab and Vip3A traits, Genuity VT Triple Pro (VT3P), Genuity plus corn rootworms with the mCry3A SmartStax (GENSS), Optimum Intrasect, single trait. A 20% adjacent refuge is and SmartStax. required based on the single Bt CRW trait. ■■ Bt proteins: See table 2-11 ■■ Refuge required: See table 2-11 Optimum AcreMax Xtra corn is an inte- 73 PR I N CI P L ES O F ■■ Refuge structure: See table 2-11 grated seed blend product for above- and PEST MGMT belowground insect control; 90% of seed in Seed blend Bt trait hybrids the bag is a pyramid of Herculex XTRA and Refuge-In-the-Bag products. Current seed YieldGard Corn Borer, and 10% is non-Bt blend refuge products include Genuity refuge seed. SmartStax RIB Complete, Optimum Acre- ■■ Products: Genuity SmartStax RIB Com- Max, Optimum AcreMax1 (AM1), Opti- plete, Optimum AcreMax, Optimum mum AcreMax Rootworm (RW), Optimum AcreMax1, Optimum AcreMax RW, C ORN insects AcreMax Xtra, and REFUGE ADVANCED Optimum AcreMax Xtra, and REFUGE (Powered by SmartStax). ADVANCED (Powered by SmartStax). Genuity SmartStax RIB Complete ■■ Bt proteins: See table 2-11 and REFUGE ADVANCED (Powered by SmartStax) both contain Cry1A.105, ■■ Refuge required: See table 2-11 Cry2Ab2, and Cry1F for aboveground ■■ Refuge structure: See table 2-11 caterpillar pests as well as Cry3Bb1 and Cry34/35Ab1 for belowground corn root- Summary SO YB EAN worms. These two products offer a 5% Refuge hybrids should have a relative refuge in the bag. REFUGE ADVANCED maturity that is compatible with the Bt (Powered by SmartStax) will also continue corn. Plant the refuge at the same time as to offer a 5% structured refuge (5% refuge the Bt corn and plant it in an area with the within or adjacent to the field). same crop rotation history. The non-Bt

Optimum AcreMax corn is an integrated rootworm refuge may be treated with soil PAST U RES F ORAGES & seed blend product for aboveground corn applied or seed-applied insecticides labeled insect control (caterpillars). 95% of seed in for corn rootworm at planting. The non- the bag is a pyramid of Herculex 1 (Cry1F) Bt corn borer refuge may be treated with and YieldGard Corn Borer (Cry1Ab), and conventional foliar insecticides (but not 5% is non-Bt seed that serves as the refuge. Bt insecticide) only if target pest pressure Optimum AcreMax1 corn is sold as a reaches economic thresholds. It will not be seed blend of 90% Herculex XTRA and 10% practical to spray the non-Bt corn in a strip SMA LL GRA I NS of a hybrid from the same genetic family configuration within a field. with Herculex I trait (Cry1F), which serves Crop rotation sequence, insect field scout- as the corn rootworm refuge. Herculex ing records, state pest survey data, and XTRA is a stacked trait corn combining corn historical insect problems on your farm will borer/western bean cutworm protection help guide your decision when selecting aboveground (Cry1F) with corn rootworm corn hybrids with Bt traits. protection belowground (Cry34/35Ab1). When selecting corn hybrids, keep in PERENN I A L The 10% Herculex I seed blended in the bag mind that Bt insect protection is only one of W EE D S does not contain a Bt corn rootworm trait; many factors that should go into the deci- thus it can serve as the corn rootworm ref- sion. Evaluate the cost of added protection uge. According to EPA, the seed blend spa- with Bt traits and decide if the cost is justi- tial arrangement in the field is one factor in fied for your situation. Just because you allowing refuge in the bag at a reduced per- can buy a trait doesn’t mean you need that

centage (10%) for corn rootworm. However, trait. Data from the University of Wisconsin STORE D GRA I N the 20% corn borer refuge requirement still Department of Agronomy corn hybrid yield I NSE C TS needs to be met and placed within 0.5 mile trials can help you choose the best hybrid of the Optimum AcreMax1 Bt cornfield. for your location. This information is Optimum AcreMax RW is an integrated updated annually and is available through seed blend product for belowground corn your county Extension office or at corn. rootworm insect control; 90% of seed in agronomy.wisc.edu. the bag contains the Herculex RW trait

(Cry34/35Ab1), and 10% is non-Bt seed that APPEN DIX serves as the corn rootworm refuge.

(continued)

Midwest Refuge %, Refuge %, 20%, .5 mile 20%, adjacent 20%, adjacent location in the location in & 20%, .5 mile (ECB) 10% in the bag (CRW) — adjacent 20%, LL LL LL LL LL 20%, adjacent LL 20%, .5 mile GT 5% in the bag GT 5% in the bag GT 20%, adjacent RR2 RR2 10% in the bag RR2 10% in the bag RR2 5% in the bag GT, LL 20%, adjacent GT, LL 20%, adjacent GT, LL 20%, adjacent GT, LL 20%, .5 mile GT, LL 20%, .5 mile tolerance Herbicide Herbicide RR2 (some) RR2 (some) RR2 (some) — — — — — — in soil CRW CRW CRW CRW CRW CRW CRW CRW CRW CRW CRW CRW

— — — — or suppressed (italics) or suppressed ECB ECB ECB ECB ECB Insects controlled (bold) Insects controlled CEW, SB CEW, SB CEW, SB CEW, SB CEW, SB CEW, SB BCW, ECB, BCW, ECB, BCW, ECB, BCW, ECB, BCW, ECB, BCW, ECB, FAW, WBC FAW, WBC FAW, WBC FAW, WBC FAW, WBC FAW, WBC CEW, FAW, SB CEW, FAW, SB CEW, FAW, SB CEW, FAW, SB CEW, FAW, SB FAW, SB, WBC FAW, SB, WBC FAW, SB, WBC aboveground BCW, CEW, ECB, BCW, CEW, ECB, BCW, CEW, ECB,

Cry1F Cry1F Cry1F Cry1F Cry1F Vip3A Vip3A Vip3A Cry 1F Cry1Ab Cry1Ab Cry1Ab Cry1Ab Cry1Ab Cry1Ab Cry1Ab Cry1Ab Cry1Ab Cry1Ab mCry3A mCry3A mCry3A mCry3A mCry3A mCry3A mCry3A Bt proteins Cry34/35Ab1 Cry34/35Ab1 Cry34/35Ab1 Cry34/35Ab1 Refuge

Optimum AcreMax RWOptimum AcreMax Xtra Cry34/35Ab1 Optimum products Optimum AcreMax Optimum AcreMax 1 (AM1) Cry1F Agrisure Viptera 3220 E-Z Herculex products Herculex I (HX1) Herculex RW (HXRW) Cry34/35Ab1 Herculex XTRA (HXX) Agrisure 3122 E-Z Refuge Cry1Ab Agrisure Artesian 4011 Agrisure Viptera 3110 Agrisure Viptera 3111 Agrisure 3000GT Agrisure CB/LL/RW Agrisure GT/RW Agrisure RW Agrisure GT/CB/LL Agrisure CB/LL 74 Agrisure products Agrisure products group/Name Trait Table 2-11. Master list of Bt traits with target pests and refuge requirements for Midwest corn for and refuge requirements target pests of Bt traits with Master list Table 2-11. of Wisconsin–Madison) Eileen Cullen, University University, and Michigan State (By Chris DiFonzo,

75 Midwest 5%, .5 mile Refuge %, 5%, .5 mile 20%, .5 mile 5%, adjacent 5%, adjacent 20%, adjacent 20%, adjacent 20%, adjacent 20%, adjacent 20%, adjacent 20%, adjacent 20%, adjacent 5% in the bag 5% in the bag 5% in the bag 5% in the bag location in the location in LL LL LL LL LL LL LL RR2 RR2 RR2 RR2 RR2 RR2 RR2 RR2 RR2 RR2 RR2 RR2 RR2 tolerance Herbicide Herbicide RR2 (some) RR2 (some) RR2 (some) — — — — in soil CRW CRW CRW CRW CRW CRW CRW CRW CRW CRW Same as Same as Genuity SmartStax Genuity SmartStax — — SB or suppressed (italics) or suppressed ECB ECB ECB Insects controlled (bold) Insects controlled FAW FAW Same as Same as CEW, SB CEW, SB CEW, SB CEW, SB CEW, SB CEW, ECB, CEW, ECB, BCW, ECB, BCW, ECB, BCW, ECB, BCW, ECB, BCW, ECB, FAW, WBC FAW, WBC FAW, WBC FAW, WBC FAW, WBC FAW, WBC CEW, FAW, SB CEW, FAW, SB CEW, FAW, SB CEW, ECB, FAW aboveground BCW, CEW, ECB, Genuity SmartStax Genuity SmartStax

Cry1F Cry1F Cry1F Cry1F Cry1F Cry1F Cry1Ab Cry1Ab Cry1Ab Cry1Ab Cry1Ab Cry1Ab Cry1Ab Same as Same as mCry3A Cry3Bb1 Cry3Bb1 Cry3Bb1 Cry3Bb1 mCry3A Cry3Bb1 Cry3Bb1 mCry3A Cry2Ab2 Cry2Ab2 Cry2Ab2 Cry2Ab2 Cry1A.105 Cry1A.105 Cry1A.105 Cry1A.105 Bt proteins Cry34/35Ab1 Cry34/35Ab1 Cry34/35Ab1 Cry34/35Ab1 Genuity SmartStax Genuity SmartStax Name rait group/ YGRW YieldGard Plus YieldGard VTRW YieldGard VT Triple Genuity/Smarttax products S Genuity VT Double Pro (VT2P) Genuity VT Double PRO Complete Gard products Yield YGCB Genuity VT Triple Pro (VT3P) Genuity SmartStax RIB Complete (Monsanto) REFUGE ADVANCED (Dow) Powered by SmartStax SmartStax (Dow) or Genuity SmartStax (Monsanto) Optimum Trisect Optimum Intrasect Xtreme Optimum Intrasect Optimum Intrasect Xtra Optimum Intrasect Optimum AcreMax Xtreme Optimum AcreMax ECB = European corn borer; FAW = fall armyworm; SB = stalk borer; WBC = western bean cutworm. ECB = European corn borer; FAW = fall armyworm; SB = stalk borer; WBC = western = Roundup Ready/glyphosate tolerant. Herbicide traits: GT = gylphosate tolerant; LL = Liberty Link/glufosinate tolerant; RR2 Abbreviations: Insects: BCW = black cutworm; CEW = corn earworm; CRW = corn rootworm; T idwest corn Midwest corn for and refuge requirements target pests of Bt traits with Master list Table 2-11. (continued) Table 2-12. Insecticide suggestions for corn pestsa PR I N CI P L ES O F PEST MGMT Amount of Insect Insecticideb product/a Placement Remarks, precautions Armyworm Note: Treatment is suggested if worms are .75 inch long or less and two or more worms per plant can be found on 25% of the stand; or if one worm per plant can be found on 75% of the stand. Ambush 2E 6.4–12.8 oz broadcast Do not apply within 30 days of harvest. Asana XL 5.8–9.6 oz broadcast Do not apply within 21 days of harvest.

C ORN insects Baythroid XL 1.6–2.8 oz broadcast Preharvest interval for grain and fodder is 21 days. Do not exceed 11.2 oz/a per season. Belt 2.0–3.0 oz broadcast Do not apply more than 3 oz per 3-day interval; no more than 12 oz or 4 times per season. Besiege 6.0–9.0 oz broadcast Use higher rates within the listed range for large larvae. Do not exceed 31.0 fl oz. of Besiege or 0.12 lb ai of lambda-cyhalothrin–containing products or 0.2 lb ai of chlorantraniliprole-containing products/a per year. SO YB EAN Do not apply within 21 days of harvest. Do not feed treated corn fodder or silage to meat or dairy animals within 21 days after last treatment. Brigade 2EC 2.1–6.4 oz broadcast Do not apply within 30 days of harvest. Do not exceed 0.3 lb ai/a per season, including pre and ppi, at-plant, and foliar applications. Do not graze livestock in treated areas or cut treated crops for feed within 30 PAST U RES F ORAGES & days of last application. Cobalt Advanced 11.0–26.0 oz broadcast Do not apply within 14 days of harvest for silage or 21 days for grain. Do not exceed 126 oz/a per season. Declare 1.02–1.54 oz broadcast Use higher rates for large larvae. Do not apply within 21 days of harvest. Do not exceed 0.06 lb ai (0.38 pt)/a per season; 0.03 lb ai (0.19 pt)/a after silk initiation; or

SMA LL GRA I NS 0/015 lb ai (0.096 pt)/a after milk stage. Delta Gold 1.5EC 1.5–1.9 oz broadcast Do not apply within 21 days of harvest of field corn for grain or fodder, or within 12 days of cutting or grazing field corn for forage or exceed 8.1 oz/a (0.095 lb ai/a) per season. Hero 4.0–10.3 oz broadcast Do not apply within 30 days of harvest for grain stover or 60 days for forage or exceed 0.4 lb ai/a per season. Lorsban 1.0–2.0 pt broadcast Do not exceed 2 pt/a per application or 6 pt/a per PERENN I A L W EE D S Advanced season. Do not apply within 14 days of harvest for silage or 21 days for grain. Mustang Max 3.2–4.0 oz broadcast Do not exceed 0.1 lb ai/a per season. Do not apply within 30 days of harvest for grain or within 60 days for forage. Penncap-M 2.0–3.0 pt broadcast Do not apply within 12 days of harvesting, cutting, or

STORE D GRA I N grazing. Do not apply during pollen shed if bees are

I NSE C TS foraging in the areas to be treated. Pounce 3.2EC 4.0–8.0 oz broadcast Do not apply within 30 days of harvest for grain or fodder. Do not exceed 0.6 lb ai/a per season. Sevin XLR Plus 1.0–2.0 qt broadcast Do not apply within 48 days of harvest of grain or fodder or 14 days of harvest or grazing of forage or silage. a This is intended as a guide for corn planted in 30-inch rows. Check labels for use, rates, method of application, etc. (continued)

APPEN DIX b Multiple trade names listed within a row indicate products with the same active ingredient (ai).

76 Table 2-12. Insecticide suggestions for corn pestsa (continued) PR I N CI P L ES O F PEST MGMT Amount of Insect Insecticideb product/a Placement Remarks, precautions Armyworm Stallion 9.25–11.75 oz Broadcast Do not apply within 30 days of harvest for grain and (continued) stover and 60 days of harvest for forage. Do not apply more than 35.25 oz/a per season including at-plant plus foliar applications (0.075 lb/a zeta-cypermethrin + 0.75 lb/a chlorpyrifos). See label for maximum rates

allowed on corn for chlorpyrifos-containing products C ORN insects (granular at-plant and foliar). Do not apply in tank mixes with Steadfast or Lightning herbicides. Tracer 2.0–3.0 oz broadcast Do not apply more than 6 fl oz (0.188 lb spinosad)/a per year. Do not apply within 28 days of grain or fodder harvest or within 7 days of harvest for forage. Triple Crown 4.5–10.3 oz broadcast Do not apply more than 30.7 oz/a (0.54 lb ai/a) per crop per season. Refer to the maximum usage tables when applying more than one product containing SO YB EAN either zeta-cypermethrin or bifenthrin or imidacloprid to this crop. Do not apply within 30 days of grain harvest or within 60 days for forage. Do not graze livestock in treated areas or cut treated crops for feed within 30 days of the last application. Warrior II 1.28–1.92 oz broadcast Do not apply within 21 days of harvest. Do not exceed PAST U RES 0.12 lb ai/a per season; 0.06 lb ai/a after silk initiation; F ORAGES & or 0.03 lb ai/a after corn has reached the milk stage. Use high rates of Warrior for larger larvae. Billbug Avicta Complete — seed Purchase treated seed from seed dealer or seed Corn treatment treatment representative (1.25 mg thiamethoxam ai per kernel). Cobalt Advanced 32.0–42.0 oz broadcast Do not apply within 14 days of harvest for silage or 21 days for grain. Do not exceed 126 oz/a per season. SMA LL GRA I NS Counter 15G 8.0 oz/ 7-inch band Do not exceed 8.7 lb/a per year. When applied in band, 1,000 ft row or in furrow incorporate evenly into top inch of soil. Cruiser Extreme seed Purchase treated seed from seed dealer or seed 1250 treatment treatment representative (1.25 mg ai per kernel). Force CS 0.46–0.57 fl oz/ 7-inch Suppression only. 1,000 ft row T-band PERENN I A L Lorsban 2.0 pt broadcast Do not exceed 2 pt/a per application or 6 pt/a per W EE D S Advanced season. Do not apply within 14 days of harvest for silage or 21 days for grain. Poncho 1250 — seed Reduces early season feeding damage. Purchase treatment treated seed from seed dealer or seed treatment representative (1.25 mg ai per kernel).

Corn earworm Note: Control occasionally required in hybrid seed production fields. Treat before brown silk stage. STORE D GRA I N Ambush 2E 6.4–12.8 oz broadcast Do not apply within 30 days of harvest. I NSE C TS Asana XL 5.8–9.6 oz broadcast Do not apply within 21 days of harvest. Baythroid XL 1.6–2.8 oz broadcast Preharvest interval for grain and fodder is 21 days. Do not exceed 11.2 oz/a per season. Belt 2.0–3.0 oz broadcast Do not apply more than 3 oz per 3-day interval; no more than 12 oz or 4 times per season. a This is intended as a guide for corn planted in 30-inch rows. Check labels for use, rates, method of application, etc. (continued) APPEN DIX b Multiple trade names listed within a row indicate products with the same active ingredient (ai).

77 (continued) Remarks, precautions For control before larvae enter the ear. Do not Do the ear. larvae enter before For control 0.12 lb ai of lambda- fl oz of Besiege or exceed 31.0 lb ai of or 0.2 products cyhalothrin–containing per year. products/a chlorantraniliprole-containing 21 days of harvest. Do not feed Do not apply within to meat or dairy animals corn fodder or silage treated last treatment. within 21 days after Do not apply within 30 days of harvest or exceed 0.3 Do not apply within and ppi, at plant, and pre lb ai/a per season, including not graze livestock in treated foliar applications. Do of last for feed within 30 days crops or cut treated areas application. Make direct application to silks for best results. Do not for best results. application to silks Make direct or 21 days apply within 14 days of harvest for silage for grain. Do not exceed 126 oz/a per season. Do not apply within 14 days of harvest. For control before larvae bore into the plant stalk or larvae bore before For control harvest or exceed Do not apply within 21 days of ear. ai (0.19 pt)/a 0.06 lb ai (0.38 pt)/a per season; 0.03 lb pt)/a after after silk initiation; or 0.015 lb ai (0.096 milk stage. Do not apply within 21 days of harvest of field corn for Do not apply within 21 days of harvest cutting or grazing or within 12 days of grain or fodder, (0.095 lb ai/a) field corn for forage or exceed 8.1 oz/a per season. Do not apply within 30 days of harvest for grain stover Do not apply within 30 days of harvest per season. or 60 days for forage or exceed 0.4 lb ai/a Do not exceed 2 pt/a per application or 6 pt/a per Do not exceed 2 pt/a per application or harvest for season. Do not apply within 14 days of silage or 21 days for grain. For control before larvae bore into the plant stalk or larvae bore before For control Do not apply Do not exceed 0.1 lb ai/a per season. ear. 60 days of within 30 days of harvest for grain or within harvest for forage. Do not apply within 30 days of harvest for grain or Do not exceed 0.6 lb ai/a per season fodder. For control before larvae bore into ear. Do not apply into ear. larvae bore before For control within 30 days of harvest for grain and stover and 60 than days of harvest for forage. Do not apply more 35.25 oz/a per season including at-plant plus foliar applications (0.075 lb/a zeta-cypermethrin + 0.75 lb/a chlorpyrifos). See label for maximum rates allowed on (granular corn for chlorpyrifos-containing products at-plant and foliar). Do not apply in tank mixes with Steadfast or Lightning herbicides. (continued) a Placement broadcast broadcast broadcast broadcast broadcast broadcast broadcast broadcast broadcast broadcast Broadcast Amount of product/a 5.0–9.0 oz 2.1–6.4 oz 16.0–38.0 oz 3.5–5.0 oz 0.77–1.28 oz 1.5–1.9 oz 4.0–10.3 oz 1.5–2.0 pt 1.76–4.0 oz 4.0–8.0 oz 9.25–11.75 oz 9.25–11.75 b Insecticide Besiege Brigade 2EC Cobalt Advanced Coragen Declare Delta Gold 1.5EC Hero Lorsban Advanced Mustang Max Pounce 3.2EC Stallion 78 Multiple trade names listed within a row indicate products with the same active ingredient (ai). Multiple trade names listed within a row indicate products with the same active ingredient This is intended as a guide for corn planted in 30-inch rows. Check labels for use, rates, method of application, etc. This is intended as a guide for corn planted in 30-inch rows. Check labels for use, rates, method Insect able 2-12. Insecticide suggestions for corn pests suggestions for Insecticide Table 2-12. Corn earworm Corn earworm (continued) a b

PRINCIPLES OF CORN insects SOYBEAN FORAGES & SMALL GRAINS PERENNIAL STORED GRAIN APPENDIX PEST MGMT PASTURES WEEDS INSECTS PRINCIPLES OF FORAGES & PERENNIAL STORED GRAIN PEST MGMT CORN insects SOYBEAN PASTURES SMALL GRAINS WEEDS INSECTS APPENDIX 79 (continued) Remarks, precautions Do not apply within 21 days of harvest. Suppression only. Do not exceed 31.0 fl oz of Besiege Do not exceed 31.0 fl oz only. Suppression or 0.12 lb ai of lambda-cyhalothrin–containing or 0.2 lb ai of chlorantraniliprole-containing products Do not apply within 21 days of per year. products/a corn fodder or silage to meat or harvest or feed treated dairy animals within 21 days after last treatment. Do not apply within 30 days of harvest. Do not exceed Do not apply within 30 days of harvest. and ppi, at plant, 0.3 lb ai/a per season, including pre in and foliar applications. Do not graze livestock for feed within 30 crops or cut treated areas treated days of last application. Do not apply within 14 days of harvest for silage or 21 Do not apply within 14 days of harvest per season. days for grain. Do not exceed 126 oz/a Suppression only. Do not apply within 21 days of Do not apply within 21 only. Suppression 12 days of cutting or within harvest for grain or fodder, exceed 8.1 oz/a or grazing field corn for forage. Do not (0.095 lb ai/a) per season. Do not apply within 30 days of harvest for grain stover Do not apply within 30 days of harvest per season. or 60 days for forage or exceed 0.4 lb ai/a Do not apply within 3 days of harvest for forage. Do Do not apply within 3 days of harvest for not apply within 21 days of harvest for ears or fodder. Do not apply within 3 days of harvest for forage. Do not apply within 21 days of harvest for ears or fodder. Do not exceed 2 pt/a per application or 6 pt/a per season. Do not apply within 14 days of harvest for silage or 21 days for grain. Do not apply within 12 days of harvesting, cutting, or grazing. Do not apply during pollen shed if bees are to be treated. foraging in the areas Do not apply within 30 days of harvest for grain and stover and 60 days of harvest for forage. Do not apply than 35.25 oz/a per season including at-plant more plus foliar applications (0.075 lb/a zeta-cypermethrin + 0.75 lb/a chlorpyrifos). See label for maximum rates allowed on corn for chlorpyrifos-containing products (granular at-plant and foliar). Do not apply in tank mixes with Steadfast or Lightning herbicides. Do not apply more than 30.7 oz/a (0.54 lb ai/a) per than 30.7 oz/a (0.54 more Do not apply usage tables to the maximum per season. Refer crop containing than one product more when applying or bifenthrin or imidacloprid either zeta-cypermethrin 30 days of grain Do not apply within to this crop. days for forage. Do not graze harvest or within 60 for feed crops or cut treated areas livestock in treated last application. within 30 days of the Do not apply within 21 days of harvest. Do not exceed Do not apply within 0.06 lb ai/a after silk initiation; 0.12 lb ai/a per season; the milk stage. corn has reached or 0.03 lb ai/a after (continued) a Placement broadcast broadcast broadcast broadcast broadcast broadcast broadcast broadcast broadcast broadcast Broadcast broadcast broadcast Amount of product/a 5.8–9.6 oz 6.0–9.0 oz 2.1–6.4 oz 11.0–26.0 oz 11.0–26.0 1.5–1.9 oz 4.0–10.3 oz 0.75–1.50 pt 0.25–0.50 lb 1.0–2.0 pt 2.0–3.0 pt 9.25–11.75 oz 9.25–11.75 4.5–10.3 oz 0.96–1.6 oz b Treat if 50% of the plants have more than 50 aphids/plant and plants are in the late whorl to early in the late whorl 50 aphids/plant and plants are than more if 50% of the plants have Treat Insecticide tassel stages. Asana XL Besiege Brigade 2EC Cobalt Advanced Delta Gold 1.5EC Hero Lannate LV Lannate SP Lorsban Advanced Penncap-M Stallion Note: Triple Crown Triple Warrior II Warrior Multiple trade names listed within a row indicate products with the same active ingredient (ai). Multiple trade names listed within a row indicate products with the same active ingredient This is intended as a guide for corn planted in 30-inch rows. Check labels for use, rates, method of application, etc. This is intended as a guide for corn planted in 30-inch rows. Check labels for use, rates, method Insect able 2-12. Insecticide suggestions for corn pests suggestions for Insecticide Table 2-12. Corn earworm Corn earworm (continued) a b Corn leaf aphid (continued) Remarks, precautions Do not apply within 30 days of harvest. Do not apply within 21 days of harvest. Do not apply more than 30.7 oz/a (0.54 lb ai/a) per than 30.7 oz/a (0.54 more Do not apply usage tables to the maximum per season. Refer crop containing than one product more when applying or bifenthrin or imidacloprid either zeta-cypermethrin 30 days of grain Do not apply within to this crop. days for forage. Do not graze harvest or within 60 for feed crops or cut treated areas livestock in treated last application. within 30 days of the seed dealer or seed seed from treated Purchase ai (1.25 mg thiamethoxam representative treatment per kernel). A maximum of 7.3 lb/a may be applied per season. maximum of 7.3 lb/a may A of aquatic sites, within 20 yards For applications made only. apply in furrow Must be applied with the SmartBox system. A A Must be applied with the SmartBox system. per season. maximum of 3.27 lb/a may be applied Do not apply within 30 days of harvest. Do not apply Do not apply within 30 days of harvest. 0.10 lb ai/a at planting. than more Do not exceed 0.1 lb ai/a at planting or 0.3 lb ai/a per Do not exceed 0.1 lb ai/a at planting or of season including at-plant plus foliar applications (e.g., Brigade 2EC). other bifenthrin products Do not exceed 8.7 lb/a. When applied in a band, Do not exceed 8.7 lb/a. When applied in incorporate evenly into top inch of soil. To provide corn rootworm protection in light to protection corn rootworm provide To dealer and/ moderate infestations. Consult your seed seed to obtain treated representative or seed treatment larvae. at the 1.25 mg ai/kernel rate for corn rootworm Do not rotate to other crops within 30 days after to other crops Do not rotate application. T-band applications must be incorporated. T-band Must be applied with the SmartBox system. Do not exceed the equivalent of 16 oz of Lorsban per season. 15G/1,000 ft of row For use by commercial seed treaters only. Consult your Consult only. seed treaters For use by commercial to representative seed dealer and/or seed treatment at the 1.25 mg ai/kernel rate for corn obtain seed treated larvae. rootworm Do not make more than one application per year. Do not make more (continued) a Placement broadcast broadcast broadcast seed treatment 7-inch band, or in T-band, furrow 7-inch band, or in T-band, furrow 5- to 7-inch T-band 5- to 7-inch or in T-band, furrow 7-inch band, in furrow seed treatment 7-inch band, or in T-band, furrow 7-inch or T-band in furrow T-band or in T-band furrow 7-inch band, or in T-band, furrow seed treatment in furrow Amount of product/a 6.4–12.8 oz 5.8–9.6 oz 4.5–10.3 oz — 6.7 oz/ 1,000 ft row 3.0 oz/1,000 ft row 0.3 fl oz/1,000 ft row 6.8–8.5 oz or 0.39–0.49 oz/ 1,000 ft row 8.0 oz/1,000 ft row — 4.0–5.0 oz/ 1,000 ft row 0.46–0.57 fl oz/ 1,000 ft row 3.0–4.5 oz/ 1,000 ft row 8.0 oz/ 1,000 ft row — 4.5–5.0 oz/ 1,000 ft row b Treat before 75% of the plants have silked if you find at least five beetles per plant and silk clipping is 75% of the plants have silked if you find at least five beetles per plant and silk clipping before Treat Insecticide pollination protection only. observed. For pollination protection Ambush 2E Asana XL Note: Avicta Complete Corn Triple Crown Triple Aztec 2.1G Aztec 4.67G Brigade 2EC Capture LFR Capture Counter 15G Cruiser Extreme Extreme Cruiser 1250 Force 3G Force Force CS Force Fortress 5G Fortress Lorsban 15G Poncho 1250 Smart Choice 5G

80 Multiple trade names listed within a row indicate products with the same active ingredient (ai). Multiple trade names listed within a row indicate products with the same active ingredient This is intended as a guide for corn planted in 30-inch rows. Check labels for use, rates, method of application, etc. This is intended as a guide for corn planted in 30-inch rows. Check labels for use, rates, method Insect able 2-12. Insecticide suggestions for corn pests suggestions for Insecticide Table 2-12. Corn aphid leaf (continued) a b Corn rootworm beetle Corn rootworm larvae

C ORN insects harvest or within 60 days for forage. Do not graze livestock in treated areas or cut treated crops for feed within 30 days of the last application. Warrior II 1.28–1.92 oz broadcast Do not apply within 21 days of harvest. Do not exceed 0.12 lb ai/a per season; 0.06 lb ai/a after silk initiation; or 0.03 lb ai/a after corn has reached the milk stage. Cutworm Note: Treat when 5% of the plants show cutting activity. Avicta Complete — seed Purchase treated seed from seed dealer or seed SO YB EAN Corn treatment treatment representative (0.45–0.57 mg thiamethoxam ai per kernel). Ambush 2E 6.4–12.8 oz broadcast Do not apply within 30 days of harvest. Asana XL 5.8–9.6 oz broadcast Do not apply within 21 days of harvest. Baythroid XL 0.8–1.6 oz broadcast Preharvest interval for grain and fodder is 21 days. Do not exceed 11.2 oz/a per season. PAST U RES F ORAGES & Belt 2.0–3.0 oz broadcast Do not apply more than 3 oz per 3-day interval; no more than 12 oz or 4 times per season. Besiege 5.0–9.0 oz broadcast Do not exceed 31.0 fl oz of Besiege or 0.12 lb ai of lambda-cyhalothrin–containing products or 0.2 lb ai of chlorantraniliprole-containing products/a per year. Do not apply within 21 days of harvest. Do not feed treated corn fodder or silage to meat or dairy animals SMA LL GRA I NS within 21 days after last treatment. Brigade 2EC 2.1–6.4 oz broadcast Do not apply within 30 days of harvest. Do not exceed 0.3 lb ai/a per season, including pre and ppi, at-plant, and foliar applications. Do not graze livestock in treated areas or cut treated crops for feed within 30 days of last application. Cobalt Advanced 11.0–26.0 oz broadcast Do not apply within 14 days of harvest for silage or 21 days for grain. Do not exceed 126 oz/a per season. PERENN I A L W EE D S Cruiser Extreme — seed Cutworm suppression. Purchase treated seed from seed 250 treatment dealer or seed treatment representative (0.125–0.80 mg ai/a per kernel). Declare 0.77–1.28 oz broadcast Do not apply within 21 days of harvest. Do not exceed 0.06 lb ai (0.38 pt)/a per season; 0.03 lb ai (0.19 pt)/a after silk initiation; or 0.015 lb ai (0.096 pt)/a after

STORE D GRA I N milk stage. I NSE C TS Delta Gold 1.5EC 1.0–1.5 oz broadcast Do not apply within 21 days of harvest or within 12 days of cutting or grazing for forage. Do not exceed 8.1 oz/a per season. Force CS 0.34–0.46 fl oz/ 7-inch This is the rate if cutworm is the only pest. If corn 1,000 ft row T-band rootworm is also targeted, use corn rootworm rate. Must be incorporated (see label). Hero 2.6–6.1 oz broadcast Do not apply within 30 days of harvest for grain stover APPEN DIX or 60 days for forage or exceed 0.4 lb ai/a per season. a This is intended as a guide for corn planted in 30-inch rows. Check labels for use, rates, method of application, etc. (continued) b Multiple trade names listed within a row indicate products with the same active ingredient (ai).

82 PRINCIPLES OF FORAGES & PERENNIAL STORED GRAIN PEST MGMT CORN insects SOYBEAN PASTURES SMALL GRAINS WEEDS INSECTS APPENDIX 83 (continued) Remarks, precautions Do not apply within 30 days of harvest. Do not apply within 21 days of harvest. No waiting period to harvest. Apply while larvae are while larvae are Apply No waiting period to harvest. small. Preharvest interval for grain and fodder is 21 days. Do Preharvest oz/a per season. not exceed 11.2 Do not apply more than 3 oz per 3-day interval; no Do not apply more than 4 times than 12 oz per season and no more more per season. Do not exceed 2 pt/a per application or 6 pt/a per or 6 pt/a per 2 pt/a per application Do not exceed days of harvest for not apply within 14 season. Do days for grain. silage or 21 Do not exceed 0.1 lb ai/a per season. Do not apply Do not exceed 0.1 lb for grain or within 60 days of within 30 days of harvest harvest for forage. For best control of black cutworm, apply when soil of black cutworm, For best control to drift onto or allow product is moist. Do not apply to be foraging area are or weeds if bees blooming crops forage, or graze within Do not harvest, cut for treated. Do not exceed 12 pt/a per year. 12 days of application. Early season protection. Purchase treated seed from from seed treated Purchase Early season protection. representative. treatment seed or dealer seed Do not apply within 30 days of harvest for grain or Do not apply within 30 days of harvest season. Do not exceed 0.6 lb ai/a per fodder. Do not apply within 30 days of harvest for grain and Do not apply within 30 days of harvest Do not apply stover and 60 days of harvest for forage. 35.25 oz/a per season including at-plant than more plus foliar applications (0.075 lb/a zeta-cypermethrin rates + 0.75 lb/a chlorpyrifos). See label for maximum products allowed on corn for chlorpyrifos-containing in tank (granular at-plant and foliar). Do not apply mixes with Steadfast or Lightning herbicides. Do not apply more than 30.7 oz/a (0.54 lb ai/a) per Do not apply more season. Refer to the maximum usage tables per crop containing than one product when applying more imidacloprid either zeta-cypermethrin or bifenthrin or Do not apply within 30 days of grain to this crop. not graze harvest or 60 within days for forage. Do for feed crops or cut treated areas livestock in treated within 30 days of the last application. Do not apply within 21 days of harvest. Do not exceed Do not apply within 21 days of harvest. silk initiation; 0.12 lb ai/a per season; 0.06 lb ai/a after the milk stage. or 0.03 lb ai/a after corn has reached (continued) a Placement broadcast broadcast see label broadcast broadcast broadcast broadcast broadcast seed treatment broadcast Broadcast broadcast broadcast Amount of product/a 6.4–12.8 oz 9.6 oz see label 1.6–2.8 oz 2.0–3.0 oz 1.0–2.0 pt 1.28–2.8 oz 4.0 pt 0.25 mg ai/ kernel 0.50 mg ai/ kernel 4.0–8.0 oz 3.75–11.75 oz 3.75–11.75 3.5–10.3 oz 0.96–1.6 oz b See management worksheet in European corn borer description. Application must be made before Application must be made before description. corn borer See management worksheet in European Insecticide Note: larvae bore into plant. larvae bore Ambush 2E Asana XL Bacillus thuringiensis— BioBit, Dipel, Javelin Baythroid XL Baythroid Belt Lorsban Advanced Mustang Max Penncap-M Poncho 250 Poncho 500 Pounce 3.2EC Stallion Triple Crown Triple Warrior II Warrior Multiple trade names listed within a row indicate products with the same active ingredient (ai). Multiple trade names listed within a row indicate products with the same active ingredient This is intended as a guide for corn planted in 30-inch rows. Check labels for use, rates, method of application, etc. This is intended as a guide for corn planted in 30-inch rows. Check labels for use, rates, method Insect able 2-12. Insecticide suggestions for corn pests suggestions for Insecticide Table 2-12. Cutworm (continued) a b European corn borer (continued) Remarks, precautions Do not apply within 30 days of harvest. Do not exceed harvest. Do not exceed within 30 days of Do not apply ppi, at plant, and pre per season, including 0.3 lb ai/a graze livestock in applications. Do not and foliar 30 within feed for crops or cut treated areas treated days of last application. For control before larvae bore into stalk/ear. Do not into stalk/ear. larvae bore before For control or 0.12 lb ai of lambda- exceed 31.0 fl oz of Besiege or 0.2 lb ai of products cyhalothrin–containing per year. products/a chlorantraniliprole-containing 21 days of harvest. Do not feed Do not apply within to meat or dairy animals corn fodder or silage treated last treatment. within 21 days after For chemigation applications, may use 19–38 oz/a. For chemigation applications, for silage or 21 Do not apply within 14 days of harvest per season. days for grain. Do not exceed 126 oz/a Do not apply within 14 days of harvest. For control before larvae bore into the stalk or ear. Do into the stalk or ear. larvae bore before For control 0.06 lb not apply within 21 days of harvest or exceed pt)/a after silk ai (0.38 pt)/a per season; 0.03 lb ai (0.19 milk stage. initiation; or 0.015 lb ai (0.096 pt)/a after Do not apply within 21 days of harvest or within 12 Do not apply within 21 days of harvest 8.1 exceed not days of cutting or grazing for forage. Do oz/a (0.095 lb ai/a) per season. Do not apply within 30 days of harvest for grain stover Do not apply within 30 days of harvest than 0.4 lb or 60 days for forage. Do not apply more ai/a per season. Do not apply within 35 days of harvestor exceed 13.0 Do not apply within 35 days of harvestor insect control. lb/a of Lorsban 15G per season for foliar Do not exceed 2 pt/a per application or 6 pt/a per Do not exceed 2 pt/a per application or harvest for season. Do not apply within 14 days of silage or 21 days for grain. Do not exceed 0.1 lb ai/a per season. Do not apply Do not exceed 0.1 lb ai/a per season. Do 60 days of within 30 days of harvest for grain or within harvest for forage. Do not apply within 12 days of harvesting, cutting, or actively foraging near grazing. Do not apply if bees are to be treated. the area Do not apply within 30 days of harvest for grain or Do not exceed 0.6 lb ai/a per season. fodder. For control before larvae bore into stalk or ear. Do not into stalk or ear. larvae bore before For control apply within 30 days of harvest for grain and stover and 60 days of harvest for forage. Do not apply more than 35.25 oz/a per season including at-plant plus foliar applications (0.075 lb/a zeta-cypermethrin + 0.75 lb/a chlorpyrifos). See label for maximum rates allowed on corn for chlorpyrifos-containing products (granular at-plant and foliar). Do not apply in tank mixes with Steadfast or Lightning herbicides. (continued) a Placement broadcast broadcast broadcast broadcast broadcast broadcast broadcast broadcast broadcast broadcast broadcast broadcast Broadcast Amount of product/a 2.1–6.4 oz 6.0–9.0 oz 16.0–38.0 oz 3.5–5.0 oz 1.02–1.54 oz 1.5–1.9 oz 4.0–10.3 oz 5.0–6.5 lb 1.0–2.0 pt 2.72–4.0 oz 2.0–4.0 pt 4.0–8.0 oz 9.25–11.75 oz 9.25–11.75 b Insecticide Brigade 2EC Besiege Cobalt Advanced Coragen Declare Delta Gold 1.5EC Hero Lorsban 15G Lorsban Advanced Mustang Max Penncap-M Pounce 3.2EC Stallion 84 Multiple trade names listed within a row indicate products with the same active ingredient (ai). Multiple trade names listed within a row indicate products with the same active ingredient This is intended as a guide for corn planted in 30-inch rows. Check labels for use, rates, method of application, etc. This is intended as a guide for corn planted in 30-inch rows. Check labels for use, rates, method Insect able 2-12. Insecticide suggestions for corn pests suggestions for Insecticide Table 2-12. uropean corn European corn borer (continued) a b

PRINCIPLES OF CORN insects SOYBEAN FORAGES & SMALL GRAINS PERENNIAL STORED GRAIN APPENDIX PEST MGMT PASTURES WEEDS INSECTS PRINCIPLES OF FORAGES & PERENNIAL STORED GRAIN PEST MGMT CORN insects SOYBEAN PASTURES SMALL GRAINS WEEDS INSECTS APPENDIX 85 (continued) Remarks, precautions Do not apply more than 6 fl oz (0.188 lb spinosad)/a than 6 fl oz (0.188 lb more Do not apply or 28 days of grain Do not apply within per year. of harvest for forage. or within 7 days fodder harvest Do not apply within 21 days of harvest. Do not apply more than 30.7 oz/a (0.54 lb ai/a) per than 30.7 Do not apply more maximum usage tables per season. Refer to the crop containing product than one when applying more or bifenthrin or imidacloprid either zeta-cypermethrin 30 days of grain Do not apply within to this crop. days for forage. Do not graze harvest or within 60 for feed crops or cut treated areas livestock in treated last application. within 30 days of the interval for grain and fodder is 21 days. Do Preharvest oz/a per season. not exceed 11.2 Do not apply within 21 days of harvest. Do not exceed Do not apply within 0.06 lb ai/a after silk initiation; 0.12 lb ai/a per season; the milk stage. or 0.03 lb ai/a after corn has reached lb ai of Do not exceed 31.0 fl oz of Besiege or 0.12 or 0.2 lb ai lambda-cyhalothrin–containing products per year. products/a of chlorantraniliprole-containing Do not feed Do not apply within 21 days of harvest. fodder or silage to meat or dairy animals corn treated within 21 days after last treatment. Do not apply within 30 days of harvest. Do not exceed Do not apply within 30 days of harvest. and ppi, at-plant, 0.3 lb ai/a per season, including pre in and foliar applications. Do not graze livestock 30 within feed for crops or cut treated areas treated days of last application. Do not apply within 14 days of harvest for silage or Do not apply within 14 days of harvest per season. 21 days for grain. Do not exceed 126 oz/a Do not apply within 21 days of harvest or exceed 0.06Do not apply within 21 days of harvest afterlb ai (0.38 pt)/a per season; 0.03 lb ai (0.19pt)/a after milk stage. silk initiation; or 0.015 lb ai (0.096 pt)/a Do not apply within 21 days of harvest or within Do not apply within 21 days of harvest exceed not 12 days of cutting or grazing for forage. Do 8.1 oz/a (0.095 lb ai/a) per season. — Do not apply within 30 days of harvest for grain than stover or 60 days for forage. Do not apply more 0.4 lb ai/a per season. Do not exceed 2 pt/a per application or 6 pt/a per season. Do not apply within 14 days of harvest for silage or 21 days for grain. Do not exceed 0.1 lb ai/a per season. Do not apply within 30 days of harvest for grain or within 60 days of harvest for silage. Do not apply during pollen shed if bees are visiting Do not apply during pollen shed if bees are Do not apply within 12 days of to be treated. the area harvesting, cutting, or grazing. (continued) a Placement broadcast broadcast broadcast broadcast broadcast broadcast broadcast broadcast broadcast broadcast see label broadcast broadcast broadcast broadcast Amount of product/a 5.8–9.6 oz 1.0–3.0 fl oz 4.5–10.3 oz 2.1–2.8 oz 1.28–1.92 oz 6.0–9.0 oz 2.1–6.4 oz 6.0–13.0 oz 1.02–1.54 oz 1.0–1.5 oz see label 2.6–6.1 oz 0.5–1.0 pt 2.72–4.0 oz 2.0–3.0 pt b Insecticide Asana XL Tracer Triple Crown Triple XL Baythroid Warrior II Warrior Besiege Brigade 2EC Cobalt Advanced Declare Delta Gold 1.5EC dimethoate Hero Lorsban Advanced Mustang Max Penncap-M Multiple trade names listed within a row indicate products with the same active ingredient (ai). Multiple trade names listed within a row indicate products with the same active ingredient This is intended as a guide for corn planted in 30-inch rows. Check labels for use, rates, method of application, etc. This is intended as a guide for corn planted in 30-inch rows. Check labels for use, rates, method Insect able 2-12. Insecticide suggestions for corn pests suggestions for Insecticide Table 2-12. uropean corn European corn borer (continued) a b Grasshopper (continued) Remarks, precautions For control before larvae bore into plant. Do not larvae bore before For control of lambda- exceed 31.0 fl oz of Besiege or 0.12 lb ai or 0.2 lb ai of cyhalothrin–containing products per year. products/a chlorantraniliprole-containing Do not feed Do not apply within 21 days of harvest. fodder or silage to meat or dairy animals corn treated within 21 days after last treatment. Do not apply within 14 days of harvest for silage or 21 Do not apply within 14 days of harvest per season. days for grain. Do not exceed 126 oz/a For control before larvae bore into stalk. Do not apply larvae bore before For control 0.06 lb ai within 21 days of harvest. Do not exceed (0.38 pt)/a per season; 0.03 lb ai (0.19pt)/a after silk initiation; or 0.015 lb ai (0.096 pt)/a after milk stage. Do not apply within 30 days of harvest for grain than stover or 60 days for forage. Do not apply more 0.4 lb ai/a per season. Do not exceed 0.10 lb ai/a per season. Do not apply within 30 days of harvest for grain or within 60 days of harvest for silage. Do not apply within 30 days of harvest for grain. Do not exceed 0.6 lb ai/a per season. Do not apply within 48 days of harvest for grain or harvest for grain within 48 days of Do not apply of of harvest or grazing or within 14 days fodder, forage or silage. Do not apply within 30 days of harvest for grain and Do not apply within harvest for forage. Do not apply stover and 60 days of including at-plant than 35.25 oz/a per season more (0.075 lb/a zeta-cypermethrin plus foliar applications See label for maximum rates + 0.75 lb/a chlorpyrifos). chlorpyrifos-containing products allowed on corn for foliar). Do not apply in tank (granular at-plant and or Lightning herbicides. mixes with Steadfast Do not apply more than 30.7 oz/a (0.54 lb ai/a) per than 30.7 Do not apply more maximum usage tables per season. Refer to the crop containing than one product when applying more imidacloprid either zeta-cypermethrin or bifenthrin or Do not apply within 30 days of grain to this crop. not graze harvest or within 60 days for forage. Do for feed crops or cut treated areas livestock in treated within 30 days of the last application. Do not apply within 21 days of harvest. Do not exceed Do not apply within 21 days of harvest. silk initiation; 0.12 lb ai/a per season; 0.06 lb ai/a after the milk stage. or 0.03 lb ai/a after corn has reached (continued) a Placement broadcast broadcast broadcast broadcast broadcast broadcast broadcast Broadcast broadcast broadcast Amount of product/a 6.0–9.0 oz 16.0–38.0 oz 1.02–1.54 oz 2.6–6.1 oz 2.72–4.0 oz 4.0–8.0 oz 1.0–3.0 pt 9.25–11.75 oz 9.25–11.75 4.5–10.3 oz 1.28–1.92 oz b Treatments are most effective if applied when damage is detected in seedling-stage corn. Hop vine most effective are Treatments Insecticide Note: borer attacks the plant below the soil surface. attacks borer Besiege Cobalt Advanced Declare Hero Mustang Max Pounce 3.2EC Sevin XLR Plus Sevin XLR Stallion Triple Crown Triple Warrior II Warrior 86 Multiple trade names listed within a row indicate products with the same active ingredient (ai). Multiple trade names listed within a row indicate products with the same active ingredient This is intended as a guide for corn planted in 30-inch rows. Check labels for use, rates, method of application, etc. This is intended as a guide for corn planted in 30-inch rows. Check labels for use, rates, method Insect able 2-12. Insecticide suggestions for corn pests suggestions for Insecticide Table 2-12. rasshopper Grasshopper (continued) a b Hop vine borer

PRINCIPLES OF CORN insects SOYBEAN FORAGES & SMALL GRAINS PERENNIAL STORED GRAIN APPENDIX PEST MGMT PASTURES WEEDS INSECTS PRINCIPLES OF FORAGES & PERENNIAL STORED GRAIN PEST MGMT CORN insects SOYBEAN PASTURES SMALL GRAINS WEEDS INSECTS APPENDIX 87 (continued) Remarks, precautions Do not apply within 21 days of harvest. interval for grain and fodder is 21 days. Do Preharvest oz/a per season. not exceed 11.2 Do not apply within 30 days of harvest for grain and harvest for grain within 30 days of Do not apply for forage. Do not apply 60 days of harvest stover and at-plant per season including than 35.25 oz/a more (0.075 lb/a zeta-cypermethrin plus foliar applications See label for maximum rates + 0.75 lb/a chlorpyrifos). chlorpyrifos-containing products allowed on corn for foliar). Do not apply in tank (granular at-plant and or Lightning herbicides. mixes with Steadfast lb ai of Do not exceed 31.0 fl oz of Besiege or 0.12 or 0.2 lb ai lambda-cyhalothrin–containing products per year. products/a of chlorantraniliprole-containing Do not feed Do not apply within 21 days of harvest. fodder or silage to meat or dairy animals corn treated within 21 days after last treatment. Do not apply more than 30.7 oz/a (0.54 lb ai/a) per than 30.7 Do not apply more maximum usage tables per season. Refer to the crop containing product than one when applying more or bifenthrin or imidacloprid either zeta-cypermethrin 30 days of grain Do not apply within to this crop. days for forage. Do not graze harvest or within 60 for feed crops or cut treated areas livestock in treated within 30 days of the last application. or exceed 0.3 Do not apply within 30 days of harvest and ppi, at plant, and lb ai/a per season, including pre in treated foliar applications. Do not graze livestock for feed within 30 days of last crops cut treated or areas application. Do not apply within 21 days of harvest. Do not exceed Do not apply within 21 days of harvest. silk initiation; 0.12 lb ai/a per season; 0.06 lb ai/a after the milk stage. or 0.03 lb ai/a after corn has reached for grain, ears, Do not apply within 21 days of harvest forage, or fodder. Do not apply within 21 days of harvest or exceed 0.06 lb ai (0.38 pt)/a per season; 0.03 lb ai (0.19 pt)/a after silk initiation; or 0.015 lb ai (0.096 pt)/a after milk stage. Do not apply within 21 days of harvest of field corn for grain or fodder or within 12 days of cutting or grazing field corn or forage. Do not exceed 8.1 oz/a (0.095 lb ai/a) per season. Do not apply within 30 days of harvest for grain stover or 60 days for forage. Do not exceed 0.4 lb ai/a per season. Do not apply within 30 days of harvest for grain or within 60 days of harvest for forage. (continued) a Placement broadcast broadcast Broadcast broadcast broadcast broadcast broadcast broadcast broadcast broadcast broadcast broadcast Amount of product/a 5.8–9.6 oz 1.6–2.8 oz 6.0–9.0 oz 9.25–11.75 oz 9.25–11.75 3.5–10.3 oz 2.1–6.4 oz 1.28–1.92 oz 32.0–42.0 oz 1.02–1.54 1.5–1.9 oz 4.0–10.3 oz 2.72–4.0 oz b Insecticide Asana XL XL Baythroid Besiege Stallion Triple Crown Triple Brigade 2EC Warrior II Warrior Cobalt Advanced Declare Delta Gold 1.5EC Hero Mustang Max Multiple trade names listed within a row indicate products with the same active ingredient (ai). Multiple trade names listed within a row indicate products with the same active ingredient This is intended as a guide for corn planted in 30-inch rows. Check labels for use, rates, method of application, etc. This is intended as a guide for corn planted in 30-inch rows. Check labels for use, rates, method Insect able 2-12. Insecticide suggestions for corn pests suggestions for Insecticide Table 2-12. Hop vine borer Hop vine (continued) a b Japanese beetle (adult) (continued) Remarks, precautions Purchase treated seed from seed dealer or seed seed from treated Purchase mg thiamethoxam (0.45–0.57 representative treatment ai per kernel). may be applied per season. maximum of 7.3 lb/a A aquatic sites, of For applications made within 20 yards only. apply in furrow Do not apply within 30 days of harvest for grain and harvest for grain within 30 days of Do not apply for forage. Do not apply 60 days of harvest stover and including at-plant than 35.25 oz/a per season more (0.075 lb/a zeta-cypermethrin plus foliar applications See label for maximum rates + 0.75 lb/a chlorpyrifos). chlorpyrifos-containing products allowed on corn for foliar). Do not apply in tank (granular at-plant and or Lightning herbicides. mixes with Steadfast Do not Must be applied with a SmartBox system. per season. exceed 3.27 lb/a Do not apply more than 30.7 oz/a (0.54 lb ai/a) per than 30.7 Do not apply more maximum usage tables per season. Refer to the crop containing product than one when applying more or bifenthrin or imidacloprid either zeta-cypermethrin 30 days of grain Do not apply within to this crop. days for forage. Do not graze harvest or within 60 for feed crops or cut treated areas livestock in treated within 30 days of the last application. Do not apply Do not apply within 30 days of harvest. 0.10 lb ai/a at planting. than more Do not apply within 21 days of harvest. Do not exceed Do not apply within 21 days of harvest. silk initiation; 0.12 lb ai/a per season; 0.06 lb ai/a after the milk stage. or 0.03 lb ai/a after corn has reached 0.3 lb ai/a per Do not exceed 0.1 lb ai/a at planting or of season including at-plant plus foliar applications (e.g., Brigade 2EC). other bifenthrin products Do not exceed 8.7 lb/a. When applied in a band, Do not exceed 8.7 lb/a. incorporate evenly into top inch of soil. Treat at 0.125–0.80 mg ai/kernel. Treat Do not rotate to other crops within 30 days after to other crops Do not rotate application. T-band applications must be incorporated (see label). T-band Must be applied with a SmartBox system. Labeled for seedcorn maggot, not the beetle. Contains permethrin as the active ingredient (not Contains permethrin as the active ingredient lindane). Do not exceed the equivalent of 16 oz of product/ Do not exceed the equivalent of 16 oz of product/ per season. 1,000 ft of row (continued) a Placement seed treatment 7-inch band, in furrow Broadcast or in T-band furrow broadcast 5- to 7-inch T-band broadcast 5- to 7-inch or in T-band furrow 7-inch band, in furrow seed treatment 7-inch band, in furrow T-band or in T-band furrow in furrow planter- box seed treatment 7-inch band or in furrow

Amount of product/a — 6.7 oz/ 1,000 ft row 3.0 oz/1,000 ft row 9.25–11.75 oz 9.25–11.75 4.5–10.3 oz 0.15–0.30 fl oz/ 1,000 ft row 1.28–1.92 0.20–0.39 fl oz/ 1,000 ft row 8.0 oz/ 1,000 ft row — 4.0–5.0 oz/ 1,000 ft row 0.46–0.57 fl oz/ 1,000 ft row 3.0–3.75 oz/ 1,000 ft row see label 8.0 oz/ 1,000 ft row b Insecticide Avicta Complete Avicta Corn Aztec 2.1G Aztec 4.67G Stallion Triple Crown Triple Brigade 2EC Warrior II Warrior LFR Capture Counter 15G Cruiser Extreme Extreme Cruiser 250 Force 3G Force Force CS Force Fortress 5G Fortress Kernel Guard Kernel Guard Supreme Lorsban 15G 88 Multiple trade names listed within a row indicate products with the same active ingredient (ai). Multiple trade names listed within a row indicate products with the same active ingredient This is intended as a guide for corn planted in 30-inch rows. Check labels for use, rates, method of application, etc. This is intended as a guide for corn planted in 30-inch rows. Check labels for use, rates, method Insect able 2-12. Insecticide suggestions for corn pests suggestions for Insecticide Table 2-12. Japanese beetle (adult) (continued) a b maggot Seedcorn beetle, seedcorn

PRINCIPLES OF CORN insects SOYBEAN FORAGES & SMALL GRAINS PERENNIAL STORED GRAIN APPENDIX PEST MGMT PASTURES WEEDS INSECTS PRINCIPLES OF FORAGES & PERENNIAL STORED GRAIN PEST MGMT CORN insects SOYBEAN PASTURES SMALL GRAINS WEEDS INSECTS APPENDIX 89 (continued) Remarks, precautions Do not apply within 30 days of harvest. Do not apply within 21 days of harvest. Preharvest interval for grain and fodder is 21 days. Do Preharvest oz/a per season. not exceed 11.2 For control before larvae bore into the stalk. Do not larvae bore before For control of lambda- exceed 31.0 fl oz of Besiege or 0.12 lb ai or 0.2 lb ai of cyhalothrin–containing products per year. products/a chlorantraniliprole-containing Do not feed Do not apply within 21 days of harvest. fodder or silage to meat or dairy animals corn treated within 21 days after last treatment. Do not apply within 30 days of harvest. Do not exceed Do not apply within 30 days of harvest. and ppi, at-plant, 0.3 lb ai/a per season, including pre in and foliar applications. Do not graze livestock 30 within feed for crops or cut treated areas treated days of last application. Do not apply within 14 days of harvest for silage or 21 Do not apply within 14 days of harvest per season. days for grain. Do not exceed 126 oz/a Do not apply within 21 days of harvest or exceed 0.06 lb ai (0.38 pt)/a per season; 0.03 lb ai (0.19pt)/a after silk initiation; or 0.015 lb ai (0.096 pt)/a after milk stage. Do not apply within 21 days of harvest or within 12 8.1 exceed not days of cutting or grazing for forage. Do oz/a (0.095 lb ai/a) per season. Do not apply within 30 days of harvest for grain stover than 0.4 lb or 60 days for forage. Do not apply more ai/a per season. Do not exceed 2 pt/a per application or 6 pt/a per season. Do not apply within 14 days of harvest for silage or 21 days for grain. Do not exceed 0.1 lb ai/a per season. Do not apply within 30 days of harvest for grain or within 60 days of harvest for forage. Early season protection. Purchase treated seed from from seed treated Early season Purchase protection. representative. treatment seed or dealer seed — Labeled for seedcorn maggot, not the beetle. Do not Labeled for seedcorn per year. than one application make more Do not apply to soil where there is greater than 30% than is greater there where Do not apply to soil within Do not apply remaining. residue cover of crop not graze livestock in treated 30 days of harvest. Do of for feed within 30 days crops or cut treated areas lb ai/a per than 0.2 Do not apply more treatment. application. season as an at-plant (continued) a Placement broadcast broadcast broadcast broadcast broadcast broadcast broadcast broadcast broadcast broadcast broadcast seed treatment broadcast in furrow 5- to 7-inch band Amount of product/a 6.4–12.8 oz 5.8–9.6 oz 1.6–2.8 oz 6.0–9.0 oz 2.1–6.4 oz 16.0–38.0 oz 1.02–1.54 oz 1.5–1.9 oz 2.6–6.1 oz 2.0 pt 2.72–4.0 oz see label 0.25 mg ai/ kernel 0.50 mg ai/ kernel 3.0–3.5 oz/ 1,000 ft row 0.64 oz/ 1,000 ft row b Treatments most effective if applied while larvae are still small and wilting of seedlings is just if applied while larvae are most effective Treatments Insecticide Note: beginning. Ambush 2E Asana XL Baythroid XL Baythroid Besiege Brigade 2EC Cobalt Advanced Declare Delta Gold 1.5EC Hero Lorsban Advanced Mustang Max metaldehyde bait Poncho 250 Poncho 500 Smart Choice 5G Triple Crown Triple Multiple trade names listed within a row indicate products with the same active ingredient (ai). Multiple trade names listed within a row indicate products with the same active ingredient This is intended as a guide for corn planted in 30-inch rows. Check labels for use, rates, method of application, etc. This is intended as a guide for corn planted in 30-inch rows. Check labels for use, rates, method Insect able 2-12. Insecticide suggestions for corn pests suggestions for Insecticide Table 2-12. Seedcorn beetle, seedcorn maggot (continued) a b Stalk borer Slug (continued) Remarks, precautions Do not apply within 30 days of harvest. Do not exceed Do not apply within 30 days of harvest. and ppi, at plant, 0.3 lb ai/a per season, including pre in and foliar applications. Do not graze livestock 30 within feed for crops or cut treated areas treated days of last application. than 0.6 lb ai/a per season. Do notDo not apply more apply within 30 days of harvest of grain or fodder (stover). Do not apply within 30 days of harvest for grain or harvest for grain within 30 days of Do not apply lb ai/a per season. Do not exceed 0.6 fodder. than one application per season. Do not make more 0.25 lb Do not exceed larvae enter the ear. Apply before ai/a per season or apply within 21 days of harvest. Do not apply within 30 days of harvest for grain and Do not apply within harvest for forage. Do not apply stover and 60 days of including at-plant than 35.25 oz/a per season more (0.075 lb/a zeta-cypermethrin plus foliar applications See label for maximum rates + 0.75 lb/a chlorpyrifos). chlorpyrifos-containing products allowed on corn for foliar). Do not apply in tank (granular at-plant and or Lightning herbicides. mixes with Steadfast — Do not apply within 21 days of harvest for grain and fl oz/a (0.088 lb ai/a) per season. fodder or exceed 11.2 Do not apply more than 30.7 oz/a (0.54 lb ai/a) per than 30.7 Do not apply more maximum usage tables per season. Refer to the crop containing product than one when applying more imidacloprid either zeta-cypermethrin or bifenthrin or Do not apply within 30 days of grain to this crop. not graze harvest or within 60 days for forage. Do for feed crops or cut treated areas livestock in treated within 30 days of the last application. for grain stover Do not apply within 30 days of harvest than 0.4 lb or 60 days for forage. Do not apply more ai/a per season. than 3 oz per 3-day interval or Do not apply more than 12 oz or four times per season. more Do not apply within 21 days of harvest. Do not exceed Do not apply within 21 days of harvest. silk initiation; 0.12 lb ai/a per season; 0.06 lb ai/a after the milk stage. or 0.03 lb ai/a after corn has reached than 8.5 oz/a per 14-day interval; Do not apply more than 8.5 oz/a per season. do not apply more Do not larvae enter the ear. before For control exceed 31.0 fl oz of Besiege or 0.12 lb ai of lambda- or 0.2 lb ai of cyhalothrin–containing products per year. products/a chlorantraniliprole-containing Do not apply within 21 days of harvest. Do not feed corn fodder or silage to meat or dairy animals treated within 21 days after last treatment. Do not apply more than 0.3 lb ai/a per season. Do not Do not apply more apply within 30 days of harvest. (continued) a Placement broadcast broadcast broadcast broadcast broadcast Broadcast see label broadcast broadcast broadcast broadcast over row as over row spray broadcast broadcast broadcast Amount of product/a 6.4–12.8 oz 5.12–6.4 oz 32–48 oz 2.9–5.8 oz 4.0–8.0 oz 9.25–11.75 oz 9.25–11.75 see label 1.6–2.8 oz 3.5–10.3 oz 10.3 oz 2.0–3.0 oz 1.28–1.92 oz 2.85–8.0 oz 5.0–9.0 oz 2.1–6.4 oz b Insecticide Ambush 2E Brigade 2EC Comite Asana XL Pounce 3.2EC Stallion dimethoate XL Baythroid Triple Crown Triple Hero Belt Warrior II Warrior Oberon Besiege Brigade 2EC Multiple trade names listed within a row indicate products with the same active ingredient (ai). Multiple trade names listed within a row indicate products with the same active ingredient This is intended as a guide for corn planted in 30-inch rows. Check labels for use, rates, method of application, etc. This is intended as a guide for corn planted in 30-inch rows. Check labels for use, rates, method wo-spotted 90 Insect able 2-12. Insecticide suggestions for corn pests suggestions for Insecticide Table 2-12. talk borer Stalk borer (continued) a b Western bean Western cutworm T spider mite

PRINCIPLES OF CORN insects SOYBEAN FORAGES & SMALL GRAINS PERENNIAL STORED GRAIN APPENDIX PEST MGMT PASTURES WEEDS INSECTS PRINCIPLES OF FORAGES & PERENNIAL STORED GRAIN PEST MGMT CORN insects SOYBEAN PASTURES SMALL GRAINS WEEDS INSECTS APPENDIX 91 (continued) Remarks, precautions Do not exceed 126 oz/a per season. Do not apply Do not apply 126 oz/a per season. Do not exceed silage or within 21 days days of harvest for within 14 for grain. For control before the larva bores into the ear. Do not into the ear. the larva bores before For control of harvest. Do not exceed 0.06 lb apply within 21 days 0.03 lb ai (0.19pt)/a after silk ai (0.38 pt)/a per season; ai (0.096 pt)/a after milk stage. initiation; or 0.015 lb Do not apply within 21 day of harvest of field corn for Do not apply within or within 12 days of cutting or grazing grain or fodder, Do not exceed 8.1 oz/a (0.095 lb field corn for forage. ai/a) per season. Do not apply more than 0.4 lb ai/a per season. Do not than 0.4 Do not apply more of harvest for grain and stover or apply within 30 days within 60 days for forage. Do not exceed 2 pt/a per application or 6 pt/a per Do not exceed 2 pt/a per application or harvest for season. Do not apply within 14 days of silage or 21 days for grain. For control before the larva bores into the plant stalk the larva bores before For control season including Do not exceed 0.10 lb ai/a per or ear. apply within at-plant plus foliar applications. Do not or within 60 30 days of harvest for grain and stover days for forage. Do not apply during pollen shed if bees are foraging in are Do not apply during pollen shed if bees Do not exceed 12 pt/a per year. to be treated. the areas within 12 days Do not harvest, cut for forage, or graze of application. Up to 0.6 lb ai/a may be used per season. Allow at Up to 0.6 lb ai/a may be used per season. Do not apply within least 6 days between treatments. harvest of grain or fodder. 30 days before Treat at economic threshold and at 90–100% tassel threshold at economic Treat will after 100% silk emergence Treatment emergence. Do not apply within 48 days of effectiveness. reduce days of harvest harvest for grain or fodder or within 14 8 qt/a or grazing for forage or silage. Do not exceed per crop. For control before larvae bore into ear. Do not apply into ear. larvae bore before For control within 30 days of harvest for grain and stover and 60 than days of harvest for forage. Do not apply more 35.25 oz/a per season including at-plant plus foliar applications (0.075 lb/a zeta-cypermethrin + 0.75 lb/a chlorpyrifos). See label for maximum rates allowed on (granular corn for chlorpyrifos-containing products at-plant and foliar). Do not apply in tank mixes with Steadfast or Lightning herbicides. Do not apply more than 30.7 oz/a (0.54 lb ai/a) per Do not apply more per season. Refer to the maximum usage tables crop containing than one product when applying more either zeta-cypermethrin or bifenthrin or imidacloprid Do not apply within 30 days of grain to this crop. harvest or within 60 days for forage. Do not graze for feed crops or cut treated areas livestock in treated within 30 days of the last application. (continued) a Placement broadcast broadcast broadcast broadcast broadcast broadcast broadcast broadcast broadcast Broadcast broadcast Amount of product/a 11.0–26.0 oz 11.0–26.0 0.77–1.28 oz 1.0–1.5 oz 2.6–6.1 oz 1.0–2.0 pt 1.76–4.0 oz 2.0–4.0 pt 2.0–4.0 oz 2.0 qt 5.0–11.75 oz 5.0–11.75 4.5–10.3 oz b Insecticide Cobalt Advanced Declare Delta Gold 1.5 EC Hero Lorsban Advanced Mustang Max Penncap-M Pounce 3.2 EC Sevin XLR Plus Stallion Triple Crown Triple Multiple trade names listed within a row indicate products with the same active ingredient (ai). Multiple trade names listed within a row indicate products with the same active ingredient This is intended as a guide for corn planted in 30-inch rows. Check labels for use, rates, method of application, etc. This is intended as a guide for corn planted in 30-inch rows. Check labels for use, rates, method Insect able 2-12. Insecticide suggestions for corn pests suggestions for Insecticide Table 2-12. Western bean bean Western cutworm (continued) a b (continued) Remarks, precautions For control before the larva bores into the plant stalk into bores the larva before For control Do not 21 day of harvest. Do not apply within or ear. than Do not apply more lb ai/a per season. exceed 0.12 initiation, or 0.03 lb ai/a after 0.06 lb ai/a after silk the milk stage. corn has reached seed dealer or seed seed from treated Purchase (0.45–0.57 mg thiamethoxam representative treatment ai per kernel). A maximum of 7.3 lb/a may be applied per season. maximum of 7.3 lb/a may A of aquatic sites, within 20 yards For applications made only. apply in furrow Must be applied with a SmartBox system. Do not Must be applied with season. exceed 3.27 lb/a per Do not apply within 30 days of harvest. Do not apply Do not apply within 30 days of harvest. 0.10 lb ai/a at planting. than more Do not exceed 0.1 lb ai/a at planting or 0.3 lb ai/a per Do not exceed 0.1 lb ai/a at planting or of season including at-plant plus foliar applications (e.g., Brigade 2EC). other bifenthrin products Do not exceed 126 oz/a per season. Do not exceed 8.7 lb/a. Incorporate evenly into top Do not exceed 8.7 lb/a. Incorporate evenly inch of soil if applied in a band. Early season seed and seedling protection. Purchase Purchase Early season seed and seedling protection. seed dealer or seed treatment from seed treated Do not exceed 0.125–0.80 mg ai/kernel. representative. Do not rotate to other crops within 30 days after to other crops Do not rotate application. Use the higher rate for heavy infestations. For best Use the higher rate for heavy infestations. apply as an in control, and/or white grub wireworm treatment. furrow Must be applied with a SmartBox system. Early season seed and seedling protection. Purchase Purchase Early season seed and seedling protection. seed dealer or seed treatment seed from treated mg ai/kernel). (1.34 representative Do not exceed the equivalent of 16 oz of product/ per season. 1,000 ft of row Early season protection. Purchase treated seed from from seed treated Early season Purchase protection. representative. treatment seed or dealer seed Do not make more than one application per year. Do not make more Do not apply to soil where there is greater than 30% is greater there Do not apply to soil where Do not apply within remaining. residue cover of crop 30 days of harvest. Do not graze livestock in treated for feed within 30 days of crops or cut treated areas than 0.2 lb ai/a per Do not apply more treatment. season as an at-plant application. (continued) a Placement broadcast seed treatment 7-inch band or in furrow T-band or in T-band furrow 5- to 7-inch T-band 5- to 7-inch or in T-band furrow 5- to 6-inch T-band 7-inch band or in furrow seed treatment 7-inch band or in furrow T-band or in T-band furrow in furrow seed treatment in furrow seed treatment in furrow 5- to 7-inch band Amount of product/a 0.96–1.6 oz — 6.7 oz/ 1,000 ft row 3.0 oz/ 1,000 ft row 0.15–0.30 fl oz/ 1,000 ft row 0.20–0.39 fl oz/ 0.20–0.39 fl oz/ 1,000 ft row 2.87 fl oz/ 1,000 ft row 8.0 oz/ 1,000 ft row — 4.0–5.0 oz/ 1,000 ft row 0.46–0.57 fl oz/ 1,000 ft row 3.0–3.75 oz/ 1,000 ft row — 8.0–12.0 oz/ 1,000 ft row 0.25 mg ai/ kernel 0.50 mg ai/ kernel 3.0–3.5 oz/ 1,000 ft row 0.64 oz/ 1,000 ft row b Insecticide Warrior II Warrior Complete Avicta Corn Aztec 2.1G Aztec 4.67G Brigade 2EC Capture LFR Capture Cobalt Advanced Counter 15G Cruiser Extreme Extreme Cruiser 250 Force 3G Force Force CS Force Fortress 5G Gaucho Lorsban 15G Poncho 250 Poncho 500 Smart Choice 5G Triple Crown Triple Multiple trade names listed within a row indicate products with the same active ingredient (ai). Multiple trade names listed within a row indicate products with the same active ingredient This is intended as a guide for corn planted in 30-inch rows. Check labels for use, rates, method of application, etc. This is intended as a guide for corn planted in 30-inch rows. Check labels for use, rates, method Insect able 2-12. Insecticide suggestions for corn pests suggestions for Insecticide Table 2-12. Western bean bean Western cutworm (continued) a b White grub 92

Corn disease management C ORN diseases

Corn diseases, like those of other crops, Many hybrids have good resistance to vary in severity from year to year and from eyespot, Gibberella ear rot, northern corn one locality or field to another. There are leaf blight, northern leaf spot, rust, smut, many factors that influence disease devel- and stalk rot. If you have had a history of opment, including environmental condi- problems with one or more of these dis- tions, the resistance of the corn hybrid, and eases, ask about hybrid reactions to these SO YB EAN the population density of the disease organ- specific diseases. isms that are present. Thus, it is important Resistance does not mean immunity— for growers to distinguish when poor crop complete freedom from infection or disease development is due to diseases and when development. A resistant hybrid should insect, nutrient deficiencies, soil conditions, withstand damage but may show some herbicide injury, or weather conditions are disease development when conditions PAST U RES F ORAGES & the problem. favor the disease but not suffer much yield reduction. In other words, there is a gra- Disease management dation among hybrids ranging from sus- strategies ceptible to resistant to highly resistant to disease. Changes in cultural practices, new Corn diseases can be managed by planting forms (races) of known pathogens, and new resistant or tolerant corn hybrids, rotating pathogens can result in disease in hybrids

SMA LL GRA I NS crops, using appropriate cultural practices, that were thought resistant. and applying pesticides. Although a single Learn to identify the major diseases of control procedure can be effective, a sound corn and evaluate disease reactions of the disease control program integrates all these hybrids you grow. Disease reactions of var- crop management techniques. ious hybrids can differ with each farm or Resistant hybrids locality because of different local weather conditions, tillage operations, soil type, and Selecting corn hybrids that are resistant or soil fertility. PERENN I A L

W EE D S tolerant to major corn diseases can be an effective and economical method of disease Crop rotation and control. Your seed dealer should be a good tillage practices source of information on specific hybrid Crop rotation and clean tillage are effective reaction to disease. Terms describing disease control procedures. In many cases, hybrid reaction to disease are somewhat the fungi that cause corn diseases over- confusing. “Disease-resistant hybrids” STORE D GRA I N winter in stalks, leaves, and roots. Once

I NSE C TS should be regarded only as a general term this corn debris is thoroughly decayed, that suggests resistance to specific diseases; many corn pathogens perish or are greatly it cannot be an all-inclusive statement, since reduced in numbers. Therefore, crop rota- no hybrid is resistant to all corn diseases. tion and tillage programs that allow resi- Also, hybrids are not described as being due decay in a given field before the next resistant/tolerant to a specific disease. corn crop is grown will help reduce dis- Rather, leaf health, seedling cold tolerance, eases, especially leaf and seedling diseases.

APPEN DIX root size, and stalk strength are character- We support the concept of no-till or mini- ized, but each relate to reactions to plant mum tillage for crop production because pathogens. of its soil-conserving potential. However, growers using no-till or minimum tillage

94 PRINCIPLES OF FORAGES & PERENNIAL STORED GRAIN PEST MGMT CORN diseases SOYBEAN PASTURES SMALL GRAINS WEEDS INSECTS APPENDIX 95 (continued on page 98) Should any of these leaf diseases threaten Should any of these leaf diseases threaten Check the label for specific limitations Leaf disease control with fungicides Foliar fungicides (table 2-13) can effectively blight, reduce severity of northern corn leaf spot, northern leaf spot, eyespot, gray leaf com- and rust. It is rarely economical for mercial corn producers to use fungicides for leaf disease control. However, seed corn producers must control these diseases to because inbreds can be very susceptible them. and during the period between tasseling be eco- dent (about 35 days), treatment may nomical. Early detection is critical; monitor fields of susceptible hybrids/inbreds weekly. on the amount of product that can be used per acre per season, the preharvest interval, growth stage limitations, and feeding restrictions. For example, chlorothalonil (Bravo formulations) is registered for Hel- minthosporium leaf blights (northern corn leaf blight, northern leaf spot, southern leaf blight) and rust on fresh market sweet corn and corn grown for seed. Bravo is not labeled for use on processing sweet corn. Corn treated with Bravo cannot be fed to livestock, ensiled, or used as livestock forage. Label instructions must be followed carefully for effective use. eed protectants Seed corn registered for protecting Chemicals captan, seedling rot include seed against (Apron), (Maxim), mefenoxam fludioxonil metal (PCNB), pentachloronitrobenzene to (check the labels and mancozeb axyl, include corn seed treat- be sure chemicals can be applied ment), but other fungicides Treatment is especially in the planter box. vigor is low and dur- beneficial when seed weather. Virtually all ing cold, wet spring today is already corn seed on the market Many hybrid seed treated with a fungicide. changed from captan corn companies have Some compa- to Maxim or Maxim-Apron. so you can tailor nies take specific requests For seed treatments to field conditions. example, the use of trifloxystrobin (Trilex) to the Maxim-Apron combina- addition in in tion offers good protections if planting cool, wet soils with a high risk of Pythium seed rot. Consider planting corn seed treated with a fungicide. Consider crop rotation to help curb the buildup of corn pathogens that may be developing. Select corn hybrids rated superior for seedling cold tolerance. Consider chopping stalks in the fall. Many organisms do not survive as well when the debris is close to the soil. Examine fields periodically during the growing season to spot any sign of disease development. Early harvest can minimize losses. Select corn hybrids with resistance or Select corn hybrids with resistance tolerance to major leaf diseases. ear Select hybrids tolerant to stalk and rot. Minimum tillage can affect root rot and Minimum tillage can if Certain diseases are more prevalent If you are considering continuous, ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ should be alert for an increase in crop pest crop pest increase in for an be alert should for dis- the potential is greater problems; tillage than with reduced ease problems The risk tillage systems. with conventional is even corn disease problems of increased is associated reduced tillage higher when planting of sus- with continuous corn, climatic conditions ceptible hybrids, and development. Corn favorable for disease well in conventional hybrids that perform decline in performance tillage systems may systems. if grown in no-till in at least two ways: stalk rot development pathogens become first, the associated upper root zone (with concentrated in the conventional plowing they are distributed in the and thus diluted to a greater depth less soil), and second, potassium may be tillage available to plants under a reduced situation. You may need to supplement potassium to prevent a nitrogen–potassium (N:K) imbalance and subsequent stalk-rot problems. crop debris from the previous year’s corn is left on the surface during wet seasons. Northern leaf spot, eyespot, and Gibberella ear rot are examples. reduced tillage, or no-till corn production, to we suggest the following guidelines minimize the risk of corn diseases: ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ Table 2-13. Fungicides labeled for leaf diseases of field corn (hybrid seed production and grain) PR I N CI P L ES O F PEST MGMT C ORN diseases Active Chemical family Preharvest interval a

Fungicide A nthracnose E yespot G ray leaf spot N orthern corn leaf blight N orthern corn leaf spot R ust S outhern rust Yellow leaf blight P hysoderma brown spot ingredient (FRAC code ) Amount/use/a (PHI) Bravo Weather — — — n n n n — — chlorothalonil chloronitriles (M5) 0.75–2.0 pt 14 days Stik (corn grown for seed only) Remarks: Use only on corn grown for seed. Consult the label for disease-specific recommendations and rates.

SO YB EAN Bumper 41.8 EC — n n n n n n — — propiconazole triazole (3) 2–4 fl oz 30 days for forage, grain, and stover

Remarks: Consult the product label for disease-specific recommendations and rates. Do not apply more than 16 fl oz/a/season. Do not apply more than 8 fl oz/a/season on field corn harvested for forage. Do not apply more than 0.45 lb ai propiconazole/a/season. Dithane DF — — — n n n — — — mancozeb dithiocarbamate 1.5 lb 40 days (all formula- Rainshield (M3) tions)

PAST U RES ■ ■ ■

F ORAGES & 1.2 pt Dithane F-45 n n n 1.5 lb Rainshield ■ ■ ■ Dithane M45 n n n

Remarks: Seasonal use amounts vary according to formulation. Do not feed treated forage to livestock. Domark 230 ME n n n n n n n — — tetraconazole triazole (3) 4–6 fl oz Do not apply after R3 SMA LL GRA I NS

Remarks: Do not apply more than one (1) application per year. Headline EC n — n n n n n n n pyraclostrobin QoI (11) 6–12 fl oz 7 days Headline SC

Remarks: Consult the label for disease-specific recommendations and rates. Do not apply more than two applications per season or more than two sequential applications before alternating to a labeled non-Group 11 fungicide. To limit the potential for resistance, do not apply more than 1.18 lb ai pyraclostrobin/a/season. PERENN I A L W EE D S Headline AMP n n n n n n n n n pyraclostrobin QoI (11) 10–14.4 fl oz 20 days for grain and metconazole triazole (3) stover; 7 days for forage and silage Remarks: Consult the label for disease-specific recommendations and rates. Do not make more than four applications per season. Do not apply more than 57.6 fl oz/a/season. Do not make more than two sequential applications before alternating to another fungicide with a different mode of action.

STORE D GRA I N Manzate ProStick — — n n n n — — — manganese dithiocarbamate 1.5 lb 40 days for both I NSE C TS Manzate Flowable ethylene- (M3) 1.2 lb formulations bisdithio- carbamate Remarks: Do not feed treated forage to livestock. Seasonal use amounts vary according to formulation. Penncozeb 75 DF — — n n n n — — — manganese dithiocarbamate 1.0–1.5 lb 40 days for all Penncozeb 80 WP n n n n ethylene- (M3) formulations bisdithio- Penncozeb 4 FL n n n n APPEN DIX carbamate Remarks: Do not apply more than 12 lb ai/a/season. a Fungicide group numbers indicate the modes of action; multiple applications of fungicides with the same group number (continued) increases the chances for disease resistance.

96 PRINCIPLES OF FORAGES & PERENNIAL STORED GRAIN PEST MGMT CORN diseases SOYBEAN PASTURES SMALL GRAINS WEEDS INSECTS APPENDIX 97 14 days for grain and fodder; forage may be harvested the same day of application 30 days for forage, grain, or stover 30 days for forage, grain, and stover 14 days for field corn and field corn seed 0 days production; for forage 7 days 30 days for forage, grain, or stover 30 days for forage, grain, or stover 21 days Preharvest interval (PHI) 4.0–5.0 fl oz 2.0–4.0 fl oz 2–4 fl oz 5.7 fl oz 6.0–15.5 fl oz 7–14 fl oz 10.5–14 fl oz 4–8 fl oz Amount/use/a ) a triazole (3) QoI (11) triazole (3) triazole (3) triazole (3) QoI (11) QoI (11) triazole (3) QoI (11) triazole (3) carboximides (7) Qol (11) Chemical family (FRAC code prothioconazole trifloxystrobin propiconazole propiconazole prothioconazole azoxystrobin azoxystrobin propiconazole azoxystrobin propiconazole Active ingredient fluxapyroxad pyraclostrobin

n — — — — — — —

hysoderma brown spot brown hysoderma P n — — — — — — —

Yellow leaf blight leaf Yellow n n n n n n n n

outhern rust outhern S

n n n n n n n n

ust R

n n n n n n n n

orthern corn leaf spot leaf corn orthern N

orthern corn leaf blight leaf corn orthern N n n n n n n n n

Consult the label for disease-specific recommendations and rates. Do not apply more than and rates. Do not apply more Consult the label for disease-specific recommendations Consult the label for disease-specific recommendations and rates. Apply no more than two Apply no more and rates. Consult the label for disease-specific recommendations than and rates. Do not apply more Consult the label for disease-specific recommendations Consult the label for disease-specific recommendations and rates. Do not apply more than 16 fl and rates. Do not apply more Consult the label for disease-specific recommendations per crop. than 22.8 fl oz per acre Do not apply more Consult label for disease-specific information. Do not apply more than 16 fl oz/a/season. Do not than more information. Do not apply Consult label for disease-specific

Do not apply more than 10 fl oz/a/season. Do not apply more than two sequential applications or than 10 fl oz/a/season. Do not apply more Do not apply more Consult the label for disease-specific recommendations and rates. Do not apply more than 123 fl oz Do not apply more and rates. for disease-specific recommendations Consult the label

ray leaf spot leaf ray

G n n n n n n n n

yespot E

n n n n n n n n

nthracnose A n n n n n — — oz /a/season Do not apply more than 8 fl oz/a/season on field corn harvested for forage. Do not apply 16 fl oz /a/season Do not apply more products/a/season. than 0.45 lb ai propiconazole-containing more oz/a/season. Do not apply more than 8 fl oz/a/season on field corn harvested for forage. than 8 fl oz/a/season on field corn harvested for forage. oz/a/season. Do not apply more than more fungicides per year or 56 fl oz/a/season. Do not apply applications of Quilt or any other group-11 than 0.45 lb ai of propiconazole-containing Do not apply more 28 fl oz for field corn harvested for forage. products/a/season. than 2.0 lb ai azoxystrobin-containing or more products/a/season than 28 fl oz for field corn harvest for forage. Do not apply more 56 fl oz/a/season. Do not apply more than 2.0 lb ai azoxystrobin-containing or more products/a/season than 0.45 lb ai propiconazole-containing products/a/season. make more than two (2) consecutive applications of Priaxor before alternating to a labeled fungicide with a alternating applications of Priaxor before than two (2) consecutive make more mode of action. different Remarks: Remarks: Remarks: n Remarks: Remarks: Remarks: Remarks: Remarks: any other Group-11 fungicide without alternating with a fungicide from another group. fungicide without alternating with a fungicide from any other Group-11 of product/a/season. Do not apply more than 2.0 lb ai/a/season of azoxystrobin-containing products. of azoxystrobin-containing than 2.0 lb ai/a/season Do not apply more of product/a/season. Fungicide group numbers indicate the modes of action; multiple applications of fungicides with the same group number increases the chances Fungicide group numbers indicate the modes of action; multiple applications of fungicides Proline 480 SC 480 Proline Quilt Xcel Stratego YLD Quadris Propimax EC Propimax a for disease resistance. Fungicide Priaxor able 2-13. Fungicides labeled for leaf diseases of field corn (continued) diseases of field labeled for leaf Fungicides Table 2-13. Tilt Quilt 98 Consider the following factors before for leaf disease development. Leaf diseases PR I N CI P L ES O F PEST MGMT deciding to apply a foliar fungicide: are found especially in fields located in val- ■■ The susceptibility of the inbred/hybrid leys and in lowland areas along streams to the disease or diseases that threaten it. and rivers. These field locations can have prolonged periods of high relative humid- ■■ The anticipated time of disease devel- ity and low or moderate temperatures that opment and severity. Severe leaf dis- favor most leaf diseases of corn. If it is nec- ease development usually occurs post essary for you to plant hybrids susceptible

C ORN diseases tassel. Consequently, wet weather or to leaf diseases, only plant them in upland continued heavy dews signal possible fields with good air drainage, where corn blight problems on fields already show- debris from the previous crop has been ing modest leaf spotting. If the blight thoroughly covered by plowing or where already has invaded much of the leaf corn does not follow corn in the rotation. surface above the ear, the treatment Northern corn leaf blight (NCLB) occurs benefits will be minimal. statewide, but it has historically been more ■■ Treatment cost versus expected benefit. severe in low-lying fields. SO YB EAN Each treatment costs about $20 to $30/a Many hybrids have some tolerance to for the chemical, wetting agent, and NCLB. In addition to a multiple gene application. resistance which imparts fair-to-good resistance in some hybrids, the single domi- Disease problems nant “Ht1” gene has been introduced into many hybrids to provide an apparent high Seed rot and seedling blights degree of resistance. The addition of this PAST U RES F ORAGES & Fungicide seed protectants generally con- gene within one parent of a hybrid cross trol or minimize seed rot and seedling can change a susceptible hybrid to a resis- blights of corn. However, seed rot and tant form but leaves the general agronomic seedling blight can be expected if corn is characteristics of the hybrid unaffected. If planted in wet and cool soils. Hybrids that your seed dealer indicates that a formerly have good seedling vigor are generally less NCLB-susceptible hybrid is now resistant,

SMA LL GRA I NS susceptible to seed rot and seedling blights. this may be the reason. Some hybrids may Watch for reduced stands and stunted or contain both forms of genetic resistance. dying seedlings. Often infected seedlings NCLB resistance is desirable throughout may develop into a mature plant, but the the state. same disease organisms can cause root rot A strain of the NCLB fungus is common and stalk rot later on. Because injury from in the Midwest and will infect hybrids or herbicides, insecticides, starter fertilizer, inbreds with the “Ht1” gene. Wisconsin and soil insects can cause similar symp- corn growers should be watchful for the PERENN I A L W EE D S toms and results, accurate diagnosis is occurrence of NCLB in hybrids rated as important. resistant. An “HtN” gene is being incorporated in some hybrids to control this new Leaf diseases race. Leaf diseases vary in prevalence and sever- Northern corn leaf blight is not affected ity from year to year and from one locality by tillage or crop rotation. to another, depending largely on environ- Northern leaf spot (NLS)

STORE D GRA I N can be a prob-

I NSE C TS mental conditions. Humid weather, along lem for some corn hybrids. A new strain with heavy dew, favors the spread and of the fungus that causes NLS, Bipolaris development of leaf diseases caused by zeicola, has appeared recently. This path- fungi. Leaf diseases can be found on corn ovar causes considerable damage to cer- grown in poor and rich soils; soil fertility tain corn inbreds produced in the upper does not seem to affect these diseases as midwest. Inbreds with B73 background, much as weather conditions, the genetic a popular inbred for the region, appear to

APPEN DIX makeup of a hybrid, and tillage practices. be most susceptible. Hybrids from affected More leaf disease can be expected when no- crosses show limited foliage symptoms till or minimum tillage in continuous corn with no apparent effect in yields. Thus, this fields is employed. Growers using over- pathovar is primarily a problem for the head irrigation should be more watchful seed corn industry. Two sets of symptoms have occurred in Wisconsin—one affect- disease develops early in the season and 99 PR I N CI P L ES O F ing foliage, the other affecting root and wet weather prevails. Most corn hybrids PEST MGMT crown of young plants. Lesions, or leaf are considered resistant or tolerant. spots, develop first on the lower leaves. Gray leaf spot (GLS) is common in south- Given warm, wet conditions, the lesions ern Wisconsin. GLS is more severe if corn is move rapidly upward. Symptoms are vari- planted continuously and if corn residue is able depending in part upon the cultivar left on the soil surface. Corn hybrids differ affected. Most often the lesions are ellipti- in reaction to GLS. cal, or football shaped, .125 to .5 inches Corn smut can be recognized by the gray C ORN diseases long, and have dark margins and light tan galls that form on all plant parts. When the centers. There may be some yellowing, or galls mature, they break open—exposing chlorosis, surrounding the spots. On other the black powdery spores of the fungus. inbreds, the spots have appeared quite nar- Galls that form on the ears and on the row and linear, at least initially. stalk above the ear can reduce yield. Most The seedling blight phase of NLS has hybrids have good resistance to smut, but been prevalent in susceptible inbreds in this resistance can be altered by hot, dry some fields. Plants just emerging to 15 weather, mechanical injury, hail, and herbi- SO YB EAN inches tall collapsed after showing sud- cide injury. Excessive application of nitro- den wilting—symptoms similar to cut- gen or manure may result in more smut worm injury. Root and crown examination than normal. Smutty corn is not harmful if revealed extensive dark brown internal fed to livestock. and external discoloration beginning in the Stewart’s bacterial wilt has been docu- crown area of the plant. mented in seed corn fields over the past PAST U RES F ORAGES & Crop rotation is not a highly effective few years. Stewart’s wilt is caused by a bac- control measure, and chemical controls terium that is transmitted by the corn flea have proven inconsistent to date. If trying beetle. The severity of Stewart’s bacterial fungicides, watch for symptoms on foliage wilt is directly related to beetle population especially after tasseling. Begin treatment if levels. lesions are present and if weather is warm There are two phases of the disease. One

and wet. Continue applications every 7 phase affects young plants that are infected SMA LL GRA I NS days during favorable weather up until 10 by corn flea beetles that survive the win- days before harvest. Seed treatments do not ter. Usually infected seedlings rapidly wilt protect seedlings from the root and crown and die. The second and more common phase of the disease. phase is a leaf blight that is most apparent Eyespot can be severe when unusually after tasseling. Lesions on leaves are gray cool, wet weather prevails, when corn is to green to yellow green and develop as infrequently rotated, and when corn is streaks along the veins. Symptoms of Stew- PERENN I A L grown under no-till or minimum tillage. art’s bacterial wilt may be confused with W EE D S Early-maturing hybrids appear to be more symptoms associated with northern corn susceptible than full-season hybrids. Eyes- leaf blight caused by a fungus. The use of pot can directly reduce grain yields; severe resistant corn hybrids is the most economi- eyespot may predispose plants to stalk rot cal control. and ear rot because of early death and dry- Goss’s wilt has recently reemerged in

ness. Wisconsin and other areas of the Corn STORE D GRA I N

Common rust occurs each year but gen- Belt. This bacterial disease has symptoms I NSE C TS erally develops too late in the season to that can confuse it with other diseases like cause yield losses. The rust fungus does not Stewart’s wilt, Northern corn leaf blight, overwinter in Wisconsin but is carried by and Diplodia leaf streak, so proper iden- winds from the southern states. This factor, tification is important. Symptoms include along with its sensitivity to weather condi- distinct light tan or yellow to gray lesions tions, makes it a difficult disease to predict. with wavy or irregular margins following

The fungus produces oval or elongated the leaf veins. Dark green to black specks APPEN DIX cinnamon-brown blisters (pustules) scat- or flecks (freckles) are found within the tered on both surfaces of the leaves. As the lesions, which often have a shiny appear- corn matures, the pustules become black. ance due to the bacteria oozing onto the Rust can prematurely kill corn leaves if the leaf surface. Lesions can coalesce, leading 100 to whole leaves being blighted. In severely The nitrogen stabilizer nitrapyrin PR I N CI P L ES O F PEST MGMT infected plants, wilting and stalk degrada- (N‑Serve) reduces soil nitrogen losses from tion can also occur, causing plant death. leaching, and it also reduces the incidence Examine stalks for Goss’s wilt by splitting and severity of stalk rots in some tests. Less the tissue and looking for an orange to stalk lodging may be another benefit of brown color with water-soaked and slimy N‑Serve. tissue. Anthracnose symptoms generally appear Management of this disease is focused on on the stalk after tasseling as narrow,

C ORN diseases selecting hybrids with good resistance, resi- vertical or oval, water-soaked lesions in due management, and crop rotation. This the rind. These lesions become tan to red- includes tilling fields immediately after dish brown and eventually dark brown to harvest to bury residue and planting a non- black late in the season. Black lesions and host crop like soybean in the subsequent patches may cover the lower internodes or growing season. the entire stalk. Black specks (spore-bearing structures) occasionally are found on the Stalk rot stalk rind. The black external lesions form SO YB EAN Stalk rot causes substantial losses each year large, shiny black areas or streaks that may through early plant kill or preharvest stalk be sunken. Internally, the pith tissues will lodging. It causes premature death of some be decayed and brown to black. plants, fermenting or rotting stalks, and Occasionally, leaves above the ear may a discolored pith that weakens the stalk. die 4 to 6 weeks after pollination while the Stalk rot is caused by a complex of fungal lower portions of the plant remain green. organisms that are particularly damag- The upper leaves may turn yellow or red, PAST U RES F ORAGES & ing to plants subjected to stress during lodge, and drop off. In some cases, plants the growing season. High soil moisture in may die prematurely and later lodge. Lodg- August appears to favor root infection of ing normally is found higher on the stalk Pythium spp. This fungal infection leads to when compared to other stalk rot diseases. early plant death and subsequent stalk rot. Anthracnose also can cause a leaf spot Small ears and lodging often are the result phase that usually is not important on field

SMA LL GRA I NS of the early plant kill phase of the stalk rot corn but sometimes damages sweet corn. disease. Control recommendations are resistant Complete control of stalk rot is difficult, hybrids (especially in minimum tillage but you can take several steps to reduce the fields), crop rotation or deep incorporation problem: of corn debris, and balanced fertility. 1. Select hybrids that perform best under Root and crown rot your system of farming. Severe root and crown infections can cause

PERENN I A L 2. Maintain a high level of potassium in W EE D S sudden, premature death of plants early in accordance with soil test recommenda- the season or in late August and early Sep- tions. tember. Affected plants typically develop 3. Control blight diseases, which cause a uniformly gray to light green appearance early leaf kill and increase the suscepti- a few days before they turn white. Kernels bility to stalk rot. soon shrivel and are somewhat loose on the ears. Stalks are usually firm at this stage, STORE D GRA I N 4. Grow full-season corn hybrids where I NSE C TS possible; early-maturing hybrids gener- although stalk rot frequently follows. ally suffer more from stalk rot. Symptoms often occur in pockets, although plants can be individually dam- 5. Harvest as early as practical to prevent aged. The primary effect on the crop greater losses from stalk lodging. is a loss from premature plant kill and 6. Minimize plant stresses during the increased harvesting problems. growing season by controlling leaf- Roots usually collapse and appear discol-

APPEN DIX feeding insects and borers and irri- ored from their tips toward the base of the gating during droughty conditions. stalk. Symptoms progress internally from Also, avoid unprofitably high plant the crown tissue upward into the stalk. populations and excessive applications Brace roots are also affected. The base of of nitrogen, as both of these stresses brace roots appear shriveled, though not increase stalk rot severity. necessarily discolored. Pythium, a “water mold” fungus, is believed to be the primary problems are diagnosed by examining the 101 PR I N CI P L ES O F pathogen causing root rot in Wisconsin. soil and roots for these microscopic soil PEST MGMT Damage may be more severe in low, poorly organisms. Do not rely on visual assess- drained sites and in many sites during ments of corn plants to determine if dam- years when abundant rains occur in July age is due to nematodes. and August. Sampling for corn nematodes. A nematode No control measures are available, assay can be used to confirm a suspected although varieties appear to differ in sus- nematode problem or to eliminate nema- ceptibility. No relationship to stalk-rot tol- todes as one of several possible causes of C ORN diseases erance is believed to exist. The influence of poor plant growth. rotations and fertility is not known. Early The best results are obtained when soil harvest of severely affected fields should and root samples are taken 4 to 8 weeks minimize losses. after planting. Nematode populations at this time appear to correlate best with Nematode diseases yields obtained in the fall. However, late Fields with nematode problems occur in summer or fall samples also can be useful most regions of the state on sandy to clay in predicting next year’s problems. Spring SO YB EAN loam soils. The lesion, lance, and needle samples are less valuable. nematodes appear to be the most prevalent Nematode damage to corn often appears nematode species associated with corn in circular or oval pockets in the field. (table 2-14). In Wisconsin, high populations Rarely does an entire field show severe of nematodes reduce corn yields (table symptoms. Sample the suspected area. 2-15). Most laboratories require a fee to process PAST U RES F ORAGES & Disease caused by nematodes can be samples for nematode analysis. You may confused with other plant stresses such want to contact the laboratory before sub- as low moisture, nutrient deficiencies, mission. This is important because some and soil compaction. Nematode damage laboratories may require plant or root ball may actually intensify the effects of low samples in addition to soil samples. Table soil moisture and low soil fertility. Typical 2-16 lists laboratories that test for nema-

symptoms are small stalks, small ears, and todes. SMA LL GRA I NS nutrient deficiency symptoms. Nematode

Table 2-14. Nematode genera associated with corn in Wisconsin Genus, common Incidence in name Wisconsin Potential damage Symptoms Other hosts Pratylenchus very common moderately Smaller-than-normal root system. Grasses, cereals, legumes, PERENN I A L (root lesion) damaging Darkened and discolored roots. and vegetables. Host W EE D S Moderate stunting. range is different for each species of root-lesion nematode. Longidorus common very damaging in Severe stunting, chlorosis. Severe root grasses and potatoes (needle) sandy soils pruning. Root system consists mainly of short, stubby, thickened side roots that appear somewhat swollen. STORE D GRA I N I NSE C TS Hoplolaimus occasional moderately Reduced root system. Darkened and grasses and legumes (lance) damaging discolored roots. Moderate stunting. Xiphinema occasional moderately Severe plant stunting, chlorosis. Few grasses and legumes (dagger) damaging fine feeder roots. Helicotylenchus occasional damaging only at Smaller-than-normal root system. grasses and legumes (spiral) high populations Root decay. Mild stunting.

Tylenchorhynchus occasional damaging only at Smaller-than-normal root system. grasses, cereals, and APPEN DIX (stunt) high populations Moderate stunting, chlorosis. legumes Trichodorus rare very damaging Stubby lateral roots, coarse roots, grasses, legumes, (stubby root) excessive upper roots. Severe potatoes, cabbages, and stunting, chlorosis. beets 102 There are several ways to take a soil sam- place samples where they can become PR I N CI P L ES O F PEST MGMT ple for nematode analysis. The following is dry and overheated. Mail samples early a general guide: in the week to avoid delays in transit.

1. Use a soil probe (preferred) or narrow- Laboratories will report the number of bladed trowel or shovel. Take samples nematodes in nematode per pint (500 cc) close to plants at a depth of 8 to 10 of soil, per 100 cc of soil, or per gram of inches. Discard the upper 2 inches of dry root. Each lab may have its own dam- soil, especially if it is dry. Be sure to

C ORN diseases age thresholds for individual nematode include plant roots. species. However, each lab will give an 2. One sample is adequate for a 10-acre assessment regarding the possibility of field or for a suspected area within the economic damage. field. Sample soil and roots from 20 to Corn growers can use soil-test reports 25 plants and mix into one sample; 1 to and strip tests (effective nematicides 2 pints of soil is adequate. Sample from compared to no treatment) to determine plants in the margins of suspected areas if nematodes are reducing corn yields on

SO YB EAN and not from their centers. If there is no their farms. If rootworms are present in a visible damage, use a zig-zag, W-, or field, the strip test should include an effec- X-shaped pattern to sample the field. tive insecticide/nematicide rather than a 3. Place samples in sturdy plastic bags (do product that gives rootworm control but no not use paper bags), fasten the open nematode control. end securely, and accurately label the If economic populations of nematodes samples. Use care with the samples are detected, you can use these control PAST U RES F ORAGES & as nematodes need to be alive. Do not recommendations:

Table 2-15. Corn nematode populations associated with yield loss Nematodes/ nematodes/g

SMA LL GRA I NS Genus and common name 100 cc of soil of dry root Pratylenchus (lesion) 100 500 Longidorus (needle) 1 — Hoplolaimus (lance) 100 300 Xiphinema (dagger) 50 — Helicotylenchus (spiral) 200 — Tylenchorhynchus (stunt) 200 — PERENN I A L W EE D S Trichodorus (stubby root) 50 —

Table 2-16. Directory of nematology laboratories State laboratories Wisconsin Illinois Iowa STORE D GRA I N Plant Disease Diagnostic University of Illinois Plant ISU Plant and Insect I NSE C TS Clinic Clinic Diagnostic Clinic Department of Plant Pathology 1102 S. Goodman 327 Bessey Hall UW-Madison S-417 Turner Hall lowa State University 1630 Linden Drive Urbana, IL 61801 Ames, IA 50011 Madison, Wl 53706-1598 (271) 333-0519 (515) 294-0581 (608) 262-2863 plantclinic.cropsci.illinois.edu www.ent.iastate.edu/pidc pddc.wisc.edu

APPEN DIX Private laboratories Midwest Laboratories Pest Pros 13611 B Street 10086 1st Street Omaha, NE 68144 Plainfield, WI 54966 (402) 334-7770 (715) 335-4046 www.midwestlabs.com www.pestprosinc.com PRINCIPLES OF FORAGES & PERENNIAL STORED GRAIN PEST MGMT CORN diseases SOYBEAN PASTURES SMALL GRAINS WEEDS INSECTS APPENDIX 103 ) fungus that causes pink Harvest early; the risk of mycotoxin Harvest early; the risk of mycotoxin sea- production increases as the harvest son progresses. Harvest as shelled corn or silage. The fungi associated with ear rots will cease activity in corn with less than 20% moisture content and will not survive silo. the activities of fermentation in the Problems may continue if stored as cribbed ear corn. Choose a corn hybrid less susceptible corn hybrid less Choose a by that are well covered to rot. Ears in a reclin- those that mature husks and ears have less rot than ing position those that mature with open husks or that are susceptible upright. Hybrids have more ear rot. to leaf diseases may have fewer ear rot Full-season hybrids hybrids. problems than early-maturing and corn borers Control corn earworms where practical. Harvest early. Several common fungi associated with - help con may suggestions The following Consider the following strategies when ■ ■ Corn molds and livestock disorders (mycotoxins) Moldy grain is not only a grading factor of in determining the quality and price the product, but it can also affect livestock under health and milk quality. Some molds the right environment produce mycotoxins. corn These may accumulate in the field as matures or, more often, during transportation and/or storage. corn produce many different mycotoxins. Some fungi, such as the Fusarium (also called Gibberella ear rot, may start in the field. Infection commonly occurs during the silking stage and gradually develops, especially as the grain matures during cool, wet fall periods. This fungus produces several known toxins that actually develop most commonly after fungal growth has occurred, when moderately cool temperatures prevail (50 to 70˚F) and kernel moisture is above 20%. These conditions not only exist during many fall seasons, but they can occur when grain sits in bins before grain drying or in feeder trol corn ear rots. trol corn 1. 2. 3. ear rots are prevalent. ■ ■ Crop rotation may be valuable, but Crop rotation may be valuable, but little is known about the susceptibility of other crops to nematodes commonly found on corn. Maintain high soil fertility. Nutrient- to deficient plants are more susceptible nematode injury. Practice good weed control. Many weeds are good hosts and will help maintain or even increase nematode populations. For chemical control, Counter 15G, 15G, control, Counter For chemical Corn, and Avicta Complete Mocap 15G, nema- are registered Poncho/VOTiVO Lorsban corn. (Thimet 20G, ticides for are all other soil insecticides 15G, and Counter as nematicides.) not registered are more effective 15G and Mocap 15G band at planting if applied in a 7-inch furrow. Counter 15G rather than in the a corn soil insecti- is also registered as rootworm control. cide, such as for corn differ for nematode However, the rates rootworm discussion control. See corn 60 for additional beginning on page chemical. Follow information on this closely. Avicta Com- the label directions plete Corn and Poncho/VOTiVO are commercially applied seed treatments that are labeled to provide early season - protection from plant pathogenic nema todes that attack the root system. Many fungi that cause ear rots also pro- ■ ■ ■ ■ Ear rot fungi Corn is susceptible to several ear rot that reduce the yield, quality, and feeding are value of the grain. Many of these fungi capable of producing poisonous metabo- lites called mycotoxins that affect animal health. Gibberella and Fusarium ear rot are the most common ear rot diseases in Wis- consin. The prevalence and severity of ear rot is associated with above-normal rainfall from July through October, insect feeding on ears, severity of leaf diseases, and hail injury to ears. duce mycotoxins that are harmful if fed to livestock. The fungus that causes Gibberella ear rot produces mycotoxins that cause reproductive problems in swine. It also produces a mycotoxin called a refusal factor. If the refusal factor is present, swine will not eat the grain. ■ ■ ■ ■ 104 boxes. The Aspergillus flavus fungus, which slow at first, but heat and moisture migra- PR I N CI P L ES O F PEST MGMT was associated with the aflatoxin problem tion encourages more rapid mold growth. of the drought season of 1988, can also have Fortunately, the presence of a particular its start in the field, but like most other fungus does not mean the poison myco- mycotoxin-associated fungi, it is likely to be toxin also is present, but it can be cause for more damaging as it develops in storage. concern. The molds are not always easy Each fungus has its own environmental to see. Moreover, in most instances, once niche for growth and development. Clado- the poison mycotoxin has been produced

C ORN diseases sporium, a black fungus found in cold, wet it is not readily destroyed, even when the fields, will grow below freezing. Fortu- fungus itself is stopped or killed. Con- nately, it doesn’t produce any known toxin. sequently the steps outlined to prevent Most Aspergillus and Penicillium species mold buildup—and possibly subsequent are “storage” fungi only; they’re not found mycotoxin development—are important to abundantly in field corn, and most are follow. favored by higher temperatures. However, Mold control recommendations include Aspergillus glaucus can grow at 13.5% grain prompt drying after harvesting to 13% SO YB EAN moisture (72% relative humidity), and some moisture or below (for longer term storage, Penicillium species can grow at 35˚F and especially) or removing oxygen—required perhaps around 16% moisture. Growth is for mold growth—by proper ensiling. Feed

Table 2-17. Directory of mycotoxin laboratories The following laboratories can offer qualitative and quantitative analysis for mycotoxins that include PAST U RES F ORAGES & but are not limited to aflatoxins, DAS, fumonisin, ochratoxins, T-2, vomitoxin, and zearalenone. Contact individual laboratories directly for information about prices and services, sample submission, and other details.

AgSource Soil and Forage Dairy One Forage Lab Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory Services Laboratory 106 North Cecil Street 730 Warren Road North Dakota State University

SMA LL GRA I NS Bonduel, WI 54107 Ithaca, NY 14850 174 Van ES Hall agsource.crinet.com www.dairyone.com Fargo, ND 58105 (715) 758-2178 (607) 257-1272 www.vdl.ndsu.edu (701) 231-8307 Centralia Animal Disease Dairyland Laboratories Laboratory 217 East Main Street Veterinary Diagnostic Labs Illinois Department of Arcadia, WI 54612 Iowa State University Agriculture www.dairylandlabs.com 1600 South 16th Street 9732 Shattuc Road (608) 323-2123 Ames, IA 50011 PERENN I A L W EE D S Centralia, IL 62801-5858 vetmed.iastate.edu/ www.agr.state.il.us/ Midwest Laboratories diagnostic-lab AnimalHW/labs/ 13611 B Street (515) 294-1950 centralialab.html Omaha, NE 68144 (618) 532-6701 www.midwestlabs.com Veterinary Medical (402) 334-7770 Diagnostic Laboratory Covance Laboratories 1600 East Rollins

STORE D GRA I N 3305 Kinsman Boulevard Rock River Laboratory, Inc. Columbia, MO 65211 I NSE C TS Madison, WI 53707 710 Commerce Drive vmdl.missouri.edu www.covance.com P.O. Box 169 (573) 882-6811 (608) 241-4471 Watertown, WI 53094-0169 www.rockriverlab.com Woodson-Tenent Cumberland Valley (920) 261-0446 Laboratories Analytical Services, Inc. 3507 Delaware Avenue P.O. Box 669 Romer Labs, Inc. P.O. Box 1292 Maugansville, MD 21767 Attn: Analytical Services Des Moines, IA 50313 APPEN DIX www.foragelab.com 1301 Stylemaster Drive www.eurofins.com (800) 282-7522 Union, MO 63084-1156 (515) 265-1461 www.romerlabs.com (636) 583-8600 corn can also be treated for temporary stor- Should you suspect a moldy feed prob- 105 PR I N CI P L ES O F age with propionic or other labeled organic lem, stop using that feed and call a veteri- PEST MGMT acids. None of these destroy toxins, but narian. Table 2-17 lists several laboratories they prevent accumulated buildup. See that will test feed for some of the toxins listed comments under “Storage Diseases” on above. page 106. Table 2-18 shows some recognized mycotoxins associated with certain fungi attack- ing corn and possible animal effects. C ORN diseases

Table 2-18. Some mycotoxins and their effects Toxin or syndrome and (primary) fungal source Possible animal effects Aspergillus toxins (primarily) Aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1, and G2; B1 is Liver damage; carcinogenic; reduced growth; hemorrhaging

most important) SO YB EAN Ochratoxins Kidney and liver damage; abortion Sterigmatocystin Generally toxic; carcinogenic Tremorgenic toxin Tremors and convulsions Penicillium toxins (primarily) Patulin Lung and brain hemorrhages; edema; kidney damage; PAST U RES possibly carcinogenic F ORAGES & Rubratoxin Liver damage; hemorrhaging Citrinin Kidney damage Fusarium toxins Emetic factor, vomitoxin Vomiting; feed refusal by swine, cats, and dogs (deoxynivalenol, DON) Feed refusal factor (may be same as Feed refusal by swine SMA LL GRA I NS above) Other trichothecenes such as T-2, Inflammation of gastrointestinal tract; possible hemorrhaging, MAS, DAS edema,vomiting, infertility, and other symptoms Zearalenone and zearalenol Increased estrogenic activity; infertility (estrogenic syndrome) PERENN I A L W EE D S STORE D GRA I N I NSE C TS APPEN DIX a 1 5 3 10 > 24 ft a 1 3 1 5 samples/bin Bin diameter < 24 ft Clean bins thoroughly before filling. thoroughly before Clean bins moisture corn to 12 or 13% Dry shell by stor- damaging invasion content. No below this level. age fungi will occur in weathertight bins. Store shelled corn external sources of Snow and rain are raise the moisture moisture that can content of stored grain. frequently, espe- Check stored grain weather. Collect cially during warm several areas ingrain samples from the center. A sampling bin, including the in table 2-20. procedure is outlined In circular bins, the grain surface can - be divided into “pie sections” for sam pling. Make temperature samples by a probing the grain 12 to 15 feet with shielded small-diameter thermometer - screwed onto a threaded pipe exten sion. A good routine to follow is to leave the temperature probe in place - while making probes for moisture con tent. A 6-foot compartmentalized grain trier or implement is best for making - probes for moisture content determina tions. Do not combine samples when - making moisture content determina - tions. It is important to know the high est moisture content of the bin and where it is located, not an overall bin can average. The highest moisture area serve as a source for moisture migration will and is the area where storage fungi first become active. shallow shallow deep deep - help con may suggestions The following In the bin center emperature probes ■ ■ ■ ■ T Moisture probes a Table 2-20. General guide for sampling stored grain Probe depth

trol corn storage diseases. trol corn ■ ■ ■ ■ a 7.5 5.8 4.6 3.5 2.6 25.0 20.0 16.0 10.0 30% 9.6 7.8 5.8 4.3 42.0 34.0 27.0 17.0 12.5 25% days 94.0 75.0 48.0 35.0 27.0 21.5 16.1 12.1 20% 118.0 118.0 Corn moisture content 116 906 725 466 337 259 207 155 15% 1,140 lines for Mold Control in High-Moisture Corn. Microbial activity may result in loss of Microbial activity may result in loss a Storage life of shell corn depends on The times given above are those in which mold 35˚ 40˚ 45˚ 50˚ 55˚ 60˚ 65˚ 70˚ a growth will cause enough loss in corn quality to bring about a lowering of grade or permit mold that could result in mycotoxin formation. growth Data are from USDA Farmer’s Bulletin No. 2238, Guide able 2-19. Maximum time for Table 2-19. storage of shelled corn at various corn moisture and air temperatures Storage air temperature 75˚ Fahrenheit torage diseases Storage years with grain for several You can store you maintain it loss of quality if little or no For example, moisture content. at a proper of 13% or lower moisture content corn at a of tem- indefinitely regardless can be stored this is below the 15.5% perature. Note that for No. 2 grade moisture content required moisture content can be corn. Corn at 15.5% periods of time safely stored for extended is low. However, if the grain temperature as the grain tempera- problems can develop and during the sum- ture rises in the spring how long grain can mer. Table 2-19 charts temperatures before be stored at various decay, given the grain’s corn will begin to moisture content. nutrients in the grain; microbes produce can heat during growth, and heat damage occur. Certain microorganisms, mainly that can fungi, produce toxins (mycotoxins) cause illness or even death when consumed - by livestock or humans. Since microorgan in isms affect the value of stored grains to many ways, it is extremely important minimize this activity. combination of factors including moisture by content, temperature, degree of invasion corn is storage fungi, and length of time the to be stored. 106

PRINCIPLES OF CORN diseases SOYBEAN FORAGES & SMALL GRAINS PERENNIAL STORED GRAIN APPENDIX PEST MGMT PASTURES WEEDS INSECTS ■■ Never inspect grain bins alone. Many fungi are not active below this tempera- 107 PR I N CI P L ES O F people have been covered by grain and ture. Also, aeration systems should not PEST MGMT suffocated. Work in teams of three, one be used to raise the temperature above member wearing a safety line while 60˚F because fungi and insects are more inside the bin, and the other two han- active above this temperature. dling the line outside. Also, place a sign ■■ Control storage insects; their activi- outside the bin that warns others that ties can increase the moisture content people are inside the facility. of grain. Fumigation may rid grain of C ORN diseases ■■ Aeration systems for grain bins can insects but not storage fungi. maintain grain quality by reducing the ■■ Store high-moisture grain in airtight temperature of stored corn and keeping silos or treat grain with organic acids. the temperature uniform throughout the bin to prevent moisture migra- When “hot spots” or a crust of moldy tion. You can minimize the problem corn is found, follow these steps: of moisture migration by keeping the 1. The decayed and moldy corn should be temperatures of the grain in the center discarded if mold is severe. Corn with SO YB EAN of the bin within 10˚F of the average some mold can be dried and fed to live- grain temperature near the bin wall. To stock, but caution should be exercised. do this, use aeration fans that pull the Moldy corn can be fed with less risk if air down through the grain at air flow mixed with sound corn but is consid- rates of at least .10 cubic foot per min- ered unsafe for all breeding animals. ute for each bushel of grain in the bin. 2. The remaining corn can be turned and PAST U RES Aerate the grain until the temperature thoroughly mixed to redistribute mois- F ORAGES & of the grain mass is within 10˚F of the ture and allow heat to escape. Aeration average monthly temperature. It is not does this more cheaply and effectively necessary to lower grain temperatures than transferring grain from bin to bin below 40˚F because most grain storage and does not crush and break kernels. SMA LL GRA I NS PERENN I A L W EE D S STORE D GRA I N I NSE C TS APPEN DIX 108 PR I N CI P L ES O F PEST MGMT C ORN diseases SO YB EAN PAST U RES F ORAGES & SMA LL GRA I NS PERENN I A L W EE D S STORE D GRA I N I NSE C TS APPEN DIX PRINCIPLES OF FORAGES & STORED GRAIN PEST MGMT CORN SOYBEAN PASTURES SMALL GRAINS PERENNIAL WEEDS INSECTS APPENDIX 3 Pest Soybean Management PRINCIPLES OF PEST MGMT

Soybean weed management CORN

Herbicide treatments are specific as to time herbicide application is to ensure that the and method of application, weeds they crop is planted into a weed-free setting. control, rates of application to be used on No-till soybean fields are more likely to different soils, and crops that may follow in need a burndown application than corn

SOYBEAN weeds rotation. Failure to apply them according because soybeans are planted later. Check (burndown) to label directions can result in incomplete fields carefully to determine if such a treat- weed control, excessive crop injury, or ment is needed. Give particular attention damage to subsequent crops. Assist your to perennial weeds like dandelion, white herbicide treatment with a rotary hoe and cockle, and quackgrass as well as winter row cultivation where soybeans are planted annuals like shepherd’s purse, chickweeds, in wide rows. For narrow-row soybeans, buttercups, and pennycress. use a rotary hoe and an increased planting FORAGES & PASTURES rate to place soybean seedlings in the most Autumn (iodosulfuron) + 2,4-D competitive position with weeds. Mechani- Rate: 0.3 oz/a Autumn + 1 pt/a 2,4-D cal weed control is seldom an option in ester. no-till soybeans. Check fields regularly to Adjuvants: Add 1% crop oil concentrate be sure that weeds are being managed on a and either 1.5 to 2 qt/a of 28% nitrogen timely basis. solution or 1.5 to 3 lb/a ammonium sulfate. Many herbicide combinations are regis- SMALL GRAINS Timing: Apply in the fall after harvest tered for use on soybeans (see table 3-1). or 90 days before soybean planting in the The use of herbicide combinations that are spring. not registered is discouraged since liability Remarks: Autumn + 2,4-D is intended for performance and crop injury lie solely to provide fall burndown control and lim- with the user. Similarly, the combination ited residual activity on several broadleaf of herbicides with fertilizers or insecticides weeds including alfalfa, plantain, dande- PERENNIAL WEEDS for simultaneous application is discouraged lion, horseweed, and several mustard spe- unless the herbicide label outlines direc- cies. The Autumn label recommends appli- tions for such combination use. Be sure to cation to annual broadleaf weeds up to 3 check the herbicide label or accompanying inches tall. However, a tank mixture with literature carefully before using herbicides 2,4-D will provide control of larger weeds. in combination with fertilizers, insecticides, Autumn can also be mixed with glyphosate or other herbicides. to control grass weeds. The 90-day interval

STORED GRAIN between application and soybean planting Burndown herbicides for

INSECTS limits its use to fall applications. Autumn is no-till soybean rainfast in 2 hours. Do not apply to frozen No-till cropping systems are increasingly soil or soil with a pH greater than 8. popular because they offer economic and Rotational restrictions: Field corn can be environmental benefits. Weed management planted after 30 days, soybeans after 90 is particularly important in these systems days, winter wheat after 4 months, and because tillage is not done before planting spring small grains and sorghum after 8 to

APPENDIX and few producers cultivate no-till fields 9 months. Other crops cannot be planted after planting. The purpose of a burndown for 18 months.

110 3 inches tall and annual grasses should be 111 PRINCIPLES OF Autumn Super 51 WDG PEST MNGMT. (iodosulfuron + thiencarbazone less than 2 inches tall. premix) Remarks: Canopy provides burndown control of many no-till weeds such as Rate: 0.5 oz/a dandelions, lambsquarters, prickly let- Adjuvants: Add 1% crop oil concentrate or tuce, mustard species, common and giant methylated seed oil and either 1.5 to 2 qt/a ragweed, and foxtails. Tank mix 1 pt/a 28% urea ammonium nitrate or 1.5 to 3.0 of 2,4‑D ester for horseweed control. For lb/a ammonium sulfate. larger weeds or an expanded spectrum, Timing: Apply in the fall after harvest Canopy can be tank mixed with Assure II, CORN or 60 days before planting soybean in the glyphosate, Gramoxone, or 2,4-D. If mixed spring. with 2,4-D, planting must be delayed Remarks: Autumn Super 51 WDG is 7 days after application. Canopy will also intended to provide fall burndown control provide early season residual control of and limited residual activity on broadleaf

many annual broadleaf weeds like lambs SOYBEAN weeds weeds including alfalfa, plantain, dande- quarters, pigweed, common ragweed, (burndown) lion, horseweed, and several mustard spe- smartweed, and velvetleaf and suppression cies. The Autumn Super 51 WDG label rec- of foxtails and crabgrasses. Canopy can be ommends application to certain broadleaf mixed with a preemergence herbicide or weeds up to 3 inches and annual grasses followed by a postemergence herbicide for no greater than 1 inch in height. However, a complete weed control program. About Autumn Super 51 WDG can be tank mixed 1 inch of rainfall is needed for full residual with 2,4-D, glyphosate, dicamba, paraquat, activity. Do not use on soils that exceed a FORAGES & PASTURES or metribuzin for enhanced burndown soil pH of 7.6. Canopy is rainfast 1 hour activity and increased weed spectrum and after application. sizes consistent with the label of the tank- Rotational restrictions: Wheat and barley mix partner. The 30-day interval between can be planted 4 months after applica- application and corn planting will primar- tion; alfalfa, field corn, and tobacco after ily limit use to fall applications. Autumn 10 months; snap beans and peas after Super 51 WDG is rainfast in 2 hours. Do not 12 months; and sweet corn after 18 months. SMALL GRAINS apply to frozen soil or soil with pH greater Oats, potatoes, and crops not listed on the than 8.0. label cannot be planted for 30 months. Rotational restrictions: Field corn can be planted after 1 month; soybeans after 2 Canopy EX (Classic + Express months; spring and winter wheat after 3 + 2,4-D months; barley, white corn, seed corn, pop- premix) corn, and sweet corn after 9 months with Canopy EX can only be applied south of I-90 PERENNIAL WEEDS a 15 inch-minimum rainfall; and all other west of Madison and I-94 east of Madison. crops after 18 months with a 30-inch mini- Rate: 1.1 oz/a Canopy EX + 1 pt/a 2,4-D. mum rainfall. In soils with a pH 7.5 to 8.0, Adjuvants: 1% crop oil concentrate (or longer rotation intervals are needed; check 0.25% nonionic surfactant if crop oil concen- Appendix Table 2. trate is prohibited by a tank-mix partner). Timing: Apply in the fall or spring at least

Canopy (Classic + Metribuzin 7 days before planting soybeans. STORED GRAIN Remarks: premix) Canopy EX provides burndown INSECTS control of dandelions plus several winter Canopy can be used south of I-90 annual broadleaves such as mustards (field between La Crosse and Madison and south pennycress, shepherd’s purse, etc.), com- of I-94 between Madison and Milwaukee. mon chickweed, henbit, and horseweed. Rate: 2.25 oz/a. Canopy EX will provide residual weed Adjuvants: Add 1% crop oil concentrate. control depending on application timing. Add 0.25% nonionic surfactant if tank mix- Other herbicides such as Assure II, glypho- APPENDIX ing with glyphosate. sate, Gramoxone, or Metribuzin can be Timing: Apply up to 45 days before plant- tank mixed to control additional grass or ing or preemergence after planting. Annual broadleaf weeds. Do not apply to soils with broadleaf weeds should be less than (Continued on page 114) P P P P P N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N F F F F F F F F F P P P P P P P P P N N N N N N (continued) P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P N N N N N N N — F P P P P P P P P P N N N N N N

— Perennials

P/F P/F P/F P/F P/F P/F P/F

Quackgrass P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P N N N N N N N N N Nutsedge P F F F F P P P P P E

G G G G G G G

F/G F/G G/E G/E G/E G/E Hemp dogbane Hemp

F F F F F P P P P E E E E E E

G G G G

Dandelion F/G F/G G/E G/E G/E Canada thistle Canada E E E E G G G G G G G G

G/E G/E G/E G/E G/E G/E G/E G/E G/E G/E G/E G/E Velvetleaf F E

G G G G G G G G

F/G F/G F/G F/G F/G G/E G/E G/E G/E G/E G/E G/E G/E G/E Smartweeds

P F F F F F F F F F F F P P P P P E E N N G Pigweeds P/F G/E Broadleaves

F P P P E E E E Lambsquarters N G G G G G G G G G G

F/G G/E G/E G/E G/E Giant ragweed Giant F F F F F F F F E E a

N N G G G G G

P/F F/G F/G F/G G/E G/E G/E Eastern black nightshade black Eastern P F F F F F F F P P P P P

N N N N N G G G

F/G F/G F/G Common ragweed Common

F F F F F F F F F P P P P P P P P P P N N N N N Cocklebur

F F F F F F F F P P P P P P P P N N N N N

Woolly cupgrass Woolly F/G F/P P/F Wild proso millet proso Wild F F F F P P P N G G G G

P/F P/F P/F P/F F/G G/E G/E G/E G/E G/E G/E G/E Foxtails

F F F F F F P P P P P P P P P P P N N N G G —

F/G Field sandbur Field Grasses

F F F F F F P P P N G G

P/F P/F P/F P/F Fall panicum Fall F/G G/E G/E G/E G/E G/E G/E G/E

F F F F F P P P P Crabgrass N G G

P/F P/F P/F P/F P/F G/E G/E G/E G/E G/E G/E G/E Barnyardgrass F F F F P P P

N G G

P/F P/F P/F P/F P/F F/G F/G G/E G/E G/E G/E G/E G/E G/E Risk of soybean injury soybean of Risk S S S S S S S S S

M M M VS VS VS VS VS VS VS

S/M S/M S/M S/M S/M

Mode of action group action of Mode b 3 3 2 2 2 7 5 15 15 15 15 14 14 2,14 2,14 5,14 5,15 2,14 2,14 2,14 2,14 2,14 14,15 2,14,15 O 2 Risk of soybean injury: H = high; M = moderate; S = slight; VS = very slight; N = none Control ratings: E = excellent; G = good; F = fair; P = poor; N = none; — = insufficient information Outlook Preemergence Dual II Magnum Intrro Trifluralin (Treflan) Trifluralin Authority MTZ Prefix Herbicides Table 3-1. Weed control ratings of soybean herbicides of soybean ratings Weed control 3-1. Table Preplant– incorporated H Prowl Warrant Boundary Authority Assist Optill OptTILL PRO OptTILL Valor XLT Valor Enlite Sulfentrazone + cloransulam (Authority First/Sonic) SX Valor Sharpen Python Pursuit FirstRate Envive Lorox Gangster Metribuzin 112 Abbreviations:

PRINCIPLES OF CORN SOYBEAN weeds FORAGES & SMALL GRAINS PERENNIAL WEEDSSTORED GRAIN APPENDIX PEST MGMT PASTURES INSECTS Table 3-1. Weed control ratings of soybean herbicidesa (continued) PRINCIPLES OF PEST MGMT Grasses Broadleaves Perennials b CORN

Herbicides Mode of action group Risk of soybean injury Barnyardgrass Crabgrass Fall panicum Field sandbur Foxtails Corn Volunteer millet Wild proso cupgrass Woolly Cocklebur Common ragweed Eastern black nightshade Giant ragweed Lambsquarters Pigweeds Smartweeds Velvetleaf Canada thistle Dandelion Hemp dogbane Nutsedge Quackgrass Postemergence Basagran 6 S N N N N N N N N E F/G F F P P/F E G/E F P P G N Cadet 14 M P P P P P N P P P P F P F/G F/G P E P P P N N SOYBEAN weeds Flexstar 14 M/H P P P P P P P P F/G G/E G G F G/E G F F P P N N Lactofen 14 H P P P P P P P P G/E G/E G G F G/E G F/G F P F P N (Cobra/Phoenix) Resource 14 M P P P P P P P P F F/G P P F F P E P P P — P Ultra Blazer 14 H P P P P P P P P G G G F/G F G/E G/E F P P F P N Classic 2 VS N N N N N N N N E G P F/G P G/E G F/G F P P G N FORAGES & FirstRate 2 S N N N N N N N N E E N E P P G G F — — F N PASTURES Harmony SGc 2 M N N N N N N N N F F N P E E G/E G P P P — N Pursuit 2 S G F G F G P P F G F/G E F P E G G/E F P P N P/F Raptor 2 M G F G F G/E G F/G F G/E F/G E G G E G G/E F — — F F Synchrony XPc 2 M N N N N N N N N G/E G N F/G G E G G P P P P N e

Extreme 2,9 S E E E E E E E E E E E G/E G/E E G/E G/E G F G F/G G/E SMALL GRAINS Flexstar GT 3.5d,e 9,14 M E E E E E E E E E E G/E G/E G/E E G/E G/E E F G/E F/G E Glyphosated,e 9 N E E E E E E E E E E G/E G/E G/E E G G/E E F G/E F/G E Sequenced,e 9,15 VS E E E E E E E E E E G/E G/E G/E E G G/E E F G/E F/G E Ignite 10 S F G G F G F G G G/E G/E G G G G G/E G F F/G F P F Assure II 1 N E E E E E E E G N N N N N N N N N N N N G/E PERENNIAL WEEDS Fusilade DX 1 N E E E E G/E E E G N N N N N N N N N N N N G/E Fusion 1 N E E E E E E E G N N N N N N N N N N N N G Poast Plus 1 N E E E E E G E G N N N N N N N N N N N N F/G Select Max 1 N E E E E E E E G N N N N N N N N N N N N F/G a These herbicides have been rated for expected weed control, but actual results may vary depending upon rates applied, soil types, weather conditions, and crop management. b Weed Science Society of America-approved group numbers for the corresponding herbicide mode of action. STORED GRAIN c Risk of injury on STS soybeans is very slight. INSECTS d Only apply to Roundup Ready soybeans or severe injury will occur. e Will not control Roundup Ready volunteer corn. APPENDIX

113 114 a pH greater than 7.6 and do not apply PRINCIPLES OF Envive (Valor SX + Classic + PEST MGMT any additional Classic or Synchrony if the Harmony SG premix) pH exceeds 7.0. Canopy EX is rainfast in 2 hours. Envive can only be used south of I-90 Rotational restrictions: Begin counting the between La Crosse and Madison and south time interval at soybean planting rather of I-94 between Madison and Milwaukee. than at application. Small grains can be Rate: 2.5 oz/a. planted after 3 months; peas, snap beans, Adjuvants: Add 1% crop oil concentrate and corn can be planted after 9 months; (preferred) or 0.25% nonionic surfactant. CORN alfalfa can be planted after 12 months; and Timing: Apply in the fall after soil tem- sweet corn can be planted after 18 months. perature is less than 50°F or after October 15 or in the spring until planting. Spring Enlite (Valor SX + Classic + applications must be made within 3 days Harmony SG premix) after planting. Remarks: Envive contains a similar ratio SOYBEAN weeds Rate: 2.8 oz/a. (burndown) of Valor to Classic as Valor XLT. The higher Adjuvants: Add 1% crop oil concentrate rate of Classic in Envive limits its use to (preferred) or 0.25% nonionic surfactant. southern Wisconsin because of potential Timing: Apply in the fall after soil tem- carryover. Enlite contains a lower rate of perature is less than 50°F or after October Classic and will be predominant formula- 15 or in the spring until planting. Spring tion marketed in Wisconsin. See Valor XLT applications must be made within 3 days (page 118) for comments applicable to after planting. FORAGES & Envive. PASTURES Remarks: Enlite will provide burndown Rotational restrictions: Wheat and barley and residual control of several broadleaf can be planted 4 months after application; weeds. Applications in the fall should field corn after 10 months; alfalfa, peas, include 2,4-D or glyphosate for dandelion and snap beans after 12 months; sweet control. Spring burndown treatments are corn after 18 months; and potatoes after 30 labeled to control 3-inch-tall weeds like months.

SMALL GRAINS mustards, lambsquarters, pigweed, and smartweed. A tank mix with 2,4-D or Extreme (Pursuit + glyphosate glyphosate is recommended to improve premix) control of horseweed and other broadleaf weeds. The residual control from the Valor Rate: 3 pt/a. component fits well in the spring to control Adjuvants: Add nonionic surfactant at lambsquarters, horseweed, nightshade, and 0.125% to the spray mixture plus ammo- PERENNIAL WEEDS pigweeds and to suppress other broadleaf nium sulfate at 8.5 to 17 lb/100 gal. weeds. Annual grasses and giant ragweed Timing: Preplant or preemergence—Apply will also be suppressed. Burndown treat- to annual weeds. Do not apply Extreme ments should include glyphosate or Assure if soybeans have emerged unless they are II to control grasses if present. Either fall Roundup Ready. or spring applications of Enlite should be Remarks: Extreme will control emerged followed with a postemergence glyphosate weeds and provide residual control of several annual weeds. It can be tank mixed STORED GRAIN application in Roundup Ready soybean or with 2,4-D or pendimethalin if applied

INSECTS conventional herbicides for complete weed control. Do not tank mix with Dual, Intrro, before planting. or Outlook. The Extreme premix provides an eco- Rotational restrictions: Wheat and barley nomical way to combine the broad-spec- can be planted 4 months after an Enlite trum burndown activity of glyphosate with application; field corn, sweet corn, peas, the residual activity of Pursuit on several and snap beans after 9 months; alfalfa and broadleaf weeds.

APPENDIX oats after 12 months; and potatoes after 30 Rotational restrictions: Because this premix months. contains Pursuit, it can persist and damage certain rotational crops. Do not plant wheat until 3 months after application; alfalfa, edible beans, peas, and rye until 4 months after application; conventional field and Remarks: To control quackgrass, apply 115 PRINCIPLES OF seed corn until 8.5 months after application; 0.75 lb ae/a of glyphosate to 6- to 10-inch PEST MGMT barley and tobacco until 9.5 months after quackgrass if the field will be tilled after application; oats and sweet corn until 18 application. Delay tillage for 3 days after months after application; and potatoes until application. Increase the rate of glypho- 26 months. Allow 40 months before plant- sate to 1.5 lb ae/a if the field will be no-till ing all other crops. planted. Glyphosate can be applied in 28% nitrogen solution rather than in water, Glyphosate but it is not recommended when treating perennials. CORN Rate: 0.38 to 0.56 lb ae/a for annuals and Rotational restrictions: Glyphosate formu- 0.75 to 1.5 lb ae/a for quackgrass. See labels lations have no rotational restrictions for for specific rate recommendations. Wisconsin field crops except for a 30-day Glyphosate conversion table interval before tobacco.

——Rate for—— SOYBEAN weeds Formulation 0.38 lb 0.75 lb Gramoxone Inteon (paraquat) (burndown) Name (lb ae/gal) ae/a ae/a Rate: Apply 2.0 to 2.5 pt/a when weeds Many 3.0 16 fl oz 32 fl oz are 1 to 3 inches tall, 2.5 to 3.0 pt/a when Durango DMA 4.0 12 fl oz 24 fl oz weeds are 3 to 6 inches tall, and 3.0 to 4.0 Touchdown Total 4.17 12 fl oz 23 fl oz pt/a when weeds are taller than 6 inches. Roundup 4.5 11 fl oz 21 fl oz Adjuvants: Include nonionic surfactant at

PowerMAX 0.125% or crop oil concentrate at 1% to the FORAGES & PASTURES Touchdown HiTech 5.0 10 fl oz 19 fl oz spray mixture. Timing: Preplant—Apply preplant or Adjuvants: Ammonium sulfate at 8.5 to 17 before soybeans have emerged. lb/100 gal of spray mixture is frequently No-till—Gramoxone can be included with recommended, especially when tank mixing preplant residual herbicides to provide glyphosate with residual herbicides. Check burndown of existing vegetation. Where the label to see if the glyphosate formula- a preplant treatment is made as a split SMALL GRAINS tion requires additional surfactant. application, include Gramoxone with the Timing: Preplant—Apply to annual weeds first application, but only if weed growth less than 6 inches tall or to quackgrass that is present at the time of treatment. Annual is 6 to 8 inches tall and actively growing. weeds emerging after application must be Do not include glyphosate in any spray controlled by the residual herbicide. Remarks: Tank mixing Metribuzin or mixture if soybeans have emerged, unless PERENNIAL WEEDS they are Roundup Ready. Lorox with Gramoxone usually increases No-till—Glyphosate can be included as a burndown activity. Use a minimum of 10 component of a preplant residual herbicide gal/a of water at 30 to 50 psi pressure with treatment to provide burndown of existing ground applications. Flat fan nozzles are vegetation. Annual weeds emerging after more effective than flood nozzles at deliv- glyphosate application must be controlled ering the fine spray droplets necessary for by a residual herbicide or a postemergence thorough spray coverage. If applying less herbicide. Where a preplant treatment than 20 gal/a of water, only use flat fan STORED GRAIN is made as a split application, include nozzles. Do not apply Gramoxone when INSECTS glyphosate with the first application, but conditions prevent uniform coverage or only if weed growth is present at the time when excessive spray drift may occur. of treatment. If quackgrass is present, Rotational restrictions: None. include glyphosate in the second application instead of the first. Glyphosate can be Ignite 280 (glufosinate) tank mixed with 2,4-D ester for improved Rate: 29 to 36 fl oz/a. A maximum of 36 APPENDIX annual and perennial broadleaf weed burn- fl oz per application and a maximum of 65 down, but must be applied at least 7 days fl oz/a can be used for the entire season in before planting. Liberty Link soybean. 116 Adjuvants: Adding 2 lb/a ammonium sul- Rotation restrictions: Alfalfa and PRINCIPLES OF PEST MGMT fate will help control weeds under stress. wheat can be planted 4 months after an Timing: Apply to young, actively growing Optill application. Field corn may be weeds before planting or before soybeans planted after 8.5 months; oats, popcorn, emerge. sorghum, and sweet corn after 18 months; Remarks: Do not apply with liquid fertil- potatoes after 26 months. All other crops izers as the carrier. Use nozzles that deliver require a 40-month plant-back interval. medium-sized droplets for adequate spray coverage with a minimum of 15 gal/a OpTILL PRO (OpTILL + Outlook CORN spray solution. Increase rate to between 20 co-pack) and 40 gal/a for dense weed growth. Rotational restrictions: Corn and soybean Rate: 2 oz/a OpTILL + 10 fl oz/a Out- may be planted any time after application. look. Root and tuber vegetables, leafy vegetables, Timing: For fall applications, apply prior to first killing frost and do not apply to

SOYBEAN weeds brassica leafy vegetables, and small grains

(burndown) (barley, buckwheat, oats, rye, teosinte, triti- frozen or snow-covered soil. In the spring cale, and wheat) may be planted after 70 apply as a preplant or preemergence appli- days, and all other crops may be planted cation up to soybean emergence in most after 180 days. soils; in coarse soils with ≤ 2.0% organic matter, wait 30 days between application Optill (Sharpen + Pursuit premix) and planting. Do not apply to emerged soybean, as injury will result. Rate: 2 oz/a.

FORAGES & Adjuvants: Add 1% v/v methylated seed PASTURES Timing: May be applied in the fall prior to oil (MSO) plus either 8.5 to 17 lb/100 g first frost or as a preplant or preemergence ammonium sulfate (AMS) or 1.25 to 2.5 in the spring. g/100 g urea ammonium nitrate (UAN). Do Adjuvants: Add 1% methylated seed oil not use a nonionic surfactant (NIS) in place or crop oil concentrate plus 28% nitrogen of MSO, or poor control of broadleaf weeds solution at 2.5% or ammonium sulfate at 8.5 will result.

SMALL GRAINS lb/100 gal to maximize burndown activity. Remarks: OpTILL PRO is a fall- or spring- Remarks: Optill can be applied preplant applied herbicide for selective burndown but prior to soybean cracking. Addi- and residual weed control prior to soy- tional adjuvants are required to maximize bean emergence in minimum and no-till burndown of existing broadleaf weeds at systems. OpTILL PRO may be tank mixed application. Tank-mix partners such as with other burndown herbicides according glyphosate or Ignite 280 may be require to to the label to increase the spectrum of con- PERENNIAL WEEDS control larger grasses or broadleaf weeds trol. Use of other ALS-inhibiting herbicides, not on the Optill label. Do not apply Optill as well as organophosphate or carbamate at cracking or later as severe crop injury insecticides, may increase the chance for will occur. Optill will provide good early- adverse crop response. Tank mixing with season control of most annual grass and Authority or Valor products are prohibited. broadleaf weeds but may require a planned Crop injury may occur if the seed furrows sequential application for season-long con- are not properly closed or if herbicide is trol. The early-season control will provide STORED GRAIN washed into the seed furrow. greater flexibility with the postemergence INSECTS Rotational restrictions: Wheat and edible timing without the risk of yield loss from beans and peas can be planted 4 months weed competition. Planting must be after an applications; field corn after 8.5 delayed by 30 days if applied to sandy soil months or 1 month if Clearfield; alfalfa with less than 2% organic matter. Tank after 9 months; barley after 9.5 months; mixing Authority and Valor are prohib- oats, popcorn, sorghum, and sweet corn ited due to crop injury concerns; wait 30 after 18 months; potatoes after 26 months.

APPENDIX days before sequential application of either All other crops require a 40-month plant- product following Optill. Crop injury may back interval. occur if the seed furrows are not properly closed or if the herbicide is washed into the seed furrow. can be replanted. Alfalfa can be planted 4 117 PRINCIPLES OF Rage D-Tech (Aim + 2,4-D premix) PEST MNGMT. months after application and small grains Rate: 8 to 16 fl oz/a; the lower rate is can be planted after 4.5 months. Other recommended for weeds less than 6 inches crops can be planted the following spring. tall. Adjuvants: Add nonionic surfactant at Sharpen (saflufenacil) 0.25% or crop oil concentrate at 1.5 to Rate: 1 oz/a requires 30 days preplant 2%. Nitrogen fertilizer may be added if interval on course soils with ≤ 2% organic required by a tank-mix partner.

matter and 0 days preplant on other soils. CORN Timing: Apply 7 days before planting soy- 1.5 oz/a requires 30 days preplant interval beans when using up to 16 fl oz/a. on course soils with ≤ 2% organic matter Remarks: Rage D-Tech will control many and 14 days preplant on other soils. 2 oz/a winter and summer annual broadleaf requires 44 days preplant interval on course weeds. The Aim component will provide soils with ≤ 2% organic matter and 30 days

a faster burn of weed foliage than 2,4-D SOYBEAN weeds preplant on other soils. alone. Rage D-Tech can be tank mixed (burndown) Timing: May be applied in the fall prior glyphosate or Gramoxone for annual grass to first killing frost at 1–2 fl oz/a or in the control. It can also be tank mixed with spring at preplant or preemergence. preemergence residual herbicides. Do not Preplant-incorporated—Preplant-incorpo- apply Rage D-Tech on sandy soils or soils rated planting based on soil type and rate. with less than 1% organic matter. Severe crop injury will occur if applied after Rotational restrictions: Corn or soybeans crop emergence. Sharpen can be tank mixed FORAGES &

can be planted after the required interval PASTURES with Gramoxone, glyphosate, or Ignite after burndown treatments. Most other 280 to increase burndown activity and to crops can be planted after 30 days. control emerged grasses. 2,4-D LVE can be tank-mixed to improve dandelion control Sequence (Dual II Magnum + but planting should be delayed 7 to 14 days glyphosate premix) to reduce the risk of crop injury from the

Rate: 2.5 to 4.0 pt/a based on soil texture 2,4-D. Add either MSO at 1% plus AMS or SMALL GRAINS and weed height. UAN at 1 to 2.5% for maximum burndown Adjuvants: Ammonium sulfate may be activity. Decreased activity will occur if a added at 8.5 to 17.0 lb/100 gal. NIS is substituted for the MSO. Timing: Preplant or preemergence—Do not Remarks: Sharpen applied at 1 fl oz/a apply if soybeans have emerged unless plus MSO at 1% plus AMS or UAN at 1 they are Roundup Ready. to 2.5% will effectively burn down most PERENNIAL WEEDS Postemergence—If soybeans are Roundup annual and perennial broadleaf weeds; Ready, applications can be made through however, the perennials will recover. the third trifoliate stage. Sharpen will not control emerged grasses Remarks: Sequence will control emerged and will require a tank mix partner. Early weeds and provide residual control of season broadleaf residual control will annual grass weeds. Sequence at 2.5 pt/a be obtained with Sharpen applied at the provides 0.7 lb ae/a glyphosate; it should proper rate for the soil type (up to 2 fl oz/a). Sharpen will require a tank-mix be effective on most annual weeds if treated STORED GRAIN partner to control emerging grasses. A before the 6-inch height. The label has spe- INSECTS cific rates for individual weed heights. It planned sequential herbicide application can be tank mixed with 2,4-D to increase will be required for season-long broadleaf broadleaf burndown activity if applied and grass weed control. Sharpen plus a before planting or other preemergence her- residual grass herbicide should allow the bicides. Sequence contains the equivalent postemergence application to be delayed of 1.0 to 1.6 pt/a of Dual II Magnum over without the risk of early-season weed the labeled rate range and higher rates will competition. Sharpen has good crop toler- APPENDIX provide greater residual grass control. ance but may cause injury under stress- Rotational restrictions: If the soybean crop ful growing conditions; do not apply to is lost, soybeans, corn, peas, or snap beans emerged soybeans or severe injury will 118 occur. Do not use on sands with less than Remarks: Valor XLT will provide burn- PRINCIPLES OF PEST MNGMT. 3% organic matter and where depth to down control of several broadleaf weeds ground water is 30 feet or less. including dandelions in the fall and Rotational restrictions: None. burndown and limited residual control of lambsquarters, horseweed, pigweed, Synchrony XP (Classic + Harmony velvetleaf, and common ragweed in the SG permix) + Express (tribenuron) spring. Annual grasses and giant rag- + 2,4-D weed will also be suppressed. Burndown treatments should include glyphosate

CORN Rate: 0.375 oz/a Synchrony + 0.25 oz/a or 2,4-D. Rates higher than 2.5 oz/a and Express + 8 fl oz/a 2,4-D ester. applications north of the interstate may Adjuvants: Add a crop oil concentrate at lead to carryover to rotational crops. This 1% to the spray mixture. rate is intended to be followed by a pos- Timing: Apply in the fall or in the spring temergence glyphosate application in 15 days before planting. Roundup Ready soybean. Valor XLT can SOYBEAN weeds

(burndown) Remarks: Applying Synchrony, Express, be tank mixed with pendimethalin, Lorox, and 16 fl oz/a 2,4-D following corn harvest metribuzin, or additional Valor SX for in the fall has given excellent dandelion increased residual activity in the spring. Do and winter annual weed control in fields not tank mix with Dual, Intrro, or Outlook. that will be no-till planted to soybeans the Do not use on soil with a pH greater than next spring. Treatments made through corn 7.6. stalks have performed well in killing dan- Rotational restrictions: Barley and wheat delions. If possible, wait 10 to 14 days after FORAGES & can be planted after 4 months; field corn and PASTURES harvest for the stalks to settle and weeds to tobacco after 10 months; alfalfa, snap beans, be exposed to the spray solution. and peas after 12 months. Oats and potatoes Synchrony plus glyphosate (not 2,4-D should not be planted for 30 months. or Express) can be applied without delay before soybean planting. Use 0.25% surfac- Verdict (Sharpen + Outlook premix) tant and ammonium sulfate. This tank mix

SMALL GRAINS may increase control of dandelion, horse- Rate: 5 to 10 fl oz/a. weed, and some other winter annual weeds Timing: Preplant (fall applications)—Apply compared to glyphosate alone. In addition, Verdict at 5 to 10 fl oz/a following crop if a 0.75 oz/a rate is used in the spring, Syn- harvest and prior to the first frost for burn- chrony will provide some residual control down of broadleaf weeds. of lambsquarters, pigweeds, smartweeds, Preplant (spring applications)—Apply and ragweeds. If mixed with 2,4-D ester, Verdict at 5 fl oz/a early preplant through PERENNIAL WEEDS planting must be delayed for 7 days after preemergence for burndown of broadleaf application. weeds. Do not apply to emerged soybean. Rotational restrictions: Only soybeans can Remarks: Verdict is a premix of Sharpen be planted the spring following a Synchrony and Outlook herbicides. Verdict can be + Express application. used as a broadleaf burndown herbicide in no-till or reduced-till soybean systems Valor XLT (Valor SX + Classic premix) and will also provide some residual control

STORED GRAIN of some broadleaf and grass weeds but Valor XLT can only be applied south of INSECTS will not provide season-long control. I‑90 west of Madison and south of I-94 east Verdict at the 5 oz/a rate provides the of Madison. equivalent of 1 oz/a Sharpen and 4.2 Rate: 2.5 oz/a. oz/a Outlook. Verdict can be used in Adjuvants: Add 1 to 2 pt/a crop oil con- sequential applications with Sharpen centrate or 0.25% nonionic surfactant. or Optill herbicides, but longer plant- Ammonium sulfate at 8.5 to 17 lb/100 gal back restrictions are needed for higher

APPENDIX may also be added. rates of saflufenacil, and season limits of Timing: Apply in the fall after soil tem- saflufenacil cannot be exceeded. Verdict perature is below 50°F or October 15 or in can be tank mixed with Gramoxone, the spring either before planting or within glyphosate, or Ignite 280 to increase 3 days after planting. burndown activity and control emerged grass weeds. Verdict can also be mixed Timing: Preplant-incorporated—Apply 119 PRINCIPLES OF PEST MNGMT. with 2,4-D in early preplant applications; 2,4-D ester no less than 7 days before plant- however, plant-back restrictions of ing. Applications of 1 qt/a require a 30-day 2,4-D must be followed. Do not apply wait before planting. Verdict within 30 days of other Group-14 No-till—Apply before no-till soybean herbicides (sulfentrazone, flumioxazin) planting for the suppression or control of as severe crop injury may result. Do not small, actively growing broadleaf weeds. apply to emerged soybean as severe injury This treatment can be used to control may result. Do not use on sands with less broadleaf weeds that aren’t effectively con- than 3% organic matter and where depth to trolled by Gramoxone or glyphosate. This CORN ground water is 30 feet or less. To improve treatment may be tank mixed with many burndown activity, add methylated seed oil conservation-tillage soybean treatments for at 1% v/v plus ammonium sulfate or urea improved broadleaf weed control. ammonium nitrate at 1 to 2.5% v/v. Remarks: There is some risk of soybean Rotational restrictions:

Fall-seeded cereal injury, especially if heavy rains occur after SOYBEAN weeds crops may be planted after 4 months. There application. Do not apply 2,4-D before (pre/ppi) are no crop restrictions the following spring planting unless you are prepared to accept after Verdict application. In course soils soybean injury including possible stand with 2% organic matter or less, soybean loss and/or yield reduction in some years. cannot be planted for 1 month following a 5 Plant soybeans 1 to 2 inches deep and make fl oz/a application. certain the seed is adequately covered. Do not use on sandy soils with less than 1%

organic matter. Do not cultivate between FORAGES & Vida (pyraflufen) PASTURES herbicide application and soybean planting. Rate: 0.5 to 2.0 fl oz/a. Rotational restrictions: 2,4‑D does not per- Adjuvants: Add 0.5% nonionic surfactant sist in the soil for long, but certain labels or 1% crop oil concentrate. prohibit replanting other crops in the same Timing: Apply to emerged broadleaf season unless 2,4‑D is labeled for preplant weeds before they exceed 4 inches in height use on that crop. or 3 inches in rosette diameter and prior to SMALL GRAINS soybean planting. Preplant-incorporated & Remarks: Vida is a contact herbicide that preemergence herbicides will control many emerged annual broadleaf weeds. Only the top growth of perennials will be controlled. Vida can be tank Authority Assist (Spartan + Pursuit mixed with glyphosate for grass control or premix) PERENNIAL WEEDS added control of larger broadleaf weeds. Rates: 6 to 12 fl oz/a; reduced rates of 4 Vida can also be mixed with 2,4-D or other to 6 fl oz/a are recommended for early-sea- residual herbicides. Good spray coverage is son weed suppression when followed by necessary for good weed control. glyphosate in Roundup Ready soybeans. Rotational restrictions: Only corn, soy- Timing: Preplant-incorporated—Apply and beans, potatoes, or wheat can be planted incorporate into the top 2 inches of soil. In after a burndown application of Vida. dry seasons, a preplant-incorporated treat-

Other crops can be planted after 30 days. STORED GRAIN ment will provide better weed control than preemergence treatment. INSECTS 2,4-D ester Preemergence—Apply between 45 days before planting until within 3 days after Rate: 1 pt/a of a 3.8 lb/gal 2,4-D ester for- planting. mulation or equivalent. No-till—Authority Assist will provide Adjuvants: Approved crop oil concen- burndown activity on several annual grass trates, agricultural surfactants and liquid and broadleaf weeds when applied with fertilizers may be added to the spray mix- APPENDIX crop oil, but a tank mix with glyphosate or ture to improve control. Gramoxone would typically be required for broad-spectrum burndown of emerged weeds. 120 Remarks: Authority Assist will control Remarks: Authority MTZ will control PRINCIPLES OF PEST MGMT many annual broadleaf weeds and will many annual broadleaf weeds and will suppress several annual grass species. suppress several annual grass species. Authority Assist can be tank mixed with Authority MTZ can be tank mixed with other preemergence grass herbicides to other preemergence grass herbicides to increase grass control. The length of resid- increase grass control. The length of residual activity will depend on the rate used. ual activity will depend on the rate used. At reduced rates, it will provide early- At the reduced rates, it will provide early season broadleaf weed control and grass season broadleaf weed control when fol-

CORN suppression when followed by glyphosate lowed by glyphosate in Roundup Ready in Roundup Ready soybeans. Heavy rains soybeans. Heavy rains after application, after application or cold, wet soils may cold, wet soils, or soils with a pH greater increase the risk of injury. The seed furrow than 7.5 may increase the risk of injury. must be closed prior to application or crop The seed furrow must be closed prior to injury may result. Do not apply to cracking application or crop injury may result. Do SOYBEAN weeds or emerged soybeans because severe injury not apply to cracking or emerged soybeans (pre/ppi) will occur. Do not apply to sands with less because severe injury will occur. Do not than 1% organic matter. apply to sands with less than 1% organic Rotational restrictions: Soybeans can be matter. replanted at any time after application; Rotational restrictions: Soybeans can be wheat can be planted after 4 months; bar- replanted any time after application; wheat ley and tobacco can be planted after 9.5 and barley can be planted after 4 months;

FORAGES & months; field corn, peas, and snap beans field corn and peas after 10 months; alfalfa, PASTURES can be planted after 10 months; alfalfa can potatoes, and tobacco after 12 months; and be planted after 12 months; sweet corn and snap beans, peas, sweet corn, and oats after oats can be planted after 18 months; and 18 months. potato can be planted after 26 months. Boundary 6.5EC (Dual II Magnum Authority First + Metribuzin premix) SMALL GRAINS See sulfentrazone + cloransulam premix Rate: 1.5 to 1.8 pt/a when followed by a (page 125). postemergence herbicide program or 1.2 to 3 pt/a in a one-pass program. Authority MTZ (Spartan + Timing: Preplant-incorporated—Apply and Metribuzin premix) incorporate into the top 2 inches of soil within 14 days before planting. PERENNIAL WEEDS Rates: 12 to 20 oz/a; reduced rates of 8 Preemergence—Apply after planting, but to 14 oz/a are recommended for early sea- before weeds and crop emerge. son weed suppression when followed by No-till—Boundary can be preplant sur- glyphosate in Roundup Ready soybeans. face applied up to 30 days before planting Timing: Preplant-incorporated—Apply and or preemergence after planting. Higher incorporate into the top 2 inches of soil. In rates should be used with early preplant dry seasons, preplant incorporated treat- applications. Boundary can be tank mixed

STORED GRAIN ment will provide better weed control than with glyphosate, Gramoxone, and 2,4‑D to

INSECTS preemergence treatment. control emerged weeds. Preemergence—Apply up to 30 days Remarks: Boundary controls many annual before or within 3 days after planting. grass and broadleaf weeds. When used at No-till—Apply up to 30 days before no- lower rates, it will provide early season till planting or apply preemergence after control; late emerging weeds should be planting. The addition of 1 qt/a of crop controlled with a sequential postemergence oil concentrate or nonionic surfactant at herbicide. Boundary can be tank mixed

APPENDIX 0.25% will increase the burndown activ- with Python for added velvetleaf control; ity of Authority MTZ. If additional burn- with FirstRate for added common and giant down activity is needed, tank mix with ragweed and velvetleaf control; with Com- glyphosate, Gramoxone, or 2,4-D to control mand for added common ragweed and vel- emerged weeds. vetleaf control; and with Prowl for aid with triazine-resistant weeds. Boundary may weed burndown. On sands, loamy sands, 121 PRINCIPLES OF injure soybeans because of the Metribuzin or sandy loams, apply 1.33 pt/a within PEST MGMT component. The risk of soybean injury 14 days before planting. increases when soybeans are planted less Remarks: S-metolachlor provides good than 1.5 inches deep or when heavy rains to excellent control of foxtails and other follow application. Use should be avoided annual grasses but fails to control vel- on soils with less than 0.5% organic mat- vetleaf and several other annual broadleaf ter, on soils with a pH of 7.5 or higher, and weeds. To broaden the spectrum of weeds in fields where residues of atrazine exist. controlled, it can be tank mixed with Com- Do not use on sand regardless of organic mand, Lorox, Metribuzin, Pursuit, or tri CORN matter or on loamy sand with less than 2% fluralin. Preplant-incorporated applications organic matter. Limit the rate of Bound- of 2 pt/a s-metolachlor provide reasonable ary to 1.5 pt/a on soils with a pH above 7. yellow nutsedge control, but preemergence Check the label for a list of metribuzin-sen- applications provide only limited control.

sitive soybean varieties. Boundary can be On soils with an organic matter content SOYBEAN weeds mixed with liquid fertilizer or impregnated between 6 and 20%, use up to 2.5 pt/a. It is (pre/ppi) onto certain dry fertilizers for simultaneous not labeled for use on peat or muck soils. applications. Soybean injury is not a serious problem. Rotational restrictions: Alfalfa and win- S-metolachlor can be mixed with liquid ter wheat can be planted 4.5 months after fertilizer for simultaneous application and application; barley, corn, peas, and spring preplant-incorporated applications can also wheat after 8 months. Most other crops be impregnated onto certain dry fertilizers.

can be planted after 12 months, except root Rotational restrictions: S-metolachlor will FORAGES & PASTURES crops, which are 18 months. not persist into the fall or the following growing season. Dual II Magnum (s-metolachlor + safener) FirstRate (cloransulam)

Rate: 1 to 2 pt/a. Rate: 0.6 oz/a if less than 3% organic mat- Timing: Preplant-incorporated—Apply ter and 0.75 oz/a if greater than 3% organic SMALL GRAINS within 14 days before planting, blending matter. the herbicide into the top 2 inches of soil Timing: Preplant-incorporated—Apply during seedbed preparation. In dry sea- within 2 weeks before planting for best sons, preplant-incorporated applications results and incorporate into the top 1 to will provide better annual weed control 3 inches. than preemergence applications. Preemergence—Apply after planting and PERENNIAL WEEDS Preemergence—Apply after planting, but before weed emergence, within 2 days of before weeds and soybeans emerge. planting is best. Postemergence—Apply up to 1.33 pt/a No-till—Preplant surface applications to soybeans that have not exceeded the can be made within 2 weeks before plant- third trifoliate. Emerged weeds will not be ing. FirstRate has foliar activity to control controlled. Do not apply postemergence if certain emerged broadleaf weeds. Add a soil-applied application has been made. the adjuvants listed for postemergence

Apply 90 days prior to harvest and do not applications to obtain burndown activity. STORED GRAIN graze or feed treated forage. Gramoxone, glyphosate, and 2,4-D can be INSECTS No-till—Apply 1.67 to 2.0 pt/a of s-meto- tank mixed with FirstRate to enhance burn- lachlor. This treatment can be split with down. Apply FirstRate within 2 weeks of one-half applied early and the remainder planting in no-till. applied at planting. When soybeans will Remarks: FirstRate controls several broad- be planted within 7 days, make a single leaf weeds including common and giant application either ahead of or at planting. ragweed (if not ALS-resistant), velvetleaf, If weeds are present at the time of treat- pigweed, lambsquarters, and smartweed. APPENDIX ment, include Gramoxone or glyphosate FirstRate will not control black nightshade in the spray mixture for improved annual and will require a tank-mix partner or sequential herbicide treatment for control. Tank mixing FirstRate with Dual II 122 Magnum, Intrro, or Outlook would provide Timing: Preplant-incorporated—Apply PRINCIPLES OF PEST MGMT both grass and black nightshade control. to dry soil within 7 days before planting, FirstRate’s control may be reduced if blending the herbicide into the top 1 to 2 applied to soil with greater than 5% organic inches of soil during seedbed preparation. matter. Do not apply if steady wind speed In dry seasons, preplant-incorporated treat- exceeds 10 mph. ment will provide better annual weed con- Rotational restrictions: Do not plant wheat trol than preemergence treatment. until 3 months after application; alfalfa, Preemergence—Apply after planting, but field corn, oats, peas, and snap beans until within 5 days of the last tillage for weed CORN 9 months after application; and potatoes control. and sweet corn until 18 months after No-till—For improved annual weed burn- application. Tobacco can be transplanted down, tank mix glyphosate or Gramoxone 10 months after a 0.3 oz/a rate, but requires with 2.5 to 3 qt/a. 30 months after higher rates. Crops not Remarks: Intrro provides good to excel-

SOYBEAN weeds listed on the label require a 30‑month rota- lent control of foxtails and other annual tional interval. grasses but fails to control velvetleaf and (pre/ppi) several other annual broadleaf weeds. To Gangster (FirstRate + Valor co-pack) broaden the spectrum of weeds controlled, Intrro can be tank mixed with Command, Rate: 1.8 oz/a (0.3 oz/a FirstRate + 1.5 Lorox, Metribuzin, or Pursuit. Preplant- oz/a Valor) to 3.6 oz/a (0.6 oz/a FirstRate incorporated Intrro at 3 lb/a of active ingre- + 3.0 oz/a Valor). dient provides reasonable yellow nutsedge

FORAGES & Timing: Preemergence—Apply from 14 days control on mineral soils as well as peat or PASTURES before planting to 3 days after planting. muck soils. Preemergence-applied Intrro Remarks: Gangster will provide preemer- provides only limited control of yellow nut- gence control of many annual broadleaf sedge. To control black or hairy nightshade, weeds. The length of residual activity will use a minimum of 2.5 lb/a active Intrro depend on the rate used. At lower rates, it on coarse soils and 3 lb/a active Intrro on will provide early season broadleaf control medium- and fine-textured soils. Intrro SMALL GRAINS and could be followed with a broad spec- provides better annual weed control on trum postemergence herbicide. At higher peat or muck soils than other soil-applied rates, grasses may be the only weeds that herbicides. Soybean injury from Intrro isn’t require postemergence treatment. The a serious problem. Certain dry fertilizers Gangster co-pack contains Gangster FR, can be impregnated with Intrro where the which has a label that is nearly identical herbicide/fertilizer mixture will be incor- to FirstRate, and Gangster V, which has

PERENNIAL WEEDS porated into the soil before planting. a label that is nearly identical to Valor. Rotational restrictions: Alfalfa, corn, dry Review the information under FirstRate beans, small grains, and soybeans can be and Valor for details and precautions about planted the following season. these products. Although the Gangster FR label describes postemergence applications, Lorox DF (linuron) do not apply this co-pack postemergence or serious injury will result. Rate: 1 to 2 lb/a.

STORED GRAIN Rotational restrictions: Each label has rota- Timing: Preemergence—Apply after plant-

INSECTS tional restrictions listed. Follow the most ing but before soybeans emerge. restrictive interval. Wheat can be planted at No-till—Preplant treatments of Lorox DF 3 months after application; field corn, oats, can be surface-applied where soybeans will peas, and snap beans after 9 months; and be planted into a cover crop or previous sweet corn and potatoes after 18 months. crop residue. If small weed seedlings are Many other crops require longer intervals. present, add 1% crop oil concentrate to the spray mixture. For larger weeds, Lorox can APPENDIX Intrro (alachlor) be tank mixed with Gramoxone, glyphosate, or 2,4-D for improved annual weed Rate: Preplant-incorporated—2.5 to 3 qt/a. burndown. Preemergence—2 to 3 qt/a; 2 qt/a when followed by glyphosate. Remarks: Lorox provides good control 4 months after application; peas after 8 123 PRINCIPLES OF of most annual broadleaf weeds but only months; beans and oats after 12 months. PEST MGMT partially controls cocklebur and can miss grasses. Lower rates of Lorox can be tank Outlook (dimethenamid-P) mixed with Dual II Magnum, Intrro, or Rate: 10 to 21 fl oz/a. Outlook to improve grass control. Lorox Timing: Preplant-incorporated—Blend into is ineffective on peat or muck soils. Risk the top 1 to 2 inches of soil within 14 days of soybean injury increases markedly on before planting. In dry seasons, preplant- sandy soils. Do not use Lorox on sand,

incorporated treatment will provide better CORN loamy sand, or any soil with less than 1% annual weed control than preemergence organic matter. Plant soybeans at least 1.75 treatment. Preplant-incorporated applica- inches deep. Even on medium and heavy tions are not recommended on coarse soils soils, heavy rainfall following application with less than 1.5% organic matter. can leach Lorox to the soybean root zone Preemergence—Apply after planting, but

causing foliar burn and stand reduction. SOYBEAN weeds before weeds emerge. Applications to areas with residual atrazine Postemergence—Outlook may be applied (pre/ppi) may cause serious soybean injury. from the 1 to 5 trifoliate stage. Rotational restrictions: Crops can be No-till—Usually a split application where planted 4 months following application. one-half of the herbicide is applied early and the remainder applied at planting pro- Metribuzin vides better weed control. When soybeans Rate: 0.33 to 0.66 lb/a. will be planted within 7 days, make a single FORAGES & Timing: Preemergence—Apply after plant- application either ahead of or at planting. If PASTURES ing, but before soybeans emerge. weeds are present at the time of treatment, No-till—Metribuzin may be tank mixed include Gramoxone or glyphosate in the with either Gramoxone or glyphosate for spray mixture for improved annual weed improved annual weed burndown. burndown. Early preplant treatment is not Remarks: Metribuzin provides excellent recommended on coarse-textured soils.

control of annual broadleaf weeds but only Remarks: Outlook provides good to excel- SMALL GRAINS partial control of annual grasses. It can be lent control of foxtails, crabgrass, and fall tank mixed with Command, Dual II Mag- panicum but has no effect on quackgrass. It num, Intrro, Outlook, or Prowl to broaden fails to control velvetleaf and several other the spectrum of control. Metribuzin is annual broadleaf weeds. To broaden the ineffective on peat or muck soils. Risk spectrum of weeds controlled, Outlook of soybean injury increases markedly on can be tank mixed with Command, Lorox, lighter-textured soils and on soils with a Metribuzin, Prowl, Pursuit, Python, or PERENNIAL WEEDS pH of 7.5 or higher. Do not use metribuzin trifluralin. Preplant-incorporated Outlook on sand regardless of organic matter con- at 20 fl oz/a provides reasonable yel- tent, on loamy sand or sandy loam with low nutsedge control, but preemergence less than 1% organic matter, or on any soil applications provide only limited control. with less than 0.5% organic matter. Plant Adjust the rate according to either soil cat- soybeans 1.5 inches deep. Even on medium ion exchange capacity or soil texture and and heavy soils, heavy rainfall follow- organic matter content. Use 21 fl oz/a of STORED GRAIN ing application can leach metribuzin to Outlook on all soils with greater than 8% INSECTS the soybean root zone causing foliar burn organic matter. Outlook generally doesn’t and stand reduction. Applications to areas injure soybeans, but long periods of satu- with residual atrazine may cause serious rated soil may suppress early season soy- soybean injury. Additionally, the use of an bean growth. Outlook can be impregnated organophosphate insecticide on the same onto certain dry fertilizers for simultaneous ground may increase the risk of soybean application.

damage. Certain dry fertilizers may also be Rotational restrictions: Small grains can APPENDIX impregnated with this herbicide. be planted 4 months after application, Rotational restrictions: Alfalfa, barley, and there are no restrictions the year after corn, potatoes, and wheat can be planted applying Outlook. 124 Preplant-surface—Apply up to 15 days PRINCIPLES OF PEST MNGMT. Prefix (Dual Magnum + Flexstar before planting or 45 days before planting premix) if Pursuit is applied postemergence. Do not Rates: 2.0 to 2.5 pt/a. In southern Wis- apply after planting. consin (south of Hwy 18 west of Madison No-till—Pendimethalin can be tank mixed and south of I-94 east of Madison), the with 2,4‑D, glyphosate, or Gramoxone for maximum rate is 2.5 pt/a. The maximum is burndown or with several other residual 2 pt/a in the region south of I-94 and Hwy herbicides to broaden the spectrum of 29, excluding Adams, Clark, Marathon, control. CORN Marquette, Portage, Shawano, Waupaca, Remarks: Pendimethalin provides good Waushara, and Wood counties. to excellent annual grass control but does Timing: Preplant-incorporated—Apply and not adequately control velvetleaf, wild incorporate into the top 2 inches of soil mustard, common ragweed, smartweed, within 7 days after application. In dry sea- cocklebur, or black nightshade. To broaden sons, preplant-incorporated treatment will

SOYBEAN weeds the spectrum of weed control, it can be tank provide better weed control than preemer- mixed with Command, Dual II Magnum, (pre/ppi) gence treatment. Intrro, Metribuzin, or Pursuit. Pendimetha Preemergence—Apply after planting, but lin is ineffective on peat or muck soils. Soy- prior to weed emergence. bean injury doesn’t appear to be a problem Postemergence—Apply from cracking to except when applied to wet soils or in the third trifoliate stage. Tank mix with areas subject to prolonged flooding. Injury glyposate to control emerged weeds in symptoms are stunted soybean plants with

FORAGES & Roundup Ready soybeans. Postemergence swollen stems and inhibited secondary PASTURES applications will speckle and crinkle leaves roots. Pendimethalin can be impregnated and may cause stunting. onto certain dry fertilizers for simultaneous No-till—Apply up to 15 days before application. no-till planting or apply preemergence Rotational restrictions: Pendimethalin after planting. Tank mix with glyphosate, generally doesn’t persist into the following Gramoxone, or 2,4-D to control emerged season, but winter wheat or winter barley SMALL GRAINS weeds. should not be planted within 120 days after Remarks: Prefix will control many annual application. grass and broadleaf weeds. The 2 pt/a rate is intended to provide early season Pursuit (imazethapyr) residual control prior to a postemergence glyphosate or conventional herbicide treat- Rate: 4 fl oz/a. ment. The length and degree of control will Timing: Preplant-incorporated—Apply to PERENNIAL WEEDS depend on the soil texture and organic mat- dry soil and blend into the top 1 to 2 inches ter. Full-season control of many weeds may of soil up to 45 days before planting. be possible on coarse-textured soil. If the Preemergence—Apply after planting, but maximum rate of Prefix was soil-applied, before soybeans emerge. do not apply Flexstar postemergence. No-till—Pursuit may be tank mixed Rotational restrictions: Soybeans and snap with 2,4-D, Gramoxone, or glyphosate for or dry beans can be planted anytime after improved annual weed burndown. For maximum residual grass control, include STORED GRAIN application; small grains can be planted alachlor, Dual II Magnum, Outlook, or INSECTS after 4.5 months; field and sweet corn and peas after 10 months; and alfalfa, potatoes, Prowl in the spray mixture. and tobacco after 18 months. Remarks: Pursuit controls numerous annual broadleaf weeds and provides some Prowl H 0 (pendimethalin) annual grass control. However, it is usually 2 tank mixed with a soil-applied herbicide Rate: 1.5 to 3.0 pt/a. such as Dual II, Intrro, Outlook, Prowl, or Timing: Preplant-incorporated—Apply to APPENDIX trifluralin to broaden control. Do not tank dry soil within the several weeks before mix with Command. Do not apply Pursuit planting. Incorporate into the top 1 to 2 more than once per season or the same year inches of soil within 7 days of application. as other imazethapyr-containing herbicides. Pursuit is ineffective on peat or muck soils. Risk of soybean injury from Pursuit is 125 PRINCIPLES OF Sulfentrazone + cloransulam PEST MNGMT. minimal but it occasionally causes internode premix shortening and a reduction in fine root hairs. Rotational restrictions: Do not plant wheat Rate: 6.45 to 8 oz/a; reduced rates of 3 to until 3 months after application; alfalfa, 4 oz/a are recommended for early-season edible beans, peas, or rye until 4 months weed suppression when followed by after application; conventional field corn glyphosate in Roundup Ready soybeans. or seed corn until 8.5 months after appli- Timing: Preplant-incorporated—Apply cation; barley or tobacco until 9.5 months within 14 days and incorporate into the top after application; oats, popcorn, sorghum, 1 to 3 inches of soil. CORN or sweet corn until 18 months after applica- Preemergence—Apply at planting or tion; or potatoes until after 26 months. All within 3 days after planting. other crops should not be planted for 40 No-till—Preplant surface applications can months after Pursuit application. be made before planting and this premix will provide burndown activity on certain SOYBEAN weeds broadleaf weeds in addition to residual

Python (flumetsulam) (pre/ppi) activity if 0.125 to 0.25% nonionic surfac- Rate: 0.8 to 1.33 oz/a. tant and ammonium sulfate at 2.5 lb/a are Timing: Preplant-incorporated—Apply and added. It can be mixed with glyphosate, incorporate in to top 2 to 3 inches of soil Gramoxone, or 2,4-D to broaden the spec- within 30 days before planting. The lower trum of control. rates within each soil texture category need Remarks: This premix will provide pre- to be applied within 14 days of planting.

emergence control of many annual broad- FORAGES & Preemergence—Apply after planting, but leaf weeds. The length of residual activity PASTURES before soybeans crack or weeds emerge. will depend on the rate used. At lower No-till—If weeds are present at the time of rates, it will provide early season broadleaf treatment, include Gramoxone, glyphosate, weed control when followed by glyphosate or 2,4-D in the spray mixture for annual in Roundup Ready soybeans. At full rates, weed burndown. annual grasses will be suppressed, but will

Remarks: At lower labeled rates Python likely need to be controlled postemergence. SMALL GRAINS controls lambsquarters, pigweed, and vel- The seed furrow must be closed prior to vetleaf. Higher labeled rates control smart- applying this premix or crop injury may weed and nightshade. Some common and result. Do not apply to cracking or emerged giant ragweed will escape control, even at soybeans because severe injury will occur. higher rates. Python can be used as a pre- Do not apply to sands with less than 1% emergence treatment to control broadleaf organic matter. Do not apply if steady wind PERENNIAL WEEDS weeds prior to a glyphosate treatment in speed exceeds 10 mph. Roundup Ready soybeans. Do not use on Rotational restrictions: Wheat can be peat or muck soils. Soybeans have shown planted after 4 months; field corn after 10 good tolerance to Python. months (if organic matter is greater than Rotational restrictions: Field and seed corn 1.5% and soil pH is less than 7); alfalfa, can be replanted any time. Do not plant small grains, and dry beans after 12 alfalfa, dry beans, small grains, or peas for months; and sweet corn and potatoes after 4 months after application; tobacco until 18 months. Several other crops cannot be STORED GRAIN 9 months after application; or potatoes until planted for 30 months. INSECTS 12 months after application. Sweet corn should not be planted until 18 months after Trifluralin application, with the exception of the spe- Rate: 1 to 2 pt/a of 4 lb/gal formulation cific hybrids listed on the label or supple- or equivalent. ments that can be planted after 10.5 months. Timing: Preplant-incorporated—Apply to Crops not listed on the label require a dry soil within the several weeks before

26‑month rotational interval. planting. Incorporate into the top 2 to 3 APPENDIX inches of soil within 24 hours after applica- Sonic tion. Prompt incorporation is important. See sulfentrazone + cloransulam premix. 126 Remarks: Trifluralin provides good to soybeans at least 1.5 inches deep. Do not PRINCIPLES OF PEST MNGMT. excellent annual grass control but does not incorporate Valor or apply if soybeans are control black nightshade, cocklebur, wild cracking. Rain splatter may cause speckling mustard, common ragweed, smartweed, of soybean plants. or velvetleaf. Trifluralin can be tank mixed Rotational restrictions: At Valor rates up to with Command or metribuzin. It is ineffec- 3 oz/a, field corn can be planted 1 month tive on peat or muck soils. Soybean injury after application; tobacco and wheat can be doesn’t appear to be a problem except when planted after 2 months; barley, snap and trifluralin is applied to wet soils or in areas dry beans, and sweet corn can be planted CORN subject to prolonged flooding. Trifluralin after 4 months; and alfalfa and oats can be can cause stunted soybean plants with planted after 5 months if tilled. swollen crowns and inhibited secondary roots. It can be mixed with liquid fertilizers Warrant (acetochlor) or impregnated onto certain dry fertilizers Rate: Preplant or Preemergence—1.25 to

SOYBEAN weeds for simultaneous application. 2.0 qt/a depending on soil conditions. Rotational restrictions: Rotational grass (pre/ppi) Maximum rate is 1.6, 1.7, and 1.9 qt/a crops can be planted 12 months follow- respectively for course-, medium-, and fine- ing application. There is some danger that textured soil with less than 1.5% organic trifluralin may persist and damage suscep- matter. Maximum rate is 1.7, 1.9, and 2.0 tible crops the following season. Risk of qt/a respectively for course-, medium-, such carryover appears greater when the and fine-textured soil with more than 1.5% subsequent sensitive crop is no-till planted. organic matter. FORAGES & PASTURES Postemergence—1.25 to 2.0 pt/a. Valor SX (flumioxazin) Timing: Warrant can be applied any time Rate: 2 to 3 oz/a. preplant, preemergence, or postemergence Timing: Preplant or preemergence—Apply up to the R2 growth stage at the appropri- within 3 days after planting. Do not apply ate rate for the timing. Do not incorporate preplant incorporated. preplant applications.

SMALL GRAINS No-till—Valor can be tank mixed with Remarks: Warrant is an encapsulated for- glyphosate, Gramoxone, Synchrony, or mulation of acetochlor labeled for preplant, 2,4‑D to increase the speed of burndown at-planting, preemergence, and postemer- or to provide residual annual weed control gence use on soybean. It does not include including seedling dandelion. To obtain the a safener. Warrant will provide residual full burndown activity from Valor, include control of annual grasses and some small- 1 to 2 pt/a crop oil concentrate. seeded broadleaves but will not control PERENNIAL WEEDS Remarks: Valor controls several small- emerged weeds. Warrant is labeled as a seeded broadleaf weeds and provides some tank-mix partner with several other pos- annual grass suppression. Broadleaf weeds temergence herbicides including glypho- that should be controlled at the 2 oz/a rate sate on glyphosate-tolerant crops. Follow include lambsquarters, horseweed, night- adjuvant requirements of the tank-mix shade, and pigweeds. Valor at 2.5 oz/a partner. Up to two applications of Warrant should control most common ragweed are allowed per season, but do not exceed and waterhemp, but the rate should be 4 qt/a total and do not apply past the R2 STORED GRAIN increased to 3 oz/a on fine-textured soils. growth stage. Do not apply postemergence INSECTS Valor is not labeled to control weeds on with liquid fertilizer, as severe crop injury soils with greater than 5% organic matter. may occur. Do not graze or feed treated for- Valor can be tank mixed with FirstRate, age to livestock. Lorox, or Python for additional broadleaf Rotational restrictions: Wheat may be control or Command 3ME or pendimeth- planted 4 months after application, and alin for grass control. Due to the risk of alfalfa, clover, and birdsfoot trefoil 9

APPENDIX injury, do not use Valor as a tank-mix months after. Cover crops can only be partner with or apply to fields treated with planted in the fall following application for Dual II Magnum, Intrro, or Outlook. Valor non-food or non-feed purposes. All other may injure soybeans if soils are cold and crops are allowed the following growing wet. To minimize the risk of injury, plant season. Do not apply Basagran in liquid fertilizer 127 PRINCIPLES OF

Postemergence herbicides PEST MNGMT. except as specified with 28% nitrogen or ammonium sulfate. Assure II (quizalofop) Timing: Soybean—Applications are gener- Rate: 7 to 10 fl oz/a. ally made from the unifoliate to second tri- Adjuvants: Add either crop oil concentrate foliate leaf stage, but all stages are tolerant. at 1% or nonionic surfactant at 0.25% to the Weeds—See label for weed size and rate spray mixture. required for control. Timing: Soybean—Apply any time after Remarks: Basagran provides fair to excel- emergence until soybean pod set or up to lent control of many annual broadleaf CORN 80 days before harvest. weeds. Redroot pigweed and common Weeds—Apply 7 fl oz/a to 4-inch green lambsquarters are only partially controlled, foxtail and yellow foxtail and 8‑inch giant especially when treated late. Velvetleaf and foxtail. Apply 5 fl oz/a to 6‑inch wild proso cocklebur control is excellent. Basagran millet and 12-inch shattercane. Apply 8 fl

provides good suppression of yellow nut- SOYBEAN weeds oz/a to 6-inch crabgrass and 8-inch wire- sedge and fair burndown Canada thistle. stem muhly; 9 fl oz/a to 4-inch woolly cup- It can be tank mixed with other postemer- (post) grass; and 10 fl oz/a to 10-inch quackgrass. gence soybean herbicides. Soybeans are Remarks: Assure II controls annual grasses quite tolerant of Basagran but slight leaf and perennial grasses like quackgrass and yellowing, bronzing, speckling, or burn wirestem muhly. Control of quackgrass may occur. Soybeans generally outgrow and wirestem muhly is usually evident the this condition within 10 days. Soybean leaf

season after application. Assure II can be burn increases when using nitrogen solu- FORAGES & PASTURES tank mixed with glyphosate to control vol- tion, but new soybean growth is normal unteer Roundup Ready corn. Use 4 fl oz/a and crop vigor is not reduced. Because for 12‑inch tall corn, 5 fl oz/a for 18-inch Basagran has contact action, weeds must tall corn, and 8 fl oz/a for 30-inch tall corn. be thoroughly covered with spray. Do not Add 0.125% surfactant if the glyphosate apply if wind exceeds 10 mph. formulation contains an adjuvant. If not, Rotational restrictions: None. add 0.25% nonionic surfactant. Soybean SMALL GRAINS injury from Assure II is not a problem. Cadet (fluthiacet) Assure II can be tank mixed with Basa- gran, Classic, Flexstar, Harmony SG, Rate: 0.4 to 0.6 fl oz/a in glyphosate mix- and Synchrony, but grass control may be tures or 0.6 to 0.9 fl oz/a if applied alone or reduced. This antagonism can be reduced in other tank mixtures. by increasing the Assure II rate or by Adjuvants: Add nonionic surfactant at PERENNIAL WEEDS applying Assure II in a separate applica- 0.25% or crop oil concentrate at 1 to 2 pt/a tion. In sequential applications, apply to the spray solution. 28% nitrogen solution Assure II 1 day before or 7 days after the at 1 to 2 qt/a or ammonium sulfate at 1 to broadleaf herbicide. 2 lb/a may be added. If mixed with a fully loaded glyphosate, only add ammonium Rotational restrictions: Do not rotate to crops other than soybeans, dry and snap sulfate as required for glyphosate. beans, peas, and other labeled crops within Timing: Soybeans—Apply from first trifoliate to full flower stage. 120 days after Assure II application. STORED GRAIN Weeds—At the 0.9 fl oz/a rate, apply INSECTS before lambsquarters and waterhemp Basagran (bentazon) exceed 2 inches, before pigweed exceeds Rate: 1 to 2 pt/a. 4 inches, and before velvetleaf exceeds 36 Adjuvants: Add 1 qt/a of crop oil concen- inches. trate in the final spray mixture. Where vel- Remarks: Cadet may cause temporary vetleaf is the primary weed problem, 2 to speckling of soybean leaves. Cadet has

4 qt/a of 28% nitrogen solution or 2.5 lb/a excellent activity on velvetleaf and controls APPENDIX of spray grade ammonium sulfate may be plants up to 36 inches tall at 0.6 fl oz/a or substituted for crop oil concentrate. If com- at lower rates in tank mixtures. At the 0.9 fl mon lambsquarters and/or common rag- oz/a rate, it is labeled to control lambs weed are present with velvetleaf, use crop quarters, waterhemp, jimsonweed, and oil concentrate plus a nitrogen additive. pigweed, but these weeds are only listed as 128 suppressed at lower rates. Cadet has con- Temporary yellowing and/or retarda- PRINCIPLES OF PEST MGMT tact activity and requires good spray cov- tion of soybean growth may occur within erage with a minimum of 15 gal/a spray 5 to 7 days after Classic treatment. Do not volume and 20 psi spray pressure. It is an apply Classic to soybeans that are under option when targeting velvetleaf alone or to stress from weather extremes or injury improve the control of other broadleaf her- from another herbicide. Use Classic spray bicides. Do not apply if wind speed exceeds preparations within 24 hours of mixing or 10 mph. product degradation may occur. Rotational restrictions: Corn or soybeans Rotational restrictions: Classic may persist CORN can be replanted any time if the crop is lost. and cause damage to susceptible crops the Any crop can be planted after harvest. following growing season especially if the soil pH exceeds 7.0. Small grains can be Classic (chlorimuron) planted 3 months after treatment; alfalfa, field corn, processing sweet corn, dry Rate: 0.5 to 0.75 oz/a if soil pH is less

SOYBEAN weeds beans, and peas can be planted 9 months than 7.0 or 0.25 to 0.33 oz/a when tank after treatment. mixed with Harmony SG. (post) Adjuvants: Add nonionic surfactant at Cobra 0.25% to the spray mixture. If droughty, crop oil concentrate at 1.0% (0.5% in Classic See lactofen (page 133). + Harmony SG tank mixtures) of spray can be used instead of surfactant. For velvet Extreme (Pursuit + glyphosate leaf control, add 2 to 4 qt/a of 28% nitro-

FORAGES & premix) PASTURES gen solution or 2 to 4 lb/a of spray grade Use only on Roundup Ready soybean ammonium sulfate, with surfactant or crop varieties. oil concentrate. Rate: 3 pt/a. Timing: Soybean—Apply after the first Adjuvants: Add nonionic surfactant at trifoliate leaf stage, but 60 days before soy- 0.125% to the spray mixture plus ammonium bean harvest. sulfate at 8.5 to 17 lb/100 gal of spray.

SMALL GRAINS Weeds—See label for weed size and rate Timing: Soybean—Apply before bloom required for control. and 85 days before harvest. Remarks: Classic controls several annual Weeds—In general, apply before weeds broadleaf weeds, but lambsquarters are 8 inches tall. The label lists specific and nightshade escape control. Tank weed heights for control. The maximum mixing Classic at 0.25 to 0.33 oz/a with size for crabgrass, foxtail, fall panicum, and Harmony SG will control lambsquarters

PERENNIAL WEEDS woolly cupgrass is at least 12 inches tall and improve velvetleaf control over that and barnyardgrass is 6 inches tall. The max- provided by Classic alone. Tank mixing imum size for lambsquarters, nightshade, Classic with Flexstar, lactofen, or Ultra pigweed, common and giant ragweed, Blazer will control nightshade and water- smartweed, and waterhemp is at least 6 hemp and improve control of common inches and velvetleaf is 5 inches. ragweed. Tank mixing Classic with a half Remarks: Extreme will provide good con- rate of Pursuit (use 0.125% surfactant plus trol of most annual grasses and broadleaf nitrogen) will control nightshade. Tank STORED GRAIN weeds and will suppress perennial weeds. mixing Classic with FirstRate will control INSECTS This premix has excellent postemergence common and giant ragweed. Classic can activity and will provide residual control be tank mixed with postemergence grass of many weeds. The greatest benefit of the herbicides. Classic at 0.25 to 0.33 oz/a residual activity may be in row soybeans can also be tank mixed with glyphosate where the soybean canopy is slower to when treating Roundup Ready soybeans close, when Extreme is applied very early to improve yellow nutsedge control. in drilled soybean, or when drilled soy-

APPENDIX Ammonium sulfate is recommended in beans have a poor stand. Extreme may be all Classic plus glyphosate tank mixtures. tank mixed with Outlook to enhance resid- Surfactant at 0.25% should be added when ual grass control. The risk of injury with the glyphosate formulation allows for this Extreme is low, but it may cause stunting. addition. Be cautious to avoid drift onto corn or other plants during application. Extreme can also but requires 30 months after higher rates. 129 PRINCIPLES OF be applied before emergence of conven- Crops not listed on the label require a PEST MGMT tional soybeans as a burndown treatment 30‑month rotational interval. and can be tank mixed with 2,4-D or Prowl, if applied before planting. Flexstar (fomesafen) Rotational restrictions: Do not plant wheat Rate: 1.0 to 1.3 pt/a. In southern Wis- until 3 months after application; alfalfa, consin (south of Highway 18 if west of edible beans, peas, and rye until 4 months Madison and south of I-94 if east of Madi- after application; conventional field and

son), the maximum rate is 1.3 pt/a. The CORN seed corn until 8.5 months after application; maximum rate is 1 pt/a Flexstar in most of barley and tobacco until 9.5 months after the region south of I-94 from Minnesota to application; oats and sweet corn until 18 Eau Claire and south of Highway 29 from months after application; and potatoes until Eau Claire to Green Bay plus Door and 26 months. Allow 40 months before plant- Kewaunee counties. Flexstar is not regis-

ing all other crops. SOYBEAN weeds tered for use in Adams, Clark, Marathon, Marquette, Portage, Shawano, Waupaca, FirstRate (post) (cloransulam) Waushara, and Wood counties or in north- Rate: 0.3 oz/a. ern Wisconsin. Adjuvants: Add 0.125 to 0.25% of nonionic Adjuvants: Add nonionic surfactant at surfactant. Ammonium sulfate at 2 lb/a or 0.25 to 0.5% or crop oil concentrate at 2.5% of 28% nitrogen solution or crop oil 0.5 to 1% to the spray mixture. Also add concentrate at 1.2% may be added to the either 1 to 2.5 gal of 28% nitrogen solution FORAGES & spray mixture. Always include a nitrogen or 8.5 lb of ammonium sulfate/100 gal of PASTURES source when treating velvetleaf. Injury may spray mixture. increase when a nitrogen source is applied Timing: Soybean—Apply before bloom. with crop oil concentrate. Weeds—The maximum leaf stage is 2 to Timing: Soybean—Apply before 50% 6 leaves depending on broadleaf species flowering. and rate. See label for specific weeds.

Weeds—Apply before horseweed, smart- Remarks: Flexstar controls many annual SMALL GRAINS weed, and velvetleaf exceed 6 inches; broadleaf weeds. Some lambsquarters before common ragweed exceeds 8 inches; and velvetleaf may escape control. Tank and before cocklebur and giant ragweed mixes with Basagran, Classic, FirstRate, exceed 10 inches. glyphosate, Harmony SG, Pursuit, Raptor, Remarks: FirstRate controls several broad- Resource, and Synchrony are labeled. Can leaf weeds and is excellent on common and be tank mixed with all of the postemer- giant ragweed (if not ALS-resistant) and gence grass herbicides, but it may reduce PERENNIAL WEEDS cocklebur. To control common lambsquar- the activity of the herbicide. Treated soy- ters and black nightshade, tank mix or fol- beans almost always show some leaf speck- low a preemergence herbicide that controls ling, crinkling, and bronzing, especially on these weeds. Labeled tank-mix partners the youngest leaves, generally outgrowing include most postemergence broadleaf and this condition without reduced crop vigor. grass herbicides. Follow rates and adjuvant Because Flexstar has contact action, weeds recommendations of the tank-mix partner. must be thoroughly covered with spray. STORED GRAIN FirstRate may antagonize Assure II and Use 15 to 20 gal/a of water and 30 to 60 psi INSECTS Fusion’s activity, so sequential applications pressure through flat fan or hollow cone are recommended. Do not apply if steady nozzles. wind speeds exceed 10 mph. Soybean Rotational restrictions: Soybean and snap stunting from FirstRate seems to be mini- and dry beans can be replanted any time. mal or temporary. Small grains can be planted 4 months Rotational restrictions: Do not plant wheat after application, and corn and peas can

until 3 months after application; alfalfa, be planted 10 months after application. APPENDIX field corn, oats, peas, and snap beans after Other crops should not be planted until 18 9 months; and potatoes and sweet corn months after treatment. Flexstar can only after 18 months. Tobacco can be trans- be used in alternate years. planted 10 months after a 0.3 oz/a rate, 130 be planted 10 months after application. PRINCIPLES OF Flexstar GT 3.5 (glyphosate + PEST MGMT Other crops should not be planted until 18 Flexstar premix) months after treatment. Use only on Roundup Ready varieties. Rate: 3.5 to 4.5 pt/a. In southern Wiscon- Fusilade DX (fluazifop-p) sin (south of Highway 18 west of Madison and south of I-94 east of Madison), the Rate: Apply 4 to 6 fl oz/a. maximum rate is 4.5 pt/a. The maximum Adjuvants: Add 0.25% crop oil concentrate rate is 3.5 pt/a in the region south of I-94 plus any adjuvants required by the glypho-

CORN from Minnesota to Eau Claire and south sate formulation. of Highway 29 from Eau Claire to Green Timing: Soybean—Apply from emergence Bay plus a few counties north of this line. until soybean bloom. Flexstar GT 3.5 is not registered for use Weeds—Apply before volunteer Roundup in Adams, Clark, Marathon, Marquette, Ready corn is 12 inches tall. Portage, Shawano, Waushara, and Wood Remarks: Fusilade DX has a supplemental SOYBEAN weeds Counties. label recommending a tank mixture with glyphosate to control volunteer Roundup (post) Adjuvants: Add ammonium sulfate at 8.5 to 17.0 lb/100 gal of spray mixture. Flex- Ready corn in Roundup Ready soybeans. star GT 3.5 contains a built-in adjuvant, With favorable soil moisture and weather but crop oil or nonionic surfactant can be conditions, the 4 fl oz/a rate can be used. added in adverse conditions. Fusilade DX can be used for annual grass Timing: Soybean—Apply up to 45 days control in conventional soybeans, but other postemergence grass herbicides are recom-

FORAGES & before harvest. PASTURES Weeds—With 3.5 pt/a, common broadleaf mended. Fusilade DX is rainfast in 1 hour. weeds are labeled for control up to 4 inches Rotational restrictions: Do not replant tall and most annual grasses are labeled for grass crops like corn or small grains for control up to 12 inches tall. 60 days. Remarks: Flexstar GT 3.5 will control most annual and perennial grass and Fusion (Fusilade + fenoxaprop

SMALL GRAINS broadleaf weeds. It can be tank mixed with premix) postemergence grass herbicides to control Rate: 8 fl oz/a. glyphosate-resistant corn. This premix- Adjuvants: Add crop oil concentrate at 0.5 ture of Flexstar with glyphosate will allow to 1% or nonionic surfactant at 0.25 to 0.5% glyphosate-resistant weeds like waterhemp to the spray mixture. Use crop oil concen- and common and giant ragweed to be trate at 1% when treating perennial grasses. controlled. However, resistant weeds will

PERENNIAL WEEDS The Fusion label also permits the addition need to be sprayed at a smaller size than of 28% nitrogen solution at up to 4% to the typically sprayed with glyphosate in order spray mixture or up to 4 lb/a ammonium for them to be controlled by the Flexstar sulfate if required by a tank-mix partner. component. The adjuvant system in Flex- Timing: Soybean—Apply before bloom. star GT 3.5 is designed to reduce speckling Weeds—Apply 8 fl oz/a to 2- to 4-inch and crinkling of soybean leaves, but some green and yellow foxtail, field sandbur and symptoms should still be expected. The woolly cupgrass, 2- to 6-inch fall panicum,

STORED GRAIN soybeans should outgrow these symptoms 2- to 8-inch giant foxtail, and 1- to 4-inch

INSECTS within several days. Because the Flexstar crabgrass. Fusion at 6 fl oz/a controls 4‑ to component has contact activity, weeds 8-inch wild proso millet, 6- to 12- inch shat- need thorough spray coverage. Use 15 to tercane, and 12- to 24-inch volunteer corn. 20 gal/a of water and 30 to 60 psi pressure Apply up to 14 fl oz/a as rescue treatments with flat fan nozzles. Do not apply if wind of giant foxtail, wild proso millet, and exceeds 15 mph. Flexstar GT 3.5 can only be woolly cupgrass up to 16 inches tall. used in alternate years. Remarks: Fusion controls annual grasses. APPENDIX Rotational restrictions: Soybeans and snap Two separate applications of Fusion, and dry beans can be replanted at any timed 2 to 3 weeks apart, control peren- time. Small grains can be planted 4 months nial grasses like quackgrass and wirestem after application, and corn and peas can muhly. Fusion can be tank mixed with glyphosate to control volunteer Roundup Timing: Broadcast—Apply from soybean 131 PRINCIPLES OF Ready corn. Use 4 fl oz/a of Fusion plus emergence to full flower (R2 stage). Treat PEST MGMT 0.25% crop oil concentrate if the corn is up to 8-inch annual weeds with 0.75 lb ae/a less than 12 inches tall. If the corn is 12 of glyphosate. Larger weeds and perennials to 24 inches tall, use 6 fl oz/a. Fusion can require higher rates. be tank mixed with most broadleaf herbi- Preharvest—Apply at least 7 days before cides, but antagonism may reduce grass normal soybean harvest, but only after soy- control. To compensate, the Fusion rate bean pods have lost all their green color. can be increased 4 fl oz/a in tank mixtures. For best dry down of weeds, wait 14 to 21 When yellow foxtail, barnyardgrass, woolly days after application before harvesting CORN cupgrass, sandbur, or crabgrass are prob- soybeans. lem weeds, applying Fusion sequentially Remarks: Broadcast—Roundup Ready to postemergence broadleaf herbicides soybeans are resistant to postemergence- is recommended. In sequential applica- applied glyphosate, but only use formula-

tions, apply Fusion 2 or 3 days before the tions labeled for such use. Glyphosate con- SOYBEAN weeds broadleaf herbicide or about 7 days after trols emerged grass and broadleaf weeds, the broadleaf herbicide, when the grass but has no residual control. Glyphosate can (post) has grown a new leaf. Do not apply Fusion be tank mixed with Assure II, Fusilade DX, to grasses that are stressed from weather Fusion, or Select Max to control volunteer extremes or injury from another herbicide. Roundup Ready corn. (See the remarks sec- Soybean injury from Fusion is not a problem. tion of those herbicides for adjuvant recom- Rotational restrictions: Do not plant rota- mendations.) In drilled soybeans with their

tional grass crops such as corn, sorghum, earlier canopy closure, a single glyphosate FORAGES & PASTURES or small grains within 60 days after Fusion application often provides season-long application. control. We have had good results treating drilled soybeans at the 2-trifoliate leaf Glyphosate stage (when weeds are 2 to 6 inches) with Rate: Broadcast—0.75 to 1.5 lb ae/a per 0.56 lb ae/a glyphosate. Row soybeans may application for a total of 2.25 lb ae/a per require a second application. Be very cau- SMALL GRAINS season in-crop. Use only on Roundup tious to avoid glyphosate drift onto corn or Ready soybean varieties. other plants during application. Preharvest—Apply 0.75 to 3 lb ae/a Preharvest—Glyphosate can be applied according to weed species (Touchdown is to actively growing weeds as a preharvest limited to 0.78 lb ae/a in Roundup Ready cleanup for the control of perennial weeds soybeans). such as quackgrass (0.75 to 1.5 lb ae/a),

Canada thistle (1.5 to 2.25 lb ae/a), bind- PERENNIAL WEEDS Glyphosate conversion table weeds (2.25 to 3 lb ae/a), and hemp dog- ——Rate for—— bane (3 lb ae/a). Apply in 10 to 20 gal/a Formulation 0.56 lb 0.75 lb of water and adjust nozzle height for good Name (lb ae/gal) ae/a ae/a weed coverage. If applying by air, mix up to 0.75 lb ae/a of glyphosate in 3 to 5 gal/a Many 3.0 24 fl oz 32 fl oz of water. Do not apply if weeds have been Durango DMA 4.0 18 fl oz 24 fl oz damaged by frost. Perennial weeds should

Touchdown Total 4.17 17 fl oz 23 fl oz only be treated if at least two-thirds of the STORED GRAIN

Roundup 4.5 16 fl oz 21 fl oz plants’ leaves are green and physiologically INSECTS PowerMax active. Touchdown is limited to 1 qt/a as a Touchdown HiTech 5.0 14 fl oz 19 fl oz preharvest treatment on Roundup Ready soybeans, but 6 qt/a can be applied in con- Adjuvants: Ammonium sulfate at 8.5 to ventional soybeans. 17 lb/100 gal of spray mixture is recom- Rotational restrictions: Glyphosate formu- mended when treating drought-stressed lations have no rotational restrictions for plants or larger, hard-to-control weeds. Wisconsin field crops except for a 30-day APPENDIX Check the label to see if the glyphosate for- interval before tobacco. mulation requires additional surfactant. 132 Weeds—Harmony SG controls up to 4-inch PRINCIPLES OF Gramoxone Inteon (paraquat) PEST MGMT common lambsquarters, 8-inch pigweeds, Preharvest: Gramoxone is registered as and 6-inch smartweeds and velvetleaf. a “harvest aid” or desiccant for soybeans. Remarks: Harmony SG controls several It is not intended to hasten crop maturity broadleaf weeds but does not control black since this would result in immature, low- nightshade. Tank mixing Harmony with a grade soybeans. The primary purpose of half rate of Pursuit (use 0.125% surfactant Gramoxone is to dry weed growth that is plus nitrogen) will control nightshade. Har- present in mature soybeans. mony can be tank mixed with postemer- CORN Rate: 8 to 16 fl oz/a. gence grass herbicides, Basagran, Classic, Adjuvants: Add nonionic surfactant at Flexstar, or lactofen. Harmony can be tank 0.125% or crop oil concentrate at 1% to the mixed with glyphosate to increase lambs- spray mixture. quarters control in Roundup Ready soy- Timing: Soybean—Apply when plants are beans. Temporary yellowing and/or reduc- mature, at least 65% of the seed pods have

SOYBEAN weeds tion of soybean growth may occur within reached a mature brown color, or when 5 to 7 days after Harmony treatment. Such

(post) seed moisture is 30% or less. Apply at least injury occurs most frequently during hot, 15 days before harvest. humid weather. Do not apply Harmony to Remarks: Paraquat use allows faster com- soybeans that are under stress from weather bine speed and reduces green weed foli- extremes or injury from another herbicide. age in the harvested crop. This treatment Do not tank mix Harmony with organo will desiccate black nightshade leaves but phosphate insecticides or apply Harmony

FORAGES & berries will remain on the treated plant. within 14 days before or after such insecti- PASTURES Mature cocklebur is quite tolerant of para- cide use. quat. Use a minimum of 20 gal/a of water Rotational restrictions: Any rotational crop with ground application and 5 gal/a when can be planted 45 days after treatment. paraquat is applied aerially. Avoid paraquat application when uniform coverage Ignite 280 (glufosinate) cannot be obtained or excessive spray drift

SMALL GRAINS may occur. Only use on Liberty Link soybean variet- Rotational restrictions: None. ies. Rate: 29 to 36 fl oz/a. A maximum of Harmony SG (thifensulfuron) 36 fl oz per application and a maximum of 65 fl oz/a can be used for the entire season Rate: 0.125 oz/a alone or with glyphosate in Liberty Link corn. on Roundup Ready soybeans. Adjuvants: Add 2 lb/a ammonium sulfate PERENNIAL WEEDS Adjuvants: Add nonionic surfactant at to help control weeds under stress. The 0.125 to 0.25% or crop oil concentrate at Ignite formulation contains surfactants. 0.5% to the spray mixture. The higher rate of Additional surfactants are not required. surfactant increases risk of soybean injury, Timing: Apply between dawn and 2 hours particularly under hot, humid conditions. before sunset. The oil addition is preferred under dry, cool Soybeans—Apply after emergence but conditions but also increases the risk of soy- before the bloom stage. bean injury. Also include 2 to 4 qt/a of 28% Weeds—Apply before barnyardgrass, STORED GRAIN nitrogen solution or 1 to 2 qt/a of 10-34-0 in crabgrass, fall panicum, and yellow fox- INSECTS the spray mixture. Ammonium sulfate at 2 tail exceed 3 inches, and before giant and to 4 lb/a may also be used. green foxtail, wild proso millet, and woolly With glyphosate tank mixtures on cupgrass exceed 6 inches. Apply before pig- Roundup Ready soybeans, add 4.25 to 17 weed and velvetleaf exceed 3 inches; before lb/100 gal of ammonium sulfate. Also add lambsquarters exceeds 4 inches; and before 0.125 to 0.25% nonionic surfactant if the nightshade, common and giant ragweed, glyphosate formulation is not preloaded. APPENDIX and smartweeds exceed 6 inches. Timing: Soybean—Apply after the first trifoliate leaf, but 60 days before harvest. Remarks: Ignite is a nonselective contact aboveground portions of some perennial 133 PRINCIPLES OF herbicide that controls many annual weeds weeds but since underground portions PEST MGMT and will burn the top growth of perennial aren’t killed, regrowth will occur. Reduced weeds. Ignite can be tank mixed with most rates of lactofen are labeled to mix with postemergence herbicides to enhance weed Classic and Synchrony to control black control. Ignite lacks residual activity so a nightshade and with Classic, Harmony SG, second application can be made if needed. and Pursuit to enhance common ragweed To avoid needing a second application, a control. Lactofen can also be tank mixed preemergence residual herbicide often aids with Assure II, Basagran, FirstRate, glypho- in making a single application of Ignite suc- sate, Raptor, Resource, or Select Max. Lac- CORN cessful. Liberty Link varieties have good tofen-treated soybeans almost always show tolerance to Ignite, but slight speckling of some leaf burning, crinkling, and bronzing, leaves may occur. Apply in a minimum especially on the youngest leaves. Soybeans of 15 gal/a as thorough spray coverage generally outgrow this condition. Injury

is required. Do not apply if wind speeds is greatest with crop oil concentrate and SOYBEAN weeds exceed 10 mph. Ignite is rainfast in 4 hours. increases when adding nitrogen solution or

Rotational restrictions: Corn and soybeans ammonium sulfate. New soybean growth (post) can be replanted at any time. Small grains is normal, and crop vigor is not reduced. and root, tuber, and leafy vegetables can be Do not apply lactofen to soybeans that planted 70 days after application, and other are under stress from weather extremes. crops can be planted after 180 days. Because lactofen has contact action, weeds must be thoroughly covered with spray.

Use 20 to 30 gal/a of water with Cobra FORAGES & Lactofen PASTURES or 15 to 20 gal/a of water with Phoenix. Rate: 6.0 to 12.5 fl oz/a. Apply at 40 to 60 psi pressure through Adjuvants: Phoenix—The Phoenix formu- flat fan or hollow cone nozzles spaced 20 lation contains a premixed adjuvant. Add inches apart. 0.125 to 0.25% nonionic surfactant. Use the Rotational restrictions: None. high concentration when weeds are at their

maximum labeled size. Crop oil concen- SMALL GRAINS Outlook trate can be used at 1 pt/a if droughty. (dimethenamid-P) Cobra—With reduced rates of 6 to 10 fl Timing: Outlook can be applied from oz/a, add 1 pt/a crop oil concentrate. With the 1 to 5 trifoliate stage for residual grass a full rate, add crop oil concentrate at 0.25 control. See Outlook on page 123. to 1% to the spray mixture. Refer to label for recommendations and rates based on Phoenix relative humidity. Alternatives to crop oil PERENNIAL WEEDS See lactofen (page 133). include nonionic surfactant at 0.25% during high humidity or 28% nitrogen solution at Poast Plus (sethoxydim) 4% plus 0.5% crop oil concentrate during Rate: 1.5 pt/a. low humidity. Crop oil concentrate is the Adjuvants: Add 1 qt/a of crop oil concen- preferred additive for the control of taller trate. When controlling volunteer corn or weeds. crabgrass, include 2 to 4 qt/a 28% nitrogen Timing: Soybean—Apply at the 1- to solution or 2.5 lb/a ammonium sulfate with STORED GRAIN 2-trifoliate leaf stage to ensure good spray crop oil concentrate. INSECTS coverage of weeds. Do not apply lactofen Timing: Soybean—Apply any time, but within 45 days of soybean harvest or past 75 days before harvest. the R6 stage. Weeds—Poast Plus controls up to 8-inch Weeds—The full rate of lactofen controls foxtails, fall panicum, barnyardgrass and up to 8-leaf common ragweed and 6-leaf woolly cupgrass, 6-inch large and smooth giant ragweed, pigweed, black nightshade, crabgrass, 18-inch shattercane, and 20-inch cocklebur, and waterhemp. APPENDIX volunteer corn. Poast Plus at 0.75 pt/a con- Remarks: Lactofen provides good control trols up to 10-inch wild proso millet. of black nightshade, pigweeds, ragweeds, Remarks: Poast Plus controls annual and waterhemp, but only suppresses com- grasses and perennial grasses like quack- mon lambsquarters. Lactofen will burn off grass and wirestem muhly. Poast Plus can 134 be tank mixed with most postemergence after application; oats, popcorn, sorghum, PRINCIPLES OF PEST MGMT broadleaf herbicides, but grass control or sweet corn until 18 months after appli- may be reduced. This antagonism can be cation; or potatoes until 26 months. Allow avoided by applying Poast Plus 1 day before 40 months after Pursuit application before or 7 days after the broadleaf herbicide. Soy- planting all other crops. bean injury is not a problem. Do not apply Poast Plus to grasses that are stressed from Raptor (imazamox) weather extremes or injury from another Rate: 4 fl oz/a when following a preemer- herbicide. Do not apply if wind exceeds gence grass herbicide or 5 fl oz/a when all CORN 10 mph. herbicide applications are postemergence. Rotational restrictions: Soybean and alfalfa Adjuvants: Add nonionic surfactant at can be planted any time after application. 0.25% to the spray mixture, 1% crop oil Other crops can be planted after 30 days. concentrate, or 1% methylated seed oil. Also include 1 to 2 qt/a of either 28-0-0 or

SOYBEAN weeds Pursuit (imazethapyr) 10-34-0 fertilizer solution in the spray mix- Rate: 4 fl oz/a. ture. Spray grade ammonium sulfate at 2.5 (post) Adjuvants: Add nonionic surfactant at lb/a may be substituted for liquid fertilizer. 0.25% to the spray mixture or 1% crop oil Timing: Soybean—Apply before bloom and concentrate. Also include 1 to 2 qt/a of 85 days before harvest. either 28-0-0, 32-0-0, or 10-34-0 fertilizer Weeds—Apply before foxtails and fall solution in the spray mixture. Spray grade panicum exceed 6 inches, barnyardgrass ammonium sulfate at 2.5 lb/a may be sub- exceeds 5 inches, and wild proso millet FORAGES & PASTURES stituted for liquid fertilizer. exceeds 4 inches. Apply to broadleaves Timing: Soybean—Apply before bloom and before lambsquarters, nightshade, rag- 85 days before harvest. weeds, and smartweeds exceed 5 inches Weeds—Apply before weeds are more and cocklebur, pigweeds, and velvetleaf than 3 inches tall. Cocklebur, pigweeds, and exceed 8 inches. shattercane can be controlled up to 8 inches Remarks: Raptor controls many annual

SMALL GRAINS tall. grasses and broadleaf weeds. Common Remarks: Pursuit controls many grass and ragweed may require a tank mix for com- broadleaf weeds. Common lambsquarters plete control. Without a prior preemergence usually escapes postemergence treatment, grass herbicide treatment, Raptor may not but can be controlled by adding a half rate adequately control barnyardgrass, crab- of Harmony SG (use nonionic surfactant, grass, wild proso millet, or woolly cup- not crop oil concentrate as the adjuvant). grass. If Raptor is tank mixed with a post

PERENNIAL WEEDS Pursuit can be tank mixed with Basagran, emergence grass herbicide, grass weed con- FirstRate, Flexstar, lactofen, or Ultra Blazer trol may be reduced. This antagonism can to broaden the spectrum of broadleaf weed be avoided by applying the grass herbicide control. For improved control of volun- 3 days before or 7 days after the application teer corn and grassy weeds, tank mix with of Raptor. Raptor may be tank mixed with Assure II, Fusion, Poast Plus, or Select Max. FirstRate to increase control of common However, the effectiveness of the grass her- and giant ragweed. Cobra, Flexstar, or Ultra bicide may be reduced due to antagonism Blazer tank mixtures may increase control STORED GRAIN from Pursuit. Pursuit can be tank mixed of waterhemp and ragweed. Tank mixing INSECTS with glyphosate on Roundup Ready soy- broadleaf herbicides with Raptor may also beans or with Outlook for residual grass reduce its grass control. Raptor may be control. Risk of soybean injury from Pursuit tank mixed with Outlook for residual grass is minimal but it may shorten internodes. control. There is a risk that Raptor may Rotational restrictions: Do not plant wheat cause temporary chlorosis and shortening until 3 months after application; alfalfa, of internodes. Rotational restrictions: APPENDIX edible beans, peas, or rye until 4 months Do not plant wheat after application; conventional field corn until 3 months after application; barley until and seed corn until 8.5 months after appli- after 4 months; field and sweet corn until cation; barley or tobacco until 9.5 months after 8.5 months; and alfalfa, oat, pea, and potato until 9 months after application. Many infestations of quackgrass. Select Max does 135 PRINCIPLES OF PEST MNGMT. other vegetable crops are also listed on the not injure soybeans. Select Max at 6 fl oz/a label with a 9‑month rotational interval. can be tank mixed with glyphosate to control Roundup Ready corn up to 12 inches Resource (flumiclorac) tall. Higher rates can be used to control taller corn. Add nonionic surfactant if the Rate: 4 to 12 fl oz/a. glyphosate formulation is not preloaded Adjuvants: Add 1 qt/a crop oil concen- with surfactant. Add 8.5 to 17 lb/100 gal trate when applying Resource alone. Check ammonium sulfate to all glyphosate tank

the Resource label for adjuvant require- CORN mixtures. ments when tank mixing. Select Max can be tank mixed with broad Timing: Soybean—Do not apply within leaf herbicides, but grass control may be 60 days of harvest. reduced. Increased rates should be used Weeds—Apply the following rates for with Pursuit and Raptor tank mixtures. velvetleaf: 4 fl oz/a when 6 leaves or fewer,

This antagonism can be avoided by apply- SOYBEAN weeds 6 fl oz/a when 8 leaves, 8 fl oz/a when 10 ing Select Max 1 day before or 7 days after leaves, and 12 fl oz/a when 30 inches tall. the broadleaf herbicide. When tank mixing, (post) Remarks: Resource is highly effective check the label for specific adjuvant options on velvetleaf. It is less effective on other for the mixture. If regrowth of perennial broadleaf weeds but will suppress small grasses occurs, make a second applica- lambsquarters, cocklebur, common ragweed, tion of Select Max. Do not apply if wind is and pigweed. Resource can be tank mixed greater than 10 mph. at 2 to 4 fl oz/a with postemergence broad-

Rotational restrictions: Soybean, alfalfa, FORAGES & leaf herbicides or glyphosate for added vel- PASTURES potatoes, and other labeled crops can be vetleaf control. Resource may cause tempo- planted any time. Do not plant other rota- rary speckling of soybean leaves, but plants tional crops until 30 days after application. quickly outgrow this injury. Rotational restrictions: Corn or soybean Sequence (Dual Magnum + can be replanted if crop fails. Other crops glyphosate premix)

can be planted after 30 days. SMALL GRAINS Use only on Roundup Ready varieties. Roundup formulations Rate: 2.5 to 3.5 pt/a. Adjuvants: Ammonium sulfate may be See glyphosate (page 131). added at 8.5 to 17 lb/100 gal. Timing: Soybean—Apply from emergence Select Max (clethodim) through the third trifoliate stage.

Rate: 9 fl oz/a. Use 16 fl oz/a when Weeds—Sequence at 2.5 pt/a provides PERENNIAL WEEDS annual grasses are at the maximum height 0.7 lb ae/a glyphosate and is effective on listed for control. Apply 12 fl oz/a for most annual weeds if treated before the quackgrass and wirestem muhly. 6-inch height. The label has specific rates Adjuvants: Add nonionic surfactant at for individual weed heights. 0.25% or crop oil concentrate at 1 qt/a to Remarks: Sequence will provide good the spray mixture. Also add ammonium control of most annual grasses and broad- sulfate at 2.5 lb/a or 2 qt/a 28% nitrogen leaf weeds and many perennial weeds. solution. The s-metolachlor component will provide STORED GRAIN

Timing: Soybean—Apply 60 days before residual annual grass control, which may INSECTS harvest. be beneficial in row soybeans or when Weeds—Apply to 6-inch crabgrass and applied early in drilled soybeans. It can field sandbur; 8‑inch green foxtail, yellow be tank mixed with Fusion or Fusilade DX foxtail, fall panicum, and woolly cupgrass; to control volunteer Roundup Ready corn 12-inch giant foxtail; 10-inch wild proso or Classic, FirstRate, or Flexstar for added millet; 8-inch quackgrass and wirestem broadleaf control. Sequence may cause muhly; and 18-inch shattercane. some slight leaf crinkle or leaf spotting, but APPENDIX Remarks: Select Max controls annual the soybeans should rapidly outgrow this grasses and two separate applications symptom. Be cautious to avoid drift onto timed 2 to 3 weeks apart will control heavy 136 corn or other plants during application. Do velvetleaf control can be improved with the PRINCIPLES OF PEST MNGMT. not apply if a preemergence application of addition of 0.06 oz/a Harmony SG; com- metolachlor was previously made. mon ragweed and velvetleaf control can Rotational restrictions: If the soybean crop be improved with 0.15 oz/a FirstRate; and is lost, soybeans, corn, peas, or snap beans waterhemp, common ragweed, nightshade, can be replanted. Alfalfa can be planted 4 and velvetleaf control can be improved months after application and small grains with 1 pt/a Flexstar. Synchrony will not can be planted after 4.5 months. Other control nightshade by itself. Non-STS soy- crops can be planted the following spring. bean varieties may be slightly stunted by

CORN Synchrony. Synchrony SG (Harmony SG + Rotational restrictions: Soybeans can Classic premix) be replanted any time after application. Small grains can be planted after 3 Rate: Apply 0.375 oz/a alone or with months; alfalfa, dry and snap beans, field glyphosate on Roundup Ready soybeans. corn, sweet corn, peas, and tobacco after 9 SOYBEAN weeds Adjuvants: On conventional varieties, months; and potatoes after 30 months. add nonionic surfactant at 0.25% to the (post) spray mixture. In addition, add either 2 to Touchdown 4 qt/a of 28% nitrogen solution, 1 to 2 qt/a of 10-34-0, or 2 to 4 lb/a of ammonium See glyphosate (page 131). sulfate. On Roundup Ready soybeans, add 0.25% nonionic surfactant when mixed with Ultra Blazer (acifluorfen) glyphosate plus ammonium sulfate at 4.25

FORAGES & Rate: 1.0 to 1.5 pt/a. PASTURES to 17 lb/100 gal. Adjuvants: Add nonionic surfactant at Timing: Soybean—Apply after the first tri- 0.125 to 0.25%, crop oil concentrate at 1 to foliate leaf stage and 60 days before harvest. 2 pt/a, 2 to 4 qt/a of 28% nitrogen solution, Weeds—Apply before pigweed, cocklebur, or 2.5 lb/a ammonium sulfate to the spray and other broadleaf weeds exceed 4 inches. mixture. Remarks: At 0.375 oz/a, only pigweed,

SMALL GRAINS cocklebur and sunflower are listed as controlled. Lambsquarters, smartweed, and

Table 3-2. Rate equivalents of soybean herbicide premixes Herbicide Rate/a Provides the equivalent of: Authority Assist 6 fl oz 5 fl oz Spartan 4L + 2 fl oz Pursuit 2S

PERENNIAL WEEDS Authority First/Sonic 3 oz 3.7 fl oz Spartan 4L + 0.28 oz FirstRate 84DF Authority MTZ 12 oz 4.3 fl oz Spartan 4L + 4.3 oz Metribuzin 75DF Boundary 6.5EC 1.5 pt 1.03 pt Dual II Magnum 7.64EC + 5 oz Metribuzin 75DF Canopy EX 29.5DF 1.1 oz 1.0 oz Classic 25DF + 0.15 oz Express 50SG Canopy 75DF 2.25 oz 1 oz Classic 25DF + 1.9 oz Metribuzin 75DF Enlite 2.8 oz 2 oz Valor SX + 0.3 oz Classic 25DF + 0.5 oz Harmony SG

STORED GRAIN Envive 2.5 oz 1.4 oz Valor SX + 0.9 oz Classic 25DF + 0.14 oz Harmony SG

INSECTS Extreme 2.17SC 3 pt 4 fl oz Pursuit 2S + 0.56 lb ae glyphosate Flexstar GT 3 pt 1 lb ae glyphosate + 1 pt Flexstar 1.88EC Fusion 2.56EC 8 fl oz 8 fl oz Fusilade DX 2EC + 6.7 fl oz Option II 0.67EC Gangster (co-pack) 2.4 oz 2 oz Valor 51DF + 0.4 oz FirstRate 84DF OpTILL PRO (co-pack) 2 oz + 10 fl oz 2 oz OpTILL + 10 oz Outlook Prefix 2 pt 1.1 pt Dual II Magnum 7.64EC + 1 pt Flexstar APPENDIX Sequence 5.25EC 2.67 pt 1 pt Dual II Magnum 7.64EC + 0.75 lb ae glyphosate Synchrony XP 28.4DF 0.375 oz 0.32 oz Classic 25DF + 0.05 oz Harmony 50SG Valor XLT 2.5 oz 1.5 oz Valor SX + 1 oz Classic 25DF Verdict 5 fl oz 1 fl oz Sharpen + 4.2 fl oz Outlook PRINCIPLES OF SOYBEAN weeds FORAGES & STORED GRAIN PEST MNGMT. CORN (post) PASTURES SMALL GRAINS PERENNIAL WEEDS INSECTS APPENDIX 137 Grain harvest Grain harvest interval no restrictions 85 days 85 days no restrictions 60 days 60 days — 90 days 60 days no restrictions 50 days no restrictions no restrictions no restrictions no restrictions 14 days 7 days 15 days 60 days 70 days no restrictions 45 days no restrictions no restrictions 85 days 85 days no restrictions 75 days no restrictions 80 days no restrictions 65 days no restrictions 30 days no restrictions 60 days 60 days no restrictions no restrictions no restrictions 85 days 65 days bloom before treat 45 days bloom before treat bloom before treat 65 days no restrictions not permitted not permitted no restrictions not permitted not permitted 30 days not permitted not permitted no restrictions not permitted not permitted not permitted 80 days not permitted 14 days 25 days not permitted not permitted not permitted not permitted not permitted not permitted 40 days not permitted not permitted not permitted 75 days not permitted Forage harvest Forage harvest interval not permitted not permitted not permitted not permitted 30 days 40 days not permitted not permitted no restrictions not permitted not permitted not permitted 14 days not permitted not permitted not permitted not permitted not permitted a b O 2 information. For broadcast postemergence applications to Roundup Ready soybeans. Labels may have changed after this table was prepared. Consult current labels to Pursuit Python Raptor Resource Select Max Sequence—preplant Sequence—postemergence XP Synchrony Trifluralin Ultra Blazer SX Valor XLT Valor Verdict Warrant Glyphosate—preharvest Gramoxone Inteon—harvest aid Harmony SG Ignite Intrro Lactofen (Cobra/Phoenix) Lorox Metribuzin OpTILL PRO OpTILL Outlook Poast Plus Prefix H Prowl Table 3-3. Forage and grain harvest intervals for grain harvest Forage and Table 3-3. herbicides soybean Herbicide II Assure Authority Assist Authority First/Sonic Authority MTZ Basagran Boundary Cadet Classic Dual II Magnum Enlite Envive Extreme FirstRate Flexstar Flexstar GT Fusilade DX Fusion Gangster Glyphosate—broadcast a verify the b Soybeans can be emergence grass herbicides. Ultra Blazer controls pigweed, Ultra Blazer controls Apply in the 1- to in the Apply Soybean— The maximum leaf stage is 2 or leaf stage is Weeds—The maximum Rotational restrictions: Remarks: Timing: Timing: 2-trifoliate leaf stage to ensure good spray leaf stage to ensure 2-trifoliate 50 days before of weeds. Apply coverage harvest. for control. most weeds listed 4 leaves for rate required for spe- See label for size and cific weeds. common ragweed, and black nightshade common ragweed, but is less active on better than Basagran It will burn the velvetleaf and cocklebur. of perennial weeds aboveground portions Canada thistle, such as common milkweed, but since underground and field bindweed, regrowth will portions are not killed, with occur. Ultra Blazer can be tank mixed Basagran, Classic, FirstRate, glyphosate, Harmony SG, Pursuit, Raptor, Resource, and the post Soybeans treated with Ultra Blazer almost Soybeans treated with Ultra Blazer always show some leaf speckling, crinkling, and bronzing, especially on the youngest this leaves. Soybeans generally outgrow that condition. Do not apply to soybeans are under stress from weather extremes or injury from another herbicide. Because must Ultra Blazer has contact action, weeds Use 10 be thoroughly covered with spray. of to 20 gal/a of water and a minimum 40 psi pressure through flat fan or hollow Do not cone nozzles spaced 20 inches apart. apply if wind exceeds 15 mph. planted any time, small grains after 40 planted any time, small grains after days, and all other crops after 100 days. 138 PRINCIPLES OF

PEST MNGMT. Table 3-4. Rainfree period and adjuvants required for postemergence soybean herbicides Recommended adjuvants Hours Herbicide rainfast NIS COC N additive Assure II 1 0.25% or 1% Basagrana 4 1 qt/a or 28% N at 2–4 qt/a or AMS at 2.5 lb/a Cadet 4 0.25% or 1–2 pt/a plus 28% N at 1–2 qt/a or AMS at 1–2 lb/a may be added CORN Classic 1 0.25% or 1% if hot, dry Also add 28% N at 2–4 qt/a or AMS at 2–4 lb/a for velvetleaf Cobrab 0.5 0.25% if high RH or 0.25–1.0% or 28% N at 1 gal/a or AMS at 2–4 lb/a plus NIS or COC Extreme 1 0.125% plus AMS at 2.5 lb/a or 28% N at 1–2 qt/a SOYBEAN weeds FirstRate 2 0.125–0.25% or 1.2% Add 28% N at 2.5% or AMS at 2 lb/a

(post) when using nonionic surfactant Flexstar 1 0.25–0.5% or 0.5–1.0% plus 28% N at 2.5% or AMS at 10 lb/100 gal Flexstar GT 1 AMS at 8.5–17.0 lb/100 gal may be added Fusilade DX 1 0.25% Fusion 1 0.25–0.5% or 0.5–1.0% 28% N at up to 4% may be added FORAGES & PASTURES Glyphosate 2–6 Check label to see if AMS at 8.5–17 lb/100 gal may be added surfactant is needed Gramoxone Inteon 0.5 0.25% or 1% —preharvest Harmony SG 1 0.25–0.5% or 0.5% if cool, dry plus 28% N at 2–4 qt/a or 10-34-0 at 1–2 qt/a or AMS at 2–4 lb/a

SMALL GRAINS Ignite 4 Phoenix 1 0.125–0.25% Poast Plus 1 1 qt/a 28% N at 2–4 qt/a or AMS at 2.5 lb/ac Pursuit 1 0.25% or 1% COC or MSO plus 28% N or 10-34-0 at 1–2 qt/a or AMS at 2.5 lb/a

PERENNIAL WEEDS Raptor 1 0.25% or 1% COC or MSO plus 28% N or 10-34-0 at 1-2 qt/a or AMS at 2.5 lb/a Resource 1 1 qt/a Select Max 1 0.25% or 1 qt/a plus AMS at 2.5 lb/a Synchrony XP 1 0.25% if non-STS or 1% if STS variety plus 28% N at 2–4 qt/a or 10-34-0 at 1–2 qt/a variety or AMS at 2–4 lb/a Ultra Blazer 4 0.125–0.25% or 1–2 pt/a or 28% N at 2–4 qt/a or AMS at 2.5 lb/a STORED GRAIN Abbreviations: AMS = ammonium sulfate; COC = crop oil concentrate; MSO = methylated seed oil; N = Nitrogen; NIS = nonionic

INSECTS surfactant; RH = relative humidity; STS = sulfonylurea-tolerant a Add COC for lambsquarters and common ragweed control, add a nitrogen additive for velvetleaf control, or add both if all three weeds are present. b Adjust adjuvant type and rate based on RH. See label for recommendations. c Add a nitrogen additive plus COC when controlling volunteer corn or large crabgrass. APPENDIX

138 PRINCIPLES OF FORAGES & STORED GRAIN PEST MNGMT. CORN SOYBEAN insects PASTURES SMALL GRAINS PERENNIAL WEEDS INSECTS APPENDIX 139 50% 40% - See the discussion on reducing insec Adult beetles are .20 inches long, about Adult beetles are .20 inches long, about Adults overwinter under leaf debris directions. Where required by label, notify required by label, notify directions. Where using such prod- local beekeepers when or allow product to ucts and do not apply crops and/or weeds drift onto blooming in the area to be when bees are foraging treated. ticide hazards to bees in “Forage Insect Management” for more information. Bean leaf beetle have Bean leaf beetle population densities recent increased in the Midwest following has mild winters. Although pod feeding been noted as far north as Chippewa - county, defoliation and disease transmis more sion (bean pod mottle virus) are of concern in the southernmost counties. are the size of lady beetles. Wing covers typically light yellow with a black margin and four black spots. Variations include light crimson wing covers with spots or is yellow wing covers with no spots. There always a black triangle behind the “neck” region (prothorax). Beetles readily drop from the plant if they detect disturbance. near soybean fields. Once they become active in the spring, the beetles feed on wild legumes, alfalfa, and clover. As soybeans begin to emerge, beetles leave these Insect pests 30% 20%

10%

A number of the products listed in this A number of the products listed in - Insecticides applied at pest insect eco 5% Use this guide to help determine the extent of defoliation by leaf-feeding insects.

Management in this section are Insecticides suggested to assist you in select- intended as a guide control options. While ing chemical insect an overview of prod- suggestions provide specific field crop uct registrations for is not intended as an insect pests, this guide exhaustive label source. Product inclusion or omission does not imply endorsement by the Univeristy of Wisconsin-Extension. Proper and safe insecticide use requires most great care and strict adherence to the current label directions. Label changes and occasional-use cancellations may have occurred since the writing of this publication. section are restricted-use insecticides. in We discuss restricted-use pesticides the beginning of this publication. Refer - to appendix table 1b for a list of insecti cides that currently require certification to be applied. It is possible that additional the insecticides will be classified before county next growing season. Contact your Extension agent for additional information on insecticide restriction. nomic thresholds help control insect pests, but they also kill beneficial insect predators and parasitoids that are important in biological control. Insecticides such as Penncap-M (methyl parathion) and Sevin (carbaryl) are hazardous to honeybees. For these and all insecticides, follow label Insect Soybean 140 alternate hosts and concentrate on soybean soybeans. Consult table 3-5 for guidance on PRINCIPLES OF PEST MNGMT. PEST MGMT seedlings. Thus, the earliest planted fields when to treat. Before bloom, soybeans can are at greatest risk from feeding damage tolerate up to 30% defoliation. and virus transmission. Bean leaf beetles Scout for second-generation bean leaf chew round holes between the major leaflet beetle adults during August and Septem- veins. This damage is easily distinguished ber by walking 100 feet in from the edge from that of caterpillars and grasshoppers, of the field. Scout each field and each which chew ragged, irregular holes. variety within a field separately as beetles Adults lay eggs in the soil next to soy- sometimes prefer one variety over another.

CORN bean stems. Larvae hatch about 1 week later Scouting is no longer necessary after pods and feed on roots and stems. Their root reach the R7 (yellow pod) stage. feeding is not believed to be of economic In 30-inch row soybeans, place a 3-foot- importance. First-generation adults appear wide strip of cloth (stapled to two dowel in July, peaking during the late vegetative rods) on the ground between the rows. and early reproductive stages of soybean Slide the cloth under the plants, disturbing SOYBEAN insects growth. Second-generation adults can be the plants as little as possible. Shake the found from late August to mid-September, plants vigorously over the cloth. Count the when they feed on leaves and pods. This beetles on the cloth. Repeat this procedure second generation can cause significant four times for each 20 acres in the field. crop damage. Beetles may clip developing Determine the average number of beetles pods from the plant or graze on the outer per foot of row. layer of the pod, leaving only a thin layer In narrow-row soybeans, a sweep net will

FORAGES & of tissue. Diseases can enter these dam- be easier to use than a drop cloth. Take 20 PASTURES aged areas and the seeds will be discolored, sweeps in each 20 acres across the field. shrunken, and moldy. Consult table 3-6 for guidance on when Scout for overwintered beetles beginning to treat. Between bloom and pod fill, plants shortly after soybeans emerge. Count the can tolerate 20% defoliation. Be sure to number of beetles on each plant sampled. assess defoliation on the entire plant, not Examine 5 feet of row in each of five loca- just the top leaves. If the average number of SMALL GRAINS tions throughout the field. Divide the total bean leaf beetles equals or exceeds the eco- number of beetles found by 25 to estimate nomic threshold, an insecticide application the number per foot of row. Also estimate is necessary to prevent economic yield loss. the percent of leaf defoliation using the Pod damage can also be incorporated into guide on the previous page. Check again second-generation bean leaf beetle thresh- when first-crop alfalfa harvest is underway, olds, with 5–10% of the pods showing bean as the activity may force beetles to move to leaf beetle feeding. Pod clipping is typically PERENNIAL WEEDS worse during dry weather as beetles move from feeding on leaves to feeding on pods. Table 3-5. Early-season bean leaf beetle economic Inspect dropped pods for signs of feeding thresholds in soybeans damage (as opposed to abortion caused by Treatment cost/a (insecticide plus application) drought stress). If the beetle population is less than the Crop value ($/bu) $6 $7 $8 $9 $10 $11 economic threshold, scout the field again a STORED GRAIN beetles/plant 5 days later. Stop scouting when beetle

INSECTS Growth stage—VC counts start to decline, soybean pods begin $5.00 2.4 2.8 3.2 3.6 4.0 4.4 to turn yellow, or the field is sprayed. $6.00 2.0 2.3 2.7 3.0 3.4 3.7 Treatment thresholds for the prevention Growth stage—V1 of bean pod mottle virus are not available. (Scouting techniques and treatment timing $5.00 3.7 4.4 5.0 5.6 6.2 6.8 courtesy of Marlin Rice, Iowa State University.) $6.00 3.1 3.6 4.1 4.7 5.2 5.7

APPENDIX Growth stage—V2 $5.00 5.9 6.8 7.8 8.8 9.8 10.7 $6.00 4.9 5.7 6.5 7.3 8.1 8.9 a For beetles per foot of row, multiply number by 7.6. Source: Marlin Rice, Iowa State University, 2000 141 PRINCIPLES OF Table 3-6. Second-generation bean leaf beetle economic PEST MNGMT. PEST MGMT thresholds in reproductive stage soybeana Treatment cost/a (insecticide plus application) Crop value ($/bu) $7 $8 $9 $10 $11 $12 $13 $14 $15 beetles/foot of row $5.00 5.5 6.3 7.1 7.9 8.7 9.5 10.3 11.0 11.8 $6.00 4.6 5.2 5.9 6.5 7.2 7.8 8.5 9.2 9.9 $7.00 3.9 4.4 5.0 5.6 6.1 6.7 7.3 7.8 8.4 CORN $8.00 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 beetles/sweep $5.00 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 6.5 7.2 7.7 8.3 8.7 $6.00 2.9 3.3 3.7 4.1 5.4 6.0 6.4 6.9 7.3 $7.00 2.4 2.8 3.1 3.5 3.8 4.2 4.5 4.9 5.2 SOYBEAN insects $8.00 2.2 2.5 2.8 3.2 4.1 4.5 4.8 5.2 5.5 a Economic thresholds are based on a row spacing of 30 inches and a plant population of eight plants per foot of row. For narrow-row soybean (8-inch rows) and a plant population of three plants per foot of row, multiply the above economic thresholds by 0.70. Source: Marlin Rice, Iowa State University, 2000

Grasshoppers Japanese beetle FORAGES & Grasshoppers could be a problem during Japanese beetle adults are about 0.6 inches PASTURES dry years. If young hoppers are numer- long and 0.4 inches wide, with metallic cop- ous in grassy areas, such as fencerows and per colored wing covers and a green thorax roadsides adjacent to soybeans, spray such and head. Adults emerge in late June, feed areas before grasshoppers spread through on a wide range of host plants, and can the soybean field. If blooming weeds are move to soybean, where feeding results

present, notify nearby beekeepers before in leaf defoliation. Japanese beetles do not SMALL GRAINS using an insecticide and only apply feed significantly on soybean flowers or clip between 4 p.m. and nightfall, when bees pods. Soybean leaf defoliation is the main are least likely to be foraging and exposed. concern. Insecticidal control is most effective when During July and August, adults lay eggs used before grasshoppers are fully grown. in grass and turf, soybean fields, and, to a lesser extent, cornfields. Eggs hatch out into Green cloverworms small white grubs that feed on grass roots PERENNIAL WEEDS Green cloverworm overwinters in the until fall temperatures cool. Third instar southern US, migrating north in the spring. grubs move down in the soil profile and Females lay eggs singly on the underside of are inactive during winter. In early spring, soybean leaves. There are six larval instars. grubs feed, pupate, and then emerge from Fully grown larvae are approximately 1 the soil as adults in late June. inch long and pale green with two horizon- Adults feed on soybean leaf tissue tal stripes along each side of the body. Lar- between leaf veins resulting in a skeleton- STORED GRAIN vae have three pairs of legs in the middle of ized or lace-like appearance. The treatment INSECTS the body, three pairs near the head, and one threshold for Japanese beetle in soybean pair at the hind end of the body. Two gen- is based on the percentage of leaf defolia- erations occur in northern states. tion, not the number of beetles per plant. Defoliation due to green cloverworm Treatment should be considered at 30% leaf should be considered together with the defoliation pre-bloom and 20% defoliation damage inflicted by other defoliating bloom to pod fill. insects to make a management decision. It is easy to overestimate defoliation APPENDIX Management is recommended if defolia- percentage; it often looks worse than it is. tion reaches 40% in pre-bloom, 20% during Use the soybean leaf defoliation guide on bloom and pod fill, and 35% from pod fill to page 139 to help determine the extent of harvest. damage by defoliating insects. Be sure to 142 assess defoliation on the entire plant, not are able to get through the hairs and feed PRINCIPLES OF PEST MNGMT. PEST MGMT just the top leaves. Scout leaf defoliation on leaves before deciding to treat. throughout the field, not just at the field Leafhopper sampling data indicate that edges, where Japanese beetle aggregation the number of leafhoppers recovered per and feeding can appear more concentrated. sweep in soybean represents half the actual Field edge/border treatment may be suf- number per plant, regardless of row spac- ficient if damage is confined to this area; ing. For example, if you have taken five sets scout the field to assess whether a whole- of 20 sweeps and have an average of two field treatment is required. Beetles present per sweep, you should assume an actual CORN in the field when treated with a foliar insec- average of four leafhoppers per plant. ticide will be killed, but beetles moving into When deciding on treatment, use the esti- treated fields after application can reinfest. mated actual number of insects per plant. Potato leafhopper Seedcorn maggot Large populations of potato leafhopper The seedcorn maggot overwinters as a SOYBEAN insects can pose a threat to soybean fields. The pupa. Adult flies emerge in late spring soybean’s hairy leaves and stems usually around the time that soybean fields are protect it from leafhopper damage. But dur- being planted. Females lay eggs in fields ing years with abnormally high leafhopper with high levels of organic matter. Decay- populations or in fields with varieties that ing weeds and crop residue in freshly tilled are less hairy, scout field to make sure the fields or application of livestock manure crop is not threatened. Damage appears as will make a field more attractive to egg-

FORAGES & yellowish patches on the leaves, and leaf laying flies. Eggs hatch within a week. The PASTURES crinkling and cupping are usually noted. white, tapered, legless maggots attack ger- The crinkling and cupping look similar minating seeds, feeding on the cotyledons. to herbicide injury. Extensive feeding by Seedlings may emerge with brown feed- potato leafhopper can stunt plants. ing scars on the cotyledons or they may Examine the leaves and stems to take have no cotyledons (such shoots are called whole-plant counts on plants that are 1 “snakeheads”). Damage typically occurs in

SMALL GRAINS foot or less in height. Take samples in sev- fields with an abundance of organic mat- eral areas of a field. For plants taller than ter (manure or decaying plant matter) and 1 foot, use a 15-inch diameter sweep net to tends to be worse when cold, wet weather sample the fields. Research indicates this slows germination. is more accurate than taking whole plant There are no economic thresholds for samples. To complete one sweep, move the seedcorn maggot. Preventative planter- net in one continuous straight line motion box seed treatment (e.g., Kernel Guard PERENNIAL WEEDS through the top 15 inches of the foliage Supreme) or commercial seed treatments of the row from one side of your body (e.g., Cruiser Maxx, Gaucho 600) are avail- through the foliage in the row to the other able when planting soybeans to fields with side of your body. Continue this process high organic matter. until 20 sweeps have been taken in an area, and take no less than five sets of 20 sweeps Soybean aphid in a field to estimate the population density. Aphid identification and life cycle.Soybean

STORED GRAIN For solid-seeded beans, cover the same area aphids (Aphis glycines) are about .06-inch

INSECTS that you would for 30-inch rows. long and green to yellowish-green in color. If an average of two leafhoppers are They are the only aphid species known found per plant in fields with fewer than to infest and reproduce on soybean in the four trifoliate leaves per plant, control may United States. Early in the growing season, be needed. If there are six leafhoppers per populations are found predominately on plant on flowering plants, control may be the underside of new leaves. As the season needed. For a pod that is .75 inch long on progresses, colonies can be found on leaves

APPENDIX one of the four uppermost nodes of the within the canopy, moving to stems and main stem, 13 or more leafhoppers per petioles when populations are high. plant may cause economic injury. Examine The soybean aphid life cycle is com- the leaves carefully to see if the leafhoppers plex, with both sexual and asexual phases, depending on the time of year and the host plant. They overwinter in the egg stage n Avoid treating soybean aphids when they 143 PRINCIPLES OF PEST MNGMT. on buckthorn, the aphid’s only known first appear in a field. Insecticide appli- PEST MGMT overwintering host. From spring to late cations to control low and nondamag- summer the aphids are all female and give ing populations will also kill beneficial birth to live females, allowing for expo- insects, allowing surviving aphids and nential population growth. In the spring, migrants to more readily repopulate the winged females migrate from buckthorn field. Soybean aphids reproduce much to soybeans, where multiple generations faster than lady beetles and other ben- are produced. During the summer, both eficial insects. Thus, early-season treat- winged and wingless forms can be found ments can lead to higher-populations CORN on soybeans. The winged aphids fly to than if the field had not been sprayed. other soybean fields to colonize. In the fall, n Scout fields weekly to determine the rate male and female winged aphids migrate of population increase. Begin intensive back to buckthorn where mating and egg- scouting no later than the mid-vege- laying occurs. tative stages of soybean growth, typi- SOYBEAN insects Aphids use piercing-sucking mouthparts cally around mid- to late-June. Count to remove plant sap. Feeding damage the number of aphids present on 20 to results in stunting and yield loss. They can 30 plants per field. Examine the entire also transmit soybean viruses as they probe plant for aphids, paying close attention and feed between infected and uninfected to the upper leaves and stems where plants. In addition, they excrete a sugary aphids congregate. Be sure to sample substance referred to as “honeydew.” If plants from throughout the field to

aphid populations are high, affected plants FORAGES & obtain a representative sample. Cal- PASTURES may take on a sooty appearance late in the culate the average number of aphids summer as mold grows on the excrement. per plant based on the total number of Summer migrants (winged females) seem plants sampled. The UW Nutrient and to prefer late-planted soybeans over early- Pest Mangement program has devel- planted soybean fields. Expect higher infes- oped a handy card to help with scouting tations on soybeans planted after early June and counting. The Visual Guide for Soy- compared to soybeans planted between late bean Aphid Scouting is available by call- SMALL GRAINS April and mid-May. ing 608-265-2660 or at ipcm.wisc.edu/ Natural enemies (predators and parasitic download/pubsPM/sba2010-web.pdf. wasps) are an important component of soybean aphid management. Predators such Continue monitoring throughout pod as lady beetles (larvae and adults), green development as aphids move down lacewings (larvae), and minute pirate bugs stems and colonies become distributed PERENNIAL WEEDS (nymphs and adults) consume soybean throughout the canopy. aphids. Parasitic wasps lay eggs inside Regular field visits are critical as aphids. The developing wasp larva kills the populations can increase to economi- host from within. The adult wasp emerges, cally damaging levels within 7 days. leaving behind a hollowed-out shell However, keep in mind that the pres- referred to as an aphid “mummy.” Parasit- ence of soybean aphids does not mean ized aphids are tan to dark brown and stick that populations will necessarily reach to the underside of soybean leaves. Another damaging levels. A number of fac- STORED GRAIN

natural control agent is a fungal pathogen tors play a role in regulating popula- INSECTS that can cause an epidemic in the soybean tions: natural enemies (predators and aphid population. parasitic wasps), temperature (aphids reproduce fastest between 68 and 77°F), Soybean aphid treatment decisions. Results planting date, aphid fungal disease, of university field trials and laboratory soybean growth stage, degree of plant and greenhouse studies continue to help stress (e.g., drought), and, possibly, refine recommendations on soybean aphid soybean variety. Regular scouting will APPENDIX economic injury level, treatment threshold, help determine how these factors are insecticide efficacy, and soybean host plant influencing aphid growth rates under resistance to the aphid. Treatment decision your field conditions. Monitor soybean guidelines are summarized as follows: aphids through the R5 growth stage. 144 n Treat when approximately 80% of the Both nymphs and adults have piercing- PRINCIPLES OF PEST MNGMT. PEST MGMT field has reached an average of 250 sucking mouthparts which they use to aphids per plant AND the population is penetrate the pod and suck plant fluids. actively increasing. University trials have Punctures can be found as small brown or found that the best control and yield black spots. Young seeds may be deformed, response occurs when plants are treated undersized, and possibly aborted under between beginning bloom (R1) and heavy stink bug pressure; older seeds can beginning seed (R5). Once pods have be discolored or shriveled. Feeding damage reached full seed (R6), it is too late to may also indirectly delay plant maturity.

CORN protect yield and treatment is not rec- In early August, as soybean pods begin ommended. For pictures and descrip- to fill, scout five different areas of the field tions of soybean growth stages, see taking 20 samples at each location. Use Reproductive Soybean Development Stages sweep nets for drilled narrow-row beans. and Soybean Aphid Thresholds (www. For wide-row plantings, place a light-col- plantpath.wisc.edu/soyhealth/ ored cloth between rows and shake plants SOYBEAN insects pdf/sbrthresholds05.pdf). to dislodge bugs from the canopy. Count These recommendations build in a both nymphs and adults in the sample total. 7‑day lead time that allows time to Calculate stink bugs per sweep (or per row schedule treatment, purchase product, foot) based on the average of all samples or deal with weather delays when soy- taken throughout the field. bean aphid populations are actively Stink bug thresholds in seed beans are increasing. lower than in grain soybeans. In wide-

FORAGES & row plantings, thresholds range from 1 to PASTURES Research and scouting updates are posted 3 bugs/foot of row. For narrow-row plant regularly during the growing season in the ings, the threshold is 20 bugs/100 sweeps Wisconsin Crop Manager newsletter (ipcm. for seed beans and 40 bugs/100 sweeps for wisc.edu/wcm). For more information grain soybeans. about regional aphid population devel- opments, contact your county Extension Thistle caterpillar

SMALL GRAINS agent. Other valuable sources of informa- (painted lady butterfly) tion include the University of Wisconsin The painted lady, an orange and brown Soybean Plant Health website (www.plant- mottled butterfly, is noted for periods of path.wisc.edu/soyhealth) and the North great abundance followed by periods of Central Soybean Research Program website great scarcity, probably due to natural con- (www.ncsrp.com). trol. It is strongly migratory, explaining its appearance in northern areas such as Wis- PERENNIAL WEEDS Stink bugs consin. The butterfly causes no damage to Two species of stink bugs—the green stink cultivated crops. bug (Acrosternum hilare) and brown stink The larval stage, called the thistle cater- bug (Euschistus spp.)—may be found in pillar, is usually first noticed feeding on Wisconsin soybean fields in August. Stink thistles. Subsequent generations occur- bugs feed in clusters on plants along field ring in late July and August can be found edges, becoming quite noticeable as plant in soybeans in large enough numbers to leaves turn yellow. Occasionally popula- STORED GRAIN cause concern. The spiny caterpillars have tions may be high. INSECTS a mottled yellowish-green and black body The chief distinction between the two with a yellow stripe running the length. The species is their color. Stink bug adults have spines are also yellowish. a shield-shaped body, with pointed “shoul- Thistle caterpillars form a loose silk web- ders.” Green stink bug adults are bright bing in the upper three or four leaves where green with black bands on their antennae; they feed. The black granular-appearing adult brown stink bugs are a speckled material found in the webbing is fecal mat-

APPENDIX brown. Nymphs are rounder than adults, ter (frass). Most defoliation occurs during roughly resembling a beetle. Green stink the last two stages of larval development, bug nymphs are multicolored (black, green, when larvae are .75 to 1.25 inches long. yellow, and red markings), while brown stink bugs nymphs are copper-brown. Soybeans are almost always in the repro- soybean leaf surface damaged (stippling, 145 PRINCIPLES OF PEST MNGMT. ductive stages of development when popu- discoloration). Tap plants onto a white PEST MGMT lations become damaging. At that stage, sheet of paper to dislodge mites from the plants can withstand 20% defoliation with- plant. If present, you will see black specks out an economic loss in yield. In the vegeta- moving slowly on the surface. If injury is tive stage (prebloom), plants can withstand evident within the field, there is a potential up to 30% defoliation before the yield loss for economically damaging populations is economically damaging. within 1 to 2 weeks. Monitor the entire field to determine whether spot treatment or Two-spotted spider mite whole field treatment is appropriate. CORN Two-spotted spider mite can become seri- No specific economic threshold has been ous during hot dry weather. Adults are tiny developed for two-spotted spider mite in (about 0.016 inch), yellow-green, with eight soybeans. Treatment may be warranted if: legs and dark spots on either side of their n mites are present between bloom (R1) oval bodies. Magnification (a 10X hand and pod fill (R5), SOYBEAN insects lens) is often necessary to clearly see spider mite adults, nymphs, and eggs on the n 15% or more leaf area on plants are underside of leaves. Eggs are round, white discolored and stippled with leaves yel- to light yellow, and laid on the underside of lowing, leaves. In northern states populations over- n live mites are present, and winter as adult females in sheltered field n hot, dry weather is expected to continue. margin areas. Most years, adequate rainfall

and a fungal pathogen keep the spider Refer to table 3-7 for treatment decision FORAGES & PASTURES mites in check. During outbreaks, however, guidelines for the Upper Midwest soybean spider mites reproduce quickly with multi- growing region. ple overlapping generations. Eggs hatch in Treatment may be delayed if cooler tem- 2 to 4 days, nymphs develop in 2 to 4 days, peratures and high humidity are expected. and adults can live up to 21 days. Each gen- Although rainfall reduces the risk of eration is completed in 4 to 14 days, with damaging spider mite populations, thun- the fastest developmental rates occurring derstorms alone cannot be relied upon to SMALL GRAINS when temperatures exceed 91°F. eliminate infestations, particularly if rains Spider mites damage plants by pierc- arrive after establishment of large mite ing the cells and sucking sap. Mites often populations and are followed by continued go undetected until damage is severe in hot, dry conditions. part because of their tiny size and because The most effective natural enemy of two- plants are drought stressed. Initially, leaves

spotted spider mite is a fungal pathogen PERENNIAL WEEDS are discolored with tiny white or yellow that thrives under relatively cool tempera- specks (stippling). Leaves turn from yel- tures (less than 85˚F) with at least 90% rela- low to bronze and may fall off under heavy tive humidity. At least 12 to 24 hours of infestations. Webbing is often found on the such conditions are believed necessary for undersides of leaves. Damage is often more extensive spread of the disease, and spider severe along field edges where mites have mite populations may decline rapidly in migrated from adjacent fields, grasses, and response to fungal disease activity. Infected weeds, or in drier areas of the field. mites have a dark discolored, waxy, or STORED GRAIN

Check the upper, middle, and lower can- cloudy appearance, and mite death occurs INSECTS opy for damage as well as for the presence within 1 to 3 days of infection. of live mites and webbing on the undersides of leaves. Estimate the percentage of APPENDIX (continued) Treatment not necessary. Treatment Treatment not necessary, but not necessary, Treatment keep monitoring. Rescue treatment is warranted, is warranted, Rescue treatment especially if many immatures present. and eggs are Effective rescue treatment may treatment rescue Effective save field. Rescue treatment may not save may not save Rescue treatment may new growth field. However, appear if treated. Assessment Do not apply within 21 days of harvest or feed or graze within 5 days of last application. Do not apply within 21 days of harvest. Do not exceed 0.1 lb ai/a forage or feed per season. Do not allow livestock to graze treated hay to livestock. treated Do not apply within 45 days of harvest. Do not graze or harvest or hay for livestock feed. Do not soybeans for forage, straw, treated exceed 0.03 lb ai (0.19 pt)/a per season. For use in commercial seed treaters only, or certified retail treatment treatment retail or certified only, seed treaters For use in commercial seed locations. May be packaged with compatible and registered Maxx Plus). Maxx, Cruiser fungicides (e.g., Cruiser treatment Allow at least 14 days before applying a second application of Allow at least 14 days before containing chlorpyrifos. Advanced or another product Cobalt harvest. Do not graze or feed Do not apply within 30 days before foliage to livestock. treated not exceed 11.2 oz/a per Do not exceed 11.2 Do not apply within 45 days of harvest. season. Do not apply within 21 days of harvest. Do not feed or graze Do not apply within 21 days of harvest. plants. Do not exceed 0.2 lb ai/a per season. livestock on treated Do not apply within 21 days of harvest. Do not make foliar Do not apply within 21 days of harvest. with a treated applications of Belay insecticide in fields within 45 days after neonicotinoid insecticide seed treatment of formulation or type of application (foliar or planting. Regardless than 0.2 lb ai of clothianidin/a do not apply more seed treatment), forage and hay to per season. Do not graze or feed soybean livestock. Do not apply within 60 days of harvest. Do not exceed 0.4 lb ai/a Do not apply within 60 days of harvest. per season. Remarks, precautions 1.0 pt 1.5–2.4 oz 0.77–1.28 oz seed treatment 16.0–38.0 oz 1.6–2.8 oz 5.8–9.6 oz 3–4 oz 3.2–6.4 fl oz Amount of product/a Damage Barely detectable. Barely Foliage is green, but stippling injury is detectable on stippling injury is but green, Foliage is of some plants. undersides of leaves All plants exhibit some stippling, even on healthy All plants exhibit some and discoloration of lower leaves. Some speckling most damage. have areas and dry leaves. Field margins Discolored and wilted leaves easily found throughout easily found throughout and wilted leaves Discolored damage evident. the field. Severe Field discolored, leaves drying down. Significant foli- leaves drying Field discolored, age and stand loss. a See the economic threshold tables (tables 3-5 and 3-6) for recommendations on treatment timing. on treatment tables (tables 3-5 and 3-6) for recommendations See the economic threshold dimethoate Delta Gold 1.5EC Declare Cruiser 5FS Cruiser Cobalt Advanced Baythroid XL Baythroid Asana XL Belay Ambush 2E Note: Insecticide Do not apply to blossoming soybeans if bees are foraging. Multiple trade names listed within a row indicate products with the same active ingredient(s). Table 3-8. Suggestions for insect control in soybeans Table 3-8. Suggestions for insect Bean leaf beetle Insect Source: Excerpted from Ohio State University and Michigan State University Source: Excerpted from Ohio State University and Presence of mites Presence leaves in dry detected on Barely on edges of fields. locations or Table 3-7. Treatment decision guidelines for two-spotted spider mites for two-spotted guidelines Treatment decision Table 3-7. Easily detected on leaves in dry on leaves in dry Easily detected of fields. locations or on edges to find within field. Difficult All plants are infested. All plants are All plants heavily infested. Extremely high numbers Extremely present. a b 146

Do not graze or harvest treated soybeans for forage, straw, or hay soybeans for forage, straw, Do not graze or harvest treated for livestock feed. Do not apply within 30 days of harvest. Do not exceed 0.06 lb ai/a per season. Do not apply within 21 days of harvest. Maximum amount of Triple Maximum amount of Triple Do not apply within 21 days of harvest. lb per season: 14.2 oz (0.25 allowed per crop insecticide Crown or hay soybean forage, straw, ai/a). Do not graze or harvest treated for livestock feed. Do not exceed maximum allowable rate: 35.25 oz of product/a per 35.25 oz of product/a Do not exceed maximum allowable rate: 0.75 lb/a chlorpyrifos). Do season (0.075 lb/a zeta-cypermethrin + not allow meat or dairy not apply within 28 days of harvest. Do soybean or otherwise feed treated areas animals to graze in treated and straw to meat or dairy animals. forage, hay, Do not apply within 60 days of harvest. Do not exceed 0.4 lb ai/a Do not apply within 60 days of harvest. per season. Do not graze or feed treated forage or straw to livestock. Do Do not graze or feed treated not exceed 0.15 harvest. Do not apply more than 6 pt/a (3 lb ai/a) per season or within 28 28 within or than 6 pt/a (3 lb ai/a) per season Do not apply more days of harvest. Do not apply within 14 days of harvest. Do not exceed 9.0 oz/a Do not apply within 14 days of harvest. per season. (0.07 lb ai/a ß-cyfluthrin, 0.14 lb ai imidicloprid) Do not apply within 21 days of harvest. Do not exceed 0.4 lb ai/a Do not apply within 21 days of harvest. soybean forage, straw, per season. Do not graze or harvest treated or hay for livestock feed. Do not apply within 30 days of harvest. Do not exceed a total of 9.0 30 days of harvest. Do not exceed a total Do not apply within fl oz/a of Endigo ZC ai of lambda-cyhalothrin–containingor 0.06 lb per products or 0.125 lb ai of thiamethoxam-containing products, season. growing Allow at least 14 days before applying a second application of Allow at least 14 days before containing chlorpyrifos. Advanced or another product Cobalt harvest. Do not graze or feed Do not apply within 30 days before foliage to livestock. treated Do not apply within 21 days of harvest. Do not exceed 0.1 lb ai/a 21 days of harvest. Do not exceed 0.1 lb Do not apply within forage or feed livestock to graze treated per season. Do not allow hay to livestock. treated Do not apply within 45 days of harvest. Do not exceed 11.2 oz/a per Do not apply within 45 days of harvest. Do not exceed 11.2 season. Do not apply within 45 days of harvest. Do not graze or harvest 45 days of harvest. Do not graze or harvest Do not apply within or hay for livestock feed. Do not straw, soybeans for forage, treated pt)/a per season. exceed 0.03 lb ai (0.19 Do not apply within 21 days of harvest. Do not feed or graze plants. Do not exceed 0.2 lb ai/a per season. livestock on treated Allow at least 14 days before applying a second application of a second application applying 14 days before Allow at least containing chlorpyrifos. product or another Advanced Cobalt or feed Do not graze harvest. within 30 days before Do not apply foliage to livestock. treated Remarks, precautions Remarks, 0.96–1.6 oz 3.5–4.8 oz 3.75–11.75 oz 3.75–11.75 2.0–4.0 fl oz 1.28–4.0 oz 1.0–2.0 pt 2.8 oz 2.6–6.1 oz 3.5–4.0 oz 6.0–13.0 oz 1.0–1.5 oz 2.1–2.8 oz 0.77–1.28 oz 5.8–9.6 oz 11.0–26.0 oz 11.0–26.0 Amount of Amount of product/a a Warrior II Warrior Triple Crown Triple Stallion Pounce 3.2EC Mustang Max Lorsban Advanced Leverage 360 Hero Endigo ZC Cobalt Advanced Delta Gold 1.5EC Baythroid XL Baythroid Declare Treat when migration from adjacent areas begins and populations are heavy (more than 30% defoliation (more heavy begins and populations are adjacent areas when migration from Treat bloom or 20% between bloom and pod fill). before Asana XL Cobalt Advanced Insecticide Do not apply to blossoming soybeans if bees are foraging. Multiple trade names listed within a row indicate products with the same active ingredient(s). Table 3-8. Suggestions for insect control in soybeans (continued) in soybeans for insect control Suggestions Table 3-8. Cutworms (continued) Grasshoppers Insect b a 148

b a Usually requires 12 or more half-grown worms per foot of row and 15% defoliation during pod-set worms per foot of row half-grown 12 or more Usually requires Penncap-M Orthene 90S Mustang Max Lorsban Advanced Leverage 360 Hero Warrior II Warrior Endigo ZC Triple Crown Triple Baythroid XL Baythroid dimethoate Stallion Asana XL Delta Gold 1.5EC Sevin XLR Plus and pod-fill stages to warrant treatment. Ambush 2E Declare Note: Insecticide Do not apply to blossoming soybeans if bees are foraging. Multiple trade names listed within a row indicate products with the same active ingredient(s). Table 3-8. Suggestions for insect control in soybeans (continued) in soybeans for insect control Suggestions Table 3-8. Grasshoppers (continued) Green cloverworm Insect a b (continued) Do not graze or feed treated forage or straw to livestock. Do not Do not graze or feed treated within 21 days of harvest. exceed 0.15 lb ai/a per season. Do not treat Do not apply more than 6 pt/a (3 lb ai/a) perseason. Do not apply Do not apply more forage to or feed treated within 28 days of harvest. Do not graze livestock. not exceed 9 oz/a (0.07 lbDo not apply within 45 days of harvest. Do ai/a beta-cyfluthrin, 0.14 lb ai/a imidacloprid) per season. Do not graze or harvest treated soybean forage, straw, or hay for soybean forage, straw, Do not graze or harvest treated livestock feed. Do not apply within 30 days of harvest. Do not exceed 0.06 lb ai/a per season. Do not apply within 7 days of harvest for hay or forage, or within Do not apply within 7 days of harvest for than 4 applications per year or 14 days for seed. Do not make more exceed 64 fl oz/a (1 lb ai/a) per season. Do not apply within 21 days of harvest. Maximum amount of Triple Do not apply within 21 days of harvest. Maximum amount of Triple per season: 14.2 oz (0.25 lb insecticide allowed per crop Crown or hay soybean forage, straw, ai/a). Do not graze or harvest treated for livestock feed. Do not apply within 21 days of harvest. Do not exceed 0.4 lb ai/a Do not apply within 21 days of harvest. soybean forage, straw, per season. Do not graze or harvest treated or hay for livestock feed. not feed treated forage Do not apply within 28 days of harvest. Do not feed treated than 6 fl oz/a or hay to meat or dairy animals. Do not exceed more (0.18 lb ai/a) per season. Do not apply within 30 days of harvest. Do not exceed a total of 9.0 30 days of harvest. Do not exceed a total Do not apply within fl oz/a of Endigo ZC ai of lambda-cyhalothrin–containingor 0.06 lb per products or 0.125 lb ai of thiamethoxam-containing products, season. growing Do not exceed maximum allowable rate: 35.25 oz of product/a per 35.25 oz of product/a Do not exceed maximum allowable rate: season (0.075 lb/a zeta-cypermethrin + 0.75 lb/a chlorpyrifos). Do not apply within 28 days of harvest. Do not allow meat or dairy soybean or otherwise feed treated areas animals to graze in treated and straw to meat or dairy animals. forage, hay, not exceed 0.1 lb ai/a 21 days of harvest. Do not exceed 0.1 lb ai/a Do not apply within forage or feed livestock to graze treated per season. Do not allow hay to livestock. treated Do not apply within 21 days of harvest. not graze or harvest 45 days of harvest. Do not graze or harvest Do not apply within or hay for livestock feed. Do not straw, soybeans for forage, treated pt)/a per season. exceed 0.03 lb ai (0.19 Do not apply within 14 days of harvest. Do not apply within 60 days of harvest. Allow at least 14 days before applying a second application of a second application applying 14 days before Allow at least containing chlorpyrifos. product or another Advanced Cobalt or feed Do not graze harvest. within 30 days before Do not apply foliage to livestock. treated Do not apply within 11 days of harvest or make more than two more days of harvest or make Do not apply within 11 applications per season. Remarks, precautions Remarks, 2.8–4.0 oz 0.5–1.0 pt 2.8 oz 0.96–1.6 oz 4.0–8.0 fl oz 3.5–4.8 oz 2.6–6.1 oz 1.0–2.0 fl oz 3.5–4.0 oz 5.0–11.75 oz 5.0–11.75 1.0–1.5 oz 1.0–2.0 qt 0.77–1.28 oz 0.83–1.1 lb 2.0–4.0 fl oz 6.0–13.0 oz 2.0–3.0 pt Amount of Amount of product/a b a Mustang Max Lorsban Advanced Leverage 360 Warrior II Warrior Intrepid 2F Intrepid Triple Crown Triple Hero Tracer Endigo ZC Stallion Delta Gold 1.5EC Penncap-M Sevin XLR Plus Declare Orthene 90S Pounce 3.2EC Cobalt Advanced Insecticide Do not apply to blossoming soybeans if bees are foraging. Multiple trade names listed within a row indicate products with the same active ingredient(s). Table 3-8. Suggestions for insect control in soybeans (continued) in soybeans for insect control Suggestions Table 3-8. Green cloverworm (continued)

Insect b a 150

PRINCIPLES OF CORN SOYBEAN insects FORAGES & SMALL GRAINS PERENNIAL WEEDSSTORED GRAIN APPENDIX PESTPEST MNGMT. MGMT PASTURES INSECTS PRINCIPLES OF FORAGES & STORED GRAIN PESTPEST MNGMT. MGMT CORN SOYBEAN insects PASTURES SMALL GRAINS PERENNIAL WEEDS INSECTS APPENDIX 151 (continued) Do not graze or harvest treated soybeans for forage, straw, or hay soybeans for forage, straw, Do not graze or harvest treated for livestock feed. Do not apply within 30 days of harvest. Do not exceed 0.06 lb ai/a per season. Do not apply within 21 days of harvest. Maximum amount of Triple Do not apply within 21 days of harvest. Maximum amount of Triple per season: 14.2 oz (0.25 lb insecticide allowed per crop Crown or hay soybean forage, straw, ai/a). Do not graze or harvest treated for livestock feed. Do not exceed maximum allowable rate: 35.25 oz of product/a per Do not exceed maximum allowable rate: 35.25 oz of product/a season (0.075 lb/a zeta-cypermethrin + 0.75 lb/a chlorpyrifos). Do not apply within 28 days of harvest. Do not allow meat or dairy soybean or otherwise feed treated areas animals to graze in treated and straw to meat or dairy animals. forage, hay, Do not apply within 21 days of harvest. Do not apply within 60 days of harvest or exceed 0.4 lb ai/a per season. Do not apply within 30 days of harvest or make more than two or make more Do not apply within 30 days of harvest applications per season. Do not treat within 21 days of harvest. Do not exceed 0.15 lb ai/a Do not treat forage or straw to livestock. per season. Do not graze or feed treated Do not apply within 45 days of harvest. Do not exceed 9.0 oz/a Do not apply within 45 days of harvest. per season. (0.07 lb ai/a beta-cyfluthrin, 0.14 lb ai imidacloprid) Do not apply within 21 days of harvest. Do not exceed 0.4 lb ai/a Do not apply within 21 days of harvest. soybean forage, straw, per season. Do not graze or harvest treated or hay for livestock feed. Do not apply within 30 days of harvest. Do not exceed a total Do not apply within 30 days of harvest. of 9.0 fl oz/a of Endigo ZC or 0.06 lb ai of lambda-cyhalothrin- or 0.125 lb ai of thiamethoxam-containing containing products, season. per growing products Do not apply within 21 days of harvest. Do not exceed 0.1 lb ai/a Do not apply within 21 days of harvest. forage or feed treated per season. Do not allow livestock to graze to livestock. hay treated Do not apply within 45 days of harvest. Do not graze or harvest Do not apply within 45 days of harvest. feed. Do not or hay for livestock for forage, straw, soybeans treated exceed 0.03 lb ai (0.19 pt)/a per season. Allow at least 14 days before applying a second application of before Allow at least 14 days chlorpyrifos. containing Advanced or another product Cobalt harvest. Do not graze or feed Do not apply within 30 days before to livestock. foliage treated Do not apply within 21 days of harvest. Do not make foliar 21 days of harvest. Do not make foliar Do not apply within with a insecticide in fields treated applications of Belay within 45 days after seed treatment neonicotinoid insecticide or type of application (foliar or of formulation planting. Regardless 0.2 lb ai of clothianidin/a than more do not apply seed treatment), or feed forage and hay to livestock. per season. Do not graze Do not apply within 45 days of harvest or exceed 11.2 oz/a per 45 days of harvest or exceed 11.2 Do not apply within season. Do not apply within 21 days of harvest. Do not feed or graze 21 days of harvest. Do not feed or graze Do not apply within not exceed 0.2 lb ai/a per season. plants. Do livestock on treated Do not apply within 60 days of harvest or exceed 0.4 lb ai/a per harvest or exceed within 60 days of Do not apply season. Remarks, precautions Remarks, 1.6–1.92 oz 4.8 oz 5.0–11.75 oz 5.0–11.75 0.5–1.0 qt 2.0–4.0 oz 2.0–3.0 pt 2.8–4.0 oz 2.8 oz 4.0–10.3 oz 4.0–4.5 oz 1.5–2.4 oz 1.28–1.54 oz 16.0–38.0 oz 3–4 oz 1.6–2.8 oz 5.8–9.6 oz 6.4–12.8 oz Amount of Amount of product/a a Warrior II Warrior Triple Crown Triple Stallion Sevin XLR Plus Pounce 3.2EC Penncap-M Mustang Max Leverage 360 Hero Endigo ZC Delta Gold 1.5EC Declare Cobalt Advanced Belay Baythroid XL Baythroid Asana XL Ambush 2E Insecticide Do not apply to blossoming soybeans if bees are foraging. Multiple trade names listed within a row indicate products with the same active ingredient(s). Table 3-8. Suggestions for insect control in soybeans (continued) in soybeans for insect control Suggestions Table 3-8. Japanese beetleJapanese (adult) Insect a b (continued) Do not apply within 14 days of harvest. For use in commercial seed treaters or certified retail seed treatment seed treatment or certified retail seed treaters For use in commercial locations only (1.28 oz/100 lb seed). Do not graze or feed treated forage or straw to livestock. Do not Do not graze or feed treated exceed 0.15 lb ai/a per within 21 days of harvest. season or treat Do not apply more than 6 pt/a (3 lb ai/a) per season or within 28 Do not apply more forage to livestock. days of harvest. Do not graze or feed treated Do not apply within 45 days of harvest. Do not exceed 9 oz/a (0.07 lb ai/a beta-cyfluthrin, 0.14 lb ai/a imidacloprid) per season. Do not apply less than 30 days before harvest. Do not exceed a Do not apply less than 30 days before (0.081 lb acetamiprid + 0.059 total of 0.14 lb total active ingredient per growing lb bifenthrin) (10.0 oz of Justice insecticide) per acre season. Do not exceed a total of 0.081 lb acetamiprid/a per growing season. Do not exceed a total of 0.3 lb bifenthrin/a per growing season. Do not graze or use cut forage or hay as an animal feed. Do not apply within 21 days of harvest. Do not exceed 0.4 lb ai/a Do not apply within 21 days of harvest. soybean forage, straw, per season. Do not graze or harvest treated or hay for livestock feed. For use in commercial seed treaters only (1.6–3.2 oz/100 lb seed). only (1.6–3.2 oz/100 seed treaters For use in commercial Do not apply within 30 days of harvest. Do not exceed a total of 9.0 Do not apply within 30 days of harvest. fl oz/a of Endigo ZC or 0.06 lb ai of lambda-cyhalothrin–containing per or 0.125 lb ai of thiamethoxam-containing products products, season. growing Do not apply within 21 days of harvest. Do not apply within 21 days of harvest. Do not exceed 0.1 lb ai/a Do not apply within 21 days of harvest. forage or feed treated per season. Do not allow livestock to graze to livestock. hay treated Do not apply within 45 days of harvest. Do not graze or harvest Do not apply within 45 days of harvest. feed. Do not or hay for livestock for forage, straw, soybeans treated exceed 0.03 lb ai (0.19 pt)/a per season. For use in commercial seed treaters only, or certified retail treatment treatment or certified retail only, seed treaters For use in commercial seed and registered locations. May be packaged with compatible Maxx Plus). Maxx, Cruiser fungicides (e.g., Cruiser treatment Allow at least 14 days before applying a second application of before Allow at least 14 days containing chlorpyrifos. or another product Advanced Cobalt harvest. Do not graze or feed Do not apply within 30 days before to livestock. foliage treated Do not apply within 21 days of harvest. Do not make foliar 21 days of harvest. Do not make foliar Do not apply within with a insecticide in fields treated applications of Belay within 45 days after seed treatment neonicotinoid insecticide or type of application (foliar or of formulation planting. Regardless 0.2 lb ai of clothianidin/a than more do not apply seed treatment), or feed soybean forage and hay to per season. Do not graze livestock. Do not apply within 45 days of harvest or exceed 11.2 oz/a per 45 days of harvest or exceed 11.2 Do not apply within season. not feed or graze harvest. Do not feed or within 21 days of Do not apply 0.2 lb ai/a per season. plants. Do not exceed treated livestock on Remarks, precautions Remarks, 0.56–1.1 lb seed treatment 2.8–4.0 oz 1.0–2.0 pt 2.8 oz 2.5–3.0 oz 4.0–10.3 oz seed treatment 3.5–4.0 oz 1.0 pt 1.5–1.9 oz 0.77–1.28 oz seed treatment 11.0–26.0 oz 11.0–26.0 3–4 oz 2.8 oz 5.8–9.6 oz Amount of Amount of product/a a Orthene 90S NipsIt INSIDE Mustang Max Lorsban Advanced Leverage 360 Justice Hero Gaucho 600 Endigo ZC dimethoate Delta Gold 1.5EC Declare Cruiser 5FS Cruiser Cobalt Advanced Belay Baythroid XL Baythroid Asana XL Insecticide Do not apply to blossoming soybeans if bees are foraging. Multiple trade names listed within a row indicate products with the same active ingredient(s). Table 3-8. Suggestions for insect control in soybeans (continued) in soybeans for insect control Suggestions Table 3-8. Soybean aphid Insect a b 152

Do not exceed maximum allowable rate: 35.25 oz of product/a per Do not exceed maximum allowable rate: 35.25 oz of product/a season (0.075 lb/a zeta-cypermethrin + 0.75 lb/a chlorpyrifos). Do not apply within 28 days of harvest. Do not allow meat or dairy soybean or otherwise feed treated areas animals to graze in treated and straw to meat or dairy animals. forage, hay, Do not apply within 21 days of harvest. Do not apply within 60 days of harvest. Do not exceed 0.4 lb ai/a per season. Do not graze or feed treated forage or straw to livestock. Do not Do not graze or feed treated exceed 0.15 lb ai/a per within 21 days of harvest. season. or treat Do not apply within 21 days of harvest. Do not exceed 0.4 lb ai/a soybean forage, straw, per season. Do not graze or harvest treated or hay for livestock feed. Do not apply within 30 days of harvest. Do not exceed a total of 9.0 Do not apply within 30 days of harvest. fl oz/a of Endigo ZC or 0.06 lb ai of lambda-cyhalothrin–containing per or 0.125 lb ai of thiamethoxam-containing products products, season. growing Do not apply within 45 days of harvest. Do not graze or harvest Do not apply within 45 days of harvest. feed. Do not or hay for livestock for forage, straw, soybeans treated exceed 0.03 lb ai (0.19 pt)/a per season. Do not graze or harvest treated soybean forage, straw, or hay for soybean forage, straw, Do not graze or harvest treated of harvest. Do not livestock feed. Do not apply within 30 days exceed 0.06 lb ai/a per season. Allow at least 14 days before applying a second application of Allow at least 14 days before chlorpyrifos. containing Advanced or another product Cobalt harvest. Do not graze or feed Do not apply within 30 days before to livestock. foliage treated Do not apply within 14 days of harvest. Do not apply within Do not apply within 21 days of harvest. Maximum amount of Triple of Triple 21 days of harvest. Maximum amount Do not apply within season: 14.2 oz (0.25 lb per crop insecticide allowed per Crown or hay soybean forage, straw, ai/a). Do not graze or harvest treated for livestock feed. Do not feed or graze livestock on treated field. Do not exceed 0.20 lb Do not feed or graze livestock on treated days of harvest. ai/a per season. Do not apply within 21 Do not graze or feed treated forage or straw to livestock. Do not treated Do not graze or feed exceed 0.15 Do not exceed maximum allowable rate: 35.25 oz of product/a per allowable rate: 35.25 oz of product/a Do not exceed maximum Do + 0.75 lb/a chlorpyrifos). season (0.075 lb/a zeta-cypermethrin days of harvest. Do not allow meat or dairy not apply within 28 soybean feed treated or otherwise areas treated animals to graze in straw to meat or dairy animals. and forage, hay, Do not apply within 60 days of harvest. Do not exceed 0.4 lb ai/a Do not apply within 60 days of harvest. per season. Do not apply within 45 days of harvest. Do not exceed 9 oz/a (0.07 harvest. Do not exceed within 45 days of Do not apply per season. ai/a imidacloprid) 0.14 lb lb ai/a beta-cyfluthrin, Do not apply within 20 days of harvest. Do not apply within Remarks, precautions Remarks, 3.75–11.75 oz 3.75–11.75 1.5 qt 2.0–4.0 fl oz 1.28–4.0 oz 2.6–6.1 oz 3.5–4.0 oz 0.77–1.28 oz 1.6–1.92 oz 11.0–26.0 oz 11.0–26.0 0.56–1.1 lb 4.8 oz 5.8–9.6 oz 3.2–4.0 oz 9.25–11.75 oz 9.25–11.75 3.2–6.4 fl oz 2.8 oz 1.0–3.0 pt Amount of Amount of product/a b a Treat if defoliation reaches 30% before bloom or 20% between bloom and pod fill. 30% before reaches if defoliation Treat Stallion Sevin XLR Plus Pounce 3.2EC Mustang Max Hero Endigo ZC Declare Penncap-M Warrior II Warrior Cobalt Advanced Orthene 90S Triple Crown Triple Asana XL Mustang Max Stallion Ambush 2E Leverage 360 Leverage Note: Insecticide Do not apply to blossoming soybeans if bees are foraging. Multiple trade names listed within a row indicate products with the same active ingredient(s). Table 3-8. Suggestions for insect control in soybeans (continued) in soybeans for insect control Suggestions Table 3-8. Stink bugs (continued) Thistle caterpillar Insect b a 154

PRINCIPLES OF CORN SOYBEAN insects FORAGES & SMALL GRAINS PERENNIAL WEEDSSTORED GRAIN APPENDIX PEST MNGMT. PASTURES INSECTS PRINCIPLES OF FORAGES & STORED GRAIN PEST MNGMT. CORN SOYBEAN insects PASTURES SMALL GRAINS PERENNIAL WEEDS INSECTS APPENDIX 155 For suppression only, not control. Do not apply within 30 days of not control. only, For suppression harvest. Do not exceed 0.06 lb ai/a per season. Do not graze or or hay for livestock feed. soybean forage, straw, harvest treated Do not apply more than 6 pt/a per season. Do not apply within 28 Do not apply more forage to livestock. days of harvest. Do not graze or feed treated spray may be second application 3–5 days after the initial A newly hatched nymphs. In this case, alternate needed to control (e.g., against mites that is effective to a non-chlorpyrifos product dimethoate). Do not apply within 21 days of harvest. Do not exceed 0.4 lb ai/a Do not apply within 21 days of harvest. soybean forage, straw, per season. Do not graze or harvest treated or hay for livestock feed. For suppression only, not control. Do not apply within 30 days of not control. only, For suppression 0.06 of Endigo ZC or harvest. Do not exceed a total of 9.0 fl oz/a products,lambda-cyhalothrin–containing of ai lb or 0.125 lb ai of season. per growing thiamethoxam-containing products For suppression only, not control. Do not apply within 45 days of not control. only, For suppression harvest. Do not exceed 0.03 lb ai (0.19 pt)/a per season. Do not for livestock or hay soybean forage, straw, graze or harvest treated feed. Wait at least 14 days before making a second application of Cobalt making a second application at least 14 days before Wait containing chlopyrifos. Do not apply Advanced or another product foliage to or feed treated within 30 days of harvest. Do not graze livestock. Do not graze or harvest treated soybean forage, straw, or hay for soybean forage, straw, treated Do not graze or harvest not apply within 30 days of harvest. Do livestock feed. Do not season. exceed 0.06 lb ai/a per within 21 days of harvest. Do not feed or graze Do not apply within 5 days of last application. Do not apply within 21 days of harvest. Maximum amount of Triple amount of Triple harvest. Maximum within 21 days of Do not apply 14.2 oz (0.25 lb per season: allowed per crop insecticide Crown hay or soybean forage, straw, treated not graze or harvest ai/a). Do for livestock feed. ai/a 18 days of harvest. Do not exceed 0.3 lb Do not apply within soybean forage, straw, or harvest treated per season. Do not graze feed. or hay for livestock Remarks, precautions Remarks, 1.92 oz 1.0 pt 10.3 oz 4.5 oz 1.54 oz 11.0–26.0 fl oz 11.0–26.0 0.96–1.6 oz 1.0 pt 3.5–4.8 oz 5.12–6.4 oz Amount of Amount of product/a a Treat as needed on field margins or entire field. or entire as needed on field margins Treat Warrior II Warrior Lorsban Advanced Hero Endigo ZC Declare Cobalt Advanced Warrior II Warrior dimethoate Triple Crown Triple Brigade 2EC Insecticide Note: Do not apply to blossoming soybeans if bees are foraging. Multiple trade names listed within a row indicate products with the same active ingredient(s). Table 3-8. Suggestions for insect control in soybeans (continued) in soybeans for insect control Suggestions Table 3-8. Thistle caterpillar (continued) a b spider mite Two-spotted Insect PRINCIPLES OF PEST MNGMT. PEST MGMT

Soybean disease management CORN

Soybeans grown in Wisconsin are subject crop rotation and tillage programs that per- to attack by several disease-causing organ- mit residue decomposition before the next isms. Growers should learn to identify crop is planted will help reduce diseases the major soybean diseases in order to such as brown stem rot, sclerotinia stem rot SOYBEAN diseases distinguish them from poor plant health (white mold), pod and stem blight, anthrac-

SOYBEAN due to insects, adverse weather and soil nose, stem canker, Septoria brown spot, conditions, herbicide injury, and nutrient Cercospora leaf spot (purple seed stain), deficiencies. Solutions to disease problems bacterial blight and several other fungal are generally quite different compared with and bacterial leaf diseases, and the soybean solutions to insects, weeds, and other prob- cyst nematode. Soil populations of the soy- lems. Soybean diseases can be controlled bean cyst nematode can be minimized by or reduced by planting resistant or tolerant crop rotation with nonhost crops. FORAGES & PASTURES varieties, using a crop management system Very few of the fungi and bacteria that that fits your farming operation, and using attack soybeans infect other crop plants. agricultural chemicals—generally fungicides. Rotations with corn, small grains, or most forages deprive soybean pathogens of a Resistant or tolerant host on which to infect, reproduce, and varieties carry over between soybean crops. Adequate, balanced soil fertility also can SMALL GRAINS The use of disease-resistant or tolerant be important in reducing disease losses. varieties is a practical and economical Less-than-adequate phosphorus or potash control for soybean diseases in Wisconsin. can result in increased losses from Septo- However, no soybean variety is resistant to ria brown spot, soybean cyst nematode, all diseases. Carefully evaluate the major several root rots, and pod and stem blight. diseases on your farm and consider disease Healthy, vigorous plants are more toler- reactions when selecting soybean variet- PERENNIAL WEEDS ant of diseases and better able to produce a ies. Disease reaction of soybean varieties near-normal yield despite diseases. can differ from year to year because the microorganisms that cause plant disease can change genetically and attack variet- Fungicides ies that were formerly resistant. Soybean Fungicidal seed treatment varieties also may have different reactions Treating soybean seeds may be beneficial to when grown under different cultural prac- protect against certain pathogens (see table

STORED GRAIN tices and weather conditions. Consult the 3-9) under the following conditions:

INSECTS publication Wisconsin Soybean Variety Tests n Early planting in cold, wet soils. at soybean.uwex.edu for information on specific varieties. n Reduced till and no-till fields. n If germination is below 80% or there Crop management are other indications of low seed vigor. The use of crop rotation and clean tillage Seed invaded by disease-producing are very powerful disease-control tools. organisms such as Phomopsis (pod and APPENDIX Many fungal and bacterial pathogens of stem blight fungus) is more likely to soybeans survive between cropping sea- respond to seed treatment. sons in soybean crop debris. Once this crop n If the field is heavily infested with residue is thoroughly decayed, these dis- soybean root-invading fungi such as ease-causing organisms die out. Therefore, Pythium, Rhizoctonia, or Phytophthora. 156 157

Select the seed treatment fungicide to Soybean seed producers should consider PRINCIPLES OF PEST MNGMT. match pathogen pressure. Soil type, tillage, the use of foliar fungicides to improve seed PEST MGMT soil moisture and temperature, and seed quality (see table 3-12), taking the following health will influence the degree of pressure. factors into account: Follow the label for application rates and n Potential risk. The diseases controlled instructions. Apply fungicide seed treat- by fungicide sprays are important when ments before applying a Rhizobium; inocu- warm, wet weather prevails during the lum and plant seed immediately. pod-fill stage. If, at bloom, the 30-day outlook is for warm, wet weather, these Foliar fungicides CORN diseases will be active and fungicide Folar fungicides can be used to lower losses sprays will be beneficial. Most prod- due to leaf diseases and pod and stem uct labels suggest two sprays, one at blight (see table 3-10). Pod and stem blight early pod development (upper pods may reduce yield, but its major effect is 0.50 to 0.75 inches long) and a second through seed infection (Phomopsis seed SOYBEAN diseases spray 14 to 21 days later. However, decay) that results in reduced seed germi- if the weather has been dry since the nation and lower seedling vigor. Evalua- first application and the forecast is for tions in Wisconsin reveal that foliar-applied continued dry weather, do not spray a fungicides reduce seed infection and second time. improve germination. Foliar-applied fungicides for the control of leaf diseases and n Was the field planted to soybeans the pod and stem blight have improved yields previous year? If you grow soybeans for two or more consecutive years, disease in Wisconsin tests, but this result has been FORAGES & PASTURES very inconsistent. severity potential will be higher than if you rotate crops.

Table 3-9. Fungicides for treating soybean seeds for protection against Rhizoctonia, Pythium, Phytophthora, and Phomopsisa

Pathogens controlled SMALL GRAINS Sample Fungicide formulations Rhiz. Pyth. Phyt. Phom. Remarks Bacillus Yield Shield n — — — Can be applied as a water-based slurry either alone or with pumilus other insecticides and fungicides. Bacillus HiStick N/T, n — — — Provides protection against several early-season root dis- subtilis Vault HP eases. Can be applied with other compatible seed treatments, but follow label directions closely. PERENNIAL WEEDS captan many n n n — Protects against seed rot. carboxin + Vitavax-MDC n n — n Protects against seed rot; provides systemic protection of captan seedlings to disease caused by Rhizoctonia. Carboxin controls seedborne phase of Phomopsis (pod and stem blight). Phomopsis can lower germination and seedling vigor. carboxin Bean Guard n n — — Combines the systemic action of carboxin and metalaxyl + metalaxyl /Allegiance with the contact action of captan. Effective against Pythium

and Rhizoctonia and show good activity against Fusarium STORED GRAIN + captan

and Helminthosporium. INSECTS carboxin + Vitavax-CT n n — n Protects against seed rot; provides systemic protection of thiram seedlings to disease caused by Rhizoctonia. Carboxin controls seedborne phase of Phomopsis (pod and stem blight). Phomopsis can lower germination and seedling vigor. fludioxonil Maxim 4FS n — — n Protects against Rhizoctonia and seed-borne Phomopsis. Use with Apron XL for broad-spectrum protection. APPENDIX Abbreviations: Rhiz. = Rhizoctonia; Pyth. = Pythium; Phyt. = Phytophthora; Phom. = Phomopsis (continued) a Follow label instructions for application rates and additional application instructions. Apply fungicide seed treatments before applying a Rhizobium inoculum and plant seed immediately. - - Improves stands by controlling seed rot and seedling death seed rot stands by controlling Improves caused by Phytophthora and Pythium. Has systemic activity. to moder enhance performance of varieties with low Will ate resistance (tolerance) to Phytophthora. ate resistance (tolerance) to Phytophthora. ate resistance Improves stands by controlling seed rot and seedling death and seedling rot seed stands by controlling Improves and Pythium. Has systemic activity. caused by Phytophthora to moder enhance performance of varieties with low Will Contains clothianidin for control of wireworm, white grub, white grub, of wireworm, for control Contains clothianidin bean leaf beetle. seedcorn maggot, and May be applied with mechanical, slurry, or mist-type seed or mist-type mechanical, slurry, May be applied with be sound and well cured equipment. Seed should treating treatment. before Protects against seed rot and seedling death caused by seedling death caused and rot against seed Protects Pythium, and Rhizoctonia. Phomopsis, Phytophthora, Remarks Protects against seed rot caused by Pythium and Rhizoctonia. seed rot against Protects against seed and seedling disease protection Provides against suppression due to Rhizoctonia and may provide Pythium spp. and damping-off seedling blight, of seed decay, For control caused by Rhizoctonia solani. Phytophthora. Mefenoxam is active against Pythium and Rhizoctonia solani Fludioxonil is active against Fusarium and and Phomopsis. seed-borne Sclerotinia and suppresses Provides protection against pod and stem blight on soy- protection Provides bean seed. Biological fungicide for suppression of early season root rot rot of early season root Biological fungicide for suppression chemi- other with combined be Can fungi. damping-off and fungicides and/or insecticides. cal seed treatment Preventative biological fungicide that protects against sev- biological fungicide that protects Preventative pathogens. Can be used with some other chemical eral root fungicides, but consult compatibility charts for specific information. Protects against seed rot; suppresses seedborne fungi. suppresses against seed rot; Protects against seedborne seed and seedling protection Provides soilborne pathogens, and Rhizoc- fungi causing seed decay, tonia solani and Fusarium spp. Provides seed and seedling protection against seedborne seed and seedling protection Provides fungi causing seed decay and the soilborne pathogens spp. and Pythium Rhizoctonia solani n n n n n n — — — — — — — — — Phom. n n n n n n n n — — — — — — — Phyt. n n n n n n n n n n n — — — — Pyth. (continued) Pathogens controlled Pathogens n n n n n n n n n n n n — — — a Rhiz. many L-205N Terra-Coat Apron XL-LS Apron Inovate Rancona Xxtra Maxx RFC, Apron Maxx RTA, Apron + Max RTA Apron RTA Warden Moly, Sample formulations Acceleron DX-109 Acceleron Vibrance ST Actinogrow T-22 HC T-22 CruiserMaxx CruiserMaxx Advanced Mertect 340F many Trilex 2000, Trilex Trilex 6000 Rhiz. = Rhizoctonia; Pyth. = Pythium; Phyt. = Phytophthora; Phom. = Phomopsis

Follow label instructions for application rates and additional application instructions. Apply fungicide seed treatments before applying a Follow label instructions for application rates and additional application instructions. Apply metalaxyl PCNB + ethazole mefenoxam ipconazole + metalaxyl ipconazole fludioxonil + fludioxonil mefenoxam Fungicide Table 3-9. Fungicides for treating soybean seeds for protection against Rhizoctonia, Pythium, Pythium, Rhizoctonia, against for protection seeds soybean for treating Fungicides 3-9. Table and Phomopsis Phytophthora, pyraclostrobin sedaxane Streptomyces lydicus Trichoderma Trichoderma harzianum thiamethoxam mefenoxam fludioxonil thiabendazole thiram trifloxytrobin trifloxystrobin + metalaxyl Abbreviations: a Rhizobium inoculum and plant seed immediately. 158

PRINCIPLES OF CORN SOYBEAN diseases FORAGES & SMALL GRAINS PERENNIAL WEEDSSTORED GRAIN APPENDIX PESTPEST MNGMT. MGMT PASTURES INSECTS n No-till or minimum tillage. This will 159

Soil-applied fungicides PRINCIPLES OF PEST MNGMT. PEST MGMT increase the potential of disease if soy- These can be used for control of Phytoph- beans are planted consecutive years. thora root rot (see table 3-10). Ridomil 2EC n Early-maturing varieties. These usually and Ridomil 5G are the only products reg- suffer greater losses from diseases con- istered for this purpose. Consider the fol- trolled by foliar fungicides than full- lowing if you are thinking of using Ridomil season varieties. 2EC or Ridomil 5G: n Benefits of improved seed quality. The n Potential risk. Ridomil should be consid-

benefits from disease control may be an ered for fields with a history of frequent CORN important consideration for applying Phytophthora root rot. This disease can fungicides to seed-production fields. cause significant yield loss even with- n High yields. Higher yields, 50 bu/a or out extensive plant death. Soils with more, should be anticipated if fungicide high water-holding capacity are usually at greatest risk. application is to be economical. SOYBEAN diseases n n Treatment cost versus expected benefit. Soybean variety. Ridomil performance Each treatment costs about $20 to $30/a is greatly affected by a variety’s level of for the chemical, wetting agent, and resistance or tolerance to Phytophthora application. root rot. Varieties that are highly tolerant have performed best with Ridomil n A dense canopy of weeds. This will use in Wisconsin research trials. Variet- impede the movement of the fungicide ies with full resistance respond less to to soybean pods and foliage. Ridomil treatment. Ridomil should not FORAGES & PASTURES Follow label instructions for application be applied to a fully susceptible or low- rates and additional application instructions. tolerant soybean variety.

Table 3-10. Fungicides for foliar and soil application for soybeana SMALL GRAINS

Cercospora Frogeye Phyto- Pod and Sclerotinia Septoria blight & Downy leaf phthora stem Powdery stem rot brown Fungicide Formulation Groupb leaf spot mildew spot root rot blightc mildew (white mold) spot azoxystrobin Quadris 11 n — n — n — — n basic copper Cuprofix Disperss, M1 n n — — n n — n sulfate Cuprofix Ultra 40 n n n n n PERENNIAL WEEDS chlorothalonil Bravo 500 M5 n — n — n n — n mefenoxam Ridomil Gold GR, 4 — — — n — — — — Ridomil Gold 4EC n pyraclostrobin Headline 11 n — n — n — — n thiophanate- Topsin M 4.5FL, 1 — — n — n — n n methyl Topsin M 70WP, n n n n

Topsin M WDG n n n n STORED GRAIN a Follow label instructions for application rates, time of application, and additional application instructions. INSECTS b Group codes indicate modes of action; use fungicides with different group codes to reduce the risk of disease resistance. c Control of seed infection by PSB (pseudomycin B) pathogen. APPENDIX 160 referred to as tolerant. Highly tolerant vari- PRINCIPLES OF

PEST MNGMT. Soybean diseases PEST MGMT eties can perform very well against Phy- Phytophthora root rot tophthora root rot. However, performance Phytophthora root rot may be found on of tolerant varieties can drop when condi- soybeans grown on any soil type, but soils tions are highly favorable for this disease. with poor internal drainage are especially Tolerance can be supplemented by use of prone to Phytophthora problems. Young appropriate cultural practices, formulations plants are very susceptible and die quickly, of seed treatment fungicides that contain the resulting gaps in rows are the only evi- mefenoxam or metalaxyl, and Ridomil soil CORN dence the disease is present. Older plants treatment. are killed more gradually or plant vigor is Cultural practices. Phytophthora root rot reduced throughout the growing season. is most effectively suppressed by avoiding Initial leaf symptoms are a progressive yel- susceptible varieties. The ability of variet- lowing and wilting of leaves from the bot- ies to resist Phytophthora root rot can be SOYBEAN diseases tom to the top of the plant. The dead leaves enhanced by the following cultural practices. generally remain attached for a week or n Improve soil drainage. more. Dead or dying plants have a brown n Avoid tillage practices or other field discoloration of the stem progressing activities that enhance soil compaction. upward from the soil line. n Variety selection and field monitoring. Ridge soil around the base of plants Planting resistant varieties provides the during cultivation to promote root highest level of protection against individ- growth from the lower stem. This may

FORAGES & suppress Phytophthora root rot when PASTURES ual races of Phytophthora. So if the fungus exists in your fields, you’ll need to know the root rot phase predominates. The which races are prevalent. To determine lower soil moisture in the ridges creates which races are present in a field, plant a less favorable environment for Phy- several varieties that differ in reported tophthora activity. resistance. This test is especially important Chemical control. For early Phytophthora when planting a variety in a specific field root rot control, treat seed with a com- SMALL GRAINS for the first time. Races of the pathogen pound that has this disease on the label; can differ from field to field. Also, new treat only varieties with moderate to high races can become prevalent, and a soybean tolerance. For longer control, apply Ridomil variety that has shown no Phytophthora 2E in the furrow, over the row, or broadcast root rot in past years can become very or apply Ridomil 5G in the furrow or in a diseased. For this reason, it’s important to band over the row.

PERENNIAL WEEDS monitor the performance of varieties with race-specific resistance. Be aware that many Brown stem rot soybean varieties have the same source of Brown stem rot (BSR) can reduce grain resistance to Phytophthora root rot. Consult yield by 10 to 25%. Symptoms do not the publication Wisconsin Soybean Variety appear until after pod development has Tests at soybean.uwex.edu for information begun. The insides of stems turn brown on specific varieties. and leaves gradually yellow, wilt, and Resistant varieties: Soybean varieties con- die. The symptoms begin in August and STORED GRAIN tain different genes for resistance. Each early September, depending on the relative INSECTS gene confers resistance to specific races of maturity of the variety. Due to the timing, Phytophthora. No one variety is resistant to BSR is often confused with early maturity. all races. This form of resistance results in Yield loss due to BSR is greatest when the a very high level of control. Resistant vari- soybean crop is planted early and in nar- eties perform well across a wide range of row rows. Brown stem rot resistant variet- environments; however, the appearance of ies and/or longer crop rotations may be a new race can result in severe disease. most critical in this situation. APPENDIX Tolerant varieties: Many soybean variet- Crop management. Crop rotation can be ies are not highly resistant to specific races used to control BSR. However, if growing of Phytophthora but vary in the degree of susceptible varieties, you should have at susceptibility to all races. Varieties with a least 2 years of a nonhost crop between soy- low level of susceptibility frequently are bean crops. Rotating soybean and corn on alternate years can result in yield loss due than BSR) and then digging plants out with 161 PRINCIPLES OF PEST MNGMT. to BSR. Corn and small grains are excellent a shovel so that the roots are intact. Split PEST MGMT nonhost crops. Current research indicates the stem; SDS does not lead to a brown that forage legumes, peas, and snap beans discoloration of the vascular and pith tissue are not associated with increased severity that is typical with BSR. When infection is of BSR. The risk of BSR declines as soil pH severe, it is possible to see a blue coloration increases to 7.0 or above. on the taproot. This is growth of the fun- Resistant varieties. Both public and pri- gus. Keep in mind that SDS and BSR can vate soybean varieties are available with occur together in the same plant, so it is moderate to high levels of resistance to important to properly diagnose the disease. CORN BSR. Consult the publication Wisconsin Soy- Risk factors. The pathogen that causes bean Variety Tests at soybean.uwex.edu for SDS overwinters in soybean debris as resis- information on specific varieties. Watch for tant fungal spores. Disease development is foliar symptoms associated with “resistant” favored by high soil moisture during veg- varieties. These symptoms may be caused etative growth and wet and cooler condi- SOYBEAN diseases by a breakdown of resistance by the BSR tions around flowering. Low spots or areas pathogen or a different pathogen. prone to water retention or poorly drained Integration of rotation and resistant vari- areas are more favorable for disease devel- eties. The movement to more integrated opment. It is not uncommon to see very agricultural systems to reduce production abrupt areas in the field where plants are costs makes an alternating soybean and severely infected while the neighboring corn rotation a seemingly desirable system. plants are healthy.

However, only 1 year of corn between soy- Dealing with SDS. There is a known asso- FORAGES & PASTURES bean crops results in minimal suppression ciation of SDS with the soybean cyst nema- of the BSR fungus. Preliminary results from tode (SCN), although both can occur in the experiments in Iowa and Wisconsin sug- absence of each other. We strongly advise gest that varieties that are highly resistant taking a soil sample and submitting for to BSR reduce inoculum in the soil, but to testing for the presence of SCN from any a lesser degree than a year of corn. Thus, field where SDS was noted. Management of use of varieties resistant to BSR may take SDS includes the use of resistant cultivars SMALL GRAINS on added importance as the time inter- and the monitoring of conditions at plant- val between soybean crops is shortened. ing to avoid cool soil temperatures that are Although planting a variety resistant to favorable for infection by the pathogen. BSR would be the most effective manage- Very little varietal tolerance information ment option, another option is to plant exists in maturity group 2 and earlier soy- resistant and susceptible soybean varieties bean cultivars in Wisconsin; consult the PERENNIAL WEEDS on an alternating basis each time soybeans Soybean Variety Trial Results at soybean. are planted in rotating corn or other non- uwex.edu for ratings for SDS when condi- host of the BSR fungus. Brown stem rot is tions warrant. Tillage should also be con- more severe in no-till fields than in conven- sidered to help increase soil temperature tional till. Therefore, longer crop rotations and drainage, although crop rotation does and/or resistant varieties should be con- not appear to have much of an impact on sidered if using no-till systems for soybean SDS as outbreaks have been noted after production. several other crops, including corn. STORED GRAIN INSECTS Sudden death syndrome Leaf diseases Sudden death syndrome (SDS) is a rela- Leaf diseases such as downy mildew, bac- tively new disease to Wisconsin but nation- terial blight, powdery mildew, and brown ally it is one of the top five yield-limiting spot are present in most soybean fields but diseases. Symptoms of SDS include a yel- generally do not cause significant yield low to brown discoloration of the leaves losses. Frogeye leaf spot and Cercospora around the veins, which can be mistaken leaf spot, diseases normally found in the APPENDIX for brown stem rot (BSR). To differentiate South, are becoming more prevalent in the symptoms in the field, start by noting Wisconsin. Hot, humid weather favors the growth stage (SDS typically expresses development of these diseases. symptoms earlier in reproductive growth 162

PRINCIPLES OF Yield losses from leaf diseases may occur early maturing varieties, and in fields that PEST MNGMT. more frequently if soybeans are planted are subject to prolonged dews. Begin moni- after June 1, especially if downy mildew or toring at soybean emergence and continue powdery mildew develop. Under certain on a weekly schedule. Use a hand lens to environmental conditions these diseases check lower leaves where rust symptoms can occur early in the growing season and are likely to show first. cause premature defoliation and subse- To confirm diagnosis, select leaves rep- quent yield losses. Early development of resenting the range of symptoms. Place brown spot may indicate other health prob- the leaves between layers of cardboard CORN lems are present. Crop rotation, fall plow- and paper towels and place in a sealable ing to bury soybean debris, or application plastic bag. Keep them cool until mailing of foliar fungicides at early podding can and record as much field history informa- reduce the incidence of leaf diseases. tion as possible. Send to the Plant Disease Diagnostics Clinic, Department of Plant

SOYBEAN diseases Soybean rust Pathology, University of Wisconsin- Soybean rust is a rapidly spreading fungal Madison, 1630 Linden Drive, Madison, WI disease that was first detected in the United 53706-1598. States in 2004. Soybeans are susceptible to Rust management. Fungicides are the only rust infection at all growth stages. Infected in-season control practices that are effective plants have fewer pods, fewer seeds per against soybean rust. Method of control is pod, and poorly filled seeds. To date, losses considered either preventive (sometimes due to soybean rust in the United States called protectant) or curative:

FORAGES & have been low, and the disease has not PASTURES n Preventive fungicides. These prevent been observed in Wisconsin. fungi from infecting and/or penetrating Symptoms. Symptoms first appear in the host tissue. These fungicides must be in lower canopy with tiny gray spots form- place before plants are infected, or they ing on the undersides of leaves, often will not control the disease. The strobi- clustered near leaf veins. As the disease lurin class of fungicides (azoxystrobin, progresses, the spots rapidly increase in

SMALL GRAINS pyraclostrobin, trifloxystrobin, etc) are size and become visible on the upper side all preventive fungicides. of the leaf as well as on petioles, stems, and pods. Spots change color, going from gray n Curative fungicides (triazoles). These to tan to reddish-brown or black. Leaves inhibit or stop the development of infec- turn yellow and drop prematurely. Early tions that are already established. These rust symptoms may be mistaken for downy fungicides are also able to slow disease development by limiting the pathogen’s

PERENNIAL WEEDS mildew, brown spot, bacterial pustule, or frogeye leafspot. ability to produce new spores. This There is no evidence that the soybean “post-infection activity” makes triazoles rust fungus will survive Wisconsin winters. the fungicide of choice if soybean rust As a result, the pathogen must be blown is established at low levels in a field. It northward to reinfest fields each year. Dis- is important to remember that triazoles ease development is favored by long peri- do not have unlimited curative activity ods of leaf wetness (at least 8 hours), high and are most effective when applied to

STORED GRAIN relative humidity (75 to 80%), and tem- plants with less than 10% infection in

INSECTS peratures between 59 and 86˚F. At higher the lower canopy. Triazole fungicides temperatures, disease development slows may also be applied as a preventive, or stops. Spores can be produced 10 days before disease infection. after infection and are continually released Soybean cyst nematode as long as environmental conditions are favorable. The soybean cyst nematode (SCN) was Scouting. Early detection and a rapid first discovered in southeastern Wisconsin APPENDIX response are critical to soybean rust man- in 1980. Currently, this destructive root- agement. To help guide scouting, monitor infecting pathogen should be considered the soybean rust website on the ipmPIPE: a threat in all soybean growing regions of sbr.ipmpipe.org. Scout fields frequently, Wisconsin. concentrating on early planted fields and Soybean cyst nematodes are microscopic Sampling for SCN. A soil analysis test can 163 PRINCIPLES OF roundworms that reside in the soil and live be used to confirm a suspected nematode PEST MNGMT. by extracting nutrients from soybean roots. problem or to eliminate SCN as one of sev- Common foliar symptoms are yellow- eral possible causes of poor plant growth. ing and eventual premature death. Plants Soil samples can be taken any time of the damaged by SCN are usually stunted and year. nodulation is often disrupted. Plant death There are several ways to take a soil sam- may occur, but usually does not. Symptoms ple; the following is a general guide: can be confused with other crop produc- 1. Use a soil probe or narrow-bladed tion problems such as nutrient deficiencies, trowel or shovel. Take samples close CORN injury from agricultural chemicals, soil to plants at a depth of 8 to 10 inches. compaction, and other soybean disorders. Discard the upper 2 inches of soil, espe- Populations of SCN can also interact with cially if it is dry. Be sure to include plant and intensify these disorders, and vice roots. versa. SOYBEAN diseases If high populations of SCN are present, 2. Submit one sample for a 10-acre field plants show symptoms often before flower- or for a suspected area within the field. ing. However, symptoms may not appear Sample soil and roots from 12 to 20 until pod set if low soil populations of SCN plants and mix into one sample; 1 to exist. Infected plants commonly occur in 2 pt of soil is adequate. Sample from oval-shaped patches that vary in size and plants in the margins of suspected areas increase each year soybeans are planted in and not from their centers.

an infested field. The affected area gener- 3. Place samples in sturdy plastic bags, FORAGES & PASTURES ally expands in the direction of tillage. fasten the open end securely, and accu- A laboratory soil analysis usually is nec- rately label samples. Keep the samples essary to determine the presence of SCN. from becoming dry and overheated. However, you can diagnose SCN in the Mail samples early in the week to avoid field by observing the cysts on the soy- delays in transit. bean root. Initially, the cysts are white, but Laboratories will report the number of they turn brown with time. The cysts are nematodes per unit of soil, usually per 100 SMALL GRAINS approximately the size of a pin head. Be cc of soil, or per gram of dry root. Grow- careful not to confuse them with nodules ers and crop consultants may use these lab caused by nitrogen-fixing bacteria. results to determine SCN damage potential (table 3-11). Nematode analysis laboratories are listed in table 2-16 on page 102.

(continued on page 166) PERENNIAL WEEDS Table 3-11. Risk assessment of soybean cyst nematode (SCN) by soil population and soil type Egg count range/ Potential yield loss Risk 100 cc soil for SCN susceptible variety None 0 none Low 1–500 0–10% silt or clay soil

5–20% sandy soils STORED GRAIN Moderate 500–2,000 10–20% silt or clay soils INSECTS 10–40% sandy soils High 2,000–5,000 20–50% all soils Very high > 5,000 30–70% 10–20% expected yield loss for resistant varietiesa a Soybean varieties with CystX resistance should be superior to other APPENDIX forms of SCN resistance in fields with very high SCN populations in the soil. - (continued) 42 days 14 days 30 days Not listed Do not apply after R5 21 days 6 weeks Preharvest interval Preharvest interval (PHI) 21 days for grain and hay and 14 days for forage 21 days 1.0–2.25 pt .875–2.0 lb 1.5–3.5 pt 6.0–15.5 fl oz 2.75–5.5 fl oz 0.75–2.0 fl oz 4.0–5.0 fl oz 6.0–12.0 fl oz 1.0–2.25 lb 4–8 fl oz 2.5–4.3 fl oz Amount/ use/a ) a Qol (11) chloronitrile (M5) chloronitrile triazole (3) inorganic (M1) inorganic triazole (3) Qol (11) chloronitrile (M5) chloronitrile Carboximides (7) Qol (11) triazole (3) Chemical family (FRAC code azoxystrobin chlorothalonil cyproconazole copper sulfate tetraconazole pyraclostrobin chlorothalonil fluxapyroxad + pyraclostrobin prothioconazole Active ingredient b b

— — — n — n — n —

White mold White — — — n n n — — — Powdery mildew Powdery

n n n — n n n n n Cercospora leaf spot leaf Cercospora

n n n — n — n n n Pod and stem blight stem and Pod

n n n n n n n n n Frogeye leaf spot leaf Frogeye Septoria brown spot brown Septoria n n n — n n n n n Do not apply more than three applications per season. Do not apply more than 12.9 fl oz/a/ applications per season. Do not apply more than three Do not apply more than one application at or make more than 92.3 fl oz of product/a/season Do not apply more Do not feed soybean or threshings from treated fields to livestock. treated from Do not feed soybean or threshings alter than two applications/season before more Apply no than 24 fl oz/season. Apply no more Do not make more than two applications/year. Do not apply more than 10 fl oz/a/season. Do Do not apply more than two applications/year. Do not make more

Do not apply more than 16 fl oz/a/season or make more than two consecutive applications than 16 fl oz/a/season or make more Do not apply more Do not apply more than 6 pt/a during each growing season. Do not feed hay or threshings from from Do not feed hay or threshings season. than 6 pt/a during each growing Do not apply more and rates. Consult the label for disease specific recommendations Do not apply more than 11 fl oz/a/season. Do not graze within 14 days of application or apply Do not graze within 14 days of fl oz/a/season. than 11 Do not apply more b Soybean rust Soybean

n n n n n — n n n Anthracnose

n n n — n — n n n Alternaria leaf spot leaf Alternaria season. n than 1.5 lbs ai/a/season Do not apply more or 0.25 lb ai/a to soybean forage and hay. 15.5 fl oz product/a products. of azoxystrobin-containing not graze or feed soybean forage or hay to livestock. not graze or feed soybean forage or hay — Remarks: Remarks: Remarks: Remarks: Remarks: Remarks: Remarks: Remarks: Remarks: n before alternating to a labeled fungicide with a different mode of action. mode of alternating to a labeled fungicide with a different before — more than 0.072 lb ai/a/year of cyproconazole-containing products. Do not use soybean forage or hay as Do not use soybean products. of cyproconazole-containing than 0.072 lb ai/a/year more than one application at 5.5 fl oz/a. more livestock feed if making — to livestock fields treated n — nating with a labeled non-Group 11 fungicide with a different mode of action. fungicide with a different 11 nating with a labeled non-Group n n Supression only. FRAC codes indicate the modes of action for each fungicide; multiple applications of fungicides FRAC codes indicate the modes of action for each fungicide; multiple applications Quadris Echo 720 Echo 90 DF Echo ZN b a from the same group increases the chances for the fungus developing resistance. Fungicide Alto 100 SL Table 3-12. Fungicides registered for foliar soybean diseases in Wisconsin diseases in foliar soybean registered for Fungicides Table 3-12. Proline 480 SC Proline Domark 230 ME Bravo Weather Bravo Weather Stik Ultra 40 Cuprofix Disperss Priaxor Headline EC, Headline SC 164

PRINCIPLES OF CORN SOYBEAN diseases FORAGES & SMALL GRAINS PERENNIAL WEEDSSTORED GRAIN APPENDIX PESTPEST MNGMT. MGMT PASTURES INSECTS PRINCIPLES OF FORAGES & STORED GRAIN PESTPEST MNGMT. MGMT CORN SOYBEAN diseases PASTURES SMALL GRAINS PERENNIAL WEEDS INSECTS APPENDIX - 165 Apply up to stage R6 21 days for seed and 0 days for forage and hay 30 days 21 days Apply up to stage R6 21 days 21 days Preharvest interval Preharvest interval (PHI) 10.5–21.0 fl oz 14.0–20.5 fl oz 4.0–6.8 fl oz 4.0–4.65 fl oz 4.0–6.0 fl oz 0.5–1.0 lb 0.5–1.0 lb 0.5–1.0 lb 7.0–14.0 fl oz Amount/ use/a ) a Qol (11) triazole (3) Qol (11) triazole (3) Qol (11) triazole (3) triazole (3) thiophanates (1) triazole (3) triazole (3) Qol (11) Chemical family (FRAC code azoxystrobin + azoxystrobin propiconazole azoxystrobin + azoxystrobin propiconazole azoxystrobin + azoxystrobin cyproconazole propiconazole thiophanate- methyl flutriafol prothioconazole prothioconazole + trifloxystrobin Active ingredient

— — — — n — —

White mold White — — — — — n n Powdery mildew Powdery

n n n — — n n Cercospora leaf spot leaf Cercospora

n n n — n — n Pod and stem blight stem and Pod

n n n n n n n Frogeye leaf spot leaf Frogeye Septoria brown spot brown Septoria n n n n n n n

Do not apply more than 42 fl oz/a/season. Do not apply more than 0.34 lb ai of propiconazole- than 42 fl oz/a/season. Do not apply more Do not apply more Do not apply more than 13.6 fl oz /a/season. Do not graze forage within 14 days of application. fl oz /a/season. Do not graze forage within than 13.6 Do not apply more

- applications per grow than three than 28 fl oz/a/season. Do not apply more Do not apply more Do not apply more than three applications per season. Do not apply more than 13.95 fl oz/a/ not apply more applications per season. Do than three Do not apply more than 0.34 lb ai propiconazole- than 12 fl oz/a/season. Do not apply more Do not apply more vines or hay to livestock. graze or feed treated Do not than 2 lb/a/year. Do not apply more Do not apply more than 42 fl oz/a/crop. Do not apply more than 0.34 lb ai of propiconazole- Do not apply more than 42 fl oz/a/crop. Do not apply more Soybean rust Soybean

n n n n — n n Anthracnose

n n n n n — n Alternaria leaf spot leaf Alternaria containing products/a/season. Do not apply more than 1.5 lb ai of azoxystrobin-containing products/a/ 1.5 lb ai of azoxystrobin-containing than Do not apply more containing products/a/season. season. n Do not apply more than 0.072 lb ai/a/year of cyproconazole-containing products. Do not apply more than more not apply Do products. of cyproconazole-containing ai/a/year lb 0.072 than not apply more Do or hay as livestock feed Do not use soybean forage products. azoxystrobin-containing 1.5 lb. ai/a/year of at 6.8 fl oz product/a. than one application if making more n Remarks: Remarks: Remarks: Remarks: Remarks: Remarks: Remarks: n season. Do not graze or feed soybean forage or hay. Do not apply more than two sequential applications Do not apply more or hay. season. Do not graze or feed soybean forage another group. with a fungicide from without alternating 11-fungicide YLD or any other Group of Stratego — containing product/a/season. — — at 14 fl oz/a may be made ing season. No single application may exceed 14 fl oz/a. Only one application dry seed. DO NOT Apply only to soybeans harvested for season. to any one field during a single growing fields. Do not feed forage or hay or per to treated Only soybeans may be rotated to any other crop. rotate mit animals to graze. containing products/a/season. Do not apply more than 1.5 lb ai of azoxystrobin-containing products/a/ 1.5 lb ai of azoxystrobin-containing than Do not apply more containing products/a/season. season. n

Supression only. FRAC codes indicate the modes of action for each fungicide; multiple applications of fungicides from the same group increases the chances FRAC codes indicate the modes of action for each fungicide; multiple applications Quilt Xcel Quilt Fungicide Quadris Xtra Table 3-12. Fungicides registered for foliar soybean diseases in Wisconsin (continued) in Wisconsin soybean diseases for foliar Fungicides registered Table 3-12. Tilt M 70 WP Topsin M WDG Topsin M WSB Topsin Topguard Stratego YLD for the fungus developing resistance. a b 166 Crop management. To keep soil popula- Control. Diaporthe pod and stem blight PRINCIPLES OF PEST MNGMT. PEST MGMT tions of SCN at non-damaging levels, rotate can be controlled or reduced by integrating soybeans with crops such as small grains, one or more of the following practices: use corn, alfalfa, and most vegetables (except pathogen-free seed, delay planting, practice peas, snap beans, lima beans, and dry-edi- crop rotation, deep-plow soybean debris, ble beans). The SCN can increase rapidly harvest as early as possible, and apply reg- if soybeans are frequently planted in the istered fungicides at early podding (see the same field. section on fungicides). Resistant varieties Two years of field studies indicate that are not known, but early-maturing varieties CORN you can expect higher populations of SCN generally are more susceptible. Seed treat- if planting in areas of fields with soil pH ments are useful when Phomopsis-infected levels above 7.0 as compared to areas with seed must be sown. Plant-disease diagnos- pH levels of 5.9 to 6.5. Damage is usually tic laboratories can examine seed lots to more severe in sandy soils, but will occur in determine approximate amounts of infec-

SOYBEAN diseases all types of soil. tion that may be present in seed. Narrow- Resistant varieties. SCN-resistant soybean row production does not increase pod and varieties are becoming available. However, stem blight (Phomopsis seed decay). control should start with crop rotation, which delays development of damaging Sclerotinia stem rot levels of SCN and greatly enhances the (white mold) performance of resistant soybean variet- Sclerotinia stem rot (also called white ies. Sample soils to determine population mold) is characterized by dying plants in

FORAGES & levels of SCN. Resistant varieties should be which the stems are covered with white PASTURES planted in fields with more than 1,000 SCN mycelium and hard black structures called eggs/250 cc of soil. Consult the Wisconsin sclerotia. Sclerotia also form inside infected Soybean Variety Tests at soybean.uwex.edu stems. Sclerotinia stem rot can be confused for information on specific varieties. with Phytophthora root rot. Close inspec- Seed Treatments. Poncho/VOTiVO is reg- tion of affected plants is very important. istered as a commercially applied soybean Sclerotinia stem rot is favored by cool to SMALL GRAINS seed treatment for early season nematode moderate temperatures and high humidi- protection. This product can only be applied ties in the crop canopy, especially during using commercial seed treatment equip- the flowering phase of crop development. ment. Consider nematode seed treatments The risk of Sclerotinia stem rot is great- methods only in combination with crop est when soybeans are grown in high-yield rotation and the use of resistant varieties. environments. Narrow-row production,

PERENNIAL WEEDS early planting, plant populations greater Diaporthe pod and stem blight than 200,000 plants per acre, irrigation, and Pod and stem blight is a conspicuous high soil fertility are management practices disease of maturing soybeans. Plants are that increase the risk of Sclerotinia stem rot. infected throughout the season, but con- Variety selection is critical under these condi- spicuous symptoms do not appear until tions. 2 to 3 weeks before maturity. Symptoms Control. Sclerotinia stem rot management are small, black fruiting bodies that look recommendations are based on the amount

STORED GRAIN like specks on maturing soybean stems and of disease that has been present in the field

INSECTS pods. Severe infection by the Diaporthe and on the relative resistance or susceptibil- fungus does not always mean a reduction ity of the soybean variety planted. Refer to in yield, but it generally results in reduced table 3-13 for specific recommendations. quality of seed for market or future plant- Soybean varieties differ in susceptibility ing. This is the Phomopsis seed decay to Sclerotinia stem rot. Complete resistance phase of pod and stem blight. Infected seed to Sclerotinia is not available. Disease reac- may show no detectable symptoms or can tions of soybean varieties are greatly influ- APPENDIX be in some stage of decay. Visibly infected enced by environmental conditions. Consult seeds are a discolored brown, shriveled, the publication Wisconsin Soybean Variety and often covered with white mold. This Tests for information on specific varieties. disease is favored by warm, wet weather during late pod fill. The Sclerotinia stem rot fungus survives Sclerotia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum are 167 PRINCIPLES OF PEST MNGMT. for years in the absence of a favorable long-lived in soil but are subject to attack PEST MGMT host. Two years of a nonhost crop reduces by many soil organisms. One commercially but does not eliminate the risk of Sclero- available biological control product, Con- tinia stem rot. Corn and small grains are tans WG, is labeled to control Sclerotinia excellent nonhost crops to rotate with stem rot in agricultural soils. Contans WG soybean; sunflowers, lima beans, and snap is applied in water to the soil surface, usu- beans are hosts and increase the potential ally during preplanting or post-harvest on of Sclerotinia stem rot in soybean. Many the stubble of a previously diseased crop. broadleaf weeds are also hosts. Thus, Contans WG can be sprayed just ahead of CORN control of broadleaf weeds in the nonhost the tillage equipment. It should be incorpo- crop year is critical. rated within 24 hours after spraying, ide- There are several fungicides labeled for ally immediately after spraying. Contans use in soybean for the control of Sclerotinia WG can be incorporated with irrigation on stem rot. However, most are only moder- sandy soils and some peat soils. It may be SOYBEAN diseases ately effective and need to be applied when tank mixed and applied with herbicides flowers are present on the lower half of the such as trifluralin or glyphosate. Do not stem. mix Contans with any other fungicide. Herbicides containing lactofen (Cobra, Read and follow label directions. The more Phoenix) will suppress white mold if applied time between treatment and the typical at or before first bloom. Check the label for onset of disease, the better. rates and adjuvant recommendations. FORAGES & PASTURES Table 3-13. Management recommendations for Sclerotinia stem rot (white mold) Field history (% disease) Management recommendationsa,b 0% Plant pathogen-free seed. Maintain current row width and plant population. Avoid crops that are susceptible to white mold in the rotation. SMALL GRAINS < 5% If disease is… —present in pockets: Avoid planting susceptible soybean varieties. Maintain current row width and plant population. Rotate out of soybeans for at least 1 year. —spread throughout field: Plant partially resistant varieties. Maintain current row width, but reduce plant population if planting less-resistant varieties. Rotate out of soybeans for at least 1 year. PERENNIAL WEEDS 5–25% If soybean variety is… —partially resistant: Maintain current row width and plant population. Rotate out of soybeans for at least 1 year. —moderately susceptible: Widen row width to 15 to 30 inches and lower seeding rate accordingly. Rotate out of soybeans for at least 1 year. Consider treating seed fields with a fungicide at flowering. 25–50% Select partially resistant varieties. Maintain current row width but lower the plant population. Rotate 1 to 2 years out of soybeans. Consider treating field with a STORED GRAIN

fungicide at flowering. INSECTS > 50% Plant varieties with as much resistance as possible. Narrow row spacing maybe acceptable for varieties with good resistance. If planting 30-inch rows, plant at 125,000 seeds/a. Rotate 2 to 3 years out of soybeans. Fungicide treatment necessary for susceptible varieties grown for seed—apply when flowers are present on lower half of stems. a Variety resistance rankings: resistant = <5% mortality, high yield; partially resistant = 5–25% mortality, high APPENDIX yield; moderately susceptible = 26–50% mortality, variable yield; susceptible = 26–50% mortality, low yield; highly susceptible = >50% mortality, low yield. b Optimum seeding rates for fields with a high risk for white mold: 180,000 plants/a for 7.5- and 15-inch rows and 125,000 plants/a for 30-inch rows. Source: Soybean Plant Health, University of Wisconsin; www.plantpath.wisc.edu/soyhealth 168 Alfalfa mosaic virus Soybean mosaic virus PRINCIPLES OF PEST MNGMT. PEST MGMT Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) was detected The soybean mosaic virus (SMV) occurs in soybean for the first time in 1999. Most in Wisconsin, but yield loss has not been AMV inoculum is introduced into soybean documented. Infected leaves develop a fields by aphids that acquire the virus mosaic of light and dark green areas and from forage legumes. Transmission occurs chlorosis may develop between the dark throughout the season. Infected leaves may green areas. Leaf surfaces become raised have a bright yellow mosaic or the leaf or blistered and leaf margins may be wavy veins may turn yellow, but the rest of the or curl downward. Most infected plants CORN leaf remains the normal green color. are slightly stunted, have fewer pods, and Control. No genes with resistance have mature later. Infected seed, a major source been reported. Soybeans planted early in of inoculum, may be discolored. Aphids the season appear to be less affected by the feed on infected plants and transmit SMV disease. to healthy plants throughout the season. SOYBEAN diseases Control. Plant virus-free seed. Variet- Bean pod mottle virus ies appear to differ in susceptibility but Bean pod mottle virus (BPMV) was first they are not characterized for reaction to detected in Wisconsin in 1999. Bean leaf SMV. Soybeans planted early in the season beetles feed on infected forage legumes and appear to be less affected by the disease. transmit the virus to soybeans throughout the season. Young leaves in the upper Tobacco streak virus canopy exhibiting light green to yellow Tobacco streak virus (TSV) is widespread in FORAGES &

PASTURES mottling. Some leaves become puckered Wisconsin but yield loss is not known. This and distorted. Stems remaining green after disease was detected in soybean for the pods have matured retain petioles after leaf first time in 1999. Infected leaves acquire a blades drop. The virus survives in insects mild mosaic coloring of yellow and green. over the winter. Leaf and flower buds may be excessively Control. Tolerant varieties are reported, proliferous. Maturity is delayed in infected but varieties are not characterized for reac- plants and plants remain green. Most TSV SMALL GRAINS tion to BPMV. Management of bean leaf inoculum is introduced into soybean fields beetle is key to control of virus (see the as infected seed. Thrips transmit TSV to insect section for recommendations). Delay healthy plants throughout the season. planting until mid-May to avoid feeding by Control. Varieties appear to differ in reac- overwintered bean leaf beetles. tion to TSV although genes with resistance to the virus have not been reported. Soy-

PERENNIAL WEEDS beans planted early in the season appear to be less affected by the disease. STORED GRAIN INSECTS APPENDIX P R I N CIPL ES O F P EST M G T C ORN SO YB EAN F ORAGES & P ASTURES S M A LL GRA I NS P ERENN I A L W EE D S

4 STORE D GRA I N I NSE C TS Forage & Pasture Pest Management A PP EN DIX P R I N CIPL ES O F P EST M G T

Forage & pasture weed management C ORN

Wisconsin has millions of acres of har- surface exposed and subject to erosion. vested forages and pastures that serve as Therefore, direct seeding on erodable slopes the base of our strong livestock enterprises. is not recommended. In these cases, consider Weeds can cause economic losses in forages planting with a no-till drill or using a tempo- and pastures unless management practices rary cover crop as discussed later. Because

SO YB EAN are in place to contain them. This section small-seeded legumes are poor competitors will discuss weed management in legume until they are established, adequate weed forages and then in grass pastures. control in the seeding phase is important to enhance desirable forage quantity and Forage legumes quality. Weed management tools are much more The postemergence herbicides available P ASTURES weeds limited in forage crops compared to grain in forages make it possible to practice the F ORAGES & crops. The only opportunities to use IPM principle of “treat as needed.” If no mechanical methods of weed management preplant-incorporated herbicide is used, are during seedbed preparation before scout fields weekly after planting. Con- establishment or when harvesting forage. sider using the appropriate herbicide or As a result, growers rely upon herbicides herbicide combination if weed pressure is and competition from forage legumes to moderate to high. There is no need to treat if weed pressure is low. S M A LL GRA I NS suppress weeds. After the seeding year, though, weeds are seldom a problem as The impact of weeds on forage quality long as the stand remains vigorous and varies from field to field, weed to weed, and dense. Weedy fields usually occur when year to year but is primarily affected by the stands decline, a sign that rotation to weeds present and their density and growth another crop is required. Weeds can be sup- stage when harvested. Table 4-1 compares pressed with mowing (or grazing); how- the relative seriousness of common annual P ERENN I A L W EE D S ever, weed species can affect feed quality and perennial weeds in forages. These rank- and palatability. Herbicide use is common ings are based on laboratory analyses and in newly seeded stands but less common in feeding studies with animals done by sev- established stands. Legume establishment eral midwestern universities. with a cover crop is discussed in the “Small Some of these species may not be particu- Grains” section of this manual. larly objectionable in terms of forage value but may present other problems. For example, pigweed and lambsquarters may be STORE D GRA I N Establishing forage nutritious but can also accumulate nitrates, I NSE C TS legumes without a cover especially in nitrogen-rich soils and when crop (direct seeding) rain follows a prolonged dry period. Cock- Historically, small-seeded legumes in lebur and nightshade are in the “serious” Wisconsin have been sown with a small category because they contain poisonous grain cover crop, but today most growers compounds. Pennycress imparts a garlicky establish forage legumes without a com- flavor to milk. The herbicides listed in table 4-2 control

A PP EN DIX panion crop. (See the “Small Grains” section for details about weed management many weeds in direct-seeded legume estab- when legumes are seeded with cereals.) lishment. Most treatments have little effect While direct seeding can enhance yields on perennial weeds, and special control in the establishment year, small-seeded measures for such species should be used legumes grow slowly, leaving the soil while the field is in other crops. 170 PRINCIPLES OF FORAGES & STORED GRAIN PEST MGMT CORN SOYBEAN PASTURES weeds SMALL GRAINS PERENNIAL WEEDS INSECTS APPENDIX F E E N N N N G G G P/F 171 P E E N N N G P/F F/G G/E G/E N N N N G

F/G G/E G/E G/E G/E G/E Wild radish Wild P P P P N N G G G

G/E G/E Wild mustard Wild P P E E E G N N

F/G

G/E G/E elvetleaf V

F E E E E N N

martweeds

S F/G G/E G/E G/E

hepherd’s purse hepherd’s Broadleaves S F P P P E E N N

G/E G/E G/E dandelion white cockle Pigweeds common ragweed pigweeds slight F F P P E E E E N N

G/E Pennycress F F P P E E N N

F/G

G/E G/E astern black nightshade black astern E

F N N G

Common ragweed Common F/G F/G

G/E G/E G/E G/E G/E

Common lambsquarters Common F P P P E E N N G G

F/G Common chickweed Common P P P N N G P/F P/F

F/G

G/E G/E

Quackgrass Relative seriousness P E E E E Canada thistle grasses quackgrass and other green foxtail green lambsquarters pennycress purse shepherd’s velvetleaf wild mustard moderate N G

G/E G/E G/E G/E Foxtails Grasses

E E N G G

Barnyardgrass G/E G/E G/E G/E G/E

Legume tolerance Legume E E E E E G G G G

F/G F/G Labeled crops Labeled al al al al al, cl al, bf al, bf

al, cle

al, bf, cl al, bf, cl al, bf, cl

d Mode of action group action of Mode 8 3 9 1 1 4 2 2 6 3 2,9

cocklebur nightshade Eastern black giant foxtail giant ragweed smartweeds yellow foxtail curly dock hoary alyssum yellow rocket high Crop stage for post for stage Crop c c — — AS AS AS AS AS 2TL, ≥ 2TL ≥ 2TL ≥ 4TL < 6" in height b O 2 b Crop stage: TL = trifoliate leaves; AS = any stage Labeled crops: al = alfalfa; bf = birdsfoot trefoil; cl = clover Legume tolerance and control ratings: E = excellent; G = good; F = fair; P = poor; N = none Weed Science Society of America-approved group numbers for the corresponding herbicide mode of action. Weed Science Society of America-approved group numbers for the corresponding If broadcast spraying, apply only to Roundup Ready alfalfa or severe crop injury will occur. Perennial weeds able 4-1. Impact of common weeds on forage quality weeds on Impact of common Table 4-1. Annual weeds Adapted from Extension publication Alfalfa Management Guide (NCR547), 2011. Only labeled for clover grown for seed. Labels recommend application when alfalfa has 3-4 TL to remove non-transgenic alfalfa seedling. Labels recommend application when alfalfa has 3-4 TL to remove non-transgenic eedling legume tolerance and herbicide effectiveness on weeds commonly found on weeds commonly tolerance and herbicide effectiveness Table 4-2. Seedling legume crop legumes seeded without a cover in establishing Raptor Select Prowl H Prowl Pursuit Glyphosate Poast Plus Buctril Butyrac Extreme Treflan Postemergence Preplant-incorporated Eptam Herbicide e a b c d Abbreviations: 172 P R I N CIPL ES O F Buctril (bromoxynil) Butyrac 200 (2,4-DB) P EST M G T Rate: Buctril—1.0 to 1.5 pt/a. Rate: 1 to 3 qt/a. Check the label for rates Buctril 4EC—0.5 to 0.75 pt/a. according to weed species and size. Adjuvants: Do not add surfactants or Adjuvants: Do not add surfactants or other additives to the spray mixture. other additives to the spray mixture. Timing: Postemergence, forages—Treat Timing: Postemergence, forages—Treat any when alfalfa has at least 4 trifoliate leaves. time after legume emergence. Weeds—Treat when annual broadleaves Weeds—Treat when annual broadleaf

C ORN are 2 inches or less in height or 1 inch in weeds are 3 inches or less in height. diameter and have no more than 4 leaves. Remarks: Butyrac 200 is a water-soluble Remarks: Buctril is a postemergence, amine liquid that contains 2 lb ae/gal. It contact herbicide that controls many com- controls many annual broadleaf weeds, but mon broadleaf weeds in alfalfa in either is weak on smartweed and mustards and direct seeding or with a companion crop. does not control grasses. Some suppres- Use the lower rate to control Eastern black sion of perennial broadleaf weeds can be SO YB EAN nightshade, lambsquarters, pennycress, expected at 2 to 3 qt/a. and shepherd’s purse, and the higher rate Butyrac 200 can be applied to spring and to control wild mustard, pigweed, wild summer-seeded alfalfa or birdsfoot trefoil. radish, ragweed, and velvetleaf. Buctril Do not apply Butyrac after the first cutting. may not adequately control overwintered The legume should be actively growing weeds. and free of stress, and no rainfall should P ASTURES weeds Significant alfalfa injury may occur if the occur within 7 to 10 days to reduce risk of F ORAGES & temperature exceeds 70°F within 3 days crop injury. Legume seedlings may show after application. Several factors influ- temporary stunting, particularly if higher ence the injury potential of Buctril. The rates are applied during hot, humid condi- most important seem to be stage of alfalfa tions. Treated seedling forage cannot be growth (seedlings with less than four tri- harvested or grazed for 60 days after appli- foliate leaves are very sensitive), presence cation.

S M A LL GRA I NS of atrazine and/or Eptam residues (they Butyrac can be tank mixed with Buctril, enhance Buctril injury), temperature and Poast Plus, Pursuit, Raptor, or Select Max. relative humidity (hot, humid conditions Rotational restrictions: The label gives no present a greater risk than dry conditions), information on planting rotational crops. and other causes of stress. Do not treat alfalfa stressed by mois- Eptam (EPTC) ture shortage or excess, insect injury, or Rate: Eptam 7-E—2.25 to 4.5 pt/a. P ERENN I A L W EE D S other causes. Use spray volumes of at least Eptam 20-G—15 lb/a. 20 gal/a, flat fan nozzles, and 30 psi pres- Timing: Preplant-incorporated—Apply sure. Do not add surfactant or other addi- Eptam to a smooth, dry seedbed just before tives to the spray mixture. planting and immediately incorporate to a Buctril can be tank mixed with Pursuit depth of 2 to 3 inches to prevent herbicide to improve control of pigweed, chickweed, loss through evaporation. Where possible, and nightshade, and alfalfa can be treated simultaneously apply and incorporate

STORE D GRA I N at the 2 trifoliate leaf stage if reduced rates Eptam in one operation. of Buctril (0.5 to 0.75 pt/a) are used. Fields I NSE C TS Remarks: Eptam provides good control of treated with Buctril alone may be harvested annual grasses and many annual broadleaf 30 days after application and the forage weeds. Eptam may be used to establish used for any purpose. Fall-treated alfalfa alfalfa, birdsfoot trefoil, and clovers. Use cannot be harvested until 60 days after the lower rate on coarse-textured soils. application. Buctril can be applied to seed- Eptam is ineffective on peat or muck soils. ling alfalfa that has been underseeded with To control only annual grasses, 2.25 pt/a A PP EN DIX small grains as long as grains are not past is sufficient. The high rate partially sup- the boot stage. presses yellow nutsedge and quackgrass, Rotational restrictions: Any crop can be but complete control of any perennial weed planted 30 days after application. should not be expected. Eptam does not control smartweed, black nightshade, or 30 days after application. Adding other 173 P R I N CIPL ES O F perennials such as Canada thistle and bind- adjuvants (e.g. methylated seed oil) has the P EST M G T weeds. potential to increase crop injury and is not Incorporate by working the field in two recommended. different directions. Weed control is depen- Up to 10% of the purchased seed may not dent upon thorough and immediate incor- have the Roundup Ready gene; therefore, poration. Much of the herbicide will evapo- applying glyphosate when alfalfa has 3 to rate if it is not incorporated within minutes 4 trifoliate leaves is recommended to elimi- after application. nate susceptible plants, regardless of weed Temporary stunting of the small-seeded populations. C ORN legume and sealing of the first leaves may Rotational restrictions: If an Extreme- occur. Injury is likely if Eptam is applied treated field needs to be replanted, do during cool wet weather, at high rates, or not plant the field to alfalfa for 4 months if it is poorly incorporated. Do not seed following application. Soybeans and bromegrass, fescue, ryegrass, orchardgrass, imidazolinone-resistant/tolerant corn timothy, or small grain since these will be (Clearfield corn) can be replanted anytime SO YB EAN killed. Do not apply Eptam if atrazine has after an Extreme application in alfalfa. See been applied within 12 months as severe appendix table 2 for additional plant-back injury may result. Eptam can be mixed with information. liquid fertilizer solution or impregnated onto dry fertilizer for simultaneous application. Glyphosate Fields treated with Eptam cannot be har- If broadcasted, use only on Roundup P ASTURES weeds vested for 14 days. Ready alfalfa varieties. F ORAGES & Rotational restrictions: Other crops can be Rate: Apply 0.75 to 1.0 lb ae/a following planted any time after the first harvest. planting for annual and perennial weed control. For established stands with large Extreme (imazethapyr + glyphosate) perennial weeds, rates up to 1.5 lb ae/a can If broadcasted, use only on Roundup be effective. Currently, several products Ready alfalfa varieties. containing glyphosate have the supplemen- S M A LL GRA I NS Rate: Apply 2.2 to 4.4 pt/a of Extreme. tal label to be applied in Roundup Ready See label for maximum weed heights. alfalfa. Adjuvants: Add 1 pt of nonionic surfac- Adjuvants: Ammonium sulfate at 8.5 to tant + 8.5 to 17 lb/100 gal of ammonium 17 lb/100 gal of spray mixture is recom- sulfate. mended if using hard water. Additional Timing: Postemergence, forages—Treat surfactant is rarely needed. when alfalfa has at least two fully Timing: Apply glyphosate when weeds P ERENN I A L W EE D S expanded trifoliate leaves. are at the proper height (check the label: Weeds—Treat when annual weeds are generally 4 to 6 inches tall for annuals and 1to 3 inches tall or rosettes are 1 to 3 inches just prior to flowering for perennials). wide. Glyphosate can be applied after any cutting Remarks: The combination of glyphosate if needed. and imazethapyr are effective at controlling Remarks: Glyphosate kills a wide range most weed species encountered in seed- of grass and broadleaf weeds. Roundup lings alfalfa in Wisconsin. The addition of Ready alfalfa has excellent tolerance to STORE D GRA I N the imazethapyr will provide some residual glyphosate. In Roundup Ready alfalfa, I NSE C TS control that glyphosate does not. Treated apply glyphosate when the weed popula- fields cannot be harvested for 30 days after tion justifies treatment. In direct seedings, application. A maximum of 4.4 pt/a per this occurs typically 30 to 40 days after year can be applied to a field, with only 3.0 seeding. If oats are planted as a temporary pt/a in the last year of the stand. Sequential cover crop, apply glyphosate when oats applications must be applied at least 7 days are 4 to 6 inches tall to kill oats and weeds. A PP EN DIX apart. Apply a minimum of 1 hour before Treated fields can be harvested 5 days after rainfall. Temperatures below 50°F can application. A maximum of 6.0 lb ae/a reduce effectiveness. Following application, (170 fl oz/a of Roundup PowerMAX) can plants may be temporarily stunted. Do not be applied in the seeding year (including harvest alfalfa treated with Extreme until burndown application). In subsequent 174 years, a maximum of 4.64 lb ae/a (132 Rotational restrictions: Do not plant other P R I N CIPL ES O F P EST M G T fl oz/a of Roundup PowerMAX) can be crops to be harvested for 30 days after applied per year. No more than 1.5 lb ae/a application unless Poast Plus is registered is allowed per application. Sequential for use on that crop. applications of glyphosate should be at least 7 days apart. Prowl H20 (pendimethalin) Up to 10% of the purchased seed may not Rate: 1.1 to 2.1 pt/a prior to weed emer- have the Roundup Ready gene; therefore, gence. applying glyphosate when alfalfa has 3 to 4 Timing: Apply Prowl H O to seedlings

C ORN 2 trifoliate leaves is recommended, to elimi- when alfalfa has two or more trifoliate nate susceptible plants, regardless of weed leaves but is less than 6 inches in height. populations. Note that it will only control weeds that Rotational restrictions: None. have not emerged. Remarks: Prowl H2O is effective at pre- Poast Plus (sethoxydim) venting the emergence of many small

SO YB EAN Rate: Apply 18 to 24 fl oz/a of Poast Plus seeded grasses and broadleaf weeds, but to control annual grass weeds. Use 36 fl used alone, this product has limited value oz/a of Poast Plus to kill volunteer grains in weed control for alfalfa seedling estab- that emerge following harvest. lishment in Wisconsin as many weeds have Adjuvants: Add 1 qt/a of a crop oil con- emerged by this time frame. Fields cannot centrate or 1 pt/a of Dash HC or Sundance be harvested for 28 days after applications.

P ASTURES weeds HC for all Poast Plus applications. If quack- Rotational restrictions: Do not plant winter F ORAGES & grass or wirestem muhly is present, also wheat or barley within 120 days after appli- add 2 to 4 qt/a of 28% liquid nitrogen or cation and avoid planting grass crops for 2.5 lb/a of ammonium sulfate. 10 months after a spring application and 12 Timing: Postemergence, forages—Treat at any months after a fall application. stage of alfalfa, clover, or trefoil growth. Weeds—Treat when annual grasses are Pursuit (imazethapyr) 4 to 8 inches tall and actively growing S M A LL GRA I NS Rate: 3 to 6 fl oz/a of Pursuit. See label and before the alfalfa gets large enough to for rates needed for specific weed species. reduce interception of the spray solution. Adjuvants: In most situations the addition Remarks: Poast Plus gives excellent con- of a nonionic surfactant to the spray solution trol of annual grasses in newly seeded (1 qt/100 gal) is recommended. If weeds are alfalfa, clover, and birdsfoot trefoil. For large and growing conditions are dry, con- best control, treat before the first mowing. sider using a crop oil concentrate (5 qt/100 P ERENN I A L W EE D S Apply Poast Plus in 5 to 20 gal/a of spray gal) or a methylated seed oil (4 qt/100 gal) solution using 40 to 60 psi pressure. Do not instead of a surfactant. For all applications, use flood jet nozzle tips. Treat volunteer also add 28% liquid nitrogen (1.25 to 2.5 winter cereals when they are 4 to 6 inches gal/100 gal) or ammonium sulfate (12 to 15 tall and before tillering has started; treat in lb/100 gal) to the spray solution. the fall as control will be unacceptable with Timing: Postemergence, forages—Treat spring applications. Poast Plus is rainfast when alfalfa or clover has at least two fully within 1 hour after application. Alfalfa

STORE D GRA I N expanded trifoliate leaves. and birdsfoot trefoil can be harvested 7 Weeds—Treat when annual weeds are 1 I NSE C TS days after treatment if the forage is green to 3 inches tall or rosettes are 1 to 3 inches chopped or ensiled and 14 days after treat- wide. ment if harvested as dry hay. For clover, Remarks: Pursuit controls many annual dried forage cannot be harvested for 20 broadleaf and several annual grass weeds. days. In alfalfa only, Poast Plus can be tank Unlike other postemergence treatments in mixed with Pursuit or Raptor to broaden alfalfa or clover, Pursuit continues control- the spectrum of weeds controlled. A PP EN DIX ling weeds as they germinate for several Poast Plus can also be applied to kill oats weeks to a month after application if a used as a temporary companion crop by an timely rain places the active ingredient application when the oats are 4 to 6 inches in the zone of weed seed germination. To tall. increase the spectrum of weeds controlled, grasses, has no preharvest interval, and has 175 P R I N CIPL ES O F Pursuit may be tank mixed with Buctril, a shorter rotational interval for most veg- P EST M G T Butyrac, Poast Plus, or Select Max. etable crops. Both provide excellent control Pursuit will be safer to alfalfa and more of pigweed and mustard species and very effective on weeds if environmental con- good control of chickweeds, foxtails, barn- ditions favor plant growth. Thus if air yardgrass, nightshades, and smartweeds. temperatures stay at or below 40°F for 10 Raptor is weak on ragweeds, but at the or more hours, delay Pursuit application maximum labeled rate of 6 fl oz/a, it sup- until at least 48 hours after the temperature presses common and giant ragweed as well rises above 40°F or until weeds are actively as dandelion, Canada thistle, and quack- C ORN growing. Following application, alfalfa may grass. be temporarily stunted. As with Pursuit, there is a risk of alfalfa Do not harvest alfalfa treated with Pur- injury from Raptor. Raptor persists after suit until 30 days after application. application and will control sensitive Several weed species in Wisconsin have weeds that germinate for several weeks documented resistance to imidazolinone after application if a timely rain places the SO YB EAN herbicides such as Pursuit. If applications active ingredient in the zone of weed seed appear to have not worked, please consult germination. Raptor can be tank mixed your local county Extension agent for assis- with Buctril, Butyrac, Poast Plus, or Select tance in determining if you have a resistant Max. Several weed species in Wisconsin population in your field. have documented resistance to imidazoli- Rotational restrictions: If a Pursuit-treated none herbicides such as Raptor. If applica- P ASTURES weeds

field needs to be replanted, do not plant the tions appear to have not worked, please F ORAGES & field to alfalfa for 4 months following appli- consult your local county Extension agent cation. Soybeans and imidazolinone- for assistance in determining if you have a resistant/tolerant corn (Clearfield corn) can resistant population in your field. be replanted anytime after a Pursuit appli- Rotational restrictions: Following a Rap- cation in alfalfa. See appendix table 2 for tor application, soybeans can be planted additional plant-back information. any time. Wait 3 months before planting alfalfa and wheat, 8.5 months for corn, and S M A LL GRA I NS Raptor (imazamox) 9 months for most vegetable crops. Rate: Apply 4 to 6 fl oz/a. Adjust the rate according to the specific weeds present Select (clethodim) and their size as indicated on the label. In Rate: Select Max (12.6% ai)—Apply 9 to general, the 4 fl oz/a rate controls sensitive 16 fl oz/a for annual grass control and 12 to annual grass and broadleaf species. 32 fl oz/a for perennial grass control. P ERENN I A L W EE D S Timing: Apply Raptor to new alfalfa seed- Select 2EC (26.4% ai)—Apply 6 to ings with two or more trifoliate leaves. 8 fl oz/a for annual grass control and 10 to Adjuvants: In most situations the addi- 16 fl oz/a for perennial grass control. tion of a nonionic surfactant to the spray Adjuvants: In most situations the addi- solution (1 qt/100 gal) is recommended. If tion of a nonionic surfactant to the spray weeds are large and growing conditions are solution (1 qt/100 gal) is recommended. dry, consider using a crop oil concentrate (1 If weeds are large and growing conditions to 2 gal/100 gal) or a methylated seed oil (1 dry, consider using a crop oil concentrate STORE D GRA I N to 2 gal/100 gal) instead of a surfactant. For or methylated seed oil at 0.25% vol/vol. I NSE C TS all applications, also add 28% liquid nitro- If difficult-to-control grass species are gen (2.5 gal/100 gal) or ammonium sulfate present, consider adding 2.5 to 4.0 lb/a of (12 to 15 lb/100 gal) to the spray solution. ammonium sulfate to improve control. Remarks: Raptor can be used as a post Timing: Postemergence, forages—Treat at emergence herbicide in newly seeded or any stage of alfalfa growth. established alfalfa. The general use guide- Weeds—Treat when annual grasses are A PP EN DIX lines and performance are similar to those 2 to 6 inches tall and actively growing. of the closely related herbicide Pursuit. Remarks: Select can be used to control The primary differences between Raptor grasses during the establishment of alfalfa and Pursuit is that Raptor is more effec- and birdsfoot trefoil grown for hay, silage, tive on common lambsquarters and annual green chop, or direct grazing. Apply Select 176 in 5 to 20 gal/a of spray solution using 30 P R I N CIPL ES O F Summer seedings P EST M G T to 60 psi pressure. Do not use flood nozzle Most growers who seed alfalfa in the sum- tips. To control volunteer cereals in summer find that fewer weeds germinate at this mer-seeded alfalfa, treat in the late sum- time of the year and therefore preplant- mer or early fall when the cereals are 4 to 6 incorporated herbicides are not needed. inches tall. Summer annuals that germinate in late Select can also be used to kill oats planted summer (velvetleaf, pigweed, crabgrass, as a temporary companion crop by an applica- and wild proso millet) typically do not tion when the oats are 4 to 6 inches tall. grow very tall and die with the first frost. C ORN Forage treated with Select can be har- If ample soil moisture is present, treatment vested, fed, or grazed 15 days after applica- of these weeds is not needed; if dry condition. Select can be tank mixed with Pursuit tions occur, treatment can improve stand or Butyrac in new seedings for broadleaf establishment. However, winter annuals weed control, but do not do so unless the like shepherd’s purse, chickweed, and feeding, grazing, and harvesting restric- pennycress need careful monitoring. They tion on these labels can be observed. Read SO YB EAN develop into the rosette stage in late sum- the label carefully as restrictions can vary mer and early fall and then are quick to between companies. flower the following spring. These weeds Rotational restrictions: Do not plant rota- may reduce forage quality in the second tional crops until 30 days after application. year but rarely impact yield. If concerned about forage quality the spring after a

P ASTURES weeds Treflan (trifluralin) summer seeding, we recommend scouting F ORAGES & Rate: 1 pt/a on coarse-, 1 to 1.5 pt/a on fields routinely every other week into the medium-, and 1.5 pt/a on fine-textured early fall to see if a postemergence treat- soils. ment is needed. Timing: Preplant-incorporated—Apply When summer seedings follow wheat, Treflan prior to planting and incorporate volunteer wheat is often a serious weed within 24 hours to a depth of 2 to 3 inches. problem. This is less likely if fields are Remarks: Trifluralin gives excellent con- moldboard plowed before seeding alfalfa. S M A LL GRA I NS trol of annual grasses and pigweed, but When fields are disked, chisel plowed, or has little effect on ragweed, velvetleaf, and no-till seeded, winter wheat often germi- weeds in the mustard family. Because it is nates and competes vigorously with the active on grasses arising from seed, do not alfalfa, especially the following spring. Data seed forage grasses such as orchardgrass from Wisconsin indicate that volunteer or bromegrass with the alfalfa. Treflan will wheat densities ≥7 plants/sq ft can reduce

P ERENN I A L W EE D S not control quackgrass or wirestem muhly alfalfa densities. If volunteer wheat threat- emerging from rhizomes. Treflan can be ens alfalfa establishment, apply Poast Plus, simultaneously applied with liquid fertil- Select, glyphosate (Roundup Ready alfalfa izer or impregnated onto dry fertilizer. It only), or Raptor with an appropriate addi- kills weeds by stopping cell division and tive when wheat is 4 to 6 inches tall and has a low risk of allowing resistant weeds actively growing. Delaying applications to develop. Fields treated with trifluralin until wheat is at this height will ensure con- cannot be harvested or grazed for 21 days. trol of multiple flushes of volunteer wheat STORE D GRA I N Rotational restrictions: Peas, potatoes, and seedlings and result in close to 100% control I NSE C TS soybeans can be planted any time after a the following spring. Do not wait until the Treflan application. Corn, sorghum, oats, spring or early summer to treat as control and any other grass crop mixtures can be will be much more difficult. Poast Plus and planted 1 year after a spring application or Select also kill volunteer oats, but these will 14 months after a fall application. die during the winter and seldom require treatment. A PP EN DIX establishment. Other factors have been 177 Weed management P R I N CIPL ES O F in established forage found to play a more important role in P EST M G T legumes determining stand life. These include cold winter temperatures, cutting schedule, Removing weeds from forage crops seldom and disease and insect problems. increases total yield because the weeds are Established stands of forage legumes harvested along with the crop. However, compete effectively with many annual since weeds are often less palatable, lower and perennial weeds. If weeds appear, in protein, and less digestibile than for- inadequate soil fertility, low soil pH, poor ages, controlling weeds can improve forage soil drainage, plant diseases, or other fac- C ORN quality. tors hampering legume growth may be the Some believe that weed control may pro- cause. Winter annual weeds such as shep- long the productive life of forage stands herd’s purse, chickweed, and pennycress by preventing competitive weeds such as may become a problem if conditions the quackgrass and dandelions from crowd- previous fall were suitable for their estab- ing out the forage. However, if weeds are lishment. Some perennial weeds, such as SO YB EAN the only stress present, they seldom affect white cockle, yellow rocket, dandelions, forage stand density in Wisconsin after hoary alyssum, and quackgrass, persist

Table 4-3. Legume tolerance and herbicide effectiveness on weeds commonly found in established legume stands P ASTURES weeds

Annual weeds Perennial weeds F ORAGES & b S M A LL GRA I NS

Herbicide Mode of action group Labeled crops Legume tolerance Common chickweed Field pennycress Foxtail species Shepherd’s purse Broadleaf plantain Canada thistle Common dandelion Curly dock Hemp dogbane Hoary alyssum Perennial sowthistle Quackgrass White cockle Wirestem muhly Yellow nutsedge Yellow rocket Butyrac 4 al G P F/G N F/G F/G N P P/F N F N N P N N P Chateau 14 al G/E E E G/E E — P P P — Pe — P Pe — P Pe Extremea 2,9 al G E E E E G/E P P P/F P F G P P P P/F F/G a Glyphosate 9 al, bf, cl E E E E E G/E G G — E — E G/E F/G E F G/E P ERENN I A L W EE D S Metribuzin 5 al F/G E G/E F E P P G/E F P F/G P F/G G P F G Poast Plus 1 al, bf E N N E N N N N N N N N F/G N F/G N N Prowl HO 3 al E P P G/E F/G P P P P P P — P P — P P Pursuit 2 al, bf,c cl G G E F/G G/E F P P P/F P F G P P P P/F F/G Raptor 2 al, cld G G E G/E G/E F P/F P/F P/F — F G P/F P P F F/G

Select 1 al, bf E N N E N N N N N N N N G N F/G N N STORE D GRA I N I NSE C TS Velpar 5 al G E G/E F E F/G N G/E F N G P F/G F F F G/E Abbreviations: Labeled crops: al = alfalfa; bf = birdsfoot trefoil; cl = clover Legume tolerance and control ratings: E = excellent; G = good; F = fair; P = poor; N = none a If broadcast spraying, apply only to Roundup Ready alfalfa or severe injury will occur. b Weed Science Society of America-approved group numbers for the corresponding herbicide mode of action. c Labeled for use only when these species are used as a cover crop. d Labeled only for clover grown for seed. A PP EN DIX 178 despite legume competition. These weeds impregnated onto dry fertilizer for simulta- P R I N CIPL ES O F P EST M G T can be kept from spreading by harvest- neous application. Do not add any adjuvant ing the infested legume before weed seeds or product formulated as an emulsified are produced. If seed does mature before concentrate (EC). Addition of adjuvant or the legume is ready for harvest, the forage tank mixing with an EC product will cause should be ensiled as this will kill nearly all Chateau to also exhibit postemergence weed seeds. activity similar to a contact herbicide. While Base herbicide selection decisions in control of emerged annual weeds can established legumes on the weed species to result, damage will occur to alfalfa if it has

C ORN be controlled and forage stand density. For resumed growth. alfalfa, treat only if the field has an average of 55 Rotational restrictions: Field corn, soy- stems or a minimum of 4 to 5 crowns per square beans, sunflowers, sorghum, and wheat foot. For stands with fewer stems or crowns cannot be planted for 4 months after treat- present, we recommend rotating to another ment. All other common Wisconsin crops, crop. Use table 4-3 to help select the appro- including alfalfa, cannot be planted for 12 priate treatment for the weed complex months after treatment. SO YB EAN found in each field. Extreme (imazethapyr + glyphosate) Butyrac 200 (2,4-DB) If broadcasted, use only on Roundup Rate: Apply 1 to 3 qt/a to seedling weeds. Ready alfalfa varieties. The lower rate is effective on small pig- Rate: Apply 2.2 to 4.4 pt/a of Extreme.

P ASTURES weeds weed, pennycress, lambsquarters, and wild See label for maximum weed heights.

F ORAGES & mustard. Smartweed and curly dock are Adjuvants: Add 1 pt of nonionic surfactant suppressed at the 3 qt/a rate. + 8.5 to 17 lbs/100 gal of ammonium sul- Adjuvants: Do not add surfactants or other fate. additives to the spray mixture. Timing: Postemergence, forages—Treat Timing: Postemergence—Treat when weeds when alfalfa has 3 inches or less of growth are actively growing and less than 3 inches (regrowth). For best results, also treat when tall or wide. Winter annuals like pennycress weeds are 1 to 3 inches in height or diam- S M A LL GRA I NS should be treated in the fall. eter. Remarks: Alfalfa should be healthy and Remarks: The combination of glyphosate actively growing for greatest selectivity. Do and imazethapyr is effective at controlling not apply if temperatures will exceed 90˚F most weed species encountered in seedling up to 3 days after application. Some stem alfalfa in Wisconsin. The addition of the twisting and leaf malformation may occur, imazethapyr will provide some residual

P ERENN I A L W EE D S but plants usually outgrow these symp- control that glyphosate does not. A maxi- toms. Forage can be harvested 30 days after mum of 4.4 pt/a per year can be applied to application in established stands. a field, with only 3.0 pt/a in the last year Rotational restrictions: The label gives no of the stand. Sequential applications must information on plant-back intervals. be applied at least 7 days apart. Apply a minimum of 1 hour before rainfall. Tem- Chateau (flumioxazin) peratures below 50°F can reduce effective- Rate: 4 oz/a. ness. Following application, plants may STORE D GRA I N Timing: Chateau can be applied to estab be temporarily stunted. Do not harvest I NSE C TS lished alfalfa (previously harvested) any alfalfa treated with Extreme until 30 days time alfalfa is less than 6 inches tall. after application. Adding other adjuvants Remarks: Make applications before emer- (e.g. methylated seed oil) has the potential gence of target weed species as Chateau to increase crop injury and is not recom- has only preemergence activity on annuals mended. and germinating perennial weeds that are Up to 10% of the purchased seed may not have the Roundup Ready gene; therefore,

A PP EN DIX historically difficult to control once established. Fields cannot be harvested or grazed applying glyphosate when alfalfa has 3 to within 25 days of applications. Sequential 4 trifoliate leaves is recommended to elimi- applications can be made 60 days after the nate susceptible plants, regardless of weed initial application, but no more than 8 oz/a populations. can be applied per season. Chateau can be Rotational restrictions: If an Extreme- can be applied to terminate the stand 179 P R I N CIPL ES O F treated field needs to be replanted, do not before harvesting the final crop as long as P EST M G T plant the field to alfalfa for 4 months fol- 36 hours elapse between application and lowing application. Soybeans and imidaz- harvest/grazing. olinone-resistant/tolerant corn (Clearfield Rotational restrictions: None. corn) can be replanted any time after an Extreme application in alfalfa. See appendix Metribuzin table 2 for additional plant-back information. Rate: Metribuzin rates are based upon the weeds to be controlled and if used Glyphosate in pure alfalfa stands (0.33–1.33 lb/a) or C ORN Rate: Roundup Ready alfalfa—Apply 0.75 mixes of alfalfa and forage grasses (0.67–1.0 to 1.0 lb ae/a for annual and perennial lb/a). For chickweed apply 0.33 lb/a of weed control in the spring. For established metribuzin. For pennycress, shepherd’s stands with large perennial weeds, rates purse, and downy brome, apply 0.5 to 0.67 up to 1.5 lb ae/a may be warranted. Sev- lb/a of metribuzin. For white cockle, yel-

eral products containing glyphosate have low rocket, and tansy mustard, use 0.67 to SO YB EAN the supplemental label to be applied in 1.33 lb/a. For dandelion and quackgrass Roundup Ready alfalfa. suppression, use 1.33 lb/a of metribuzin. Adjuvants: Ammonium sulfate at 8.5 to This rate reduces competition from curly 17 lb/100 gal of spray mixture is recom- dock but will seriously injure most forage mended if using hard water. Additional grasses. Use the lower rates on sandy loam

surfactant is rarely needed. and loamy sand soils but do not apply on P ASTURES weeds

Timing: Only broadcast treatments to sandy soils or soils with a pH > 7.5. F ORAGES & Roundup Ready alfalfa. Apply glyphosate Timing: Pre-green-up—Metribuzin can when weeds are at the proper height or be early spring-applied to alfalfa estab- growth stage. Fall applications will give the lished for more than 1 year. Do not apply best results for perennial broadleaf weeds metribuzin during the seeding year nor such as curly dock, dandelion, white cockle, the year after seeding. It must be applied and yellow rocket. Quackgrass can be con- to dormant alfalfa any time in early spring trolled with either spring or fall applica- after the snow has melted, when the S M A LL GRA I NS tions. If annual weeds appear and are dense ground is not frozen and when alfalfa is enough to warrant treatment, apply when less than 3 inches tall. If green forage shoots they are 4 to 6 inches tall. Glyphosate can are present, injury will occur. It can control be applied after any cutting if needed. weeds that have not yet emerged as well Remarks: Glyphosate provides good-to- as weeds that are less than 2 inches tall or 2

excellent control of most grass and broad- inches in diameter. P ERENN I A L W EE D S leaf weeds commonly found in established Remarks: Metribuzin controls many alfalfa fields in Wisconsin, and Roundup annual and several perennial weeds. Ready alfalfa has excellent tolerance to Metribuzin may be applied to alfalfa mixed glyphosate. While applications can be with forage grasses, but some injury to the applied any time except within 5 days grasses should be expected. Stresses such as before harvest, fall and spring applica- drought, disease, low fertility, overcutting, tions to control winter annual or perennial or insects may increase the likelihood of weeds will be most common. A maxi- crop injury. Alfalfa may not be harvested or STORE D GRA I N mum of 4.64 lb ae/a per year (132 fl oz grazed for 28 days after application. I NSE C TS Roundup Weather Max) may be applied, Metribuzin can be impregnated onto dry with no more than 1.5 lb ae/a allowed per fertilizer for simultaneous application. application. Applications are required to Metribuzin gives good-to-excellent con- be at least 7 days apart. For removal of trol of dandelions. Do not apply metribuzin Roundup Ready alfalfa, use at least 1.0 lb if the alfalfa stand is not sufficient to fill the ae/a of either 2,4-D or dicamba or a com- voids left by the controlled weeds. bination of both in the fall prior to a hard Rotational restrictions: If cropping plans A PP EN DIX frost. Also scout and plan for manage- change after metribuzin application, soy- ment of volunteer plants in the crop the beans, corn, alfalfa, potatoes, and forage following year if in a no-till field. In non- grasses may be planted in treated fields Roundup Ready alfalfa fields, glyphosate 4 months after application. Barley and wheat 180 may be planted 8 months after metribuzin Remarks: Prowl H 0 is effective at pre-

P R I N CIPL ES O F 2 P EST M G T application. Do not apply additional venting the emergence of many small metribuzin to any of these rotational crops seeded grasses and broadleaf weeds and during the same year. Other crops can be would be a good fit for thinning stands planted 12 months after the initial applica- with many annuals weeds. Its effective- tion except root crops like beets and onions, ness on winter annuals is variable unless which require an 18‑month waiting period. rates greater than 2 qt/a are utilized. Fields treated with less than 2.1 qt/a of Prowl H20 Poast Plus (sethoxydim) cannot be harvested for 28 days after appli- C ORN Rate: To control annual grasses in the cation, while fields treated with more than summer, use 18 to 24 fl oz/a of Poast Plus. 2.1 qt/a cannot be harvested for 50 days. For quackgrass suppression, apply 36 fl Rotational restrictions: For applications oz/a of Poast Plus. less than 2 qt/a, do not plant winter wheat Adjuvants: Add 1 qt/a of a crop oil con- or barley within 120 days and do not plant centrate or 1 pt/a of Dash HC or Sundance annual or perennial grass crops or mixtures 10 months after a spring application or 12 SO YB EAN HC for all Poast Plus applications. If quackgrass or wirestem muhly is present, also months after a fall application. For applica- add 2 to 4 qt/a of 28% liquid nitrogen or 2.5 tions greater than 2 qt/a, only plant crops lb/a of ammonium sulfate. for which Prowl H20 is labeled for preplant- Timing: Postemergence—Treat when incorporated treatments. Do not plant other annual grasses are 4 to 8 inches tall and crops for 24 months.

P ASTURES weeds actively growing. Treat when quackgrass

F ORAGES & and wirestem muhly are 6 to 8 inches tall Pursuit (imazethapyr) and actively growing. Rate: 3 to 6 fl oz/a of Pursuit or equivalent. Remarks: Poast Plus can be spring-applied See label for rates for specific weed species. to suppress quackgrass and wirestem Adjuvants: Add a crop oil concentrate muhly before first cutting or used in the (5 qt/100 gal) or, under dry conditions, summer to control grasses that appear fol- use a methylated seed oil (MSO, 4 qt/100 lowing the second or third cutting in older gal) in the spray solution. For all applica- S M A LL GRA I NS (thinner) established alfalfa, clover, and tions, also add 28% liquid nitrogen (1.25 to birdsfoot trefoil stands. Forage grasses will 2.5 gal/100 gal) or ammonium sulfate (12 to be stunted or killed. Poast Plus gives less 15 lb/100 gal) to the spray solution. control if grassy weeds are under stress, Timing: Apply in the spring or fall to especially from drought, or if they have established dormant or semi-dormant been previously mowed. Forage can be alfalfa or clover (less than 3 inches in

P ERENN I A L W EE D S harvested 7 days after Poast Plus applica- growth) or after a cutting, but before tion if it is green chopped or ensiled, and regrowth exceeds 3 inches. 14 days after application if harvested as dry Remarks: Use in established alfalfa/clover hay. Use 40 to 60 psi pressure, 5 to 20 gal/a will be limited as most common weeds are spray solution, and flat fan or hollow cone perennials. Where annuals like shepherd’s nozzles to apply Poast Plus. purse, pennycress, chickweed, eastern Rotational restrictions: Do not plant other black nightshade, or giant or green foxtail crops to be harvested for 30 days after appear in established stands, Pursuit could STORE D GRA I N application unless Poast Plus is registered be an appropriate choice. If perennial for- I NSE C TS for use on that crop. age grasses like orchardgrass, tall fescue, or smooth brome are present, Pursuit can Prowl H20 (pendimethalin) be used, but it can reduce growth and com- Rate: 1.1 to 4.2 qt/a. For foxtail con- petitive effect of forage grasses. trol use 2 qt/a, but higher rates are often Good herbicide coverage is essential required to control common winter annuals for adequate weed control; weeds treated after a recent harvest may be inadequately

A PP EN DIX like chickweed and shepherd’s purse. Timing: Apply to established fields before controlled. Up to 6 fl oz/a of Pursuit could weed emergence. Alfalfa must be less than be applied in established alfalfa and these 6 inches tall. rates would be necessary to suppress perennial weeds like dandelion or quackgrass. There is a 30-day restriction on harvesting or grazing alfalfa or clover after applying Rotational restrictions: Following a Raptor 181 P R I N CIPL ES O F Pursuit. No more than 4 fl oz/a of Pursuit application, soybeans can be planted any P EST M G T can be applied during the last year of the time. Wait 3 months before planting alfalfa stand. Several weed species in Wisconsin and wheat, 8.5 months for corn, 9 months have documented resistance to imidazoli- for most vegetable crops, and 26 months for none herbicides such as Pursuit. If applica- red beets and sugar beets. tions appear to have not worked, please consult your local county Extension agent Select (clethodim) for assistance in determining if you have a Rate: Select Max (12.6% ai)—Apply 12 to resistant population in your field. 16 fl oz/a for annual grass control and 16 to C ORN Rotational restrictions: Alfalfa and clovers 32 fl oz/a for perennial grass control. can be planted 4 months after a Pursuit Select 2EC (26.4% ai)—Apply 10 to application. Soybeans and imidazolinone- 16 fl oz/a. resistant/tolerant corn (Clearfield corn) can Adjuvants: In most situations the addi- be planted any time after a Pursuit application of a nonionic surfactant to the spray tion. See appendix table 2 for additional solution (1 qt/100 gal) is recommended. If SO YB EAN plant-back information. weeds are large and growing conditions dry, consider using a crop oil concentrate Raptor (imazamox) or methylated seed oil at 0.25% vol/vol. If Rate: Apply 4 to 6 fl oz/a. Adjust the rate difficult-to-control grass species are pres- according to the specific weeds present ent, the label suggests adding ammonium

and their size as indicated on the label. In sulfate at 2.5 to 4.0 lb/a to improve control. P ASTURES weeds general, the 4 fl oz/a rate controls sensitive Timing: Postemergence—Treat when annual F ORAGES & annual grass and broadleaf species that are grasses are 2 to 6 inches tall and when no taller or wider than 3 inches. perennials are 4 to 8 inches tall. Timing: Apply Raptor in the spring or fall Remarks: Select can be spring-applied to to established dormant or semi-dormant suppress quackgrass or wirestem muhly alfalfa (less than 3 inches growth) or after before first cutting or used in the summer any cutting before alfalfa regrowth has to control annual grasses that appear fol- exceeded 3 inches. lowing the second or third cutting in older S M A LL GRA I NS Adjuvants: In most situations when apply- (thinner) established alfalfa or birdsfoot ing Raptor to established alfalfa, add a trefoil grown for hay, silage, green chop, or crop oil concentrate (4 qt/100 gal) or under direct grazing. A single application usually dry conditions, use a methylated seed oil results in a nearly quackgrass-free first cut- (4 qt/100 gal) in the spray solution. For all ting, but some quackgrass regrowth often

applications, also add 28% liquid nitrogen appears later in the season. Forage grasses P ERENN I A L W EE D S (2.5 gal/100 gal) or ammonium sulfate in treated fields will be stunted or killed (12 to 15 lb/100 gal) to the spray solution. by Select. Forage treated with Select can be Remarks: Raptor can be used as a post harvested, fed, or grazed after 15 days. emergence herbicide in established alfalfa. See previous section on Select on page Most weeds in established stands are peren- 175 for additional comments about its use. nials. Raptor is weak on such species, but Rotational restrictions: Do not plant other it will suppress yellow rocket, dandelion, crops for 30 days after application. Canada thistle, and quackgrass. Raptor will STORE D GRA I N not control white cockle. Older alfalfa stands Velpar DF (hexazinone) I NSE C TS sometimes have shepherd’s purse, penny- Rate: Use 0.67 to 1.0 lb/a of Velpar DF cress, or foxtails for which Raptor will be on coarse to medium soils with 1% or less effective. Raptor has no preharvest interval organic matter. Use 1 to 2 lb/a on medium- (PHI). Several weed species in Wisconsin to-heavy soils with 1 to 5% organic mat- have documented resistance to imidazoli- ter. The lower rates control weeds such as none herbicides such as Raptor. If applica-

chickweed, buttercup, shepherd’s purse, A PP EN DIX tions appear to have not worked, please pennycress, and yellow rocket. Apply consult your local county Extension agent 1.33 to 2.0 lb/a to soils with more than 5% for assistance in determining if you have a organic matter. Usually 1.33 lb/a is needed resistant population in your field. to suppress dandelions, quackgrass, and 182 white cockle but lower rates have given Most producers rely on mowing, graz- P R I N CIPL ES O F P EST M G T acceptable suppression, especially on ing, or herbicides. Mowing and grazing medium- and light-textured soils. can be effective management strategies Timing: Pre-green-up—Apply to estab- at preventing further spread of perennial lished alfalfa that is dormant or semi- weeds and reducing populations of annual dormant before growth exceeds 2 inches. and biennial weeds. Success is dependant Treating taller alfalfa will result in crop on mowing at the correct stage of devel- injury. Do not treat if ground is snow-cov- opment to maximize injury to the weed ered or frozen. species and to release the forage(s) pres- C ORN Remarks: Velpar can be used in alfalfa ent. Timings for mowing and grazing are fields beginning the year after establish- species-specific, but typically plants should ment. However, the weed infestation the be mowed just as the flowers begin to year after seeding seldom justifies such open. Annuals and biennial weeds usually applications. If such a treatment is needed, don’t die, but they don’t regrow enough Velpar can only be used when the root sys- to produce viable seed. If this practice can tem is well established. This usually means be repeated for 3 to 5 years at the correct SO YB EAN that the alfalfa was direct seeded (without stage of development, weed populations a companion crop) and grew vigorously in can be dramatically reduced. Perennial the seeding year. Use no more than 1 lb/a plants have enough energy to regrow and of Velpar in stands less than 12 months old. produce viable seed and often need to be Do not treat stressed stands or alfalfa– mowed multiple times to prevent seed grass mixtures. Do not use in sandy soils, production. Similar results can be obtained P ASTURES weeds

F ORAGES & poorly drained soils, or exposed subsoil with grazing, but the palatability of weeds, areas. Velpar may be mixed with dry bulk especially at the appropriate stage of fertilizer for simultaneous application. development, may reduce feeding and Add Velpar to a water-filled tank and mix result in reduced control. thoroughly. Use at least 20 gal/a of spray While mowing and grazing are effec- solution to apply. Do not overlap, and turn tive management strategies, herbicides are off sprayer when starting, turning, or stop- usually more effective and less expensive. S M A LL GRA I NS ping to avoid crop injury. Do not graze or In addition, several herbicides or herbi- feed treated forage or hay for 30 days after cide combinations can be used to control application. Velpar is also available in a unwanted brush in pastures. Which herbi- soluble liquid formulation. Velpar AlfaMax cide to use will depend upon the suscep- and AlfaMax Gold are products that com- tibility of the most prevalent weeds in the bine hexazinone with diuron to provide pasture (see table 4-4). Recommended rates

P ERENN I A L W EE D S burndown and residual control of weeds. of herbicides typically do not damage for- Rotational restrictions: Corn may be age grasses but will injure or kill existing planted 12 months after treatment provided forage legumes such as clovers and birds- the field is deep disked or plowed before foot trefoil. If these legumes are desirable, planting; other crops can be planted 2 years avoid using herbicides or spot treat to mini- after Velpar application. mize herbicide contact with these plants. Herbicides labeled for pastures are Weed and brush control not harmful to livestock when properly STORE D GRA I N in grass pastures applied. However, treatment of poisonous I NSE C TS weeds may make these species more pal- Proper fertilization, grazing, and weed atable to grazing livestock or cause accu- management all play an important role mulation of toxic substances in poisonous in good pasture management. Low soil weeds. As a general recommendation, do fertility or excessive grazing weakens not graze treated pastures for 1 to 2 weeks productive forage species and allow after application. Otherwise follow the weeds to invade. Several management grazing restrictions as described on the her-

A PP EN DIX options exist in pastures, although bicide label. We also suggest a 1- to 2‑week initially producers should ensure pasture interval without grazing before apply- management is being conducted properly. ing herbicides in pastures. This will help ensure that the weeds are not stressed from grazing and trampling when treated. For details about the effectiveness of green. Brush can be treated from the spring 183 P R I N CIPL ES O F herbicides registered for use on invasive through the fall as long as it has leaves P EST M G T weeds growing in CRP fields, refer to present that are green and growing. appendix table 4 at the end of this book. Adjuvants: Add either a nonionic surfactant at 0.25 to 0.50% vol/vol, a crop oil con- Banvel/Clarity centrate at 1 to 2% vol/vol, or a methylated See dicamba (page 185). seed oil at 0.50% vol/vol. Remarks: The combination of aminopy- Chaparral (aminopyralid + ralid and metsulfuron make this a very C ORN metsulfuron) active herbicide on nearly all broadleaf weeds and brush species found in Wis- Rate: 1.0 to 2.0 oz/a for annual and bien- consin pastures. This herbicide is active on nial weeds and 2.5 to 3.3 oz/a for difficult- legumes and can suppress any growing to-control perennials and brush species. legume for one or more years. Soil activity Consult the label for rates for specific weed of both aminopyralid and metsulfuron can species. last for months to years depending on the SO YB EAN Timing: Postemergence—although Chapar- rate applied and environmental conditions. ral is effective when applied across a range Research in Wisconsin has shown success- of plant stages, best results are observed ful establishment of legumes one year after if annual weeds are treated when they application, but the label recommends are small, biennial weeds as rosettes, and conducting a soil bioassay before planting. perennials at the flower bud to flower- Since this product contains aminopyralid, ing stages. If perennial plants are mowed P ASTURES weeds users must ensure that manure created F ORAGES & in the summer, resprouting plants can from animals that feed on treated hay is not be treated in the fall as long as leaves are put onto a field that will be planted to any

Table 4-4. Herbicide effectiveness on weeds commonly found in pasturesa

Biennials Perennials S M A LL GRA I NS P ERENN I A L W EE D S

Herbicide Burdock Carrot, wild Parsnip, wild Thistle, bull Thistle, musk Thistle, plumeless Blackberry spp. Buttercup spp. Chickweed, giant Chicory Dock spp. Goldenrod spp. Horsenettle Knapweed, spotted Milkweed, common Nettle, stinging Rose, multiflora Sowthistle, perennial Thistle, Canada Chaparral G/E E E E E E G E G/E E G/E G/E G E P G G/E G/E E Crossbow G/E G G G/E G/E G/E G G/E G F/G G/E F/G G G F G/E G F/G F Curtail G G G G/E G G/E — — — G F F — G P F — G G Dicamba G G F G/E G/E G/E F G F/G F/G F/G F/G F G F F F/G F/G F STORE D GRA I N Escort G/E E E G G/E G/E G E G/E E G/E G/E G F N — G/E F F/G I NSE C TS ForeFront G/E G G G/E E G/E F E — — G/E F/G E E — G F/G G/E G/E Glyphosate G G/E G/E G/E G/E G/E G G/E G/E G/E G/E G G G/E G G/E G G G/E Milestone G/E F F E E E F E — — G P/F E E — G F G/E E Stinger G/E P F G/E G/E G/E P — — G/E G P N G/E P P P F G/E Weedmaster G G/E G/E G/E G/E G/E F/G G F/G G/E G/E G G G/E F/G G F F/G F/G A PP EN DIX 2,4-D G/E G/E G/E G/E G/E G/E F F P G/E F/G F/G P F P F/G P/F P F Abbreviations: E = excellent; G = good; F = fair; P = poor; N = none; — = no information a This summary table is based on observations in Wisconsin and other North Central states. 184 broadleaf crop (see label for more informa- If treated pastures are hayed, forage can- P R I N CIPL ES O F P EST M G T tion). Animals should be fed aminopyralid- not be sold for 18 months after treatment free forage for at least 3 days before they and must be used on-farm. are transferred to a field with sensitive plants (such as clovers). Treated areas can Curtail (clopyralid + 2,4-D) be harvested or grazed any time after appli- Rate: 2 to 6 pt/a. Use lower rates on cation, but it is recommended to wait 14 annual and biennial weeds and higher rates days after treatment. If treated pastures are on Canada thistle. hayed, forage cannot be sold for 18 months Adjuvants: Adjuvants are not normally C ORN after treatments, but must be used on-farm. needed with Curtail. Rotational restrictions: Do not rotate to Timing: Treat biennial weeds when they any crop for one year after treatment. Corn are in the rosette growth stage. Treat and small grains can be planted 1 year after perennials when the basal leaves are fully treatment. Broadleaf crops are more sensi- developed and up to the bud stage. Later tive and can require more than 5 years, applications to perennials may also be done depending on the crop and environmental SO YB EAN if soil moisture is adequate and plants are conditions. A soil bioassay is required actively growing. before planting broadleaf crops. Remarks: Curtail contains 0.38 lb ae of clopyralid and 2.0 lb ae of 2,4-D per gallon. Crossbow (triclopyr + 2,4-D ester) Both active ingredients are formulated as Rate: For most brush species use 1.5 gal/a amines. Thus, there is lower risk of vapor

P ASTURES weeds when broadcast spraying, or 1.0 to 1.5% drift with Curtail. When applied at 4 to F ORAGES & (vol/vol) mixture for foliar applications to 6 pt/a, Curtail gives the same amount of single plants or small areas. The broadcast clopyralid as 8 to 12 fl oz of Stinger and rate varies from 1 to 4 qt/a for herbaceous the same amount of 2,4-D as 1.0 to 1.5 qt of broadleaf weeds. Check the label for the 2,4‑D (products with 3.8 lb ae per gallon). rate to use on specific weeds. The primary use of Curtail in pastures Timing: Postemergence—Plants must be will be to control thistles and spotted knapweed. Curtail is not an effective brush

S M A LL GRA I NS fully leafed out and actively growing when treated with foliar applications. Crossbow herbicide. The label recommends the 4 pt/a can also be applied as a cut stump treat- rate for light to moderate Canada thistle ment. and knapweed infestations when plants Remarks: Crossbow is a prepackaged mix are actively growing and 6 pt/a for dense of triclopyr and 2,4-D ester that controls infestations or when dry weather or other many herbaceous and brush weeds includ- stresses have reduced the growth of Can- P ERENN I A L W EE D S ing alder, ash, burdock, wild carrot, cherry, ada thistles. For biennial thistles, use 2 pt/a goldenrod, multiflora rose, sumac, and when plants are in the rosette stage and willow. It can be applied with conventional 3 pt/a if bolting has occurred but before boom sprayers as a broadcast treatment, as plants reach the bud stage. a foliar spray to individual brush plants, or For best results, treat when weeds are as a cut stump treatment. Crossbow is for- actively growing. Drought, heat, and mulated to have low volatility, but applica- cold stress may reduce weed control and tions should be avoided when tempera- increase crop injury. The grazing restriction STORE D GRA I N tures are over 90°F and humidity is low. for lactating dairy cattle is 14 days. Animals I NSE C TS Follow label precautions to prevent spray must be removed from treated pastures or vapor drift to sensitive vegetation. before being slaughtered unless 2 weeks Do not graze lactating dairy cows in has passed since treatment. If animals treated pastures until the next growing are to be moved into areas with sensitive season. Do not harvest hay for 14 days broadleaf plants, feed animals untreated after treatment. While there is no grazing forage for at least 7 days before moving them. While there is no grazing restriction

A PP EN DIX restriction for other livestock, we recommend a 14-day removal period. If livestock for other livestock, we suggest a 14-day will be slaughtered in the year of treatment, interval for all animals. Grass hay cannot remove the animals from these pastures at be harvested for 14 days after application. least 3 days before Crossbow is used. Curtail is rainfast within 6 hours after application. oz/a control wild carrot, musk thistle, but- 185 Dicamba P R I N CIPL ES O F tercup, and curly dock. For spot treatments, P EST M G T Rate: Apply 0.5 to 1.0 pt/a Banvel or mix 1 oz of product/100 gal of water (plus Clarity to control weeds such as wild buck- surfactant) and wet foliage to the point just wheat, chickweed, chicory, curly dock, before runoff. Higher rates (0.5 to 1.0 oz/a) common ragweed, giant ragweed, redroot are recommended to control difficult weed pigweed, shepherd’s purse, and velvetleaf. species. (Please consult the label.) The 1 pt/a rate burns down the topgrowth Adjuvants: Add a nonionic surfactant at of field bindweed, Canada thistle, peren- 0.5 to 1.0 qt/100 gal of spray solution. nial sowthistle, and leafy spurge. Rates Timing: Postemergence—Treat multiflora C ORN of 1 qt/a will control weeds such as wild rose soon after the bushes are fully leafed out carrot, goldenrod, knapweed, and yar- and other weeds when they are in the rosette row. Broadcast applications cannot exceed to bud growth stages and actively growing, 1 qt/a. or in the fall to resprouting green tissue. Adjuvants: Including a nonionic surfactant Remarks: Escort controls blackberries, at 0.25 to 0.50% (vol/vol) of spray solution bull and plumeless thistles, burdock, chick- SO YB EAN can provide additional control, particularly weed, dandelion, horsenettle, mullein, for difficult-to-control weeds. multiflora rose, plantain, wild parsnip, Timing: Postemergence—Apply dicamba and yarrow. Thorough coverage of leaves to young, actively growing weeds before and stems assures best results, but avoid they blossom. If perennials regrow, treat as over-application or grass injury will occur. needed. In newly seeded grass pastures, do Symptoms in treated weeds begin to appear not apply dicamba until the grasses have P ASTURES weeds 2 to 3 weeks after application. If desired, F ORAGES & three to five leaves. this product can be tank mixed with 2,4‑D, Remarks: Dicamba controls many hard- Banvel, or Weedmaster. to-kill broadleaf weeds and several brush Apply Escort in 10 gal/a or more of species. Follow label directions and adjust water within 24 hours of preparation or application rates according to the weeds product degradation may occur. Do not use that need to be controlled. High rates of more than 40 psi when applying and do not dicamba may cause temporary injury to use hollow cone nozzles. Make only one S M A LL GRA I NS sensitive pasture grasses. Avoid drift of application per year. Follow all label direc- dicamba onto desirable plants or crop tions to avoid spray drift and for sprayer injury will occur. Soybeans, tobacco, vegetable cleanup after application. crops, and many ornamentals are particularly There is no grazing restriction follow- sensitive to dicamba. ing application, even for lactating dairy Pastures treated with up to 1 pt/a of

animals. Nevertheless, a 14-day removal P ERENN I A L W EE D S dicamba should not be grazed by dairy ani- period is suggested. mals for 7 days or harvested for hay for 37 Smooth brome, bluegrass, orchardgrass, days after treatment. Pastures treated with and timothy are tolerant of Escort if they up to 1 qt/a should not be grazed by dairy have been established for 6 months or animals for 21 days or harvested for hay more. Fescue should be established for at for 51 days after treatment. Pastures treated least 24 months before applications, and with up to 2 qt/a of dicamba should not seedhead suppression may occur if applied be grazed by dairy animals for 40 days or in spring. Do not use these products in pas- STORE D GRA I N harvested for hay for 70 days after treat- tures containing meadow fescue or peren- I NSE C TS ment. There is no waiting period between nial ryegrass. Forage legumes are sensitive treatment and grazing for non-lactating to metsulfuron and are usually killed in animals, but a 10- to 14-day period is sug- treated areas; therefore, avoid broadcasting gested. Meat animals should not graze in treatments if these legumes are desired. treated pastures 30 days before slaughter. Rotational restrictions: Escort residues persist in the soil for several months to years Escort (metsulfuron) after application. Do not rotate or overseed A PP EN DIX Rate: Rates vary between 0.1 and 1.0 oz/a any crop or forage into treated areas within depending upon targeted weed species. 34 months unless a field bioassay test as Apply 0.3 oz/a as a broadcast treatment to described on the label has been conducted. control multiflora rose. Rates of 0.1 to 0.2 186 are fully expanded and plants are actively P R I N CIPL ES O F ForeFront (aminopyralid + 2,4-D) P EST M G T growing. Biennial and annual weeds can be Rate: ForeFront HL: 19 to 34 fl oz/a. If spot treated any time, but best results are seen treating, up to 67 fl oz/a may be applied IF when they are small. no more than half the acre is sprayed. Remarks: Glyphosate is available in Adjuvants: A nonionic surfactant is recom- various brand names. Not all products are mended at 0.25 to 0.5% (vol/vol). labeled for use in pastures; check the label Timing: Postemergence—Best results are before using. Products may also vary in observed if annual weeds are treated when glyphosate concentration, type and amount

C ORN they are small, biennial weeds as rosettes, of surfactants, and approved use rates. and perennials at the flower bud to flower- Spot application of glyphosate in pastures ing stages. If perennial plants are mowed is appropriate for treating localized weed in the summer, resprouting plants can problems such as Canada thistle or multi- be treated in the fall as long as leaves are flora rose, which often occur in patches. No green. more than 10% of any acre should be spot- Remarks: Aminopyralid in combination treated at one time. Additional applications SO YB EAN with 2,4-D results in effective control of can be made in the same pasture at 30-day most broadleaf weeds found in Wisconsin. intervals. Glyphosate is nonselective and will Soil activity of aminopyralid lasts for sev- kill all treated vegetation; reseed the area with eral months; if applied in the fall, it can per- a desirable mixture of forage species. Foliar sist into the next year. Research in Wiscon- sprays of glyphosate control these brush sin has shown successful establishment of species: alder, elms, honeysuckle, multiflora P ASTURES weeds legumes one year after application, but the

F ORAGES & rose, oaks, poison ivy, sumac, and willow. label recommends conducting a soil bioas- Symptoms of injury may not appear for say before planting. Users must ensure that several weeks. manure created from animals that feed on Glyphosate can also be used in pastures treated hay is not put onto a field that will in wiper applicators. An 8- to 12-inch height be planted to any broadleaf crop (see label difference between the weeds and pasture for more information). Animals should be species is required. This approach is useful S M A LL GRA I NS fed aminopyralid-free forage for three days to suppress tall herbaceous broadleaf weeds before they are transferred to a field with such as chicory, goldenrod, giant ragweed, sensitive plants (such as clovers). Treated bull thistle, and plumeless thistle in pas- areas should not be harvested for 7 days tures with birdsfoot trefoil or clover. after application. If treated pastures are For best results, remove domestic live- hayed, forage cannot be sold for 18 months stock before treating and do not graze or after treatments, but must be used on-farm. harvest for 14 days after treatment. P ERENN I A L W EE D S Rotational restrictions: Do not rotate to any crop for one year after treatment. Corn Milestone (aminopyralid) and small grains can be planted 1 year after treatment. Broadleaf crops are more sensi- Rate: 3 to 7 fl oz/a. Use lower rates for tive and can require more than 5 years, biennial thistles and higher rates for peren- depending on the crop and environmen- nials like Canada thistle. If spot treating, tal conditions. A soil bioassay is required up to 14 fl oz/a may be applied IF less than before planting broadleaf crops. 50% of the area is treated. STORE D GRA I N Adjuvants: For postemergence applica- I NSE C TS Glyphosate tions, a nonionic surfactant should be added at 0.25 to 0.5% (vol/vol). Rate: Varies with species and method of Timing: Postemergence—Best results are application. See label for details. observed if annual weeds are treated when Adjuvants: Ammonium sulfate at 8.5 to they are small, biennial weeds as rosettes, 17 lb/100 gal of spray mixture is recom- and perennials at the flower bud to flower- mended if using hard water. Additional ing stages. If perennial plants are mowed A PP EN DIX surfactant is rarely needed. in the summer, resprouting plants can Timing: Postemergence—Treat perennial be treated in the fall as long as leaves are broadleaves in the late bud to early flower green. stage or treat regrowth following mowing or grazing. Treat brush species when leaves Remarks: This herbicide is particularly hard-to-kill weeds or when plants are under 187 P R I N CIPL ES O F active on plants in the sunflower (thistles, moisture or temperature stress. This product P EST M G T knapweeds) and bean (legumes) families, has no harvesting or grazing restrictions. but many broadleaf plants appear to be Rotational restrictions: Do not rotate to any fairly tolerant, and established grasses are crop within 30 days after application. very tolerant. This herbicide will surpress legumes for over a year. Soil activity lasts Spike (tebuthiuron) for several months and, if applied in the Rate: 0.75 oz of Spike pellets in 100 sq ft fall, can persist into the next year. Research (equivalent to 20 lb/a). in Wisconsin has shown successful estab- Timing: Any time except when the soil is C ORN lishment of legumes one year after applica- frozen or saturated with moisture. tion, but the label recommends conducting Remarks: Spike is a persistent, nonselec- a soil bioassay before planting. Users must tive herbicide registered for brush control ensure that manure created from animals in pastures and non-cropland areas. The that feed on treated hay is not put onto Spike 20P formulation is the only formula- a field that will be planted to any broad- tion clearly registered for use in pastures. SO YB EAN leaf crop (see label for more information). Spike 20P is a pelleted formulation with Animals should be fed aminopyralid- 20% active ingredient. The label recom- free forage for three days before they are mends controlling individual plants by transferred to a field with sensitive plants spreading pellets evenly over the area (e.g., clovers). Treated areas should not be under the target plant. However, the most harvested for 7 days after application. If logical way to distribute the pellets is at the P ASTURES weeds treated pastures are hayed, forage cannot base of individual plants. This approach F ORAGES & be sold for 18 months after treatments, but gives excellent control of multiflora rose must be used on-farm. when 0.25 oz of Spike pellets are distrib- Rotational restrictions: Do not rotate to uted around three to six bushes. All vegeta- any crop for one year after treatment. Corn tion in the treated area will be suppressed and small grains can be planted 1 year after for one to two years. Treated brush will die treatment. Broadleaf crops are more sensi- over a period of several weeks to months. tive and can require more than 5 years, Use great care to avoid injury to nearby S M A LL GRA I NS depending on the crop and environmen- sensitive vegetation and to prevent move- tal conditions. A soil bioassay is required ment into surface or groundwater. Do not before planting broadleaf crops. apply Spike to areas where soils are sandy to loamy sand and/or the water table is less Overdrive (dicamba + diflufenzopyr) than or equal to 5 ft deep. Susceptible brush

Rate: 4 to 8 oz/a. species include black locust, boxelder, P ERENN I A L W EE D S Adjuvants: Use a nonionic surfactant at maple, mulberry, multiflora rose, oak, wil- 1 qt/100 gal of spray solution (0.125%, vol/ low, and many more. There is no grazing vol) or methylated seed oil at 1.5 to 2 pt/a. restriction following application, but hay Remarks: The product contains diflufen- cannot be harvested from treated pastures zopyr and dicamba. The Overdrive label for 12 months. lists many weeds common in pastures and noncrop areas, including biennial thistles, Stinger (clopyralid) STORE D GRA I N bindweeds, burdock, buttercups, Canada Rate: Apply 0.5 to 1.33 pt/a. I NSE C TS thistle, curly dock, goldenrod, horsenettle, Adjuvants: Surfactants and other additives spotted knapweed, white cockle, wild car- are not normally added to the spray mixture. rot, and wild parsnip. Timing: Postemergence—Best results are The recommended rates of Overdrive in observed if annual weeds are treated when pastures are 4 to 8 oz/a. Annual broadleaf they are small, biennial weeds as rosettes, weeds and biennials in the rosette stage and perennials at the flower bud to flower- will be controlled at lower rates than peren-

ing stages. If perennial plants are mowed A PP EN DIX nials. Overdrive must be applied with a in the summer, resprouting plants can nonionic surfactant or methylated seed oil be treated in the fall as long as leaves are (MSO). Consider using MSO when treating green. 188 Remarks: Stinger is particularly active nettle, nightshade, poison ivy, and tansy P R I N CIPL ES O F P EST M NG T . P EST M G T on plants in the sunflower family such as ragwort and to suppress field bindweed, thistles and knapweeds. A single applica- Canada thistle, perennial sowthistle, and tion of Stinger may not eradicate Canada leafy spurge. Use appropriate precautions thistle, but it often reduces the infestation to avoid drift to nearby sensitive vegeta- for several years. Stinger can be tank mixed tion. This product will injure or even kill with 2,4‑D or dicamba for a more economi- forage legumes such as clover and trefoil. cal treatment. Stinger will injure or even kill Wait three weeks per quart of Weedmaster treated forage legumes such as trefoil and per acre before reseeding pasture species or

C ORN clovers. injury may occur. No grazing restrictions While there is no grazing restriction for exist for nonlactating animals, but lactating pastures, we recommend a 14‑day restric- dairy cattle cannot graze treated fields for 7 tion be followed for pastures. Do not move days after treatment or meat animals within livestock from treated areas onto sensitive 30 days of slaughter. Treated grass may be broadleaf crop areas until they have grazed harvested for hay 37 days after application. for 7 days on an untreated pasture. Other- Rotational restrictions: For small grains, the SO YB EAN wise urine and manure may contain suf- interval between application and planting is ficient Stinger to injure sensitive broadleaf 10 days per pint applied per acre. Any crop crops. Users cannot spread manure created can be planted 120 days after an application from animals fed treated hay onto any field of Weedmaster. that will be planted to a broadleaf crop. Stinger cannot be used in sites vulner- 2,4-D for herbaceous P ASTURES weeds

F ORAGES & able to groundwater contamination. Follow weed control label guidelines for sprayer cleanup and Rate: Apply 2 pt/a of 2,4-D amine or drift prevention. ester (forms containing 3.8 lb ae/gal) to Rotational restrictions: Grasses, small control annual broadleaf weeds, 2 to 4 pt/a grains, and corn can be planted any time to control biennials and perennial broad- after an application, but wait 10.5 months leaves. before planting alfalfa, grain sorghum, or Adjuvants: Do not add surfactants or other S M A LL GRA I NS soybeans. An 18-month restriction is in additives to the spray mixture. place for potatoes A soil bioassay is recom- Timing: Postemergence—Treat annual mended before planting broadleaf crops. broadleaves when they are seedlings; biennials like bull, musk, and plumeless thistles Weedmaster (dicamba + 2,4-D) in the rosette stage; and actively growing Rate: 1 to 2 pt/a for annual, biennial, and perennial broadleaf weeds in the bud stage.

P ERENN I A L W EE D S perennial weeds and 2 qt/a for difficult-to- Remarks: Repeated application of 2,4-D control perennials and brush species. amine or ester for 2 or 3 years will effectively Adjuvants: The label recommends the control most nonwoody broadleaf weed addition of NIS (0.25–0.5% vol/vol) or a populations in grass pastures. Either fall or COC (0.25% vol/vol). spring applications control biennial thistles Timing: Postemergence—Best results are in the rosette stage if they are actively grow- observed if annual weeds are treated when ing when sprayed. After the biennials have they are small, biennial weeds as rosettes, formed a flower stalk, they are more tolerant STORE D GRA I N and perennials at the flower bud to flower- to these herbicides. Several years of treat- I NSE C TS ing stages. If perennial plants are mowed ment may be necessary to satisfactorily con- in the summer, resprouting plants can be trol hard-to-kill perennial weeds. treated in the fall as long as leaves are green. The 2,4-D amines are water-soluble liq- Remarks: Weedmaster is a prepackaged uids and 2,4-D esters are emulsifiable con- formulation of dicamba + 2,4-D for use centrates. Both formulations are sold under in pastures. Apply 1 pt/a of Weedmas- various trade names and at various concen- ter to control buttercup, lambsquarters, trations of ae/gal. Ester formulations have A PP EN DIX pigweed, and smartweed. Use 2 pt/a to greater potential to volatilize and drift than control burdock, chicory, curly dock, dan- amine formulations. Read the label care- delions, goldenrod, mustards, bull thistle, fully to avoid application during conditions musk thistle, and plumeless thistle. Apply that will promote vapor drift. Formulations 2 qt/a to control elderberry, honeysuckle, of 2,4-D ester are also available in low- 189 P R I N CIPL ES O F

Pasture renovation P EST M NG T . P EST M G T volatile forms that reduce the potential for No-till pasture renovation with herbicides vapor drift. is attracting interest in several areas of Wis- Most labels state that pastures treated consin. It is best suited to fields on hillsides with 2,4-D should not be grazed by dairy where tilling the soil may allow exces- cattle for 7 days after treatment and that sive erosion to occur. Success depends on meat animals must be removed from timely rains to stimulate the germination treated areas 3 days before slaughter unless of the forage seeds. The following herbi- more than 2 weeks have elapsed since cides aid in no-till pasture renovation. Be C ORN treatment. Do not cut treated grass for hay sure broadleaf weeds have been controlled within 30 days after application. Read the before interseeding legumes into pastures. label carefully for specific rates, grazing After the legume is established, there are restrictions, and application precautions. no selective herbicides available for broadleaf weed control. Where biennial thistles 2,4-D ester for brush control are present, treat for at least 2 years before

Rate: Varies with brush species and renovation to reduce their abundance. SO YB EAN method of application. See label for details. See table 4-5 for a summary of harvest Adjuvants: Do not add surfactants or other and grazing intervals following herbicide additives to the spray mixture. use in pastures. Timing: Postemergence—Apply 2,4-D ester in late spring or early summer when brush Glyphosate is in full leaf and actively growing. Rate: Varies with species and method of P ASTURES weeds F ORAGES & Remarks: With foliar sprays, wet foliage to application, but typically ranges from 0.5 to the point of runoff. Low volatile esters are 1.5 lb ae/a. See the label for details. preferred, especially near susceptible crops. Adjuvants: See page 186. Esters of 2,4-D alone are not effective on all Timing: Preplant—Apply to actively grow- brush species. Some retreatment is usually ing vegetation before planting desirable required for complete kill. Cut brush that species. is more than 6 to 8 feet tall and treat the Remarks: Several brands of glyphosate are S M A LL GRA I NS cut surface or regrowth the following year. registered for pasture renovation and can This product will injure or even kill forage be used to control Canada thistle, quack- legumes such as clover and trefoil. Wait 2 grass, and other perennial weeds before weeks per pint of 2,4-D applied per acre reseeding forages, grasses, and legumes. before reseeding pasture species or injury Treated areas can be tilled before seeding may occur. Use appropriate precautions to or planted with no-till seeders. Erosion on avoid drift or volatilization to nearby sensi- hillsides may occur as glyphosate kills all P ERENN I A L W EE D S tive vegetation (see remarks in herbaceous treated vegetation. No grazing or harvest- weed control section). Keep dairy cattle off ing restrictions exist unless more than 2.25 treated pastures for at least 7 days. lb ae/a is applied. If this rate is exceeded, wait 8 weeks following treatment before grazing or harvesting hay.

Gramoxone (paraquat) STORE D GRA I N

Rate: Apply 0.7 to 1.3 pt/a Gramoxone I NSE C TS Max or 1 to 2 pt/a Gramoxone Inteon. Use the high rate to suppress smooth brome and orchardgrass. Increase both the Gramox- one rate and the volume of water as the density and size of vegetation to be treated increases. Adjuvants: Add nonionic surfactant at 1 to A PP EN DIX 2 pt/100 gal of spray solution. Timing: Preplant—Apply preplant or at the time of seeding in spring or early summer. 190 Remarks: Gramoxone suppresses the grasses. No-till seeding with Gramoxone P R I N CIPL ES O F P EST M NG T . competition of existing sod and emerged is more successful in bluegrass pastures broadleaf weeds and grasses to facilitate than in pastures containing large amounts seeding grasses and/or forage legumes of quackgrass. Quackgrass recovers more such as alfalfa, clovers, and birdsfoot tre- rapidly after treatment than bluegrass and foil into existing pastures without tillage. may compete vigorously with legume seed- Apply in at least 20 gal/a of water and treat lings. Gramoxone will not kill perennial only closely grazed or mowed pastures that weeds such as dandelions. In fields infested are no more than 2 to 3 inches tall at the with broadleaf weeds, use 2,4-D or dicamba C ORN time of spraying. in the fall before spring renovation. Allow The burndown action of Gramoxone at least 42 days between treatment and first facilitates the no-till seeding (pasture seed- grazing. ing) of more desirable forage legumes and

Table 4-5. Harvest and/or grazing restrictions for herbicides registered for use in forages SO YB EAN and pasturesa Interval between Type of application and Herbicide Use(s) animal grazing or harvest Comments Buctril alfalfa all 30 days Do not harvest fall-treated alfalfa until 60 days following application. P ASTURES weeds Butyrac 200 alfalfa, trefoil all 60 days: new seedings — F ORAGES & 30 days: established stands Chaparral pastures all 0 days Before transferring animals from treated areas to areas planted with sensitive broadleaf crops, graze them for 3 days on untreated forage. Chateau alfalfa all 25 days —

S M A LL GRA I NS Crossbow pastures lactating next season Remove livestock from treated areas at least 3 dairy 0 days days before slaughter during year of treatment. other 14 days: harvested areas Curtail pastures lactating 14 days Do not harvest hay for 7 days after application. dairy 0 days Remove meat animals 7 days before slaughter other unless 2 weeks have elapsed since application. P ERENN I A L W EE D S Dicamba pastures lactating 7 days: <1 pt/a No waiting period between treatment and dairy 21 days: 1–2 pt/a grazing for non-lactating animals. Remove 40 days: 2–4 pt/a meat animals from treated areas 30 days before slaughter. 30–70 days must elapse if hay is to be harvested and fed to dairy animals. See label for restrictions. Eptam alfalfa, clovers, trefoil all 14 days — Escort pastures all 0 days No grazing restrictions. STORE D GRA I N

I NSE C TS Extreme alfalfa all 30 days — Forefront pastures all 7 days: harvested Before transferring animals from treated areas areas to areas planted with sensitive broadleaf crops, 0 days: grazed areas graze them for 3 days on untreated forage.

a Labels may have changed after this table was prepared. Consult current labels to verify the information. (continued) b Differences in restrictions exist on some brands. Verify what restrictions apply to your brand before using it. A PP EN DIX PRINCIPLES OF FORAGES & STORED GRAIN PEST MNGMT. CORN SOYBEAN PASTURES weeds SMALL GRAINS PERENNIAL WEEDS INSECTS APPENDIX - - 191 Comments Allow 37 days between application and hay har Allow 37 days between application and 30 areas treated vest. Remove meat animals from slaughter. days before label. Do See specific product 2,4-D labels vary. not harvest grass for hay within 30 days of use. Only for fields being rotated to another crop. rotated Only for fields being the ≤3 inches tall. Consult Only apply to pastures restrictions. label for specific grazing — — — — — — If more than 2 qt/a is applied with spot is applied with spot than 2 qt/a If more than .10 of any more do not treat treatments, acre. — — No grazing restrictions on the label; do not har No grazing restrictions Before transferring animals from treated areas areas treated from transferring animals Before crops, with sensitive broadleaf planted to areas graze them for 3 days on untreated forage. No grazing restrictions. same as undried forage. Grazing restrictions for 12 months. pastures treated vest hay from on the label. Do not use No grazing restrictions - broad hay or straw for composting or mulch on leaf crops. 7 days 0 days 7 days 3–7 days 36 hours 0–60 days 28 days 28 days ≤ 2.1 qt/a 50 days > 2.1 qt/a 0 days: <2 qt/a 0 days: <2 7 days: >2 qt/a 0 days: <2 qt/a 8 weeks: >2 qt/a 30 days 0 days 15 days 0 days 30 days 0 days 0 days 7 days: undried forage 14 days: dry hay 20 days: dried clover 0 days 21 days Interval between Interval between and application harvest grazing or Type of animal dairy other lactating dairy all all all all all all all all all all all all all all all all (continued) a Use(s) pastures pastures alfalfa pasture renovation pasture alfalfa alfalfa, preharvest spot treatment or spot treatment selective equipment in forage grasses and legumes renovation pasture alfalfa alfalfa, clover alfalfa alfalfa, trefoil pastures pastures pastures alfalfa, clovers, trefoil pastures alfalfa b

b O 2 b Inteon Differences in restrictions exist on some brands. Verify what restrictions apply to your brand before using it. Differences in restrictions exist on some brands. Verify what restrictions Labels may have changed after this table was prepared. Consult current labels to verify the information. Labels may have changed after this table was prepared. Consult current labels to verify 2,4-D Gramoxone Metribuzin a b Velpar Weedmaster Select Max Spike Pursuit Raptor Milestone Overdrive Poast Plus H Prowl Stinger Treflan Glyphosate Herbicide arvest and/or grazing restrictions for herbicides registered for use in forages in forages for use registered for herbicides restrictions grazing and/or Harvest 4-5. Table and pastures a Lannate Malathion Dimethoate Imidan Sevin Insecticides in table 4-6 can be applied Insecticides in table Do not spray blooming alfalfa. If insects Avoid spraying ditch banks, fencerows, If temperatures are unusually low following treat- a Table 4-6. Timing of insecticide applications to avoid bee deaths Apply only during late evening Do not apply on blooming crops or weeds ment, residues on the crop may remain toxic to bees up to 20 times as long as during reasonably warm weather. If abnormally high temperatures occur during late evening or early morning, bees may actively forage on the treated crop during these times. that applications should not be made dur- that applications should to heed this warning is ing bloom. Failure with the label and, there- a use inconsistent the law. fore, a violation of with minimal bee to non-blooming alfalfa hazard, provided there are no blooming These clover or weeds in the alfalfa field. drift insecticides must not be allowed to or into beeyards or onto adjacent weeds domestic crops that are in bloom; otherwise substantial bee losses could occur. are damaging blooming alfalfa, harvest new the alfalfa and, if necessary, spray the growth to control the insects. However, the before spraying the stubble, check for presence of blossoming plants. During - some years, heavy populations of blossom ing white clover appear in alfalfa stubble Bees shortly after harvest of the first crop. killed foraging on these blossoms will be in if stubble is sprayed for alfalfa weevils such fields. Select an effective insecticide that is the least toxic to bees. and roadsides when plants are in bloom. Insecticides are often interchangeably Insecticides are often interchangeably this A number of the products listed in Reducing insecticide hazards to bees Insecticides help control insect pests, but they also can kill beneficial insects such as honeybees. Notify beekeepers before using insecticides and apply only between 4 p.m. and nightfall, when bees are least likely to be actively foraging. Never spray alfalfa or clover when in blossom. Some insecticides, such as Penncap-M (micro-encapsulated methyl parathion) and dimethoate, state Forage & Pasture Pasture & Forage ent m Insect Manage in this section are Insecticides suggested to assist you in select- intended as a guide control options during ing chemical insect provides an overview the season. This book for specific field of product registrations it is not intended as an crop insect pests; Prod- exhaustive insecticide label source. uct inclusion or omission does not imply endorsement by University of Wisconsin- Extension. Remember, certain insecticides are produced by different manufacturers and directions for use, rate, and method of application may vary by formulation. label Therefore, always read the insecticide completely before using the material. referred to by their common and trade names. Trade names such as Mustang Max are capitalized, while common in this chemical names—zeta-cypermethrin example—are not. section are restricted-use insecticides. in We discuss restricted-use pesticides the beginning of this publication. Refer - to appendix table 1b for a list of insecti cides that currently require certification to be applied. It is possible that additional insecticides will be classified before the next growing season. Contact your county Extension agent for additional information on insecticide restriction. 192

PRINCIPLES OF CORN SOYBEAN FORAGES & SMALL GRAINS PERENNIAL WEEDSSTORED GRAIN APPENDIX PEST MNGMT. PASTURES insects INSECTS Advance notification. 193 Wisconsin beekeep- the leaves, drop to the ground, and pupate. P R I N CIPL ES O F P EST M NG T . ers may request a 24‑hour advance notice A second generation of flies emerge in of applications of certain pesticides made about 1 week (mid-July), and is followed by within a 1.5-mile radius of their beeyards. a third generation in late August. The insecticides involved are those which Damage. Punctures and blotches result in are labeled “Highly Toxic to Bees” or leaf deterioration and possible defoliation. which contain the active ingredient metho- Leaf damage lessens quality while leaf- myl (e.g., Lannate). Beekeepers desiring drop reduces yield. Significant yield loss advance notification must provide their should only occur if damaged leaves drop request in writing to the landowner or per- from the plant or are shaken from the hay C ORN son controlling the use of the land on which during harvesting. pesticides may be applied either by ground Control. In the upper Midwest, harvest or aerially. All requests expire at the end of of the first crop normally controls the first each calendar year. generation. Development of the second and third generations, however, may not cor-

Alfalfa insects respond as closely with cutting schedules, SO YB EAN and this could lead to more extensive injury Alfalfa blotch leafminer in those cuttings. As is true for the alfalfa The alfalfa blotch leafminer, native to weevil, cooler weather favors alfalfa devel- Europe, was first reported in the Midwest- opment over that of the insect. ern US in 1996. Insecticidal control can be effective if Description of life stages. Adults are small,

applied during the “pinhole” stage, but P ASTURES insects black, humpbacked flies that emerge from treatment will not pay unless leaf drop is F ORAGES & overwintering pupae located on the sur- extensive. Treatment may be justified when face of the soil. The first indication of their 30 to 40% of the leaflets exhibit pinhole presence is the appearance of numerous feeding injury. Because the eggs hatch over pinholes (from a few to over 100) in the an extended period, the adults are mobile, leaflets. These holes are mostly signs of and maggots are protected within the leaf- adult feeding but can also serve as egg-lay- let, insecticide trials have had marginal ing sites. Females lay one to three eggs per control results. S M A LL GRA I NS alfalfa leaflet. Small yellow maggots hatch Biological control of this pest is well within the leaf and feed between the upper established in the northeastern US. Biologi- and lower leaf surfaces. The resulting tun- cal control is also a major control factor in nel usually starts at the base of the leaflet the Midwest since parasitized larvae were and widens with movement toward the tip detected in Wisconsin in 1998. of the leaf, resulting in the “blotch” appear- P ERENN I A L W EE D S ance. When fully grown they crawl out of

Table 4-7. Periods to scout for insect pests of forages Insect pest Spring growth Second growth Third growth New seeding Alfalfa blotch leafminer yes yes yes yes

Alfalfa caterpillar no yes yes no STORE D GRA I N

Alfalfa weevil yes new growth only no seldom I NSE C TS Aphids yes yes yes yes Blister beetlesa no yesb yesb yesb Cutworms yes yes yes yes Grasshoppers seldom seldom seldom seldom Plant bugs no yes yes yes

Potato leafhopper no yes yes yes A PP EN DIX Spittlebug nymphs yes no no yes a Blister beetles in hay can be toxic to horses. b When abundant, blister beetles make fresh-cut forage distasteful. 194 will occur. Therefore, it is important to

PRINCIPLES OF Alfalfa caterpillar PEST MNGMT. Larvae are dark green with a narrow white periodically check with your county Exten- stripe along each side of the body through sion office for updates on the alfalfa weevil which runs a thin red line. When fully situation. grown they are 1.5 inches long. This insect Control measures should be imple- is seldom of concern to alfalfa produced mented when 40% of the plant tips of the in the Midwest, and treatment is not sug- first crop show obvious signs of damage. gested unless populations reach 10 or more This does not mean 40% defoliation, but per sweep. that 40% of the plants are beginning to CORN The adult stage attracts the most atten- show signs of feeding activity. If this occurs tion because swarms of these sulfur-yellow within 7 to 10 days of the suggested harvest butterflies can be seen flying over alfalfa date for your area, harvest the hay as soon fields during mid- to late summer. as possible and watch the stubble for signs of weevil damage to new growth of the Alfalfa weevil second crop. Early cutting will save the cost of an insecticide application. If you cannot SOYBEAN Alfalfa weevil larvae are slate-colored when small, but bright green when fully harvest, spray as soon as possible. If 40% grown (.40 inch). There is a white stripe tip damage is found more than 10 days down the back, and the head is black. They ahead of the suggested harvest date, the chew and skeletonize leaves. If larval popu- field should be sprayed as soon as possible. lations are large, the entire plant may be Harvesting too early could be detrimental

PASTURES insects defoliated, giving the field a grayish cast. to alfalfa stands. Growers may not be able

FORAGES & Although larvae are present from May well to harvest fast enough to stay ahead of the into the summer, peak feeding activity falls weevil in years of high alfalfa weevil abun- off by mid-June. dance. In these cases, growers may have to When full grown, the larvae spin silken spray the most heavily infested fields and cocoons on the plants, within the curl of harvest those with lighter infestations. fallen dead leaves, or within litter on the If a field is harvested early because of ground. They change into adults in 1 to alfalfa weevil problems, or if substantial SMALL GRAINS 2 weeks. The adults are dark gray to brown damage has occurred with a standard snout beetles measuring about .18 inch in harvesting schedule, the stubble must be length. There is a distinct dark shield-like checked carefully for signs of damage to mark on the back. After feeding a short new growth of the second crop. Some fields time, most adults leave the field and enter may fail to green up because adults and a resting period that lasts until fall. Adults larvae are consuming new crown buds as

PERENNIAL WEEDS then return to the alfalfa field and lay a few fast as they are formed. Check the stubble, eggs before the onset of cold temperatures. the soil surface around alfalfa plants, and This egg laying is insignificant; most eggs under leaf litter for larvae and adults. If are laid during the following spring. you find them and if there is no sign of Although most of the feeding damage is regrowth in 3 or 4 days after harvest, spray done by larvae, at times adult damage is the stubble as soon as possible. Treatment significant. Larvae and adults can continue is also suggested if feeding damage is to feed on new growth of the second crop. apparent on 50% of the new growth. STORED GRAIN Populations can be great enough to kill If you find no larvae or adults, lack of INSECTS plants and, as a result, fields can be lost. regrowth is due to other factors. Remember Begin checking alfalfa fields for signs of that dry weather will often delay growth of weevil feeding in mid-May. This usually the new crop. gives sufficient warning of developing Economic treatment threshold popula- problems. Since peak larval activity typi- tions which include the presence of adult cally occurs from mid-May to early June, weevils require an insecticide that is labeled check fields every few days. However, pop- for control of both adult weevils and larvae. APPENDIX ulation peaks vary from year to year, mak- Check product labels to select an insecticide ing it difficult to predict the extent of activ- that is effective on both stages or does not ity and exact time when peak populations distinguish between the two. 195 P R I N CIPL ES O F

Aphids Potato leafhopper P EST M NG T . Two types of aphids can be found on Potato leafhoppers are small (.13 inch), alfalfa: the soft, green pea aphids and the green, wedge-shaped insects. Adults and spotted alfalfa aphids, which are yellow nymphs look similar except that adults and faintly dark spotted. Aphids congre- have wings and nymphs are wingless. Leaf- gate on stems and leaves and suck plant hopper nymphs can be distinguished from sap. This causes stunting and yellowing of other small green insects by their sideways alfalfa. If aphids are abundant, treat before movement when disturbed. Potato leafhop- these symptoms occur. Pea aphids can pers feed on alfalfa by inserting their beak- C ORN cause significant damage when numbers like mouthparts (proboscis) into leaves and exceed 100 per sweep, particularly if soil tapping into the food-conducting tissue moisture is below plant requirements. (phloem) to extract plant sugars, minerals, and other compounds. As they feed, they Grasshoppers inject a toxin into the plant to inhibit water Occasionally, grasshoppers are abundant and nutrient transport. Feeding damage enough to concern farmers. No treatment results in plant stunting, and the yellowing SO YB EAN is suggested until populations reach 20 per of the leaves in a telltale V‑shaped pattern square yard in field margins or 8 per square starting at the leaf tip. Serious infestations yard within alfalfa fields. Treat while grass- of leafhoppers will also reduce the yield hoppers are still small. and protein content of the plants. Potato leafhoppers are mid- to late-

Plant bugs P ASTURES insects season alfalfa pests that migrate to Wis- Plant bugs that are particularly important consin from southern areas. First-crop F ORAGES & to alfalfa production are the tarnished plant alfalfa harvested at the proper time escapes bug, the rapid plant bug, and the alfalfa damage. However, monitor subsequent plant bug. The adult tarnished plant bug crops for leafhoppers. New seedings must is .25 inch long and brown. Nymphs are also be monitored carefully and sprayed green with black spots on the back. Adult at threshold. Failure to do so can reduce alfalfa plant bugs are .40 inch long and are

yield throughout the life of the stand due to S M A LL GRA I NS light green. Nymphs are green with red stress caused by leafhoppers during estab- eyes. Rapid plant bug adults resemble the lishment. alfalfa plant bugs but are dark brown with Because potato leafhopper populations yellow margins. Nymphs are red-tinged. vary from year to year, populations within Plant bugs extract plant sap with their a given year cannot be predicted, and fields tubelike mouthparts. In high populations, must be monitored weekly to accurately this can result in stunted alfalfa growth or determine damage potential. Both nymhs P ERENN I A L W EE D S crinkled, puckered leaves. On alfalfa less and adults feed on alfalfa and should be than 3 inches tall, treat if there are three counted together when scouting fields. plant bug adults and/or nymphs per sweep; Use a 15-inch diameter insect sweep net to on taller alfalfa, treat when there are five or take samples. A total of 100 sweeps should more adults and/or nymphs per sweep. be taken throughout the field. Walk an Insecticide applied within 7 to 10 days M-shape through the field, taking 20 con- of harvest is unlikely to increase alfalfa secutive sweeps in each of five randomly yield and quality. In addition, preharvest selected areas. To obtain an accurate popu- STORE D GRA I N intervals restrict insecticide use during this lation estimate, sample when plants are dry I NSE C TS time. The best solution for such fields is to and avoid field edges. Cold, wet, or windy harvest early. conditions may temporarily knock adults Note that while plant bug feeding can and nymphs from plants, resulting in an stunt plants and cause crinkling and puck- inaccurate sweep count. As you sample, ering of leaves, these alfalfa growth aberra- keep a running total of the number of leaf- tions also have been found in the absence hoppers caught at each location and divide A PP EN DIX of plant bugs. the total by 100. Refer to table 4-8 for treatment thresholds. 196 Economic thresholds are based on the

PRINCIPLES OF Insect pests of PEST MNGMT. average number of leafhoppers per sweep birdsfoot trefoil, and on plant height. Taller plants have clover, and pasture higher treatment thresholds because they can withstand more damage and will be Grasshoppers and spittlebugs occasionally harvested sooner than shorter plants. cause problems in clover fields. Grasshoppers are occasionally a problem Spittlebugs in pastures. Treat when nymphs are abun- Spittlebug nymphs appear in early May in dant and before migration into row crops

CORN extreme southern Wisconsin. These soft, is extensive. Apply sprays while grasshop- orange or green bugs can be found in white pers are small. Notify nearby beekeepers at spittle masses in leaf axils, and later in the least 48 hours before you use an insecticide clumps of new growth at tips of stems. if blossoming weeds or other plants are They suck plant sap and stunt but do not present. Do not allow sprays to drift into yellow the alfalfa. Treat if there is an aver- beeyards or onto blooming crops or weeds. age of at least one spittlebug per stem. Use the insecticides listed in table 4-9 to SOYBEAN control insect pests of birdsfoot trefoil, clover, and pastures. Table 4-8. Treatment thresholds for potato leafhoppers on alfalfaa Alfalfa Leafhoppers/ stem height (inches) net sweep (average) PASTURES insects 3 0.2 FORAGES & 6 0.5 8–11 1.0 12–14 2.0 a Treat when leafhopper densities reach these thresholds. SMALL GRAINS PERENNIAL WEEDS STORED GRAIN INSECTS APPENDIX PRINCIPLES OF FORAGES & STORED GRAIN PEST MNGMT. CORN SOYBEAN PASTURES insects SMALL GRAINS PERENNIAL WEEDS INSECTS APPENDIX 197 b Do not cut grass to be dried and harvested for hay until 7 days after last application or exceed 0.09 lb ai/a per season. No preharvest interval restrictions for forage. Do not harvest hay for forage. Do not harvest interval restrictions No preharvest until area to graze treated or fodder for 3 days. Do not allow cattle than 6 fl oz/a (0.186 lb ai/a) per spray has dried. Do not apply more season. Do not cut grass to be dried and harvested for hay until 7 days after last application or exceed 0.09 lb ai/a per season. Do not apply within 14 days of harvest or grazing. Do not apply within 14 days of harvest Do not apply May be harvested or grazed the same day as treatment. than 2 pt/a per year. more Do not apply within 7 days of harvest or grazing. Do not apply within 7 days of harvest or per cutting. For hay, maximum of 0.025 lb. ai/a may be applied A be applied. For forage a maximum of 0.10 lb ai/a per season may For straw and allow at least 7 days between treatments. and hay, and do not wait at least 17 days between treatments seed screenings, apply within 7 days of harvest. armyworms. for Mustang Max in pasture See remarks See remarks for Mustang Max above for Mustang Max See remarks for Mustang Max above. See remarks See remarks for Mustang Max above. See remarks rangeland grass may be used for grazing or cut for and Pasture grass to be dried and forage 0 days after application. Do not cut last application. harvested for hay until 7 days after the and rangeland grass may be used for grazing or cut for Pasture forage 0 days after application. Do not cut grass to be dried and harvested for hay until 7 days after the last application. A maximum of 0.025 lb ai/a may be applied per cutting, with up to applied per cutting, lb ai/a may be maximum of 0.025 A up to Applications may be made per season. 0.075 lb ai/a applied harvesting and up to 7 days before cutting or grazing 3 days before 7 days between applications. Allow at least seed. above. for Mustang Max See remarks 7 days of harvest or grazing. Do not apply within interval information. Use only when air Refer to label for preharvest is above 60°F. temperature Remarks, precautions 1.28–1.92 oz 1.0–2.0 fl oz 1.28–1.92 oz 1.0–1.5 pt 0.5–1.0 pt 2 pt 2.8–4.0 oz 2.8–4.0 oz 2.24–4.0 oz 2.8–4.0 oz 2.24–4.0 oz 6.0–9.0 oz 6.0–9.0 oz 2.8–4.0 oz 2.8–4.0 oz 2 pt 1–2 pt Amount of product/a a Warrior II Warrior Tracer II Warrior Sevin XLR Plus Sevin XLR Plus Sevin XLR Plus Mustang Max Mustang Max Mustang Max Mustang Max Besiege Mustang Max Besiege Mustang Max Mustang Max Sevin XLR Plus malathion Insecticide arnishedbug plant Notify nearby beekeepers before you use insecticides and apply only between 4 p.m. and nightfall, when bees are least likely to be exposed. Notify nearby beekeepers before you use insecticides and apply only between All insecticides in this table are to be applied to the plant foliage. Armyworms (pasture) Grasshoppers lfalfa plant bug Alfalfa plant T Plagiognathus plant bug Grasshoppers (rangeland) Potato leafhoppers Grasshoppers Potato leafhoppers Pasture Insects Pasture Clover Insects Insect Trefoil Insects Birdsfoot able 4-9. Insecticide suggestions for birdsfoot trefoil, clover, and pasture birdsfoot trefoil, for Insecticide suggestions Table 4-9. Do not treat clover during bloom. Treatment of clover fields that contain blossoming weeds or other plants can result in severe bee losses. Do not treat clover during bloom. Treatment of clover fields that contain blossoming weeds b a (continued) b Remarks, precautions Do not apply within 7 days of harvest. Apply only once per cutting. 7 days of harvest. Apply only once per Do not apply within Do not cut or graze within 21 days application. No more than four applications Do not cut or graze within 21 days application. cutting. per year or more than one application per seasonor within 1 day of harvest for Do not apply more than 0.12 lb ai/a per See label for resistance statement. forage or within 7 days of harvest for hay. cutting. No waiting period to harvest Do not apply more than 0.2 lb ai/a per not do ai/a, lb 0.1 than rates greater if application rate is 0.1 lb ai/a or less. For apply within 14 days of harvest. Do not apply within 7 days of harvest. or 0.12 lb ai of lambda-cyhalothrin– Do not exceed a total of 31.0 oz of Besiege per products/a containing products or 0.2 lb ai of chlorantraniliprole-containing day for forage or 7 days for hay harvest. growing season. Do not apply within 1 foraging by applying during early Make applications when bees are not actively morning or during evening hours. oz/a rate or within 14 days at rates up to Do not graze or cut within 7 days at 13 per season of Cobalt Advanced or other 26 oz/a. Do not exceed four applications or apply more than once per cutting chlorpyrifos-containing products or apply within 10 days of last treatment. forage or within 7 days of harvest for Do not apply within 1 day of harvest for pt)/a per season. hay. Do not apply more than 0.06 lb ai (0.38 per cutting; up to 0.075 lb ai/a per A maximum of 0.025 lb ai/a may be applied up season. Applications may be made up to 3 days before cutting or grazing and to 7 days before harvesting seed. Allow at least 7 days between applications. Do not apply more than 0.2 lb ai/a per cutting. No waiting period to harvest apply not do ai/a, lb 0.1 than if application rate is 0.1 lb ai/a. For rates greater within 14 days of harvest. Do not apply within 7 days of harvest. Applications may be made up to 7 days of cutting, grazing, or harvesting seed. - Do not apply more than 35.25 oz of product/a per season (0.075 lb/a zeta-cyper methrin + 0.75 lb/a chlorpyrifos). Do not make more than four applications of than one Stallion or other products containing chlorpyrifos per season or more direct treat- per alfalfa cutting. This product is highly toxic to bees exposed to area. ment on alfalfa. Do not apply if bees are actively foraging in the treated Do not apply more than 0.12 lb ai/a per season. Do not apply within 1 day of harvest for forage or within 7 days of harvest for hay. Refer to resistance management section on label. Do not exceed a total of 31.0 oz total Do not exceed a section on label. management Refer to resistance 0.2 lb ai or products or 0.12 lb ai of lambda-cyhalothrin–containing of Besiege not apply Do growing season. products/a per of chlorantraniliprole-containing during early or 7 days for hay harvest. Make applications within 1 day for forage hours when bees are not actively foraging. morning or evening Do not apply within 7 days of harvest. Do not apply within 21 days at higher within 14 days at 19–26 oz/a rate or within Do not graze or cut or other Advanced four applications per season of Cobalt rates. Do not exceed or apply per cutting products or apply more than once chlorpyrifos-containing treatment. within 10 days of last days of harvest for 1 day of harvest for forage or within 7 Do not apply within 0.06 lb ai (0.38 pt)/a per season. hayor apply more than lb

2.0 pt 1.92 oz 3.2–12.8 oz 1.6–2.8 oz 5.0–8.0 oz 11.0–26.0 fl oz 0.77–1.28 oz 2.24–4.0 oz 2.0–8.0 oz 2.0 pt 5.0–11.75 oz 0.96–1.6 oz Amount of product/a 9.0 oz 2.0–2.8 oz 16.0–38.0 fl oz 1.54 oz 1.0–1.33 a Lorsban Advanced Ambush 2E Warrior II Baythroid XL Besiege Cobalt Advanced Declare Mustang Max Pounce 3.2EC Sevin XLR Plus Stallion Warrior II Besiege Insecticide Baythroid XL Cobalt Advanced Declare Imidan 70WP Notify nearby beekeepers before you use insecticides and apply only between 4 p.m. and nightfall when bees are least likely to be exposed. Notify nearby beekeepers before you use insecticides and apply only between All insecticides in this table are to be applied to the plant foliage. Do not treat alfalfa during bloom. Treatment of fields that contain blossoming weeds or other plants can also result in severe bee losses. Do not treat alfalfa during bloom. Treatment of fields that contain blossoming weeds or b a Alfalfa caterpillar Insect Alfalfa blotch leafminer able 4-10. Insecticide suggestions for alfalfa suggestions for Insecticide Table 4-10. 198

PRINCIPLES OF CORN SOYBEAN FORAGES & SMALL GRAINS PERENNIAL WEEDSSTORED GRAIN APPENDIX PEST MNGMT. PASTURES insects INSECTS PRINCIPLES OF FORAGES & STORED GRAIN PEST MNGMT. CORN SOYBEAN PASTURES insects SMALL GRAINS PERENNIAL WEEDS INSECTS APPENDIX 199 (continued) b Remarks, precautions Do not apply more than 0.2 lb ai/a per cutting. No waiting period to harvest than 0.2 lb ai/a per cutting. No waiting Do not apply more not do ai/a, lb 0.1 than 0.1 lb ai/a or less. For rates greater if application rate is of harvest. apply within 14 days 7 days of harvest. Do not apply within of 31.0 oz of Besiege or 0.12 lb ai of lambda-cyhalothrin– Do not exceed a total per products/a or 0.2 lb ai of chlorantraniliprole-containing containing products days for hay harvest. not apply within 1 day for forage or 7 growing season. Do during early bees are not actively foraging by applying Make applications when hours. morning or during evening oz/a rate or within 21 days at higher Do not graze or cut within 14 days at 19–26 or other season of Cobalt Advanced rates. Do not exceed four applications per or apply more than once per cutting chlorpyrifos-containing products or apply within 10 days of last treatment. forage or within 7 days of harvest for Do not apply within 1 day of harvest for pt)/a per season. hay. Do not apply more than 0.06 lb ai (0.38 Do not apply within 10 days of harvest. Apply only once per cutting. Do not apply within 7 days of harvest. at rate of 1 14 days after application Do not cut or graze treated alfalfa within No more than four applications per year pt/a; or within 21 days at higher rates. or more than one application per cutting. per cutting; up to 0.075 lb ai/a per A maximum of 0.025 lb ai/a may be applied 3 days before cutting or grazing and up season. Applications may be made up to at least 7 days between applications. to 7 days before harvesting seed. Allow cutting. No waiting period to harvest Do not apply more than 0.2 lb ai/a per not do ai/a, lb 0.1 than rates greater if application rate is 0.1 lb ai/a or less. For apply within 14 days of harvest. of cutting, grazing, or harvesting seed. Applications may be made up to 7 days per season (0.075 lb/a zeta-cyper- Do not apply more than 35.25 oz of product/a make more than four applications of methrin + 0.75 lb/a chlorpyrifos). Do not than one per season or more Stallion or other products containing chlorpyrifos direct treat- per alfalfa cutting. This product is highly toxic to bees exposed to area. ment on alfalfa. Do not apply if bees are actively foraging in the treated Do not apply more than 0.12 lb ai/a per season. Do not apply within 1 day of harvest for forage or within 7 days of harvest for hay. Do not apply more than 0.2 lb ai/a per cutting. No waiting period to harvest not do ai/a, lb 0.1 than if application rate is 0.1 lb ai/a or less. For rates greater apply within 14 days of harvest. Do not apply within 7 days of harvest. Do not exceed a total of 31.0 oz of Besiege or 0.12 lb ai of lambda-cyhalothrin– per containing products or 0.2 lb ai of chlorantraniliprole-containing products/a growing season. Do not apply within 1 day for forage or 7 days for hay harvest. Make applications when bees are not actively foraging by applying during early morning or during evening hours. 6.4–12.8 oz 1.6–2.8 oz 6.0–9.0 oz 16.0–38.0 fl oz 1.02–1.54 oz 0.5–1.0 pt 1.0–1.33 lb 1.0–2.0 pt 2.24–4.0 oz 4.0–8.0 oz 9.25–11.75 oz 1.28–1.92 oz 3.2–12.8 oz 2.8 oz 6.0–9.0 oz Amount of product/a a If adult weevils are also causing economic damage, select an insecticide labeled for control of adults. The of adults. The for control an insecticide labeled damage, select also causing economic are If adult weevils label for Lorsban lists adults as well as larvae. Technically, Ambush, Imidan, Penncap-M, and Pounce could be and Pounce could Imidan, Penncap-M, Ambush, well as larvae. Technically, lists adults as label for Lorsban weevil. of adults since they list alfalfa below for control used at rates suggested Ambush 2E Baythroid XL Besiege Cobalt Advanced Declare dimethoate Imidan 70WP Lorsban Advanced Mustang Max Pounce 3.2EC Stallion Warrior II Ambush 2E Baythroid XL Besiege Insecticide Note: Notify nearby beekeepers before you use insecticides and apply only between 4 p.m. and nightfall when bees are least likely to be exposed. Notify nearby beekeepers before you use insecticides and apply only between All insecticides in this table are to be applied to the plant foliage. Do not treat alfalfa during bloom. Treatment of fields that contain blossoming weeds or other plants can also result in severe bee losses. Do not treat alfalfa during bloom. Treatment of fields that contain blossoming weeds or a b Aphids Insect Alfalfa weevil able 4-10. Insecticide suggestions for alfalfa (continued) suggestions for Insecticide Table 4-10. (continued) b Remarks, precautions Do no apply more than 0.2 lb ai/a per cutting. No waiting period to harvest if Do no apply more than 0.2 lb ai/a per cutting. not do ai/a, lb 0.1 than rates greater application rate is 0.1 lb ai/a or less. For apply within 14 days of harvest. Do not apply within 7 days of harvest. or 0.12 lb ai of lambda-cyhalothrin– Do not exceed a total of 31.0 oz of Besiege per products/a containing products or 0.2 lb ai of chlorantraniliprole-containing day for forage or 7 days for hay harvest. growing season. Do not apply within 1 foraging by applying during early Make applications when bees are not actively morning or during evening hours. oz/a rate or within 21 days at higher Do not graze or cut within 14 days at 19–26 or other season of Cobalt Advanced rates. Do not exceed four applications per or apply more than once per cutting chlorpyrifos-containing products or apply within 10 days of last treatment. Do not apply within 1 day of harvest for forage or within 7 days of harvest for hay. Do not apply more than 0.06 lb ai (0.38 pt)/a per season. 21 days Do not cut or graze within 14 days of application at 1.0 lb ai/or within year or more of application at higher rates. No more than four applications per than one per cutting. A maximum of 0.025 lb ai/a may be applied per cutting; up to 0.075 lb ai/a per up season. Applications may be made up to 3 days before cutting or grazing and to 7 days before harvesting seed. Allow at least 7 days between applications. Do no apply more than 0.2 lb ai/a per cutting. No waiting period to harvest apply not do ai/a, lb 0.1 than if application rate is 0.1 lb ai/a. For rates greater within 14 days of harvest. Do not apply within 7 days of harvest. days at rates up to or within 14 days at rates at 13 oz/a rate or cut within 7 days Do not graze or other of Cobalt Advanced per season not exceed four applications 26 oz/a. Do or apply per cutting products or apply more than once chlorpyrifos-containing treatment. within 10 days of last days of harvest for 1 day of harvest for forage or within 7 Do not apply within than 0.06 lb ai (0.38 pt)/a per season. hay. Do not apply more 10 days of harvest. Do not apply within No more than four within 7 days application at 0.5 lb ai/a. Do not cut or graze or more than one per cutting. applications per year to 0.075 lb ai/a per lb ai/a may be applied per cutting; up A maximum of 0.025 or grazing and up may be made up to 3 days before cutting season. Applications applications. seed. Allow at least 7 days between to 7 days before harvesting on species present and host-plant Aphid control may be variable depending up to 7 days of cutting, grazing, or relationships. Applications may be made 35.25 oz of product/a per season (0.075 harvesting seed. Do not apply more than than four Do not make more lb/a zeta-cypermethrin + 0.75 lb/a chlorpyrifos). per season or containing chlorpyrifos applications of Stallion or other products exposed to is highly toxic to bees more than one per alfalfa cutting. This product if bees are actively foraging. direct treatment on alfalfa. Do not apply season. Do not apply within 1 day of Do not apply more than 0.12 lb ai/a per for hay. harvest for forage or within 7 days of harvest 3.2–12.8 oz 1.6–2.8 oz 6.0–9.0 oz 16.0–38.0 fl oz 1.02–1.54 oz 1.0–2.0 pt 2.8–4.0 oz 2.0–8.0 oz 2.0–3.0 pt Amount of product/a oz 11.0–26.0 fl 1.02–1.54 oz 0.5–1.0 pt 0.5 pt 2.24–4.0 oz 9.25–11.75 oz 1.28–1.92 oz a Ambush 2E Baythroid XL Insecticide Besiege Cobalt Advanced Declare Lorsban Advanced Mustang Max Pounce 3.2EC Sevin XLR Plus Cobalt Advanced Declare dimethoate Lorsban Advanced Mustang Max Stallion Warrior II Notify nearby beekeepers before you use insecticides and apply only between 4 p.m. and nightfall when bees are least likely to be exposed. Notify nearby beekeepers before you use insecticides and apply only between All insecticides in this table are to be applied to the plant foliage. Do not treat alfalfa during bloom. Treatment of fields that contain blossoming weeds or other plants can also result in severe bee losses. Do not treat alfalfa during bloom. Treatment of fields that contain blossoming weeds or a b Army- worms Insect Aphids (continued) able 4-10. Insecticide suggestions for alfalfa (continued) suggestions for Insecticide Table 4-10. 200

PRINCIPLES OF CORN SOYBEAN FORAGES & SMALL GRAINS PERENNIAL WEEDSSTORED GRAIN APPENDIX PEST MNGMT. PASTURES insects INSECTS PRINCIPLES OF FORAGES & STORED GRAIN PEST MNGMT. CORN SOYBEAN PASTURES insects SMALL GRAINS PERENNIAL WEEDS INSECTS APPENDIX 201 (continued) b Remarks, precautions Do not apply within 7 days of harvest. Do not exceed a total of 31.0 oz of Besiege or 0.12 lb ai of lambda-cyhalothrin– per containing products or 0.2 lb ai of chlorantraniliprole-containing products/a growing season. Do not apply within 1 day for forage or 7 days for hay harvest. Make applications when bees are not actively foraging by applying during early morning or during evening hours. Do not apply more than 0.2 lb ai/a per cutting. No waiting period to harvest than 0.2 lb ai/a per cutting. No waiting Do not apply more not do ai/a, lb 0.1 than 0.1 lb ai/a or less. For rates greater if application rate is apply within 14 days of harvest. Do not apply within 7 days of harvest. or 0.12 lb ai of lambda-cyhalothrin– Do not exceed a total of 31.0 oz of Besiege per products/a containing products or 0.2 lb ai of chlorantraniliprole-containing day for forage or 7 days for hay harvest. growing season. Do not apply within 1 foraging by applying during early Make applications when bees are not actively morning or during evening hours. oz/a rate or within 21 days at higher Do not graze or cut within 14 days at 19–26 or other season of Cobalt Advanced rates. Do not exceed four applications per or apply more than once per cutting chlorpyrifos-containing products or apply within 10 days of last treatment. forage or within 7 days of harvest for Do not apply within 1 day of harvest for pt)/a per season. hay. Do not apply more than 0.06 lb ai (0.38 at 1.0 lb ai/a or within 21 days Do not cut or graze within 14 days of application year or more than four applications per of application at higher rates. No more than one per cutting. per cutting; up to 0.075 lb ai/a per A maximum of 0.025 lb ai/a may be applied 3 days before cutting or grazing and up season. Applications may be made up to at least 7 days between applications. to 7 days before harvesting seed. Allow No waiting period to harvest Do no apply more than 0.2 lb ai/a per cutting. apply not do ai/a, lb 0.1 than if application rate is 0.1 lb ai/a. For rates greater within 14 days of harvest. Applications may be made up to 7 days of cutting, grazing, or harvesting seed. - Do not apply more than 35.25 oz of product/a per season (0.075 lb/a zeta-cyper methrin + 0.75 lb/a chlorpyrifos). Do not make more than four applications of than one Stallion or other products containing chlorpyrifos per season or more direct treat- per alfalfa cutting. This product is highly toxic to bees exposed to area. ment on alfalfa. Do not apply if bees are actively foraging in the treated Do not apply more than 0.12 lb ai/a per season. Do not apply within 1 day of harvest for forage or within 7 days of harvest for hay. Applications may be made up to 7 days of cutting, grazing, or harvesting seed. grazing, or harvesting to 7 days of cutting, may be made up Applications zeta-cyper - season (0.075 lb/a oz of product/a per more than 35.25 Do not apply four applications of chlorpyrifos). Do not make more than methrin + 0.75 lb/a than one or more containing chlorpyrifos per season Stallion or other products direct treat- to product is highly toxic to bees exposed per alfalfa cutting. This area. the treated not apply if bees are actively foraging in ment on alfalfa. Do No preharvest interval restrictions for forage. Do not harvest hay or fodder for or fodder for hay restrictions for forage. Do not harvest No preharvest interval Do not apply to graze treated area until spray has dried. 3 days or allow cattle lb ai)/a per season. more than 6 fl oz (0.186 within 1 day of than 0.12 lb ai/a per season. Do not apply Do not apply more within 7 days of harvest for hay. harvest for forage or 2.0–2.8 oz 6.0–9.0 oz 3.2–12.8 oz 0.8–1.6 oz 5.0–8.0 oz 11.0–26.0 fl oz 0.77–1.54 oz 1.0–2.0 pt 2.24–4.0 oz 2.0–8.0 oz 2.5–11.75 oz 0.96–1.6 oz Amount of product/a oz 9.25–11.75 1.0–2.0 fl oz 1.28–1.92 oz a Baythroid XL Besiege Ambush 2E Insecticide Baythroid XL Besiege Cobalt Advanced Declare Lorsban Advanced Mustang Max Pounce 3.2EC Stallion Warrior II Stallion Tracer Warrior II Notify nearby beekeepers before you use insecticides and apply only between 4 p.m. and nightfall when bees are least likely to be exposed. Notify nearby beekeepers before you use insecticides and apply only between All insecticides in this table are to be applied to the plant foliage. Do not treat alfalfa during bloom. Treatment of fields that contain blossoming weeds or other plants can also result in severe bee losses. Do not treat alfalfa during bloom. Treatment of fields that contain blossoming weeds or a b Grass hoppers Cutworms Insect Army- worms (continued) able 4-10. Insecticide suggestions for alfalfa (continued) suggestions for Insecticide Table 4-10. (continued) b Remarks, precautions Do not apply more than 0.2 lb ai/a per cutting. No waiting period to harvest Do not apply more than 0.2 lb ai/a per not do ai/a, lb 0.1 than rates greater if application rate is 0.1 lb ai/a or less. For apply within 14 days of harvest. Do not apply within 7 days of harvest. total of 31.0 oz on label. Do not exceed a Refer to resistance management section or 0.2 lb ai products of Besiege or 0.12 lb ai of lambda-cyhalothrin–containing Do not apply per growing season. of chlorantraniliprole-containing products/a harvest. Make applications during early within 1 day for forage or 7 days for hay not actively foraging. morning or evening hours when bees are oz/a rate or within 21 days at higher Do not graze or cut within 14 days at 19–26 or other season of Cobalt Advanced rates. Do not exceed four applications per or apply more than once per cutting chlorpyrifos-containing products or apply within 10 days of last treatment. Do not apply within 1 day of harvest for forage or within 7 days of harvest for hay or more than 0.06 lb ai (0.38 pt)/a per season. Do not apply within 10 days of harvest. Do not cut or graze within 14 days of application at 1.0 lb ai/a or within 21 days year or more of application at higher rates. No more than four applications per than one per cutting. A maximum of 0.025 lb ai/a may be applied per cutting; up to 0.075 lb ai/a per up season. Applications may be made up to 3 days before cutting or grazing and to 7 days before harvesting seed. Allow at least 7 days between applications. Do no apply more than 0.2 lb ai/a per cutting. No waiting period to harvest apply not do ai/a, lb 0.1 than if application rate is 0.1 lb ai/a. For rates greater within 14 days of harvest. Do not apply within 7 days of harvest. Do not graze or cut within 7 days. Do not exceed four applications per season of per four applications Do not exceed or cut within 7 days. Do not graze more than products or apply or other chlorpyrifos-containing Cobalt Advanced 10 days of last treatment. once per cutting or within days of harvest for 1 day of harvest for forage or within 7 Do not apply within 0.06 lb ai (0.38 pt)/a per season. hay or apply more than 10 days of harvest. Do not apply within 14 days or within within 7 days of application at 0.5 lb ai/a Do not cut or graze year or more per rates. No more than four applications of application at higher than one per cutting. to 0.075 lb ai/a per lb ai/a may be applied per cutting; up A maximum of 0.025 or grazing and up may be made up to 3 days before cutting season. Applications applications. seed. Allow at least 7 days between to 7 days before harvesting Do not apply within 7 days of harvest. of cutting, grazing, or harvesting seed. Applications may be made up to 7 days per season (0.075 lb/a zeta-cyper- Do not apply more than 35.25 oz of product/a make more than four applications of methrin + 0.75 lb/a chlorpyrifos). Do not than one per season or more Stallion or other products containing chlorpyrifos direct treat- toxic to bees exposed to per alfalfa cutting. This product is highly area. actively foraging in the treated ment on alfalfa. Do not apply if bees are season. Do not apply within 1 day of Do not apply more than 0.12 lb ai/a per for hay. harvest for forage or within 7 days of harvest 6.4–12.8 oz 1.6–2.8 oz 6.0–9.0 oz 16.0–38.0 fl oz 1.02–1.54 oz 0.5–1.0 pt 1.0–2.0 pt 2.8–4.0 oz 4.0–8.0 oz 2.0–3.0 pt Amount of product/a oz 6.0–13.0 fl 1.02–1.54 oz 0.5–1.0 pt 0.5–1.0 pt 2.8–4.0 oz 1.0–3.0 pt 9.25–11.75 oz 1.28–1.92 oz a Ambush 2E Baythroid XL Besiege Cobalt Advanced Declare dimethoate Lorsban Advanced Mustang Max Pounce 3.2EC Sevin XLR Plus Insecticide Cobalt Advanced Declare dimethoate Lorsban Advanced Mustang Max Sevin XLR Plus Stallion Warrior II Notify nearby beekeepers before you use insecticides and apply only between 4 p.m. and nightfall when bees are least likely to be exposed. Notify nearby beekeepers before you use insecticides and apply only between All insecticides in this table are to be applied to the plant foliage. Do not treat alfalfa during bloom. Treatment of fields that contain blossoming weeds or other plants can also result in severe bee losses. Do not treat alfalfa during bloom. Treatment of fields that contain blossoming weeds or a b Plant bugs Insect Grass hoppers (continued) able 4-10. Insecticide suggestions for alfalfa (continued) suggestions for Insecticide Table 4-10. 202

Potato leafhopper Insect Plant bugs (continued) able 4-10. Insecticide suggestions for alfalfa (continued) suggestions for Insecticide Table 4-10. b Remarks, precautions Do not apply more than 0.2 lb ai/a per cutting. No waiting period to harvest waiting period to ai/a per cutting. No more than 0.2 lb Do not apply not do ai/a, lb 0.1 than or less. For rates greater rate is 0.1 lb ai/a if application of harvest. apply within 14 days Do not apply within 7 days of harvest. Do not apply within of 31.0 oz of Besiege or 0.12 lb ai of lambda-cyhalothrin– Do not exceed a total per products/a or 0.2 lb ai of chlorantraniliprole-containing containing products days for hay harvest. not apply within 1 day for forage or 7 growing season. Do during early bees are not actively foraging by applying Make applications when hours. morning or during evening 21 days at higher within 14 days at 19–26 oz/a rate or within Do not graze or cut or other Advanced four applications per season of Cobalt rates. Do not exceed or apply per cutting products or apply more than once chlorpyrifos-containing treatment. within 10 days of last forage or within 7 days of harvest for Do not apply within 1 day of harvest for pt)/a per season. hay. Do not apply more than 0.06 lb ai (0.38 Apply only once per cutting. Do not apply within 7 days of harvest. at 1.0 pt ai/a. No more than Do not cut or graze within 14 days of application one per cutting. four applications per year or more than per cutting; up to 0.075 lb ai/a per A maximum of 0.025 lb ai/a may be applied 3 days before cutting or grazing and up season. Applications may be made up to at least 7 days between applications. to 7 days before harvesting seed. Allow cutting. No waiting period to harvest Do not apply more than 0.2 lb ai/a per apply not do ai/a, lb 0.1 than greater if application rate is 0.1 lb ai/a. For rates within 14 days of harvest. of cutting, grazing, or harvesting seed. Applications may be made up to 7 days per season (0.075 lb/a zeta-cyper- Do not apply more than 35.25 oz of product/a make more than four applications of methrin + 0.75 lb/a chlorpyrifos). Do not than one per season or more Stallion or other products containing chlorpyrifos direct treat- toxic to bees exposed to per alfalfa cutting. This product is highly area. actively foraging in the treated ment on alfalfa. Do not apply if bees are season. Do not apply within 1 day of Do not apply more than 0.12 lb ai/a per for hay. harvest for forage or within 7 days of harvest Amount of product/a 6.4–12.8 oz 0.8–1.6 oz 6.0–9.0 oz 16.0–38.0 fl oz 1.02–1.54 oz 1.33 lb 1.0 pt 2.24–4.0 oz 4.0–8.0 oz 9.25–11.75 oz 1.28–1.92 oz a Insecticide Ambush 2E Baythroid XL Besiege Cobalt Advanced Declare Imidan 70WP Lorsban Advanced Mustang Max Pounce 3.2EC Stallion Warrior II Notify nearby beekeepers before you use insecticides and apply only between 4 p.m. and nightfall when bees are least likely to be exposed. Notify nearby beekeepers before you use insecticides and apply only between All insecticides in this table are to be applied to the plant foliage. All insecticides in this table are to be applied Do not treat alfalfa during bloom. Treatment of fields that contain blossoming weeds or other plants can also result in severe bee losses. Do not treat alfalfa during bloom. Treatment of fields that contain blossoming weeds or a b Insect Spittlebugs able 4-10. Insecticide suggestions for alfalfa (continued) for alfalfa suggestions Insecticide 4-10. Table 204

PRINCIPLES OF CORN SOYBEAN FORAGES & SMALL GRAINS PERENNIAL WEEDSSTORED GRAIN APPENDIX PEST MNGMT. PASTURES insects INSECTS P R I N CIPL ES O F P EST M G T

Forage Disease Management C ORN

Many disease-causing organisms attack application amounts allowed. We recom- forages in Wisconsin. Any approach to mend consulting specific labels prior to plant disease control requires identifica- using a product in alfalfa. tion and knowledge of the cause and its life Variety selection is key to disease man- cycle, the effect of environment on disease agement in forages and small grains. Refer development, and the potential control to Extension publication Forage Variety SO YB EAN procedures available. Economic and envi- Update for Wisconsin (A1525) for specific ronmental factors often determine the con- disease resistance ratings. This publication trol procedures employed for these various is updated each year with new test data for diseases. Control strategies can be an inte- each variety. gration of the following methods: planting The forage diseases section focuses on resistant or tolerant varieties, proper crop alfalfa (table 4-11), followed by brief sec- F ORAGE diseases management, and agricultural chemicals. tions on red clover and forage grasses. There are a few foliar fungicides currently labeled for use in alfalfa, including Head- Alfalfa leaf and line, Kocide 3000, and Quadris. Note, how- stem diseases ever, that all of these products have very Although leaf and stem diseases occur in specific labels regarding use. In particular, almost every alfalfa field, their severity is pay close attention to the diseases that are dependent on periods of wet weather and/ S M A LL GRA I NS controlled, the pre-harvest intervals within or heavy dews. While leaf and stem dis- a cutting, the total number of allowed eases may reduce alfalfa yields, their main applications within a cutting period and effect is reducing the nutritional value of across the whole growing season, and the the forage, because severe leaf disease can P ERENN I A L W EE D S Table 4-11. Probability and occurrence of alfalfa diseases in stands of different ages Harvest (established stand) Year Disease 1st 2nd 3rd 4th seeding 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Anthracnose —a ++ +++ ++ ++ +++ +++ +++ +++ Aphanomyces root rot ++ +++ +++ +++ +++ ++ ++ ++ ++ Bacterial wilt + + +++ +++ — + ++ +++ +++ STORE D GRA I N Common leaf spot ++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ I NSE C TS Downy mildew +++ + + +++ +++ ++ ++ ++ ++ Fusarium crown root rot +++ +++ +++ +++ — + ++ ++ +++ Fusarium wilt + ++ +++ +++ — + ++ +++ +++ Phytophthora root rot ++ +++ +++ +++ +++ ++ ++ ++ ++ Pythium root rot — — — — +++ + + + + Spring black stem +++ ++ — +++ ++ +++ +++ +++ +++

Summer black stem — ++ +++ + +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ A PP EN DIX Verticillium wilt +++ + ++ +++ — + ++ +++ +++ a Probability of occurrence and/or severity: — = none, + = low, ++ = moderate, +++ = high

205 206 P R I N CIPL ES O F cause excessive leaf drop, and the leaves of Alfalfa root P EST M G T alfalfa plants contain much more protein and crown diseases and are more digestible than the stems. Root and crown diseases play a major Except for anthracnose, alfalfa varieties role in establishment and stand longev- have not been characterized for reaction to ity problems in Wisconsin. Often, low soil leaf and stem diseases. While there are no fertility, winter injury, and soil insects alfalfa varieties available with documented work together with disease organisms to resistance, observations indicate that variet- reduce alfalfa stands. Stand losses can be ies differ in reaction to leaf-infecting patho-

C ORN minimized by planting varieties that are gens. An important cultural practice that resistant to several diseases and using crop can minimize losses due to leaf and stem management practices that minimize stress diseases is harvesting the crop at the bud on stands. Crop rotation is of little value stage or no later than 10% flower. Many for control of most alfalfa diseases because leaf diseases increase dramatically after most pathogens survive indefinitely in the the first flower stage. Also, leaf and stem soil or are introduced with forage debris in

SO YB EAN diseases can be more severe when alfalfa seed. However, good management prac- is seeded with a companion crop. Leaf dis- tices can prolong the productivity and life eases common to Wisconsin are common of plants that survive the initial infection. leaf spot, downy mildew, Stemphylium leaf spot and Lepto leaf spot. Spring black n select disease-resistant varieties. Consult stem and summer black stem result in leaf Extension publication Forage Variety

F ORAGE diseases loss but, as their names imply, are diseases Update for Wisconsin (A1525) at of stems and crowns. Anthracnose is also a learningstore.uwex.edu for ratings. disease of stems and crowns. n Maintain good soil fertility. This pro- motes extensive lateral root develop- Alfalfa seedling diseases ment above the diseased region of the Stand establishment failure due to seedling root and extends the life of the plant. diseases has become more common in Wis- n avoid untimely cuttings. This might

S M A LL GRA I NS consin. Aphanomyces, Pythium, Phytophthora, stress the plants. Heavy rains immedi- and Rhizoctonia are the soil fungi consid- ately after cutting often result in severe ered to be major causes. Seeding failures Phytophthora root rot infections. Do not are more commonly reported in fields with cut, for example, between September 1 soils that become waterlogged for 7 to 14 and October 15. days. In addition, many reports are associ- n Control leaf-feeding insects. These can ated with direct seeding. However, this stress plants by making them more sus- P ERENN I A L W EE D S may be because the development of plants ceptible to root and crown diseases. established by direct seeding are more easily monitored than plants seeded with a n Improve surface and subsurface drain- companion crop such as oat. Often seeding age. Till and land-level, if practical, to failures are blamed on the companion crop reduce root and crown diseases. from such factors as lodging. Bacterial wilt Phytophthora/Aphanomyces-resistant alfalfa varieties are available and should Bacterial wilt often appears in the second STORE D GRA I N be planted in fields that periodically have or third year of the stand and can reduce I NSE C TS waterlogged soils. Alfalfa varieties range stands considerably if susceptible varieties from highly susceptible to highly resistant are grown. Fortunately, most alfalfa variet- to Phytophthora and Aphanomyces. No ies have good resistance to bacterial wilt, information is available on variety reactions but this can differ greatly among varieties. to Pythium and Rhizoctonia. Fungicides Fusarium wilt offer some control in the early seedling Fusarium wilt, caused by the fungus Fusar-

A PP EN DIX phase (see appendix table 1c for more information on alfalfa seed treatments Apron XL ium oxysporum f. sp. medicaginis, is economi- and Ridomil Gold Bravo SC). cally damaging throughout Wisconsin, but is especially a problem in sandy loam soils. Because the pathogen survives indefi- 207

Aphanomyces/Phytophthora P R I N CIPL ES O F P EST M NG T . nitely in the soil, crop rotation is not an root rot complex effective control. Planting resistant alfalfa Aphanomyces is an important water mold varieties is the only practical control. Many fungus contributing to poor alfalfa estab- varieties have resistance to Fusarium wilt. lishment and growth in wet soils. Aphano- Verticillium wilt myces interacts with Phytophthora to cause a destructive disease complex. Resistance The Verticillium wilt fungus invades the to both pathogens is needed to improve plant’s vascular system and reduces the alfalfa production in many wet soils in flow of water and nutrients to stems and C ORN Wisconsin. leaves. Infected alfalfa plants may be killed Aphanomyces causes poor plant growth, during the growing season or over winter. stunting and yellowing but seldom kills Verticillium wilt becomes more apparent plants. Roots may be somewhat yellow and after the second year of a stand. It is impor- lack laterals and nodules, but the fungus tant for growers and agricultural consul- does not cause distinct root lesions like tants to be able to recognize Verticillium Phytophthora does. When diagnosing, check SO YB EAN wilt and to use methods to limit its spread. cultural practices such as seed bed prepa- The following measures minimize the ration, Rhizobium inoculum, and planting chances of introducing the fungus to an depth. If you’ve eliminated cultural prac- area and spreading the disease between tices and you answer yes to these ques- and within fields. tions, then Aphanomyces may be the cause. n resistant varieties. Alfalfa varieties dif- F ORAGE diseases 1. Have you eliminated a possible atrazine fer in reaction to Verticillium wilt. Care- or other herbicide carryover? fully select alfalfa varieties with resistance to the prevalent diseases in your area. 2. Does red clover or trefoil grow well in the site? n harvesting suggestions. Harvest recent seedings first and harvest fields at the 3. Did you plant a variety with a high hard-bud or early flower stage. Early level of resistance to Phytophthora, and was it treated with mefenoxam (Apron) harvest can limit some yield and quality S M A LL GRA I NS losses caused by Verticillium wilt and fungicide? can slow the spread of the wilt fungus Soils may be tested for Aphanomyces in a field. potential through your county Extension Phytophthora root rot agent or by the Plant Disease Diagnostic Clinic (PDDC), Room 183, Russell Labs, Phytophthora root rot (PRR) is a major University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, cause of alfalfa stand depletion. PRR can WI 53706. P ERENN I A L W EE D S kill individual plants scattered throughout There are two types of tests offered the field, all plants in irregularly shaped by the PDDC. One is a non-specific soil patches, or entire fields. The disease is most analysis for Aphanomyces, Pythium, or severe in fields with poor internal drainage Phytophthora that costs $35 per sample. or fields where soils become saturated by The second is a race-specific bioassay for excessive rainfall or irrigation. Apahanomyces that costs $150 per sample. Alfalfa varieties with high levels of PRR

Tests may take from 2 to 4 weeks to STORE D GRA I N resistance are available to Wisconsin grow-

complete. Contact the PDDC (608-262-2863) I NSE C TS ers. Growers should be aware that alfalfa for specific information about the desired varieties rated PRR resistant vary greatly in sample amount to conduct either test. extent of resistance. Alfalfa varieties are available with com- PRR is often most severe in the seeding bined resistance to Aphanomyces and year. Seeding failures often occur if such Phytophthora root rots. Consult Extension fields are immediately replanted; occasion- publication Forage Variety Update for Wiscon- ally alfalfa varieties with some level of sin (A1525) at learningstore.uwex.edu for A PP EN DIX resistance can fail in the seedling stage of resistance of alfalfa varieties to Aphanomy- growth. Apron (fungicide) seed treatment ces and Phytophthora root rots. Currently, supplements inherent resistance to PRR. there are several varieties that are resistant to race 2 of Aphanomyces, in addition to race 208

P R I N CIPL ES O F 1 resistance. Use results from soil tests to also increases winter survival, making them P EST M NG T . select the variety with the most appropriate better able to combat the effects of root and resistance for your field conditions. crown rot. Root and crown rot also can be reduced by maintaining good soil fertility General root and crown rot (especially potassium). A general root and crown rot is caused by a complex of fungi that persist in the soil; Northern anthracnose infection results in slow regrowth and Northern anthracnose can reduce yields stand decline. The disease is very common and quality of red clover in stands of all

C ORN in older stands but can occur in poorly ages. Resistant varieties are available. managed younger stands. Although the outside of infected roots may not exhibit Powdery mildew much rot, the core of the root and crown Powdery mildew forms a white powdery tissues will be rotted and have a brown- mass of mold on the upper surface of the black discoloration. Infected plants are leaves. Most newer varieties are resistant to more susceptible to attack by other diseases powdery mildew. SO YB EAN and winter injury. Alfalfa varieties that are Viruses rated to have good winterhardiness generally show less root and crown rot. Crown Viruses in red clover are recognized by and root rot can be reduced in all alfalfa a green-and-yellow mosaic pattern that varieties by maintaining high soil fertility develops on leaves. Viral symptoms can be confused with symptoms of nutrient defi-

F ORAGE diseases (especially potassium) and a soil pH of 6.8 to 7.0, controlling leaf diseases, and not ciencies. Red clover varieties differ in reac- overgrazing or cutting stands between Sep- tion to bean yellow mosaic virus. Reaction tember 1 and October 15. to other viruses is not known.

Red clover diseases Diseases of Red clover, like alfalfa, has diseases that forage grasses attack leaves, stems, and roots, reducing Common diseases of forage grasses are leaf S M A LL GRA I NS yield, quality, and stand life. The prevalent rust, stem rust, leaf spot, and root rot. Rusts leaf and stem diseases can be controlled by are recognized by round, bright orange planting resistant or tolerant varieties. Cut- pustules that rupture the leaf tissues (leaf ting the crop at late bud or early bloom also rust) or oblong, reddish-brown pustules can help minimize leaf and stem diseases. that rupture stem tissues (stem rust). Leaf Root rots of red clover cause depletions of spot diseases differ from the rusts in that

P ERENN I A L W EE D S stands. Stand decline can be reduced by they do not rupture the plant tissues. Most planting varieties with good winterhardi- leaf spots are characterized by brown-to- ness and maintaining high soil fertility black spots that are bordered by a yellow (especially potassium). halo. Root rots cause brown-to-black roots that are reduced in number and size. A dis- Crown and root rots ease called ergot can develop in the heads Crown and root rots can cause serious stand of forage grasses. Long, hard, black fungal decline in red clover. Several soil fungi can structures are scattered in the heads and STORE D GRA I N be the cause of this problem. Infected plants replace the grain where they form. These I NSE C TS often are stunted or wilted. The roots of ergot bodies can cause health problems if these plants are rotted (dark brown-black) consumed by livestock. on the outside and in the central core of Ergot can be reduced by cutting forage the plants. The disease is most damaging grasses early and clipping wild grasses when the rot progresses into the crown. along the edges of fields. Rust and leaf spot Infected plants are prone to winterkill. diseases can be reduced by harvesting the Winter injury in turn can lead to severe root crop as early as possible and planting resis- A PP EN DIX and crown rot. Varieties such as Arlington tant or tolerant varieties. Consult Extension or Marathon that have good resistance to publication Forage Variety Update for Wis- northern anthracnose and powdery mildew consin (A1525) at learningstore.uwex.edu are strongly recommended. Such resistance for variety reactions to diseases. PRINCIPLES OF FORAGES & STORED GRAIN PEST MGMT CORN SOYBEAN PASTURES SMALL GRAINS PERENNIAL WEEDS INSECTS APPENDIX

5 Small Grains Pest Management PRINCIPLES OF PEST MGMT

Small Grains Weed Management CORN

A sound weed management program often It’s important to measure the growth stage of uses supplementary mechanical weeding cereals before using postemergence herbicides. to maximize the effectiveness of an herbi- Figure 5-1 shows this relationship using the cide treatment. However, small grains are Feekes scale, which gives a numerical value sown in narrow rows, making cultivation to 11 developmental stages.

SOYBEAN after planting impossible. Consequently, For a summary of harvest and grazing cultural practices such as crop rotation, intervals following herbicide use in small adapted varieties, adequate fertilization, grains, refer to table 5-2 on page 219. crop competition, and clean seed will maximize weed control. Fewer herbicide alter- Small grains with natives are available for weed control in a legume seeding small grains than for most other crops (see Spring-seeded small grains often have FORAGES &

PASTURES table 5-1 on page 212). Therefore, the small alfalfa seeded with them. This greatly limits grain producer must use all possibilities in the use of herbicides. If weeds are abun- an integrated approach for effective weed dant, harvesting the small grain as silage is management. an excellent practice because it kills weeds Fall-seeded small grains are very compet- before they produce seeds, harvests weeds itive with weeds. Winter wheat, for exam- while they still have relatively good feed ple, seldom needs an herbicide treatment. SMALL GRAINS value, and greatly increases the likelihood The exception is with winter annual weeds

weeds of successfully establishing the legume. like shepherd’s purse and pennycress that Interest in frost-seeding red clover into win- emerge with wheat in the fall. Check fields ter wheat is growing in Wisconsin. As with regularly after seeding and be ready to treat alfalfa seeded into oats, weeds are usually if and when needed. not an important factor after frost seeding, Many producers apply nitrogen to win- but in situations where broadleaf weeds PERENNIAL WEEDS ter wheat and often ask about using liquid are abundant, two herbicide options are fertilizer as the carrier to simultaneously available. apply the herbicide. This “weed and feed” approach would save a trip over the field, but has two serious limitations. First, nitro- Buctril (bromoxynil) gen is most effective when applied early Rate: 1.0 to 1.5 pt/a (consult the label to in the spring, often before green-up, while determine rate for specific weed species). most herbicides are applied between Feekes

STORED GRAIN Adjuvants: Do not add surfactants or other stages 4 and 8. Postponing the fertilizer

INSECTS additives to the spray mixture. application creates a major delay that will Timing: Postemergence—Treat when small reduce small grain yield. The other concern grains have several leaves and up to the is that liquid fertilizers applied at these boot stage, when alfalfa has at least four tri- growth stages may result in leaf burn to foliate leaves, and when weeds are small. the cereal, especially if applied under hot, Remarks: This product can be used in humid conditions. This risk is particularly small grains alone or with an underseeding high for herbicides like Harmony SG that APPENDIX of alfalfa but not on red clover or any other require a surfactant in the spray solution. legume. Buctril controls many broadleaf Thus, we discourage applying herbicides in weeds that may occur in companion crop liquid fertilizer in small grains. (continued on page 212)

210 PRINCIPLES OF FORAGES & SMALL GRAINS STORED GRAIN PEST MGMT CORN SOYBEAN PASTURES weeds PERENNIAL WEEDS INSECTS APPENDIX 211 l 11 ripening flowering l l 10.1 10.5 —— in 10 “boot” boot l l 9 ligule of last leaf just visible l 8 ——————— last leaf just visible 7 jointing second node visible l l 6 Feekes scale first node of stem visible (wheat & barley) (oats) l 5 leaf sheaths strongly erected ———— (oats) l 4 Harmony (wheat) &

leaf sheaths lengthen l 3 Banvel/Clarity MCPA, 2,4-D tillers formed Rage D-Tech (wheat & barley) l 2 Affinity BroadSpec Orion Stinger Harmony Extra winter

Starane dormant tillering begins

Buctril Affinity BroadSpec Affinity BroadSpec Harmony SG Harmony Extra & Huskie l 1 one shoot erbicide application periods at various growth stages of small grains of small grains growth stages at various application periods Herbicide Figure 5-1. scale) (using Feekes

— extension—————— —heading illering—————— ——————stem seedlinG ——————T Source: Adapted and used with permission from Michigan State University Extension publication Weed Control Source: Adapted and used with permission from Michigan State University Extension Guide for Field Crops (E-434)

F F F F F F F P P N — G F/G F F F F F P P P P P P P F/G Perennial broadleaves F F F F P P P P P P G G

G/E Perennial sow thistle sow Perennial F F N — — — G G

F/G F/G G/E G/E G/E Field bindweed Field F E E E N G G G G

F/G G/E G/E G/E Canada thistle Canada F F F F P G G G

F/G F/G

G/E G/E G/E Do not add surfactants or Do not add surfactants radish Wild Never use the ester formula- Never use the ester

F F P P Postemergence—Treat when small E — G G G G G

Wild mustard Wild G/E G/E

Apply 0.33 to 0.5 pt/a of MCPA to 0.5 pt/a of MCPA Apply 0.33 Wild buckwheat Wild F P E E E E E E E — G G G/E Rate: Adjuvants: Timing: Remarks:

MCPA grain is tillered and has four or more leaves grain is tillered and stage. The legume but before the jointing tall. should be 2 to 3 inches Smartweeds other additives to the spray mixture. other additives to tions of MCPA in companion crop seedings tions of MCPA in be killed. Legume stands as the legume will or of alfalfa; trefoil; or red, alsike, white, amine (forms containing 4 lb ae/gal). When lb ae/gal). When containing 4 amine (forms other than 4 lb containing using products to apply rates accordingly ae/gal, adjust 0.17 to 0.25 lb ae/a. F F F — G G G G G

G/E G/E G/E G/E Shepherd’s purse Shepherd’s P E E E E E E N G G

F/G G/E G/E Prickly lettuce Prickly

F P E E E E E E E E G G

Annual broadleaves F/G Pigweed

P E E E E N G G

Pennycress G/E G/E G/E G/E G/E Lambsquarters F F P P P — G G G G

F/G F/G G/E Giant ragweed Giant F F G G G G G G G

F/G G/E G/E G/E Common ragweed Common F F F P P P G G G G G G

G/E Common chickweed Common

N N N N N N N N N N N N N Annual grass weeds grass Annual Cereal crop tolerance crop Cereal E G G G G G F/G G/E G/E G/E G/E G/E G/E

b Can be underseeded? be Can A no no no no no no no no no no A, RC no/yes

seedings, particularly shepherd’s purse, particularly shepherd’s seedings, and wild radish. wild mustard, pennycress, gal/a of water. in at least 20 Apply Buctril oats of Buctril to underseeded Applications injury if the in serious alfalfa may result application or in on the day of temperature exceeds 70°F. the 3 days after application this limit will be more Temperatures above injury if the relative likely to cause serious on the day of treat- humidities are high comments on Buctril ment. See additional use on page 214.

Mode of action group action of Mode 4 2 4 2 2 4 6 4 4 27

2, 4 6, 27 4, 14 Cereals registered Cereals O all all all all all B,W B,W B,O,W B,O,W B,O,W B,O,W B,O,W Grains: A = alfalfa; B = barley; O = oats; RC = red clover; W = wheat Control ratings: E = excellent, G = good, F = fair, P = poor, N = none, — = no information Some brands of 2,4-D amine allow application in underseeded small grains. We do not recommend it because the risk of legume injury is very Some brands of 2,4-D amine allow application in underseeded small grains. Weed Science Society of America-approved group numbers for the corresponding herbicide mode of action. Weed Science Society of America-approved group numbers for the corresponding herbicide Table 5-1. Crop registration, tolerance, and herbicide effectiveness on weeds commonly found and herbicide effectiveness on weeds commonly found Table 5-1. Crop registration, tolerance, in small grains Herbicide Rage D-Tech Starane MCPA amine MCPA Orion Harmony SG Huskie Buctril Callisto Harmony Extra Banvel/Clarity Affinity BroadSpec 2,4-D amine Stinger 212 high. a b Abbreviations:

PRINCIPLES OF CORN SOYBEAN FORAGES & SMALL GRAINS PERENNIAL WEEDSSTORED GRAIN APPENDIX PEST MGMT PASTURES weeds INSECTS ladino clover are usually not severely 213 Small grains without PRINCIPLES OF injured at this rate or time of application. a legume seeding PEST MGMT MCPA amine labels caution that the product should not be used unless some legume injury can be tolerated. Some brands of Affinity BroadSpec MCPA do not carry label directions for use (Harmony SG + Express premix) on small grain undersown with a small Rate: Use 0.4 to 1.0 oz/a in wheat or bar- seeded legume. Using brands without label ley; 0.4 oz/a in oats. Rates of 0.4 to 0.6 oz/a directions for this use is illegal. must be tank mixed with other herbicides. CORN A well-developed small grain and weed Adjuvants: Add nonionic surfactant at canopy of leaves is necessary to provide 0.25% of spray solution. See label for sur- a protective “umbrella” over the legume factant rates when mixing other herbicides seedlings to minimize herbicide contact with Affinity BroadSpec. Ammonium sul- with the legume. Sometimes, under ideal fate at 2 lb/a or 2 qt/a of nitrogen fertilizer growing conditions, legume seedlings may also be added. grow almost as rapidly as the small grain Timing: Postemergence—Apply from the SOYBEAN and such a protective canopy never devel- 2-leaf stage, but before the flag leaf is vis- ops. Do not apply MCPA when legume ible in wheat and barley. Apply from the seedlings are as tall or nearly as tall as 3-leaf stage but before the jointing stage in the small grain or when the oat and weed oats. canopy does not cover the alfalfa seedlings. Weeds—Treat annual weeds before they Excessive exposure to the herbicide treat- are 4 inches tall or wide. Treat 4- to 8-inch ment will almost certainly result in severe FORAGES & Canada thistle in the spring. PASTURES legume damage. Use less than 6 gal/a of Remarks: Affinity BroadSpec is a premix water and low pressure when applying of a 1:1 ratio of Harmony SG and Express, MCPA to reduce risk of legume injury. which provides a higher rate of Express Broadleaf weeds are more easily controlled than in Harmony Extra. Affinity Broad- as seedlings than when they begin to Spec controls many species of mustards, flower. including wild mustard, shepherd’s purse, SMALL GRAINS Choosing between Buctril and and pennycress, and also pigweed, lambs- weeds MCPA quarters, henbit, and smartweeds. Wild buckwheat should be controlled with a The factors to consider in choosing between 0.8 oz/a rate. Common ragweed control these two products are temperature and is inconsistent and giant ragweed is not relative humidity at and after time of treat- adequately controlled. To ensure adequate ment, degree of protection to the legume by control of common ragweed, tank mix with PERENNIAL WEEDS the small grain and weed canopy, the spe- 2,4-D. When treating Canada thistle, tank cific weed species present, and the growth mix 0.8 oz/a with 2,4-D or dicamba. Buctril stage of the alfalfa and cereal. For example, and Starane are also labeled for tank mix- Buctril is most indicated when lambsquar- tures. 2,4-D is a likely partner as Affinity ters, smartweeds, or wild buckwheat are BroadSpec will improve wild buckwheat present, temperatures are 70°F or less, and and smartweed control compared to 2,4-D alfalfa has four or more trifoliate leaves. alone. Affinity BroadSpec can be tank MCPA is the better choice if pigweed is mixed with insecticides or fungicides. STORED GRAIN the dominant weed, temperatures exceed Apply in at least 5 gal/a of water with INSECTS 70°F, humidities are high, and the oats and flat fan nozzle tips and in at least 10 gal/a weeds protect the alfalfa seedlings. with flood jet tips. Nitrogen fertilizer may be used as the carrier instead of water. Allow at least 45 days following application before harvest. Straw from treated small grains may be used for bedding or feed. APPENDIX Rotational restrictions: Wheat and barley can be replanted any time after application, soybeans can be planted after 7 days, and corn can be planted after 14 days. Any 214 other crop can be planted 45 days after an or ammonium sulfate at 8.5 lb/100 gal PRINCIPLES OF PEST MGMT application of Affinity BroadSpec, except may increase weed control, but may also canola or beets, which require a 60-day increase the risk of injury. interval. Timing: Preemergence—Apply after planting oats and before weed emergence. Postemergence—Apply to oats before Banvel/Clarity weeds exceed 5 inches in height. Do not See dicamba. apply within 50 days of harvest. Remarks: Callisto has a supplemental CORN label allowing these applications. Callisto Buctril (bromoxynil) controls many annual broadleaf weeds and Rate: Apply 1.0 to 1.5 pt/a. cannot be used on oats underseeded with Adjuvants: Do not add surfactants or alfalfa. A preemergence application should other additives to the spray mixture. provide greater crop safety than postemer- Timing: Postemergence—Base timing on the gence applications. Tank mixing emulsifiable concentrate formulations of other SOYBEAN stage of weed growth but do not treat small grains in or beyond the boot stage. pesticides with postemergence applications Weeds—Apply when weeds in win- is not recommended because of the risk of ter wheat have no more than 8 leaves or injury. Only one Callisto application can be when weeds in spring-seeded cereals have made per year. 4 leaves and when weeds in either seeding Rotational restrictions: Small grains can be time are no more than 2 inches tall. planted 120 days after application. Alfalfa,

FORAGES & Remarks: soybeans, potatoes, and tobacco can be

PASTURES Buctril controls many broadleaves commonly found in small grains, planted after 10 months. Other crops can- especially shepherd’s purse, pennycress, not be planted until 18 months after treat- lambsquarters, wild radish, wild mustard, ment. and yellow rocket seedlings. This treatment only controls seedling weeds when spray Dicamba coverage is thorough and uniform. It will SMALL GRAINS not control perennial weeds like Canada Rate: Apply 2 to 4 fl oz/a of either Banvel

weeds thistle. Apply Buctril with flat fan nozzles or Clarity in wheat or spring oats; 2 to 3 fl using at least 10 gal/a of water and 30 psi oz/a in spring barley. pressure. Adjuvants: Do not add surfactants or Buctril can be applied to wheat, barley, other additives to the spray mixture. rye, and oats and tank mixed with MCPA Timing: Postemergence—Apply to winter

PERENNIAL WEEDS or 2,4-D for any of these cereals. It can wheat in spring after winter dormancy and be tank mixed with dicamba, Express, or before joint stage or to spring-sown wheat or Harmony Extra only for use in winter and oats in the 2- to 5‑leaf stage, and to spring- spring wheat. Do not apply if crops are seeded barley in the 2- to 4-leaf stage. under stress or if the weeds are protected Weeds—Treat when weeds are in the 2- by a crop canopy. Treated areas cannot be to 3-leaf stage and rosettes are less than 2 grazed for 45 days. inches across. Rotational restrictions: Corn can be Remarks: Carefully monitor crop devel-

STORED GRAIN planted any time after Buctril application. opment and treat only at recommended

INSECTS Other crops can be planted after 30 days. growth stages. Later application may injure small grains and reduce yield. Dicamba controls many broadleaf weeds and is Callisto (mesotrione) particularly effective on smartweed and Rate: 6 fl oz/a preemergence or 3 fl oz/a wild buckwheat. This herbicide will also postemergence. kill legumes—never use it on small grain Adjuvants: For postemergence applica- undersown with a legume seeding. Since APPENDIX tions, add crop oil concentrate at 1% or most of Wisconsin’s small grain is grown nonionic surfactant at 0.25%. The addi- with an undersown legume, use of dicamba tion of 28% nitrogen solution at 2.5% or dicamba combinations in small grain (especially oats) will be very limited. Dicamba is weak on weeds in the mus- controlled. To ensure adequate control 215 PRINCIPLES OF tard family and very effective on wild of wild radish or common ragweed, mix PEST MGMT buckwheat and smartweed. Dicamba can Buctril MCPA, or 2,4-D with Harmony be tank mixed with 2,4-D, MCPA, Buctril, Extra. When treating Canada thistle, mix Express, or Harmony Extra in winter wheat 2,4-D with Harmony Extra. If appropriate, and winter barley to broaden the spectrum dicamba can also be tank mixed with Har- of weeds controlled. In spring-seeded bar- mony Extra. ley, Buctril, Express, Harmony Extra, or Do not apply more than 0.6 oz/a of Har- MCPA can be tank mixed with dicamba; mony Extra to oats, nor more than 0.9 oz/a in spring-seeded oats, only MCPA can be to wheat and barley. Small grain varieties CORN tank mixed with dicamba. Oats are more vary in tolerance to Harmony Extra. Do not tolerant to dicamba than wheat and barley. use this product in the oat varieties Ogle, Do not treat barley unless some injury is Porter, or Premier. acceptable. Apply Harmony Extra in at least 5 gal/a Crop staging and proper application of water with flat fan nozzle tips and in at timing are critical to avoid injuring small least 10 gal/a with flood jet tips. Nitrogen SOYBEAN grains with dicamba. Do not use even fertilizer may be used as the carrier instead low rates of dicamba after the small grain of water. Follow label instructions care- has developed beyond the recommended fully to prevent drift and to properly clean growth stage. Be particularly cautious with the sprayer after treatment. Tank mixes early developing wheat varieties like Madi- with dicamba may reduce control of some son and Wakefield. broadleaf weeds and combinations with

Rotational restrictions: Corn can be Buctril may reduce Canada thistle control. FORAGES & PASTURES planted any time after dicamba application. Do not harvest within 45 days of applica- Other crops can be planted after harvest. tion. Straw from treated small grains may be used for bedding or feed. Rotational restrictions: Wheat, barley, Harmony Extra SG and oats can be replanted at any time. Any (Harmony SG + Express premix) other crop can be planted 45 days after Rate: Use 0.45 to 0.9 oz/a in wheat and applying Harmony Extra. SMALL GRAINS barley; 0.45 to 0.6 oz/a in oats. (Rates of weeds new Harmony Extra SG are 50% higher Harmony SG than the original Harmony Extra.) (thifensulfuron) Adjuvants: Add a nonionic surfactant at Rate: Use 0.45 to 0.9 oz/a in wheat and 0.25% of spray solution. Ammonium sul- barley; 0.45 to 0.6 oz/a in oats.

fate at 2 lb/a or 2 qt/a of nitrogen fertilizer Adjuvants: Add a nonionic surfactant at PERENNIAL WEEDS may also be added. See label for surfactant 0.25 to 0.5% of spray solution. Ammonium rates when mixing other herbicides with sulfate at 2 lb/a or 2 qt/a of nitrogen fertil- Harmony Extra. izer may also be added. See the label for Timing: Postemergence—Apply Harmony surfactant rates when tank mixing with Extra to wheat or barley with 2 leaves but other herbicides. before the flag leaf is visible. Treat oats Timing: Postemergence—Apply Harmony after the crop has 3 leaves but before the after wheat or barley is in the 2-leaf stage jointing stage. but before the flag leaf is visible; treat oats STORED GRAIN

Weeds—Treat annual weeds after emer- when the crop is in the 3-leaf stage but INSECTS gence and before they are 4 inches tall or before jointing. wide; treat 4- to 8-inch Canada thistle in the Weeds—Treat when broadleaf weeds are spring. 1 to 4 inches tall. Remarks: Harmony Extra, a premix of Remarks: Harmony controls several com- Harmony SG and Express, controls many mon annual broadleaves in winter wheat, species of mustards, including wild mus- barley, and oats. These include most tard, shepherd’s purse, pennycress, and weeds in the mustard family, pigweed, APPENDIX wild radish, and also pigweed, lambs lambsquarters, chickweeds, smartweeds, quarters, henbit, kochia, and smartweed. mayweed, pineappleweed, and annual Common ragweed control is inconsistent sowthistle. If mixed with other herbicides, and giant ragweed is not adequately it controls prickly lettuce and wild radish. 216 Harmony can be tank mixed with 2,4‑D, PRINCIPLES OF MCPA PEST MGMT dicamba, or Buctril to broaden the spectrum of weeds controlled. Small grain vari- Rate: Apply 0.5 to 1.0 pt/a of MCPA eties vary in sensitivity to Harmony; do not amine or MCPA ester (formulations con- use this product on the oat varieties Ogle, taining 4 lb ae/gal). Porter, or Premier. Harmony SG may be Adjuvants: Do not add surfactants or tank mixed with insecticides or fungicides. other additives to the spray mixture. Do not apply Harmony when the cereals Timing: Postemergence—Apply in spring are under environmental stress. after grain has four leaves and before joint- CORN Apply Harmony in 10 to 25 gal/a of ing stage. Do not apply in boot to dough water. Nitrogen fertilizer may be used as stage. the carrier instead of water. Straw from Remarks: Apply MCPA when small grain treated small grains may be used for bed- is fully tillered (usually 4 to 8 inches tall). ding or feed. The risk of crop injury increases as the rate Rotational restrictions: Wheat, barley, oats, increases. Apply MCPA with a minimum and field corn may be planted any time of 10 gal/a of water. MCPA amine is solu- SOYBEAN after applying Harmony. Any other crop ble in water while MCPA ester is an emul- may be planted 45 days after application. sifiable concentrate. MCPA is sold under various trade names and at various concentrations of acid equivalence. Be sure to Huskie (pyrasulfotole + Buctril + read and follow the guidelines on the label safener premix) for your brand of MCPA as there are often

FORAGES & Rate: 11 to 15 fl oz/a (11 fl oz/a is the labeling differences between manufactur- PASTURES standard rate). ers. Wheat, barley, oats, and rye grain from Adjuvants: Add 0.5 to 1 lb/a ammonium fields treated with MCPA may be used for sulfate or 1 to 2 qt/a of 28% nitrogen solu- any purpose. tion. Nonionic surfactant at 0.25% may be Rotational restrictions: The label gives no added if required by a tank-mix partner. information on planting rotational crops. Timing: Postemergence—Apply from 1-leaf SMALL GRAINS stage up to flag leaf emergence. Orion (florasulam + MCPA premix) weeds Weeds—Treat actively growing weeds before they have more than 4 to 6 leaves or Rate: 17 fl oz/a. are more than 4 inches in diameter. Adjuvants: The addition of 0.2% nonionic Remarks: Huskie controls many annual surfactant is suggested. broadleaf weeds and will suppress some Timing: Postemergence—Apply from 3-leaf stage up to jointing. Applications from

PERENNIAL WEEDS perennial broadleaf weeds in wheat and barley. If needed, Huskie can be tank mixed jointing until boot stage may cause injury. with other small grain herbicides. Apply Weeds—Treat actively growing weeds Huskie in 10 gal/a of water or more to when 1 to 4 inches tall. achieve thorough spray coverage as these Remarks: Orion is labeled to control many ingredients primarily have contact activ- mustards such as shepherd’s purse, field ity. Nitrogen fertilizer may be used as the pennycress, and wild mustard as well as carrier instead of water when winter wheat common chickweed, lambsquarters, pig-

STORED GRAIN is treated. Huskie is rainfast in 1 hour. Do weed, common ragweed, wild buckwheat,

INSECTS not graze or harvest forage for 25 days after and smartweeds. Apply in 8 or more gal/a application or harvest grain for 60 days water. Orion is rainfast in 4 hours. Treated after application. small grains can be grazed in 7 days. Rotational restrictions: Small grains can be Rotational restrictions: Small grains can replanted 7 days after application; soybeans be planted 14 days after application; corn after 4 months; and alfalfa, dry beans, corn, can be planted after 3 months; alfalfa, and potato after 9 months. A field bioassay dry beans, potatoes, and soybeans can be APPENDIX is required before planting crops not listed planted after 9 months; all other crops can on the label. be planted after 12 months. to tank mix Starane with other broadleaf 217 Rage D-Tech (Aim + 2,4-D premix) PRINCIPLES OF herbicides to improve and broaden the PEST MGMT Rate: Apply 8 to 16 fl oz/a. spectrum of control to include additional Adjuvants: Add a nonionic surfactant at weeds. Control will be reduced if weed foli- 0.25%. Ammonium sulfate at 2 to 4 lb/a or age is wet at the time of application. Never nitrogen fertilizer at 2 to 4 gal/100 gal of use Starane in fields underseeded with spray solution may be added. legumes as they would be killed. Starane Timing: Postemergence—Apply to small is available as an emulsifiable concentrate grains from 3-tillers to before jointing. with 1.5 lb ae fluroxypyr/gal. Weeds—Treat weeds before they exceed 4 Rotational restrictions: Only wheat, barley, CORN to 6 inches in height. and oats can be replanted sooner than 120 Remarks: Rage D-Tech controls many days after application. All other crops can annual broadleaf weeds such as lambsquar- be planted after 120 days. ters, pigweed, and several mustard species like field pennycress, shepherd’s purse, and wild mustard and will suppress wild buck- Stinger (clopyralid) SOYBEAN wheat. Thorough coverage is important for Rate: 0.25 to 0.33 pt/a. control. Rage D-Tech may be tank mixed Adjuvants: Do not add surfactants or with other herbicides, but tank mixing with other additives to the spray mixture. Buctril is not recommended. Rage D-Tech Timing: Postemergence—Apply Stinger to contains the ingredient in Aim, which is a wheat, barley, or oats after the 3-leaf but contact herbicide and often causes speck- before the boot stage.

ling of crop leaves. Do not apply if small Weeds—Treat Canada thistle in the rosette FORAGES & PASTURES grain leaves are wet from dew or rain to early bud stage and annual broadleaves because injury will be more severe. with 2 to 5 leaves. Rotational restrictions: Most field crops Remarks: Stinger controls several broad- can be planted after 30 days. Many veg- leaf weeds in wheat, barley, and oats. It is etable crops should not be planted for 12 weak on smartweed and does not control months. weeds in the mustard family or lambsquarters. Stinger is labeled for several weeds in SMALL GRAINS Starane (fluroxypyr) the composite family, including giant and weeds common ragweed and Canada thistle. For Rate: 0.67 pt/a. Canada thistles, use 0.33 pt/a and treat Adjuvants: Do not add surfactants or as the cereal reaches the early boot stage. other additives to the spray mixture. Never use Stinger in fields underseeded Timing: Postemergence—Apply Starane

with legumes. Weeds should be actively PERENNIAL WEEDS to actively growing wheat, oats, or barley growing when treated; do not add a surfac- from the 2-leaf growth stage up to and tant or crop oil to the spray solution. Do not including flag leaf emergence. Treat at least use in fields that will be summer seeded to 40 days before harvest. alfalfa. Also avoid using in areas where the Weeds—Treat actively growing annual groundwater is vulnerable to contamina- weeds before they exceed 8 inches in tion due to very permeable soils and/or height; treat hemp dogbane when it is 12 to a very shallow water table. Stinger can be

18 inches tall. tank mixed with Buctril, dicamba, MCPA, STORED GRAIN

Remarks: Starane controls several broad- or 2,4-D. INSECTS leaf weeds in wheat, oats, and barley. Sus- Rotational restrictions: Treated fields can ceptible species include hemp dogbane, be planted to wheat, barley, oats, grasses, chickweed, kochia, common ragweed, and or field corn any time after application. bedstraw. Starane is particularly effective Alfalfa, soybeans, dry beans, and sunflow- on hemp dogbane; fields with this weed ers can be planted 10.5 months after appli- could be rotated to wheat and treated with cation. Do not plant other crops within 18 Starane to reduce the infestation. This prod- months unless risk of some crop injury is APPENDIX uct also suppresses pennycress, mustard, acceptable. wild buckwheat, and field bindweed. Up to 1.33 pt/a of Starane could be applied to these latter weeds but it is probably better 218 Susceptible broadleaf weeds are usually PRINCIPLES OF 2,4-D PEST MGMT controlled by the lower rates, but less sus- Rate: Apply 1.0 pt/a of 2,4-D amine or ceptible weeds require full dosage. Smart- 0.67 pt/a of 2,4-D ester (forms contain- weed and pennycress are best controlled ing 3.8 lb ae/gal) in wheat, rye, or barley. by 2,4-D ester, but amine is less likely to Apply 0.5 to 1.0 pt/a of 2,4-D amine or 0.5 injure small grains. 2,4-D amines are usu- pt/a of 2,4-D ester in oats. ally water soluble liquids while 2,4‑D esters Adjuvants: Do not add surfactants or are emulsifiable concentrates. 2,4-D is sold other additives to the spray mixture. Nitro- under various trade names and at various CORN gen fertilizer may be used as the carrier concentrations of acid equivalence. Be sure instead of water. to read and follow the guidelines on the Timing: Postemergence—Treat when cere- label for your brand of 2,4-D as there are als are fully tillered (usually 4 to 8 inches often labeling differences between manu- tall) and before the jointing stage; never facturers. Wheat, barley, oats, and rye grain treat in the boot or dough stages. from fields treated with 2,4-D amine or Weeds—Treat when annual broadleaves ester may be used for any purpose. SOYBEAN are 4 inches or less in height. Rotational restrictions: Corn may be Remarks: When using forms of these planted 7 to 14 days after 2,4-D application; herbicides containing other than 3.8 lb ae/ soybeans may be planted after 7 to 30 days; gal, adjust rates accordingly. Apply 2,4-D other crops can planted after 3 months. before the small grain reaches the jointing stage of development. Applications after

FORAGES & jointing occasionally cause yield loss. PASTURES Note: Do not treat grains in the boot to dough stage because of the risk of severe yield loss. SMALL GRAINS weeds PERENNIAL WEEDS STORED GRAIN INSECTS APPENDIX PRINCIPLES OF FORAGES & SMALL GRAINS STORED GRAIN PEST MGMT CORN SOYBEAN PASTURES weeds PERENNIAL WEEDS INSECTS APPENDIX 219 a — Do not feed straw to livestock. Do not harvest hay from treated treated Do not harvest hay from grain fields. — Do not feed straw to livestock. — Do not allow livestock to graze within 7 days of fields treated slaughter. Do not harvest hay within 37 days Do not harvest hay after treatment. — — Allow 30 days between application and hay harvest. Do not harvest summer-seeded Do not harvest summer-seeded fol- with Buctril until alfalfa treated lowing spring. Allow 30 days between application Allow 30 days between and hay harvest. Allow 30 days between application between application Allow 30 days and hay harvest. Apply only when grain is in hard is in hard Apply only when grain less). or dough stage (30% moisture Comments 2-week grazing restriction harvest 7 days before 7 days 7 days for grazing; harvest 40 days before 14 days for grazing 7 days for grazing; harvest 60 days before — 0 days 25 days for grazing or forage; 60 days for grain or straw 30 days for grazing or forage; 30 days for grazing harvest 50 days before 7 days for grazing or forage; harvest 45 days before 45 days 7 days for grazing or forage; 7 days for grazing or harvests 45 days before 7 days for grazing or forage; 7 days for harvest 45 days before 7 days Interval between application application Interval between or harvest and grazing all all all all dairy or meat all all non-lactating lactating all all all all all all — Type of animal small grains, preharvest small grains small grains small grains small grains small grains small grains small grains wheat, barley oats wheat, barley small grains wheat, barley wheat, barley wheat, barley preharvest Use(s) b These are the restrictions on the Roundup and Touchdown labels and several other glyphosate products. Differences exist on some brands These are the restrictions on the Roundup and Touchdown labels and several Labels may have changed after this table was prepared. Consult current labels to verify the information. Labels may have changed after this table was 2,4-D Stinger Starane Rage D-Tech Orion Glyphosate MCPA Dicamba Huskie Callisto Harmony SG Buctril Harmony Extra Affinity Affinity BroadSpec arvest and/or grazing restrictions for herbicides registered for use in small grains for use in small registered for herbicides grazing restrictions Harvest and/or Table 5-2. Herbicide of glyphosate. Verify what restrictions apply to your brand before using it. b a PRINCIPLES OF PEST MGMT

Small Grains Insect Management CORN

Insecticides suggested in this section are red-leaf damage of oats, but only heavy intended as a guide to assist you in select- infestations cause yellowing and eventual ing chemical insect control options during browning. Once the red-leaf damage or yel- the season. This book provides an overview lowing is noticeable, it is usually too late to of product registrations for specific field spray.

SOYBEAN crop insect pests; it is not intended as an These aphids can also infect winter wheat exhaustive insecticide label source. Prod- in the fall. Winged, virus-infected aphids uct inclusion or omission does not imply fly to the fields and then transmit the virus endorsement by University of Wisconsin- to the seedlings as they feed on them. The Extension. Remember, certain insecticides extent of BYDV infection of Wisconsin’s are produced by different manufacturers winter wheat is related to the number of and directions for use, rate, and method aphids present during the summer, the FORAGES & PASTURES of application may vary by formulation. percent of the aphid population that carry Therefore, always read the insecticide label the virus, and planting date of wheat. The completely before using the material. degree of infection and subsequent winter- Insecticides are often interchangeably kill and yield reduction can be very high in referred to by their common names and fields planted during August if the num- trade names. Trade names such as Warrior bers of infected aphids are high. Delaying are capitalized, while common chemical planting until September 15 will avoid peak SMALL GRAINS names—lambda-cyhalothrin in this exam- fall aphid flights. insects ple—are not. Aphids injure small grains by sucking A number of the products listed in this plant sap from leaves, stems, and/or heads section are restricted-use insecticides. and can cause direct yield loss under heavy We discuss restricted-use pesticides in infestations. When scouting for aphids in the beginning of this publication. Refer winter wheat, take several counts through-

PERENNIAL WEEDS to appendix table 1b for a list of insecti- out the field prior to heading. Examine 20 cides that currently require certification stems in each of five areas of the field (100 to be applied. It is possible that additional stems per field). For aphid treatment guide- insecticides will be classified before the lines in winter wheat and small grains, next growing season. Contact your county refer to table 5-3. Extension agent for additional information Insecticide seed treatments are labeled for on insecticide restriction. early-season control of aphids (including bird cherry-oat, English grain, greenbug, STORED GRAIN Insect pests of and Russian wheat aphids) and to reduce INSECTS small grains the potential spread of BYDV. Gaucho XT (3.4 fl oz/hundredweight or cwt of seed) Aphids and Gaucho 600 (0.8 fl oz/cwt of seed) are Aphids (primarily greenbug, bird cherry- labeled for wheat, oats, rye, and barley. oat, and English grain aphid) damage CruiserMaxx Cereals (5.0 fl oz/cwt of seed) plants indirectly by transmitting barley and Cruiser 5FS (0.75 to 1.33 fl oz/cwt of seed) are labeled for wheat, barley, and

APPENDIX yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) and directly by sucking the sap. Light or heavy infestations triticale. Small grain seed treatments are of these small (less than .062 inch), green, applied with fungicide(s) prior to planting soft-bodied insects may result in severe as a slurry treatment. Do not graze or feed

220 livestock on treated areas for 45 days after 221

Wireworms PRINCIPLES OF PEST MGMT planting. Treated seed may be obtained Wireworms are small (less than 1.5 inches from seed dealers and/or seed treatment long), copper-colored larvae that attack service providers. underground stems and kill plants in irreg- Armyworms ular areas in oat fields. They are a problem mainly on Spencer loam soils of central Armyworms can severely damage small Wisconsin. grain fields. Larvae, resulting from moth Insecticide seed treatments are labeled flights in late June and early July, cause the for early-season suppression and/or con- problems. In July, these worms strip leaves CORN trol of wireworm in small grains. Gaucho and frequently clip off kernels and the head XT (3.4 fl oz/cwt of seed) and Gaucho 600 as the crop approaches maturity. By day, (0.13 to 0.26 fl oz/cwt of seed) are labeled they hide on the soil surface and beneath for wheat, oats, rye, and barley. Cruiser- clods. Detecting young larvae requires Maxx Cereals (5.0 fl oz/cwt of seed) and careful searching. Cruiser 5FS (0.19 to 0.25 fl oz/cwt of seed) To guard against severe losses, check are labeled for wheat, barley, and triticale. SOYBEAN several areas of each field carefully. Check NipsIt SUITE Cereals (5.0–7.5 fl oz/cwt thick lodged areas first because army- of seed) is labeled for barley, oats, and worms will often be most numerous here. wheat. Small grain seed treatments are If you do not find worms in these areas, the applied with fungicide(s) prior to plant- odds are good that there are no problems ing as a slurry treatment. Do not graze or in the rest of the field. However, check feed treated livestock on treated areas for

the field again in several days. If you find FORAGES & 45 days after planting. Treated seed may PASTURES armyworms in the lodged areas, check sev- be obtained from seed dealers and/or seed eral areas in the rest of the field. Treatment treatment service providers. is suggested if populations average three or more per square foot.

Grasshoppers Table 5-3. Treatment thresholds for aphids to prevent

Occasionally, grasshoppers are abundant direct plant damage (not disease reduction) and SMALL GRAINS subsequent grain yield loss enough to concern farmers. Insecticide use insects is not suggested until populations reach 20 English grain aphid or per square yard in field margins or 8 per Growth stage oat‑bird cherry aphid Greenbug square yard in small grain fields. Apply Seedling 30 aphids/stem 20 aphids/stem treatments while grasshoppers are still small. Boot to heading 50 aphids/stem 30 aphids/stem PERENNIAL WEEDS STORED GRAIN INSECTS APPENDIX b Remarks, precautions Remarks, Do not apply within 30 days of harvest or exceed 4.8 oz/a per season. Do not apply within 30 days of harvest than 0.03 lb ai (0.19 pt)/a Do not apply more Labeled for wheat only. of harvest. per season. Do not apply within 30 days than 0.125 lb ai/a per season. Do not apply more Do not apply within 30 days of harvest. For aphids, use higher harvest. For aphids, within 30 days of Do not apply has after damage water volume for applications rate and increased occurred. pt)/a than 0.03 lb ai (0.19 Do not apply more Labeled for wheat only. within 30 days of harvest. per season. Do not apply and grasshoppers in wheat aphids of greenbug Labeled for control only. 7 days of harvest. Do not apply within lb ai/a per season. than 0.125 Do not apply more Do not apply within 15 days of harvest or grazing. Do not apply within 15 days of harvest Do not apply within 21 days of harvest. For use on wheat only. 14 days of harvest Do not apply within for wheat only. Registered harvest for grain and straw. for forage and hay and within 28 days of (0.05 lb/a per season than 23.5 oz of product/a Do not apply more than two make more zeta-cypermethrin + 0.50 lb/a chlorpyrifos)or containing chlorpyrifos per applications of Stallion or other products season. Do not per year. Do not exceed 9 fl oz (0.28 lb spinosad) per acre apply within 21 days of grain or straw harvest, or within 14 days of harvest for forage or hay. Do not apply within 30 days of harvest or exceed 0.06 lb ai/a per season. Labeled for control of aphids (including greenbugs) and grasshoppers (including greenbugs) of aphids Labeled for control Do not apply within 15 days of harvest or in wheat, oat, and barley. grazing. for grain. Do not apply within 21 days of harvest Grasshoppers only. within 14 days of harvest Do not apply for wheat only. Registered harvest for grain and straw. for forage and hay and within 28 days of (0.05 lb/a per season than 23.5 oz of product/a Do not apply more than two or make more zeta-cypermethrin + 0.50 lb/a chlorpyrifos) containing chlorpyrifos per applications of Stallion or other products season. Do not exceed 0.06 lb ai/a per Do not apply within 30 days of harvest. leaves. Once aphids begin to roll obtained before season. Best control rates Higher only. suppression started to boot, may provide has crop coverage will be necessary. and increased 1.8–2.4 oz 1.02–1.54 oz 1.76–4.0 oz 1.8–2.4 oz 1.02–1.54 oz 0.5–0.75 pt 1.5–2.0 pt 3.2–4.0 oz 2–3 pt 2–3 pt oz 9.25–11.75 1–3 fl oz 1.28–1.92 oz 2–3 pt Amount of Amount of product/a 1–3 pt oz 5.0–11.75 1.28–1.92 oz c c a Baythroid XL Baythroid Declare Mustang Max Penncap-M Baythroid XL Baythroid Declare dimethoate malathion 57% EC Mustang Max Penncap-M Sevin XLR Plus Stallion Tracer II Warrior Sevin XLR Plus Stallion II Warrior Insecticide

Do not allow sprays to drift into beeyards or onto adjacent blooming crops or weeds. Mixing Penncap-M (microencapsulated methyl parathion) with emulsifiable concentrates, organic solvents, or some surfactants may All insecticides in this table are to be applied to the plant foliage. Armyworm Insect Aphids, grasshoppers (check label for registered crops) small grains (check label suggestions for Insecticide Table 5-4. increase the potential hazard to applicators. c a b 222

PRINCIPLES OF CORN SOYBEAN FORAGES & SMALL GRAINS PERENNIAL WEEDSSTORED GRAIN APPENDIX PEST MNGMT. PASTURES insects INSECTS PRINCIPLES OF PEST MNGMT.

Small Grains Disease Management CORN

Many disease-causing organisms attack To control red leaf, choose resistant small grains in Wisconsin. Any approach varieties of oat. Most wheat varieties are to plant disease control requires identifica- susceptible. Plant oat, barley, and spring tion and knowledge of the cause and its life wheat early to avoid high populations of cycle, the effect of environment on disease virus-laden aphids. Delay planting of win- development, and the potential control ter wheat to avoid high aphid populations SOYBEAN measures available. Economic and environ- in the fall. Generally, winter wheat planted mental factors often determine the control after mid-September is less affected by procedures employed for these various BYDV. Encourage good vegetative growth diseases. Control strategies can be an inte- by seeding at appropriate rates and by gration of the following methods: planting using fertility management techniques. resistant or tolerant varieties, proper crop

Ergot FORAGES & management, and agricultural chemicals PASTURES (mostly fungicides). Ergot is an important disease in rye, triti- Variety selection is key to disease man- cale, wheat, and barley but rare in oats. agement in small grains. Refer to Exten- Some of the grain in an infected head is sion publications Wisconsin Oats and Barley replaced with a long, purple-black, horn- Performance Tests (A3397) and Wisconsin like fungus structure that may reach 1 inch Winter Wheat Performance Tests (A3868) at in length. Ergot causes little or no yield loss SMALL GRAINS learningstore.uwex.edu for specific disease- but is toxic if fed to livestock. All varieties diseases resistance ratings. These publications are of rye are susceptible. Information is not updated each year with new test data for available on barley and wheat varieties. each variety. Leaf rust and stem rust Small grain diseases Leaf rust and stem rust occur on all small

grains grown in Wisconsin. Disease severity PERENNIAL WEEDS Barley yellow dwarf (red leaf) differs each year depending on weather con- Barley yellow dwarf of wheat or barley ditions, varieties of small grains grown, and and red leaf of oat are caused by the same prevalent strain(s) of the rust fungi present. virus—barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV). Small grain yields can be greatly reduced Infected wheat or barley plants show yel- as a result of severe rust development. lowed foliage, stunted plants, and underde- Another rust disease, stripe rust, has been veloped heads. Infected oat plants also are found in Wisconsin. However, this disease stunted and have underdeveloped heads, occurs with less frequency from season to STORED GRAIN but the foliage becomes red with slight yel- season. INSECTS lowing—thus, the common name red leaf. There are several possible ways to con- The barley yellow dwarf virus is trans- trol or reduce rust in small grains. In most mitted by aphids. The virus overwinters in years, early planting effectively controls wild grasses and winter wheat; however, stem rust of oat, and stem rust and leaf inoculum carried in from southern states rust of spring wheat. Stem rust fungi do by aphids appears to be more critical in not overwinter in Wisconsin, and inocu- disease development. Volunteer oat plants, lum must be introduced from states south APPENDIX corn, and virus-carrying aphids serve as of Wisconsin. The wheat leaf rust fungus inoculum for infection of winter wheat in can overwinter on winter wheat if the crop the fall. Corn is another source of inoculum does not freeze, although this situation of the BYDV. rarely occurs. 223 224 Leaf rust (crown rust) of oat survives on The scab fungus produces mycotoxins PRINCIPLES OF PEST MNGMT. buckthorn bushes; these serve as a source that are harmful if scabby grain is fed to of inoculum each spring. Thus, early plant- swine. In swine, avoid feeding wheat (or ing has less of an impact on leaf rust devel- barley) with more than 10% scabby kernels opment on oat. Destruction of buckthorn as this may cause vomiting, feed refusal, bushes in the vicinity of oat fields can sup- and reproductive problems since there is press leaf rust of oat. an increased risk for mycotoxins in these Rust diseases of small grains can be effec- samples. tively controlled by planting rust-resistant If seed from scabby fields is planted, seed CORN varieties. However, new races of the rust rot, seedling blight, crown rot, and root fungi frequently develop and infect variet- rot can cause loss of stand and subsequent ies that were formerly resistant. Beware yield loss. The most common scab fungus, of rust development in varieties rated as Fusarium graminearum, is the same organ- resistant. ism that can cause root rot, stalk rot, and Foliar-applied fungicides are registered ear rot of corn. Thus, wheat or barley that for rust control in small grains (table 5-5). is planted after corn generally has a higher SOYBEAN See product label for registered crops, rates, incidence and severity of scab. If wheat or and timing of applications. barley must follow corn, deep incorporation of corn debris should reduce the poten- Powdery mildew tial for scab development. Powdery mildew is caused by the fungus Blumeria graminis. White to light gray, Septoria black stem of oat

FORAGES & powdery patches form on the leaves, Septoria black stem of oat appears as oval, PASTURES sheaths, stems, and floral bracts. Black chocolate-brown spots on leaf blades and specks (cleistothecia) form in the mildew sheaths. Small, black fruiting bodies of the growth as the crop matures. When mildew fungus appear in the center of the spots. growth is severe, infected leaves wither and Stems under sheath spots are dark brown die early. The fungus overwinters on living to black and are rotted. The rotted stems and dead plants. are weakened, and severely infected plants

SMALL GRAINS To control powdery mildew, choose will lodge and make harvesting difficult. diseases resistant varieties of small grains. If the Infected kernels are purple to black. Oat disease is present on lower leaves and the varieties differ in susceptibility. plants are reaching the boot stage, consider the application of foliar fungicides. Septoria leaf blotch of wheat Septoria leaf blotch is caused by the fungus Scab Septoria tritici. Small, light green to yellow PERENNIAL WEEDS In its most conspicuous form, scab in wheat spots on the leaves and sheaths enlarge and barley is a head blight, recognized and merge to form irregular, tan to reddish by the premature ripening or bleaching brown blotches with gray-brown to ash- of one or more spikelets of a grain head colored centers often partly surrounded by any time after heading. The light yellow a yellow margin. Septoria leaf blotch can be color of diseased regions of a head show in found with another disease caused by the sharp contrast with the healthy green of the fungus Stagnonospora nodorum and there-

STORED GRAIN remaining portion of the head. A light pink fore may be defined as a complex of the

INSECTS or salmon color may appear at the base of two diseases. Black specks (pycnidia) form infected spikelets. Infected kernels are a in older lesions or at stem nodes. Affected white, salmon, or reddish color, are badly leaves often turn yellow, wither, and die shrunken and wrinkled, and have a notice- early. The fungus survives in living and ably rough, flaky seed coat. Sometimes dead wheat plants and in seed. the scab fungus girdles the stem below the To control Septoria leaf blotch, rotate head, not allowing the head to develop. crops. If planting wheat in fields that were

APPENDIX Stem tissues immediately below the head cropped to wheat the previous year, deep will turn brown. Scab reduces yield and incorporation of wheat residues offers quality of wheat and barley. some control. Wheat varieties differ in resistance to Septoria leaf blotch. However, available levels of resistance will not pro- without a significant risk of smut devel- 225 PRINCIPLES OF PEST MNGMT. vide adequate control during moderate to opment. Small grain seed certified by the severe epidemics of Septoria leaf blotch. Wisconsin Crop Improvement Association Foliar-applied fungicides are necessary if (wcia.wisc.edu) has been grown using pro- weather and management practices create cedures that control smut diseases. Plant an environment favorable for severe Sep- resistant varieties. Many races of smut toria leaf blotch development. Apply foliar fungi of oat are present in Wisconsin and fungicides at the emergence of the flag leaf more races may develop that attack oat into the boot stage to protect the flag leaf of varieties that are currently resistant. plants. Certain fungicide seed treatments effec- CORN tively control smut diseases of small grains Smut (table 5-6). Mechanical seed treatment is Smut in small grains has greatly increased recommended but not necessary. Follow in recent years and has been particularly the directions on the product label to assure severe in oat. Plants infected with a smut proper treatment, handling, and use of seed fungus appear normal until the heads treated with fungicide. Fungicide-treated SOYBEAN emerge. The grain in infected plants is seed cannot be used for food, feed, or oil. replaced by the smut fungus and appears as a black powdery mass of spores. The Take-all smut fungi are carried with the seed and Take-all is a root rot disease caused by a do not survive in the soil or plant debris. soil-inhabiting fungus. Winter wheat is Planting seed from fields with smutted most affected. Spring wheat, barley, and

plants the previous year will perpetuate oat are the least susceptible. Symptoms FORAGES & PASTURES the problem. Do not confuse weathered of take-all include stunted plants and blackened heads with smut. Heads of small bleached-white heads. Lower stems show grains are often colonized by non-patho- a black, rotted appearance and the plants genic fungi that make the heads black. present a rotted and sparse root system. However, the grain is present, in contrast to To reduce the incidence and severity smut that replaces the grain with its sooty of take-all, rotate crops and control wild black spores. Although similar in appear- grasses such as quackgrass. Make sure lev- SMALL GRAINS diseases ance and biology, smut diseases of small els of soil nitrogen are adequate. The NH3 grains are caused by different fungi. These form of nitrogen suppresses take-all. Con- include loose smut of wheat, loose smut of sider using nitrapyrin (N‑Serve), a nitrogen barley, loose smut of oat, covered smut of stabilizer; it improves the effectiveness of oat, covered smut of barley and bunt, or nitrogen fertilization. Delay winter wheat stinking smut of wheat. planting to escape fall infection. Winter PERENNIAL WEEDS To control smut diseases of small grains, wheat planted after alfalfa may be at risk do not plant seeds from fields heavily because of invasion by quackgrass. Take-all infested with smut. You can use seed from is seldom a problem in a rotation sequence fields with less than 1% smutted heads of soybean-winter wheat. STORED GRAIN INSECTS APPENDIX

(continued) apply 30 days for forage do not apply after Do not apply within 30 days of harvest. 30 days no later than 50% head (Feekes 10.3; emergence Zadoks 55). Preharvest interval (PHI) Preharvest interval Feekes 10.5 growth stage. Feekes 10.5 growth Barley and rye: Oat, wheat, and triticale: Oat, wheat, Barley, oat, rye, and Barley, triticale: Wheat: 26 days. Do not graze areas livestock in treated prior to harvest. apply no later than the beginning of flowering (Feekes 10.5; Zadoks 55). or hay, 45 days for grain 45 days or hay, and straw. Do not apply after Feekes 10.5 or within stage growth 26 days of harvest. Not listed. 4 fl oz 10–14 fl oz (14–17 fl oz for head scab only) 2–4 fl oz 6–9 fl oz 2.5–4.75 lb Amount/ use/a 2.0 lb 1.6 qt 2.0 lb 1–1.25 lb ) a triazole (3) triazole (3) triazole (3) Qol inhibitor (11) dithiocarbamate (M3) Chemical family (FRAC code dithiocarbamate (M3) inorganic (M1) inorganic tebuconazole metconazole propiconazole pyraclostrobin mancozeb Active ingredient mancozeb basic copper sulfate

n n n n n n n — — Tan spot Tan

n n n n n n n — — Glume blotch Glume

n n n n n n n n — Septoria leaf blotch leaf Septoria

For use on barley, oats, rye, triticale, and wheat. Refer to label for crop-specific information. oats, rye, triticale, and wheat. Refer to label for crop-specific For use on barley, For use on barley, oats, rye, triticale, and wheat. Make no more than two applications per oats, rye, triticale, and wheat. Make no more For use on barley, oats, and wheat. For use on barley, For use on barley, oats, rye, triticale, and wheat. Consult the label for disease- and oats, rye, triticale, and wheat. Consult For use on barley,

Powdery mildew Powdery of 4 fl oz may be applied/a/season. maximum A For use on barley and wheat. For use on barley, oats and wheat. Do no apply more than 4.8 lbs of mancozeb active oats and wheat. Do no apply more For use on barley, For use on barley, oats, rye, triticale, and wheat. Do not make more than two sequential foliar oats, rye, triticale, and wheat. Do not make more For use on barley, n n n — — — — Rust

n n n n n n n — — Fusarium head scab head Fusarium b n n n Do not make more than three applications during the season. Do not graze livestock in treated areas areas applications during the season. Do not graze livestock in treated than three Do not make more prior to harvest. crop-specific recommendations and rates. and recommendations crop-specific rate of 34 fl oz/a/season. season at a maximum product — — Remarks: Remarks: Remarks: Remarks: Remarks: Remarks: Remarks: ingredient/a/crop. ingredient/a/crop. — — applications. Do not apply more than 18 fl oz/a/season. applications. Do not apply more Disperss Disperss Rainshield Rainshield Folicur 3.6F Cuprofix MZ Cuprofix Caramba Ultra 40 Cuprofix Fungicide Bumper 41.8 EC Table 5-5. Fungicides for control of foliar diseases of small grains diseases of for control of foliar Fungicides Table 5-5. Headline Headline SC Dithane DF Dithane F-45 Dithane M45 226

227

apply (continued) 30 days for forage Do not apply after 32 days. 30 days. None listed. apply no later than beginning of flowering (Feekes 10.5, Zadoks 59). 30 days Preharvest interval (PHI) Preharvest interval Feekes 10.5. no later than 50% head (Feekes 10.3, emergence Zadoks 55). Barley and oat: Rye, triticale, wheat: Barley: Oat, rye, and triticale, wheat: Wheat: oat, rye, and Barley, triticale: or hay, 45 days for grain or hay, and straw. 26 days Do not apply after heading or Feekes 10.5 but not less than 26 days before harvest. 0.50–0.75 lb 6.5–8.2 fl oz 4–8 fl oz 2.8–5.7 fl oz 2–4 fl oz. Amount/ use/a 2.0 lb 1.6 qt 1.0–2.0 lb 1.0–2.0 lb 0.8–1.6 qt ) a inorganic (M1) inorganic triazole (3) triazole (3) Carboximides (7) Qol (11) triazole (3) triazole (3) Chemical family (FRAC code dithiocarbamate (M3) dithiocarbamate (M3) copper hydroxide prothioconazole tebuconazole fluxapyroxad pyraclostrobin prothioconazole propiconazole Active ingredient mancozeb mancozeb

n n n n n n n n n — Tan spot Tan

n n n n n n n n n n Glume blotch Glume

n n n n n n n n n n Septoria leaf blotch leaf Septoria

Powdery mildew Powdery than 8 fl oz/a/season. oats, rye, triticale, and wheat. Do not apply more For use on barley, Straw year. of 8.2 fl oz may be applied/a/crop maximum A For use on barley and wheat. Do not apply more than 16 fl oz/a/season or make more than 2 consecutive applications than 16 fl oz/a/season or make more Do not apply more and disease spe- oats, rye, triticale and wheat. Consult the label for crop For use on barley, For use on barley, oats, rye, triticale and wheat. Do not make more than three applications applications than three oats, rye, triticale and wheat. Do not make more For use on barley, For use on barley, oats and wheat. For use on barley, applications than three not make more oat, rye, triticale, and wheat. Do For use on barley, n n n n n — — Rust

n n n n n n n n n n Fusarium head scab head Fusarium b n n n n Remarks: Remarks: Remarks: Remarks: Remarks: Remarks: Remarks: not apply more than 4 fl oz/a/season if forge or hay will be harvested. or hay will if forge than 4 fl oz/a/season Do not apply more days after last application. may be fed or used for bedding. Grazing permitted 6 or more per season. Read label for total amount of product to apply/a/season. of product per season. Read label for total amount — mode of action. to a labeled fungicide with a different switching before and rates. cific recommendations — Do not Flowable/a/crop. or 4.8 qt Manzate than 6 lb Manzate ProStick more per season. Do not apply prior to harvest. areas graze livestock in treated — Suppression only. Fungicide group numbers indicate the modes of action: multiple applications of fungicides with same group number Fungicide group numbers indicate the modes of action: multiple applications Trade name Kocide 3000 (continued) small grains diseases of for control of foliar Fungicides Table 5-5. Prosaro 421 SC Prosaro Priaxor SC 480 Proline EC Propimax Manzate ProStick Manzate Flowable Penncozeb 75 DF Penncozeb 80 WP Penncozeb 4 FL a increases the chances for resistance. b

do 45 45 do not (continued) Do not do not apply after Do not apply later do not apply after apply within 45 days of apply within 45 days harvest for grain and of straw or within 14 days hay. harvest for forage and Preharvest interval (PHI) Preharvest interval apply after Feekes growth stage 8 or within 40 days of harvest. Feekes growth stage 10.5 or Feekes growth within 30 days for forage or hay. than Feekes growth stage than Feekes growth 10.5. stage 10.5 or Feekes growth within 30 days for forage or hay. not apply after Feekes 10.5 stage or within 35 growth days of harvest. Barley and triticale: Wheat: Barley and triticale: Barley and oat: Wheat and triticale: Wheat: triticale: Barley, Wheat: days for grain, 30 days for forage or hay. days for grain, 30 days for forage or hay. 7–10 fl oz 7–14 fl oz 4.0–12.0 fl oz 7–14 fl oz Amount/ use/a ) a triazole (3) Qol inhibitor (11) triazole (3) Qol inhibitor (11) Qol inhibitor (11) triazole (3) Qol inhibitor (11) Chemical family (FRAC code propiconazole trifloxystrobin propiconazole azoxystrobin azoxystrobin propiconazole azoxystrobin Active ingredient

n n n n Tan spot Tan

n n n n Glume blotch Glume

n n n n Septoria leaf blotch leaf Septoria

For use in barley, oats, triticale, and wheat. Consult label for crop- and disease-specific oats, triticale, and wheat. Consult label for crop- For use in barley,

Powdery mildew Powdery closer than a 14-day Applications can be made not triticale, and wheat. For use on barley, For use on barley, triticale, and wheat. Do not apply more than two applications/a/season. triticale, and wheat. Do not apply more For use on barley, For use on barley, triticale, and wheat. Do not apply more than 0.40 lb. ai/a/season of triticale, and wheat. Do not apply more For use on barley, n n n n Rust

n n n n Fusarium head scab head Fusarium information. — — Remarks: Remarks: — Remarks: Remarks: — - than 0.22 lb ai of propicon than 28.0 fl oz/a/season of Quilt. Do not apply more Do not apply more than 0.40 lb. ai azoxystrobin-containing Do not apply more azole-containing products/a/season. products/a/season. of than 28.0 fl oz/a Do not apply more than two applications/a/season. interval. Do not apply more Do not apply more products/a/season. than 0.22 lb ai of propiconazole-containing Quilt Xcel or more conditions, Under certain environmental products/a/season. than 0.40 lb ai azoxystrobin-containing injury. crop tank mixes of Quilt Xcel plus herbicides and/or fertilizers may cause azoxystrobin-containing products. Do not apply more than two sequential applications of Quadris or Do not apply more products. azoxystrobin-containing 11. is not in Group alternating with a fungicide that fungicides before other group-11 Stratego Quilt Xcel Quadris Quilt Trade name (continued) small grains diseases of for control of foliar Fungicides Table 5-5. 228

PRINCIPLES OF CORN SOYBEAN FORAGES & SMALL GRAINS PERENNIAL WEEDSSTORED GRAIN APPENDIX PEST MGMT PASTURES diseases INSECTS PRINCIPLES OF FORAGES & SMALL GRAINS STORED GRAIN PEST MGMT CORN SOYBEAN PASTURES diseases PERENNIAL WEEDS INSECTS APPENDIX 229 do not apply do not apply after do not apply after do not apply after Apply not later than the beginning of flowering (Zadoks 59 or Feekes 10.5). Do not harvest barley hay within 14 days of last application. Preharvest interval (PHI) Preharvest interval Feekes growth stage 10.5 or Feekes growth within 35 days of harvest. stage 10.5 or Feekes growth within 30 days of harvest for forage or hay. Barley: Wheat: oat, rye, and Barley, triticale: Wheat: within 45 days of harvest for grain or straw or 30 days for forage or hay. Feekes growth stage 8 or Feekes growth within 40 days of harvest. 7–9 fl oz 2.3–4.0 fl oz 2–4 fl oz Amount/ use/a ) a Qol inhibitor (11) triazole (3) triazole (3) Qol inhibitor (11) triazole (3) Chemical family (FRAC code pyraclostrobin + metconazole prothioconazole trifloxystrobin propiconazole Active ingredient

n n n Tan spot Tan

n n n Glume blotch Glume

n n n Septoria leaf blotch leaf Septoria

For use in barley, oats, rye, triticale, and wheat. Do not make more than two applications or oats, rye, triticale, and wheat. Do not make more For use in barley, For use on barley, rye oats, triticale, and wheat. Do not apply more than 8 fl oz/a/season. Do rye oats, triticale, and wheat. Do not apply more For use on barley,

Powdery mildew Powdery YLD or of Stratego than two applications wheat. Do not apply more For use in barley and n n n Rust

n n n Fusarium head scab head Fusarium n more than 18 fl oz of Twinline/a/season. than more not apply more than 4 fl oz /a/season of Tilt if forage or hay will be harvested. Do not apply more than more if forage or hay will be harvested. Do not apply than 4 fl oz /a/season of Tilt not apply more products/a/season. 0.22 lb ai propiconazole-containing — Remarks: Remarks: — Remarks: other Group 11-containing fungicide/a/season. Consult label for further rate restrictions. Consult label for further fungicide/a/season. 11-containing other Group Suppression only. Fungicide group numbers indicate the modes of action: multiple applications of fungicides with same group number increases the of fungicides with same of action: multiple applications Fungicide group numbers indicate the modes chances for resistance. a b Twinline Tilt Trade name Stratego YLD (continued) small grains diseases of for control of foliar Fungicides Table 5-5. For For control of For control Protection against Fusarium Protection Protects against Fusarium spp. Protects Seed/seedling decay Seed/seedling spp. that are associated with “scabby” spp. that are seed. that are associated with “scabby” seed associated with “scabby” that are by caused rots plus seed and seedling Pythium. Triticale. Triticale. Barley, oat, wheat. Wheat. Barley, oat, rye, triticale, wheat. Barley, oat, Wheat. Barley, oat, wheat. triticale. Barley, oat, wheat, Barley, oat, rye, wheat. Barley, oat, wheat, triticale. Barley, oat, rye, wheat. Barley, oat, rye, wheat. Barley, oat, rye, wheat. seed-borne and soil-borne fungi that and damping-off, cause seed decay, seedling blights. protection against seed and seedling against seed and protection caused by Pythium on grain crops. rot

n n n n n n n n n — — — — — smut covered

Barley n n n n n n n n — — — — — — smut loose a n n n n n n n n n n — — — — bunt

Wheat n n n n n n n n n — — — — — smut loose c n n n n n n n n n n n n — — all Oat smuts Active ingredient difenoconazole + mefenoxam carboxin + thiram carboxin + captan fludioxonil tebuconazole + thiram mefenoxam tebuconazole + metalaxyl + imidacloprid mancozeb metalaxyl metconazole b Also labeled for use on triticale. This table is intended as a reference guide. Chemicals, combinations, and labels change frequently—check current label for details. This table is intended as a reference guide. Chemicals, Loose smut only. Fungicide Vitavax CT Vitavax M Vitavax Enhance Raxil-thiram Maxim 4FS Manzate Flowable Manzate Pro-Stik Dithane M-45 Penncozeb 75DF Gaucho 600 Apron XL Apron Table 5-6. Seed treatment fungicides for small grains fungicides Seed treatment Table 5-6. NipsIt SUITE Dividend Extreme RTA Dividend XL 230 a b c

PRINCIPLES OF CORN SOYBEAN FORAGES & SMALL GRAINS PERENNIAL WEEDSSTORED GRAIN APPENDIX PEST MGMT PASTURES diseases INSECTS P RIN C I LE S OF P E S T M G CO RN SOYB EAN FO RAGE S & P A S T U RE SM ALL GRAIN S P ERENNIAL W EED S S T O RED GRAIN

6 IN S E C T Perennial Weed Management A PP ENDI X P RIN C I LE S OF P E S T M G

Perennial weed management CO RN

Perennial weeds are less widespread than season and is most effectively managed by annuals but traditionally have been more a combination of mechanical, chemical, and difficult to manage because they propagate cultural control practices. Repeated tillage by vegetative means as well as by seeds. or herbicide treatment controls quackgrass Knowing how a plant propagates (tubers, by depleting food reserves and prevent‑

SOYB EAN taproots, spreading roots, or rhizomes) ing the production and accumulation of is an important first step in designing an additional reserves. Tillage and cultivation appropriate management program. For are most effective during periods of warm, example, while taprooted weeds like dan‑ dry weather because quackgrass rhizomes delions are eliminated with moldboard brought to the soil surface dry out and die. plowing, this same tool will not eradicate Late fall cultivation can also be effective as weeds with spreading roots such as hemp freezing winter temperatures also help kill FO RAGE S & P A S T U RE dogbane and Canada thistle or those with exposed quackgrass rhizomes. Herbicide rhizomes like quackgrass and wirestem recommendations vary according to the muhly. season in which control begins, the crop to This section gives information on com‑ be planted, and the product(s) to be used. mon perennial weeds. Table 6‑1 (238) provides herbicide considerations on these Accent Q (nicosulfuron) and other perennial species troublesome

SM ALL GRAIN S and Option (foramsulfuron) in some areas of Wisconsin. Few details for corn regarding herbicide treatments are pre‑ sented here; consult earlier sections of this Accent Q and Option are postemergence bulletin for additional information. sulfonylurea herbicides that selectively The advent of herbicide-resistant crops control quackgrass in corn. They are par‑ opens new avenues for perennial weed ticularly well suited for fields where quack‑

P ERENNIAL W EED S management. Herbicides that previously grass appears in localized areas and where would kill the crop can now be used to other herbicides are inappropriate or dif‑ tackle difficult-to-control perennials at a ficult to use in a specific cropping system. more appropriate time of treatment and These products translocate from the foliage still have the benefit of crop competition to the rhizomes and do not affect quack‑ after application. Noticeable long-term grass through soil uptake. Injury symptoms reductions in perennial weed infestations in quackgrass may appear slowly (7 to 10 have been documented in both University days) and action may not be complete until S T O RED GRAIN of Wisconsin research trials and by farmers 30 days after application. Quackgrass that IN S E C T in production fields. emerges after application and any escaping weeds can be controlled with a cultivation Quackgrass 7 or more days after treatment. Do not cultivate fields before applying Quackgrass is a persistent perennial weed. Accent Q or Option as this will reduce Its extensive system of rhizomes (under‑ quackgrass control. Half-rate applications ground stems) and roots represents 60 to applied to actively growing quackgrass A PP ENDI X 70% of the plant’s weight and contains followed by a timely cultivation has consis‑ abundant food reserves. Rhizomes enable tently given acceptable quackgrass control. quackgrass to resprout after mowing or We expect similar results with Option. cultivation. Quackgrass is quite sensitive The effects of a single application are usu‑ to soil disturbance during the growing ally evident for two or more seasons. The 232 active ingredient of Accent Q is available little advantage in quackgrass control over 233 P RIN C I LE S OF in several premixed products and provides selective herbicides in corn and soybeans P E S T M G acceptable quackgrass control. for the season, but should give better long- term control. When glyphosate is used for Assure II (quizalofop), annual weed control in Roundup Ready Fusion (fluazifop + fenoxaprop), crops, rates of 0.75 lb ae/a usually give Poast Plus (sethoxydim), excellent quackgrass control as well. and Select Max (clethodim) Symptoms of injury to quackgrass may not for soybeans occur until 7 to 10 days after application. Cool, cloudy weather after treatment slows CO RN All of these “graminicides” (grass kill‑ the appearance of symptoms. The effects of ers) are labeled for quackgrass control in a single glyphosate application are usually soybeans. They translocate from the treated evident for several seasons, especially in foliage into the rhizomes. Assure is gener‑ fields that were tilled before planting and/ ally more active on quackgrass than Fusion, or row-cultivated after planting. Poast Plus, or Select Max. All of the prod‑ Some brands of glyphosate can be SOYB EAN ucts reduce quackgrass below the economic applied prior to the final alfalfa harvest threshold and have effects that are evident in the fall or spring to control quackgrass for more than one season. Do not cultivate before rotating to another crop. Apply the 7 days before or after applying any of these recommended rate and wait 36 hours or products, but cultivating 7 to 14 days later longer before harvesting. No other product often improves overall weed control. Dry can be tank mixed with glyphosate, and till‑

weather or other stress conditions will age will usually be needed to enhance the FO RAGE S & P A S T U RE reduce quackgrass control. control of quackgrass and to kill perennial broadleaf species, including alfalfa, before Glyphosate the next crop is planted. before planting conventional varieties/ hybrids and on Roundup Ready corn and Poast Plus (sethoxydim) soybean and Select (clethodim) SM ALL GRAIN S Many brands of glyphosate can be for alfalfa and trefoil applied before planting crops to kill exist‑ These are the only grass-specific herbi‑ ing vegetation. Glyphosate applied to cides approved for use in alfalfa and trefoil. actively growing quackgrass is rapidly Symptoms develop slowly on quackgrass, translocated throughout the quackgrass but active growth ceases upon application rhizome system. Treat when quackgrass and within 10 to 21 days the stems are eas‑ is 6 to 8 inches tall (3- to 4-leaf stage) and ily pulled from treated plants, indicating P ERENNIAL W EED S actively growing in either the fall or spring. they are dying. Poast Plus and Select sup‑ Where possible, treat in the fall rather than press quackgrass significantly in the first in the spring. cutting of forages but the long-term effects The rate to use for quackgrass control are less evident in alfalfa than in soybeans depends upon the previous cropping sys‑ followed by tillage. tem, level of tillage after application, spray volume, and the concentration of glypho‑ Wirestem muhly S T O RED GRAIN sate in the brand you select. In sites where Unlike most of our weeds, wirestem muhly IN S E C T row crops have been grown and tillage is is native to North America. It has increased practiced, 0.75 lb ae/a of glyphosate in 10 in importance in Wisconsin in recent years. gal/a or less of water is usually recom‑ This is due to several factors, including mended. For no-till sites and old sods that less tillage, enhanced control of other spe‑ will not be moldboard plowed, 1.5 lb ae/a cies, loss of diversity in crop rotations is recommended. (especially fewer forages), and the produc‑

Glyphosate can be applied directly to A PP ENDI X tion and spread of wirestem muhly seeds. quackgrass in Roundup Ready soybeans Because wirestem muhly is a warm-season and Roundup Ready corn. This method species, growth starts later in the spring can be used in untreated fields that were than for quackgrass and other cool-season tilled before planting. Glyphosate offers plants. Wirestem muhly rhizomes grow 234 near the surface; therefore, shallow tillage controlled, an acre may contain more than P RIN C I LE S OF P E S T M G can be effective in suppressing this weed. 30,000,000 tubers in the upper 10 inches of Vigorous tillage done just as growth begins the soil. The best control strategy is preven‑ in the spring has been observed to yield the tion, early detection, and removal. While best results. most tubers develop into new plants the next year, many can remain dormant in the Control in soybeans soil for several years. Yellow nutsedge is Wirestem muhly is easily controlled with usually found as isolated patches, in low postemergence applications of Assure wet areas, and in soils with high amounts CO RN II, Fusion, Poast Plus, or Select Max. Use of organic matter, but populations can also a crop oil concentrate and treat when establish in upland mineral soils and infest wirestem is 6 to 8 inches tall and actively entire fields. growing. Planting Roundup Ready soy‑ Yellow nutsedge control is feasible in bean varieties and using glyphosate as some crops, difficult in others, and nearly a postemergence treatment is another impossible in small grains and established option. This may even be practical in no-till forages. Tillage is an essential part of yel‑ SOYB EAN systems because wirestem emerges later low nutsedge management. While the best and grows more slowly in the spring than combination of tillage and chemical treat‑ quackgrass. ment may not always provide full-season control, it can suppress nutsedge during Control in corn the critical period of competition. Many Wirestem muhly control is very challeng‑ soil-applied herbicides lose much of their ing in corn. Try to achieve effective sup‑ FO RAGE S & effectiveness when applied to the high P A S T U RE pression before planting corn with appro‑ organic matter soils where yellow nutsedge priate control measures the prior season. is often found. Postemergence treatments Accent and Option applied to wirestem 4 to are not affected by soil texture or organic 8 inches tall gives acceptable wirestem sup‑ matter levels and are especially appropri‑ pression. Planting a Roundup Ready corn ate when nutsedge occurs in patches of hybrid and applying glyphosate as a poste‑ fields. In no-till cropping systems, use pos‑ SM ALL GRAIN S mergence treatment is another way to sup‑ temergence strategies to suppress nutsedge press wirestem muhly. Two applications of because preplant incorporation cannot be Liberty in Liberty Link hybrids also show done and preemergence applications give promise on this weed. All treatments will inconsistent control. give better control if the field is vigorously The following herbicide treatments pro‑ cultivated 10 or more days after application. vide varying degrees of nutsedge control.

P ERENNIAL W EED S Control in other crops Individual treatments may be used only on specific field crops as listed. Wirestem muhly is often an unnoticed weed in alfalfa fields. Use a fall applica‑ Acetochlor, Alachlor, tion of glyphosate the year before rotating Dual II Magnum (s-metolachlor), from alfalfa to corn or other crops. Planting and Outlook (dimethenamid-P) wheat in fields with wirestem muhly can for corn and soybeans be as effective as the tillage prior to seeding

S T O RED GRAIN wheat will reduce the rhizome mass and These herbicides are chemically related.

IN S E C T wheat will compete very effectively with Acetochlor can only be used in corn but the wirestem because it grows vigorously in others are registered for use in corn and the spring. After wheat harvest, use a com‑ soybeans. All give adequate nutsedge sup‑ bination of glyphosate and tillage to further pression when applied as preplant-incorpo‑ reduce the infestation. rated treatments, but preemergence appli‑ cations will give adequate suppression only Yellow nutsedge if abundant rainfall occurs within 5 to 8 A PP ENDI X Yellow nutsedge is a persistent peren‑ days of treatment. Dual often provides bet‑ nial weed that reproduces by seed and ter late-season control of nutsedge than the tubers (nutlets) produced on its rhizome other herbicides. Rates of these products system. Each nutsedge plant can produce will usually be higher than those needed nearly 7,000 tubers in a single season. If not for annual weeds. Alachlor and acetochlor are more active on yellow nutsedge in to control nutsedge and 0.67 oz/a to sup‑ 235 P RIN C I LE S OF muck soils than the other products in this press it. However, our data show excellent P E S T M G group. control even at the 0.67 oz rate. We sug‑ gest using 0.67 to 1.0 oz/a and treating Authority premixes when nutsedge averages 8 to 10 inches (sulfentrazone) tall. By waiting for it to reach this height, for soybeans few additional plants should appear after application. However, a timely row cultiva‑ All three Authority premixes—Authority tion is recommended to ensure full-season Assist, Authority First/Sonic, and Author‑ control. The premixture of halosulfuron CO RN ity MTZ—are labeled for nutsedge control. and dicamba (Yukon) also controls yellow Apply prior to soybean cracking, or signifi‑ nutsedge. cant crop injury will occur. Perennial broadleaf Basagran (bentazon) for corn, soybeans, and dry or succulent control in glyphosate- beans resistant crops SOYB EAN The advent of Roundup Ready crops opens Basagran applied to actively growing a new opportunity to control several peren‑ nutsedge that is 6 to 8 inches tall provides nial broadleaf species selectively in the good suppression in corn, soybeans, and growing crop. This means we can obtain dry or succulent beans. A repeat applica‑ good to excellent suppression of perennial tion may be made 7 to 10 days after the first weeds like hemp dogbane, Canada thistle, FO RAGE S & application if necessary, or the field may be milkweed, Jerusalem artichoke, field and P A S T U RE cultivated 10 to 21 days after the first appli‑ hedge bindweed, and perennial sowthistle cation. Do not apply when either the crop that can last for several seasons. We sel‑ or nutsedge has been exposed to prolonged dom expect such results from the alterna‑ drought or during periods of unseason‑ tives available in conventional varieties ably cold weather as poor weed control or hybrids. Our research on glyphosate- will result. Do not cultivate fields within resistant corn and soybeans has led to the SM ALL GRAIN S 5 days before or after Basagran treatment. following suggestions to manage perennial Basagran can be tank mixed with several broadleaf weeds in glyphosate-resistant herbicides and is sold as a premix with crops. some other products for simultaneous application in corn and soybeans. Nutsedge ■■ Plant the crop without tillage. Tillage suppression is not usually affected by these delays the development of perennial mixtures. weeds, while in a no-till system the P ERENNIAL W EED S weed grows rapidly and reaches the Classic (chlorimuron) ideal growth stage for treatment sooner for soybeans than if tillage were done. ■■ Delay the application until the bud Classic is the only sulfonylurea with sig‑ stage on the perennial broadleaf weed nificant activity on nutsedge in soybeans. or until the weed is 24 to 30 inches tall, Treat when nutsedge is 2 to 4 inches tall whichever occurs first. Apply these and cultivate 14 or more days after treat‑ S T O RED GRAIN guidelines to the most advanced plants ment if needed. IN S E C T in the population. Permit (halosulfuron) ■■ The right time to treat perennial broad‑ for corn leaves is often 5 to 7 weeks after plant‑ ing, when the soybeans are in the V4 Permit is a sulfonylurea applied to corn to V6 growth stage. This is later than as a postemergence treatment that gives when annual weeds would normally good to excellent nutsedge control. Use a be treated. However, this later timing A PP ENDI X crop oil concentrate to assure maximum (bud stage) is often the best time for performance and apply Permit when perennials because herbicide movement nutsedge is 4 to 12 inches tall. The label from the treated foliage to the roots is indicates that 1.0 to 1.33 oz/a are needed maximized. 236 ■■ To avoid crop yield loss due to uncon‑ P RIN C I LE S OF Canada thistle in P E S T M G trolled annual weeds while waiting conventional grain to treat perennial broadleaves, apply crops and pastures as a tank mixture with the burndown treatment before planting. Select the Canada thistle infests croplands, pastures, preemergence herbicide based on the fencerows, ditch banks, and roadsides. It expected annual weed population. has increased noticeably in recent years, particularly on our roadsides and in ■■ In fields with perennial broadleaf reduced tillage fields. While infestations weeds where tillage has been done, CO RN can start from seed, most shoots emerge apply a reduced rate of a preplant from the extensive horizontal and verti‑ incorporated or preemergence herbi‑ cal root system. Roots may penetrate to 10 cide. It may take longer for the peren‑ feet deep and spread horizontally 15 feet nial species to reach the flowering stage or more. Single plants form either male in these fields. or female flowers, and a patch of Canada ■■ Application timing is more important thistle plants usually consists of only one SOYB EAN than rate. Our research has shown that flower type. The degree of spininess, the applying 0.75 to 1.0 pounds of acid extent of leaf lobing, leaf width, and flower equivalent per acre of glyphosate to color may differ among Canada thistle actively growing perennial weeds in the plants. For example, in Wisconsin we have bud to early flower stage gives excellent both purple- and white-flowered biotypes control the season of application with of Canada thistle. greatly reduced weed populations the Repeated mowing should at least pre‑ FO RAGE S & P A S T U RE next year. vent Canada thistle from spreading to ■■ Split applications of glyphosate are not new areas and will probably reduce the necessary. Control from a single treat‑ area infested. Tillage is more effective than ment when perennial broadleaves begin mowing because it exposes roots to drying to flower is as effective as repeated or freezing conditions and also prevents treatments. This means that no addi‑ the buildup of food reserves in the roots. SM ALL GRAIN S tional trips through fields with peren‑ Realize however that tillage may spread the nial broadleaf weeds should be needed. roots to previously uninfested parts of the field. Combining mechanical and chemical ■■ Uniform coverage of the weed foliage controls often gives the best results. is as important as it is difficult. As men‑ tioned, weed height is seldom uniform Dicamba (Banvel/Clarity/ in a population of perennial broad‑ Status) and 2,4-D P ERENNIAL W EED S leaves. Select the appropriate nozzles and adjust the boom height to cover for corn and small grains the weed foliage as uniformly as pos‑ Even though dicamba and 2,4-D are sys‑ sible. Remember that boom height also temic herbicides, a single application will affects the risk of particle drift from the not kill the entire root system. This is espe‑ target area. cially true in corn and small grains because ■■ Monitor the population of the perenni‑ the rates that can be safely applied and the time of application will not give long-term

S T O RED GRAIN als in following years and use an appro‑ priate management program if/when control of Canada thistle. Status contains IN S E C T perennials again reach threshold levels. dicamba and diflufenzopyr; it can be used in corn and gives results equivalent to dicamba alone on several perennial broad‑ leaf weeds.

Glyphosate

A PP ENDI X between crops An effective time to use glyphosate for Canada thistle control is after harvesting wheat or oats for grain or an early-season vegetable crop like peas or sweet corn. This allows treatment at an effective rate when usually only a small proportion of a given 237 P RIN C I LE S OF the thistles have regrown and are actively field needs treating. Stinger can be tank P E S T M G translocating food reserves to the root sys‑ mixed with 2,4-D or dicamba for a more tem. economical treatment. Other premix herbi‑ cides used in corn that contain clopyralid Milestone (aminopyralid) and would aid in thistle control include for pastures SureStart, TripleFLEX, and Hornet. Milestone, a relatively new herbicide, Hemp dogbane in

has shown the best results in suppress‑ CO RN ing Canada thistle in Wisconsin. Apply conventional crops treatments at the flower bud stage in the Hemp dogbane has both vertical and hori‑ spring or in the fall to resprouting rosettes. zontal roots. Plants often spread within Research has shown that fall treatments fields and from field to field because farm‑ can be applied as long as plants appear to ers inadvertently transport a piece of the be actively growing and have green leaves. perennial root to new locations, producing Similar to Stinger, the results of one appli‑ new dogbane colonies. SOYB EAN cation are evident for 2 to 3 years. Plants may flower but establishment Follow rotational crop and drift control from seed is of minor importance. Stud‑ guidelines carefully as this herbicide can ies in Kansas found that plants originating persist in the soil for over a year and inhibit from seeds and grown for 2 years without growth of broadleaf plants, especially competition formed vertical roots nearly legumes. Specifically forage clovers are 14 feet deep and horizontal roots that FO RAGE S & not recommended for 1 year after plant‑ extended almost 40 feet in diameter. Six to P A S T U RE ing; the label also recommends conducting 8 weeks after seed germination, hemp dog‑ a soil bioassay prior to establishing. Some bane is considered “established” because broadleaf weeds are fairly tolerant to Mile‑ it can then reproduce vegetatively from stone (plants in the carrot family). If one the root. Once established, dogbane grows wishes to control these weeds, mixing 2,4-D much more rapidly than corn or soybeans,

with Milestone (prepackaged and sold as especially in no-till systems. We can use SM ALL GRAIN S ForeFront) or metsulfuron (prepackaged as this to our advantage because most pos‑ Chaparral) are effective options. temergence treatments are more effective on larger rather than smaller plants and in Stinger (clopyralid) no-till fields the weed develops more rap‑ for corn, small grains, and pastures idly than in plowed fields. Thus plants can be treated sooner in the season before sig‑

While Stinger can be applied in the same P ERENNIAL W EED S nificant crop losses from competition have crops as Banvel and 2,4-D and has the same occurred. mode of action, only a single application Glyphosate applied at 0.75 to 1.5 lb ae/a is needed for good to excellent Canada in glyphosate-resistant soybean or 0.75 to thistle suppression. The effects of a single 1.125 lb ae/a in glyphosate-resistant corn treatment are usually evident for several crops should be effective for controlling years. The rate can be adjusted according to hemp dogbane. Select rates based on size thistle density. Apply higher rates in dense of dogbane plants, size of dogbane patches, thistle areas because there are more roots S T O RED GRAIN and environmental conditions that may with buds than in areas where infestations IN S E C T influence glyphosate activity. are light to moderate. Apply Stinger when nearly all plants have emerged and Canada Dicamba (Banvel/Clarity) thistle is in the rosette to prebud stage and 2,4-D (plants are usually 4 to 18 inches tall). Stinger persists in the soil several months for corn and small grains after application. Follow rotational crop Dicamba and 2,4-D have very good activ‑ A PP ENDI X and drift control guidelines carefully. The ity on hemp dogbane. They are more effec‑ relatively high price of Stinger compared to tive on this weed at the rates we can use other herbicides is often justified because in corn and small grains than they are on the cost can be spread over several years Canada thistle. In a between-crops situa‑ since annual treatments are not needed and tion, Iowa State researchers applied 1.0 lb 238 ai/a of 2,4‑D and observed 97% dogbane can be applied. Status herbicide contains P RIN C I LE S OF P E S T M G control 1 year after application. University dicamba and diflufenzopyr; it can be used of Illinois weed scientists observed a 60% in corn and gives results equivalent to reduction in dogbane infestation from a dicamba alone on several perennial broad‑ 0.5 lb ai/a application of 2,4‑D in corn with leaf weeds. Cultivation after treatment in seven to eight leaves and dogbane in the corn will further weaken the plants. Culti‑ early flower stage. vators with sweeps will be more effective Hemp dogbane is listed on many brands than those with points or narrow shovels. of 2,4-D. However, labels require the use CO RN of drop nozzles once corn is more than Glyphosate 8 inches tall. This is a serious problem between crops because it is often too early to treat the dog‑ bane effectively since some plants have not As with Canada thistle, a good opportunity yet emerged and those that have are trans‑ to use glyphosate for hemp dogbane locating very little material to the roots. control is after harvesting wheat or oats for When most hemp dogbane has emerged SOYB EAN grain or an early-season vegetable crop like and plants are in the bud stage, the weed peas or sweet corn. This allows treatment is usually much taller than the crop and with an effective rate when the dogbane drop nozzles will not give effective con‑ has regrown and is actively translocating trol. Dogbane is more likely to be at the food reserves to the root system. proper growth stage when no-till corn is 6 to 8 inches tall than when conventional or Starane (fluroxypyr)

FO RAGE S & reduced tillage is used. P A S T U RE for small grains and corn (field or sweet) Even though these products are systemic herbicides, a single application will not kill Starane applied postemergence effec‑ the entire root system. Ester formulations tively controls hemp dogbane. The use of 2,4-D are preferred over amine formula‑ of Starane in small grains was described tions but both are effective. In most cases, previously. In field or sweet corn, apply 2,4-D and dicamba give similar results on Starane up to the V5 growth stage. Do not SM ALL GRAIN S dogbane but occasionally 2,4-D is more apply Starane once corn has six or more effective. A tank mix of these products visible leaf collars.

Table 6-1. Summary of herbicides for perennial weed suppression in corn and soybeans Weed Time of application Corn Soybeans

P ERENNIAL W EED S Bindweeds post dicamba Flexstar glyphosatea glyphosatea Status Ultra Blazer 2,4-D Canada thistle between crops glyphosate glyphosate post dicamba Basagran + Ultra Blazer glyphosatea glyphosatea S T O RED GRAIN Status IN S E C T Stinger 2,4-D Dandelion post dicamba Classic Igniteb glyphosatea Status Synchrony Steadfast Q A PP ENDI X Stinger 2,4-D a These applications can only be made to Roundup Ready varieties/hybrids with brands of (continued) glyphosate clearly approved for use in these varieties/hybrids. b Apply only in Liberty Link hybrids. A split application will give the best results. Table 6-1. Summary of herbicides for perennial weed suppression in corn and 239 P RIN C I LE S OF soybeans (continued) P E S T M G Weed Time of application Corn Soybeans Hemp dogbane between crops glyphosate glyphosate post dicamba glyphosatea glyphosatea Starane Status CO RN 2,4-D Milkweed, common between crops glyphosate glyphosate post dicamba + 2,4-D Cobra/Phoenix glyphosatea glyphosatea Permit/Yukon Ultra Blazer

Status SOYB EAN 2,4-D Perennial sowthistle between crops glyphosate glyphosate post dicamba glyphosatea dicamba + 2,4-D glyphosatea

Status FO RAGE S & P A S T U RE Stinger Quackgrass preplow/preplant glyphosate glyphosate post Accent Q Assure II glyphosatea Fusion Option glyphosatea

Poast Plus SM ALL GRAIN S Select Wirestem muhly preplow/preplant glyphosate glyphosate post Accent Q Assure II glyphosatea Fusion Igniteb glyphosatea P ERENNIAL W EED S Option Poast Plus Steadfast Q Select Yellow nutsedge preplant/preemergence acetochlor Authority Assist alachlor Authority First/Sonic Dual Authority MTZ Outlook alachlor Dual S T O RED GRAIN Outlook post Basagran Basagran IN S E C T Permit/Yukon Classic a These applications can only be made to Roundup Ready varieties/hybrids with brands of glyphosate clearly approved for use in these varieties/hybrids. b Apply only in Liberty Link hybrids. A split application will give the best results. A PP ENDI X 240 P RIN C I LE S OF P E S T M G CO RN SOYB EAN FO RAGE S & P A S T U RE SM ALL GRAIN S P ERENNIAL W EED S S T O RED GRAIN IN S E C T A PP ENDI X P RIN C I LE S OF P E S T M G

7 CO RN

Stored Grain Insect SOYB EAN Management FO RAGE S & P A S T U RE SM ALL GRAIN S P ERENNIAL W EED S S T O RED GRAIN IN S E C T A PP ENDI X P RIN C I LE S OF P E S T M G

Stored grain insect management CO RN

On-farm infestations of small grains are ■■ Bin applications of Storcide (chlorpyri‑ due primarily to insect-infested equipment fos-methyl plus cyfluthrin) should be and storage facilities and grain molds that applied only from outside the bin (see attract fungus-feeding beetles. The best product label). Dilute 1.69 fl oz Storcide approach to this problem is to start with with water to make a 1 gallon of solu‑

SOYB EAN clean, dry grain and clean equipment and tion. Apply finished spray at the rate of bins. 1 gallon/1,000 square feet before stor‑ Grain containing cracked kernels, weed ing or handling grain. seeds, or other foreign material tends to ■■ 8 ml Tempo SC Ultra (cyfluthrin) per become infested more readily than sound, 1,000 square feet in sufficient water clean grain. (about 1.5 pint/1,000 square feet) to adequately cover the area without caus‑ FO RAGE S & P A S T U RE Bin preparation ing dripping or runoff (see product Clean out the bin. Never put new grain label). Note: Never apply Tempo directly to on top of old grain. Remove all grain and any grain. debris from inside and outside bins well ■■ 1 pound Insecto dust (diatomaceous in advance of the harvest. This includes earth) per 1,000 square feet (see product feed sacks, cardboard sheets and boxes, label).

SM ALL GRAIN S boards, and accumulations of grain, crusted ■■ Chloropicrin fumigant for subfloor ple‑ grain, and dust. These products harbor the num. Use restricted to certified grain eggs, larvae, pupae, and adults of “bran fumigators. bugs” and “grain moths.” Use brooms, vacuum cleaners, hoes, or other scrapers Spray all cracks and crevices and around to do a thorough job. Make sure you wear doors. The plenum beneath nonremovable an approved dust and mold filtering mask perforated floors can harbor many insects P ERENNIAL W EED S while cleaning bins. and is difficult to treat. While directing Avoid storing grain near animal feeders, extra spray through the perforations will feedrooms, or in livestock dwellings. These kill some of the insects in this grain debris, areas may harbor stored grain pests. Either it will not kill enough for satisfactory con‑ feed the first few bushels from the combine trol. Thus, you will either have to fumigate to livestock or discard them. The old grain or remove the subfloor to clean out grain left in the combine could be infested. debris. Spray the outside bin walls to a

S T O RED GRAIN Patch all holes in the bin to bar entry by height of 6 feet and spray the ground out to a distance of 6 feet from the bin foundation. IN S E C T birds and rodents. Make sure the roof does not leak. Do not let the insecticide spray mix stand overnight; it may break down and result in Residual bin sprays and poor control. empty-bin fumigation Spraying or fumigating empty bins is only a part of the program for preparing After bins are emptied and cleaned, spray bins for harvest. Before bins are sprayed, the inside surfaces to the point of runoff A PP ENDI X they must be thoroughly cleaned. In addi‑ with an insecticide approximately 2 weeks tion, money spent spraying empty bins is prior to harvest. Apply one of the following wasted if the grain placed in the bin is not insecticides to the walls, ceilings, roof, and managed properly and is allowed to go out floors of all bins that will be used to store of condition. small grains for more than a few weeks: 242 breeding by adult beetles and moths. Dilute 243 Grain protection with P RIN C I LE S OF insecticides Diacon II with water or FDA-approved P E S T M G food grade oils or soybean oil. For maxi‑ In Wisconsin clean, dry grain suffers little, mum residual and efficacy, apply at 5 ppm. if any, damage on the farm during the first See product label for application methods season’s storage if (1) the preceding sugges‑ and finished spray concentrations by grain tions on bin sanitation and residual sprays type. are followed, (2) the grain is not stored close to livestock feed or other grains that

are contaminated with insects, and (3) aera‑ Storcide (chlorpyrifos-methyl + CO RN tion is used to cool the grain and prevent cyfluthrin) insect feeding and reproduction. for barley, oat, and wheat A grain protectant should be used if the grain will be held beyond June 1 of the fol‑ Dilute Storcide with water or FDA- lowing year. However, a grain protectant approved food-grade mineral oil or soy‑ will not protect grain from insects that feed bean oil and apply to the moving grain on molds, such as the foreign grain beetle. stream as a coarse spray to give a deposit of SOYB EAN A grain moisture of 14 to 18% is favorable 3 ppm of chlorpyrifos-methyl and 2 ppm of for most stored grain insects. Insects that cyfluthrin on the grain (see product label). feed on mold prefer the high moisture Final spray volume with water solutions is ranges. Thus, proper grain drying and bin 5 gal liquid/1,000 bu of grain. Final spray aeration are integral parts of managing volume with oil solutions should be applied stored grain insects. To help bin aeration, at rates given by the oil manufacturer. FO RAGE S & do not overfill bins; it hinders uniform air P A S T U RE flow during aeration and makes it harder to Grain surface spray inspect and treat the grain. Level the grain Once grain is in the bin, surface treatments and allow at least 8 inches between the only are effective against insects feeding at grain surface and the tip of the bin wall. the grain surface. Malathion is registered Drying grain to 12 to 13% moisture is for such use, but the major grain surface

unfavorable for most grain insects and feeder is the Indian meal moth, a species SM ALL GRAIN S allows prolonged persistence of protectant with widespread resistance to malathion. insecticides added while the grain is being Because of this, malathion is of question‑ binned. able value for such applications. The fol‑ lowing products are suggested for use as Actellic 5E (pirimiphos-methyl) surface treatments. for corn and popcorn Actellic 5E (pirimiphos-methyl) P ERENNIAL W EED S Actellic will control malathion-resistant for corn Indian meal moths. It should provide 9 to 18 months residual activity depending upon Actellic 5E may be used as a surface treat‑ grain moisture and temperatures. Apply ment in stored corn and will control Indian 8.6 to 11.5 fl oz Actellic in 5 gal of water/ meal moths, beetles, and weevils. Do not 1,000 bu corn. Do not apply before high- apply Actellic to barley, oats, rye, wheat, or temperature drying. Do not apply Actellic to soybean. Actellic can be used on corn only once barley, oats, rye, wheat, or soybean. during the entire storage period, regardless of S T O RED GRAIN Liquid protectants can be applied as the method of use. IN S E C T sprays or with a “drip-on” applicator while grain is being placed in storage. Diacon II (methoprene) for barley, corn, oat, and wheat Diacon II (methoprene) Diacon is labeled as a surface treatment for barley, corn, oat, and wheat and as a total grain treatment. This insect

Diacon is labeled as a stored grain treat‑ growth regulator prevents breeding by A PP ENDI X ment. Unlike traditional insecticides, beetles and moths; it does not kill adult Diacon II does not kill adult insects. This insects. Dilute with water or food-grade insect growth regulator interferes with the oils or soybean oil. development of young insects, preventing 244 ■■ DiPel is a biological insecticide that P RIN C I LE S OF DiPel (Bacillus thuringiensis) P E S T M G contains a naturally occurring bacte‑ for corn, soybean, and small grains rial organism (Bacillus thuringiensis) DiPel is a biological insecticide that con‑ that attacks moth larvae. It can be used tains a naturally occurring bacterial organ‑ to control Indian meal moth larvae. It ism that kills moth larvae. It is labeled for will not control adult moths, nor will surface treatment for control of Indian it control weevils or beetles. Consult meal moth. This insecticide will not control the product label for rates and special beetles, weevils, or bran bugs. application instructions. CO RN ■■ Insecto diatomaceous earth is labeled Storcide (chlorpyrifos-methyl + cyfluthrin) as a surface treatment for Indian meal for barley, oat, and wheat moth and may be used on feed grains, Storcide may be used as a surface treat‑ wheat, barley, corn, oats, and soybean. ment on wheat, oat, or barley if the entire Insects that come in contact with the grain mass is not treated. Mix 3.13 oz of product are scraped by the microscopic SOYB EAN Storcide for wheat, 1.7 oz for oat, or 2.5 oz particles. They lose their body fluids, for barley with 2 gal water for each 1,000 become dehydrated, and die. This is a sq ft of grain surface. Make a split applica‑ physical control, so insects have diffi‑ tion, spraying half of the mixture to the culty building up resistance. grain surface and raking it in to a depth of Before applying a grain surface treatment 4 inches. Apply the remaining half of the for Indian meal moth, remove webbing or mixture to the raked, treated surface. crusted or spoiled grain. Follow application FO RAGE S & P A S T U RE Note: Storcide can be used on grain only once instructions for insecticides listed in the during the entire storage period, regardless of ”Grain Surface Spray” section. the method of use. It may take several weeks for grain sur‑ face treatments to control an Indian meal Indian meal moth moth infestation. You may want to hire This insect is a problem in portions of Wis‑ a fumigator for faster results. If you’ll be SM ALL GRAIN S consin. The adult (moth) does no damage, keeping the grain in storage, treat the grain but the larvae feed in the upper few inches surface with an appropriate insecticide of the grain mass and will web the grain listed under the “Grain Surface Spray” sec‑ together. If populations are great, the sur‑ tion to prevent reinfestation once it is safe face will be crusted, protecting the larvae to enter the bin after fumigation. from surface-applied insecticides or fumi‑ Grain inspection

P ERENNIAL W EED S gants. This pest has developed resistance to malathion in many areas. There are a few Stored grain must be inspected every 2 to alternatives to malathion that are specific 4 weeks from May through October and at to stored grain: dichlorvos; Storcide (small least monthly from November to April. If grains); Actellic 5E (corn); and Bacillus infestations are detected early, they can be thuringiensis and diatomaceous earth (corn, controlled before extensive damage occurs. soybean, and small grains). Check various areas of the grain mass with a grain probe. Sift the grain samples ■■ A preventive treatment is to suspend

S T O RED GRAIN through a screen (10 to 12 mesh to the inch) one dichlorvos (DDVP, Vapona) resin to separate the insects from the grain. If IN S E C T strip per 1,000 cubic feet of space over insects are found, fumigation may be neces‑ the stored grain. This technique is effec‑ sary. tive against adults only. The strip must Probe traps and pitfall traps can be used be hung before moths begin to emerge for monitoring the grain mass, and sticky in early spring and usually must be pheromone traps can be used to monitor replaced every 6 weeks. During the first flying moths. It also is important to probe season of storage, the strips should be A PP ENDI X the grain in several locations to monitor hung immediately after small grains are grain temperature and moisture. binned. 245

Safety precautions Controlling established P RIN C I LE S OF P E S T M G Stored grain, especially flowing grain, pres‑ infestations ents many hazards. Following is a list of To date, most insect problems in grain important safety precautions (adapted from stored on Wisconsin farms are the result the University of Illinois Pesticide Train- of improper storage. The development of ing Manual for Grain Facility Pest Control grain molds makes stored grain attractive Applicators). to foreign and flat grain beetles. ■■ Do not enter a bin of flowing grain. When insects are found in stored grains,

you must first correct storage conditions CO RN ■■ Do not enter a bin to break a crust or that allow the grain to deteriorate and then remove a blockage when unloading determine whether the infestation war‑ equipment is running, whether or not rants control. The importance of an insect grain is flowing. Restarted flow is a infestation is determined not only be the hazard. number of insects present, but also by type ■■ Before entering a bin, lock out the cir‑ of grain, insect species, time of year, grain cuit controlling the unloading equip‑ temperature and moisture, the planned SOYB EAN ment and post a warning so no one else length of storage, market potential, and starts the equipment. local elevator quality and dockage guide‑ ■■ Do not enter a bin without knowledge lines. Insect-damaged kernels may result of previous grain removal practices, in price discounts. Consider too that insect especially if crusting is evident. populations and their damage can increase rapidly. Table 7-1 lists the Federal Grain ■■ Do not trust a surface crust to remain FO RAGE S & Inspection Service (FGIS) standards for P A S T U RE intact. grain infestation that will be in effect until ■■ Do not depend on a second person to further notice, but local elevators usually start or stop equipment according to enforce more stringent standards. shouted instructions. Equipment noise If you find insects in stored grain, con‑ can prevent communication. The sec‑ sider several possible management options. ond person may be unable to complete Sometimes the most profitable option may SM ALL GRAIN S the task soon enough. be to clean and sell the grain immediately ■■ When entering a bin that contains poor without any chemical treatment. Immediate quality grain or when unloading history sale is especially appropriate where early is unknown, have two workers outside stages of insect infestations are detected the bin. The person in the bin should before insect numbers reach elevator dock‑ wear a safety rope. The companions age or discount levels. outside the bin should be able to lift Sometimes insect problems are limited P ERENNIAL W EED S him or her out without entering the bin. primarily to the surface or central core of One outside companion cannot do this. stored grain. If Indian meal moth is the And having two companions present only problem, you can control light infesta‑ allows one to administer first aid while tions by using Actellic (corn), Storcide (small the other goes for help. grains), or DiPel (corn, soybean, small grains) in conjunction with dichlorvos strips as ■■ Always wear a particle respirator outlined in the section on the Indian meal capable of filtering fine dust and mold S T O RED GRAIN moth. Where abundant webbing indicates spores when working inside a bin; grain IN S E C T dust and molds are a health hazard. Table 7-1. The number of live insects required for ■■ Keep children away from equipment, FGIS designation as infested vehicles, and flowing grain. Crop Insect density/kg of grain ■■ Avoid working in overfilled, peaked bins; crawling about in these bins can wheat, rye Two or more live insects that are injurious to stored grain

cause grain flows that block exits. A PP ENDI X barley, corn, oats More than one live weevil, or ■■ Maintain proper and effective shields One live weevil plus five or more other live and guards on hazardous equipment. pest insects, or No live weevils but 10 or more other live pest insects 246 a severe infestation, rake webbing from the 1. Level the grain; the grain surface must P RIN C I LE S OF P E S T M G surface before treatment; fumigation may be 8 inches or more below the bin lip be necessary in this situation. Where bran to allow good aeration plus sufficient bugs are the problem and are confined space for inspection and treatment. primarily to a central core of fine material, Remove or break up any caked or remove one or two loads of grain to extract crusted area. that core, allowing safe storage of the 2. Use tape and plastic sheeting to thor‑ remaining grain. oughly seal all cracks and holes in Where infested grain can be moved to the bin, including eaves, hatches, side CO RN a clean bin, transfer and treatment with doors, unloading auger shaft, and fan a protectant insecticide is recommended. openings. Leave only the necessary If possible, use a grain cleaner during the access openings to seal after fumigant transfer process. Protectant insecticides application. will not immediately kill immature insects within grain kernels, but residues eventu‑ 3 . Fumigate on a still day when the grain ally provide control and protect against temperature is above 60°F. Wind causes SOYB EAN reinfestation for a period dependent upon rapid leakage of the gas and will reduce grain moisture and temperature. the effectiveness of the fumigation. 4. The method of application will vary Fumigation with the type of fumigant, commodity, and storage facility. Apply the product Infested grain that cannot be treated suc‑ at labeled rates and follow all safety cessfully in any other way should be fumi‑

FO RAGE S & precautions. P A S T U RE gated. Fumigation of farm-stored grain is difficult, hazardous, and requires special Chloropicrin. The primary use of this training and equipment. heavier-than-air fumigant will be to You must receive supplemental certifica‑ control insects in the subfloor area of tion to apply fumigants. If you are a certi‑ empty bins. fied private applicator, you must receive Phosphine. This is available in solid for‑ additional certification in the Agricultural SM ALL GRAIN S mulations of aluminum or magnesium Fumigation subcategory. Commercial phosphate and is used for fumigation applicators must be certified in the Space of insect-infested grain. When exposed and Commodity Fumigation category. to heat and moisture, the formulations All fumigants are extremely toxic and release phosphine, a highly toxic gas. dangerous if improperly used. Use them Even moisture from hands can activate in strict accordance with label directions the pellets, so neoprene or cotton gloves P ERENNIAL W EED S and follow all safety precautions. Failure must be used. to follow all label instructions is unsafe and 5. Seal all access doors to the bin. Place illegal. warning signs as directed by the fumi‑ Always work in pairs; an observer should gant label. be present outside the bin. Labeling requires the use or availability of a self-contained 6. Keep the bin closed for at least 72 hours breathing apparatus for respiratory pro‑ before airing out bins following alumi‑ tection during one or more stages of the num phosphide or chloropicrin fumi‑ S T O RED GRAIN fumigation process. Fumigators also must gation. Do not enter the bin during or IN S E C T measure fumigant gas concentrations to after fumigation until gases have been determine that the fumigant has dissipated thoroughly removed by aeration. sufficiently before unprotected persons can Fumigated grain must be aerated thor‑ enter the fumigated space. Follow specific oughly before processing or feeding. Once label directions concerning respiratory it is aired out, fumigated grain may become protection equipment and gas detection reinfested. Surface application of protectant devices. If you are uncertain about the safe A PP ENDI X insecticide and/or placement of dichlor‑ use of a fumigant, contact the manufacturer vos resin strips should follow fumigation for detailed instructions. if storage is to continue. If the infestation These steps are suggested for fumigation: was a result of poor grain storage practices, these conditions must be corrected. P RIN C I LE S OF P E S T M G

Appendix CO RN SOYB EAN FO RAGE S & P A S T U RE SM ALL GRAIN S P ERENNIAL W EED S S T O RED GRAIN IN S E C T A PP ENDI X d1 d1 d1 d1 d1 d1 a,d 4 hr 12 hr 12 hr 12 hr 12 hr 12 hr 24 hr 48 hr 12 hr 12 hr 12 hr 12 hr 12 hr 12 hr 48 hr 12 hr 48 hr 4 hr 4 hr 24 hr 24 hr 12 hr 12 hr REI 12 hr 12 hr 12 hr 24 hr 48 hr 4 hr (continued) word Signal danger danger danger danger caution caution caution caution caution caution caution caution caution caution caution caution caution caution caution caution caution caution caution caution caution caution warning warning warning

a n n n n n RUP DuPont DuPont DuPont several FMC FMC FMC Syngenta Syngenta Bayer Monsanto Albaugh FMC Syngenta Syngenta DuPont DuPont Bayer Dow Valent DuPont DuPont DuPont Manu- facturer Bayer Bayer Arysta Arysta DuPont Syngenta c seedling shoot photosystem II — seedling shoot photosystem II photosystem II auxin pigment photosystem II ALS — ALS ALS ACCase photosystem II PPO ALS PPO ALS PPO photosystem II seedling shoot photosystem II PPO pigment photosystem II ALS ALS ALS ALS pigment — auxin ALS PPO ALS auxin ALS ALS ALS ALS Site of inhibition ALS ALS ALS auxin photosystem II ALS ALS seedling shoot photosystem II — s-metolachlor + atrazine + safener s-metolachlor + metribuzin bromoxynil 2,4-DB amine mesotrione + atrazine nicosulfuron + safener thifensulfuron + tribenuron quizalofop atrazine sulfentrazone + imazethapyr sulfentrazone + cloransulam sulfentrazone + metribuzin alachlor + atrazine fluthiacet mesotrione metribuzin + chlorimuron chlorimuron + tribenuron thiencarbazone + tembotrione + safener aminopyralid + metsulfuron flumioxazin metsulfuron dicamba + 2,4-D metsulfuron + chlorsulfuron metsulfuron + chlorsulfuron Common name iodosulfuron iodosulfuron + thiencarbazone dicamba bentazon rimsulfuron + thifensulfuron s-metolachlor + atrazine + safener a,b 3.33 + 2.67L 5.25 + 1.25L 4EC, 2EC 2S 0.5 + 3.2L 54.5DF 25 + 25SG 0.88EC 90DF, 4L 3.33 + 0.67S 62.1 + 7.9DF 0.18 + 0.27DF 2.5 + 1.5ME 0.91EC 4L 64.3 +10.7DF 22.7 + 6.8DF 0.57 + 2.88L 62.1 9.5DF 51WG Part A: 60DF Part B: 1 + 2.87S 48 + 15DF 30 + 37.5DF 10DF 0.06 + 0.45DF 4S 4S 20 + 10DF 2.4 + 3.1L Formulation WDG Footnotes on page 256. Callisto Xtra Butyrac 200 Boundary 6.5 Buctril Bicep Lite II Magnum Affinity BroadSpec Assure II Atrazine, others Authority Assist Authority First Authority MTZ Bullet Cadet Callisto Canopy Canopy EX Capreno Chaparral Chateau Cimarron Max Cimarron Plus Cimarron X-tra Accent Q Commercial name Commercial products and related information related and ICIDE products 1a. HER B able T Appendix Autumn Autumn Super 51 Banvel Basagran Basis Blend Bicep II Magnum 248

a n n n n RUP Syngenta DuPont DuPont Monsanto BASF DuPont Valent Syngenta DuPont DuPont Syngenta DuPont DuPont BASF Valent Dow Syngenta Syngenta Dow Dow Syngenta Syngenta Valent Valent BASF Syngenta BASF Dow Dow Monsanto Manu- facturer c seedling shoot EPSPS pigment ALS ALS ALS seedling shoot — ALS PPO photosystem I seedling shoot photosystem II auxin ALS PPO seedling shoot — ALS PPO ALS ALS PPO ALS seedling shoot ALS ALS EPSPS PPO seedling shoot ALS PPO EPSPS auxin auxin auxin auxin ACCase ACCase ACCase ALS PPO seedling shoot photosystem II Site of inhibition auxin auxin auxin auxin seedling shoot photosystem II — s-metolachlor + glyphosate + mesotrione tribenuron + thifensulfuron thifensulfuron acetochlor + safener metsulfuron fomesafen paraquat dimethenamid-P + atrazine dicamba chlorimuron lactofen s-metolachlor + safener chlorimuron + flumioxazin + thifensulfuron chlorimuron + flumioxazin + thifensulfuron EPTC tribenuron imazethapyr + glyphosate flumioxazin + pyroxasulfone cloransulam fomesafen + glyphosate aminopyralid + 2,4-D aminopyralid + 2,4-D amine fluazifop fluazifop + fenoxaprop cloransulam flumioxazin dimethenamid-P + atrazine Common name triclopyr + 2,4-D ester clopyralid +2,4-D amine acetochlor + atrazine + safener a,b 2.09 + 2.09 + 0.209L 16.7 + 33.3SG 50SG 7EC 2S 1.7 + 3.3L 60DF 1.88S 7.64EC 2.85 + 36.21 + 8.8DF 4S 25DF 2EC 9.2 + 29.2 + 2.9DF 7EC, 20G 50DS 0.17 + 2S 33.5 + 42.5 84DF 0.56 + 2.26EC 0.417 + 3.33 0.33 + 2.67S 2EC 2 + 0.66EC 84DF 51DF 2.25 + 2.75L 1 + 2EC 0.38S + 2.0S 2.7 + 1.34 ME Formulation e Harmony SG Harness Footnotes on page 256. Halex GT Harmony Extra Gramoxone Inteon Guardsman Max Flexstar Escort Enlite Dual II Magnum Classic Cobra Crossbow Envive Eptam Express Extreme Fierce FirstRate Flexstar GT 3.5 Forefront HL Forefront R&P Fusilade DX Fusion Gangster FR Gangster V G-Max Lite Commercial name Commercial Clarity products and related information (continued) information related and ICIDE products 1a. HER B able T Appendix Curtail Degree Xtra d1 d1 d1 d1 d1 d1 d1 d1 d1 d1 d1 d1 a,d 12 hr 12 hr 12 hr 12 hr 12 hr 48 hr 12 hr 12 hr 12 hr 12 hr 12 hr 24 hr 48 hr 12 hr 12 hr 12 hr 12 hr 12 hr 12 hr 12 hr 12 hr 24 hr 24 hr 12 hr 12 hr 12 hr 12 hr 12 hr REI 12 hr (continued) word Signal danger danger danger caution caution caution caution caution caution caution caution caution caution caution caution caution caution caution caution caution caution caution warning warning warning warning warning warning warning

a n n n n n n n n RUP BASF Gowan Valent BASF BASF Monsanto Monsanto Dow Bayer Bayer Amvac Monsanto BASF Dow Dow Monsanto Bayer Syngenta Griffin Syngenta several several MANA Dow Syngenta BASF Bayer Syngenta BASF Manu- facturer c auxin auxin synergist ALS PPO ACCase ACCase seedling shoot photosystem II — seedling shoot photosystem II pigment — photosystem II auxin auxin PPO ALS seedling shoot II photosystem — seedling shoot photosystem II — ALS auxin pigment photosystem II — GS pigment seedling shoot ALS EPSPS seedling shoot photosystem II — seedling shoot photosystem II pigment seedling shoot photosystem II pigment auxin photosystem II ALS auxin ALS — ALS auxin seedling shoot Site of inhibition dicamba + diflufenzopyr halosulfuron lactofen sethoxydim sethoxydim acetochlor + atrazine + safener alachlor + atrazine tembotrione + safener linuron MCPA aminopyralid saflufenacil + imazethapyr acetochlor acetochlor + atrazine + safener acetochlor + atrazine + safener flumetsulam + clopyralid pyrasulfotole + bromoxynil + safener glufosinate topramazone alachlor imazapic + glyphosate acetochlor + atrazine + safener s-metolachlor + atrazine + mesotrione s-metolachlor + atrazine + mesotrione MCPA metribuzin primisulfuron + dicamba foramsulfuron + safener florasulam + MCPA dimethenamid-P Common name a,b 50 + 20DS 75DF 2EC 1.5EC 1EC 2.0S 17.8 + 50.2WG 4 + 1.5L 2.5 + 1.5L 3.5L 50DF various 0.75 + 1.5S 4.3 + 1.7L 3.1 + 2.5L 18.5 + 50WG 0.3 + 1.75EC 2.34S 2.8L 4EC 3 + 2.25L 1.74 + 1.74 + 0.224L 2.49 + 0.935 + 0.249L various 75DF 7.5 + 39.9DF 35DF 0.033 + 2.34S 6EC Formulation Permit Phoenix Poast Poast Plus Footnotes on page 256. Overdrive Optill Milestone MCPA Amine Lorox Lariat Laudis Keystone LA Journey Hornet WDG Huskie Ignite Impact/Armezon Intrro Keystone Lexar Lumax EZ MCPA Ester Metribuzin NorthStar Option Orion Outlook Harness Xtra 5.6L Commercial name Commercial Harness Xtra products and related information (continued) information related and ICIDE products 1a. HER B able T Appendix 250

a n RUP Monsanto United Phospho‑ rus Syngenta Syngenta Tenkoz BASF Dow FMC DuPont Dupont Syngenta DuPont Valent Monsanto Valent Valent Syngenta BASF Platte Dow DuPont Bayer Syngenta Dow BASF Dow Dow BASF DuPont Dow Dow Manu- facturer Dow FMC c seedling shoot auxin ALS PPO seedling shoot — ALS ALS seedling shoot PPO II photosystem PPO ALS ALS ALS PPO auxin ALS ALS pigment ALS ALS — PPO EPSPS ACCase ACCase EPSPS seedling shoot PPO photosystem II auxin auxin EPSPS seedling root Site of inhibition seedling root photosystem II auxin auxin auxin synergist — ALS ALS auxin seedling shoot auxin ALS PPO ALS PPO acetochlor + clopyralid + flumetsulam acifluorfen acetochlor + safener chlorimuron + thifensulfuron s-metolachlor + fomesafen simazine carfentrazone + halosulfuron imazethapyr flumetsulam carfentrazone + 2,4-D ester imazamox rimsulfuron + mesotrione rimsulfuron + thifensulfuron + safener flumiclorac glyphosate clethodim clethodim glyphosate + s-metolachlor saflufenacil atrazine + 2,4-D ester MCPB glyphosate trifluralin pendimethalin Common name tebuthiuron fluroxypyr dicamba + diflufenzopyr + safener nicosulfuron + rimsulfuron clopyralid acetochlor + clopyralid + flumetsulam sulfentrazone + cloransulam sulfentrazone a,b 3.75 + 0.29 + 0.12L 2S 6.4EC 21.5 + 6.9DF 0.13 + 3.93EC 7.5 + 31.25DF 4.34 +0.95EC 90DF, 4L 12.5 + 50DF 2S, 70DF 80DF 1EC 18.4 + 4DF 0.86EC 4.5S 2EC 0.97EC 2.25 +3EC 2.85SC 2.25 + 1L 2S 3, 4.17, 5S 4EC, 10G 3.8ME 20G 1.5EC 40 + 16DF 25.2 + 12.5DF 3S 3.75 + 0.29 + 0.12L 62.1 + 7.9DF 4F Formulation O 2 e + safener Ultra Blazer Footnotes on page 256. TripleFLEX Synchrony XP Surpass Spike Realm Q Rage D-Tech Princep Prowl H Pursuit Python Raptor Resolve Q Resource Roundup PowerMAX Select Select Max Sequence Sharpen Shotgun Thistrol Touchdown Treflan Priority Commercial name Commercial Prefix products and related information (continued) information related and ICIDE products 1a. HER B able T Appendix Starane Status Steadfast Q Stinger SureStart Sonic Spartan d1 a,d d1 d1 d1 d1 d 12 hr 12 hr 24 hr 12 hr 12 hr 12 hr 48 hr 12 hr 24 hr 12 hr 48 hr 12 hr REI (continued) 24 hr 12 hr 12 hr 12 hr 48 hr 12 hr 24 hr 12 hr 12 hr 24 hr REI 13 days 48 hr 12 hr 12 hr 12 hr — 4 hr 12 hr 12 hr word Signal danger danger danger danger caution caution caution caution caution caution warning warning — word

Signal caution caution danger danger danger danger caution caution caution a warning warning warning warning warning warning warning warning warning a RUP n n n n n n n n n n n n n RUP Valent Valent DuPont BASF Gowan Monsanto BASF Gowan Syngenta BASF several several Manu- facturer c Manufacturer Amvac Agriliance Amvac, Bayer Bayer Syngenta Cheminova Agriliance DuPont Syngenta Valent FMC FMC Dow Chemtura DuPont Bayer Makhteshim Agan Syngenta Amvac, Syngenta PPO PPO ALS photosystem II PPO seedling shoot PPO seedling shoot auxin auxin ALS auxin seedling shoot pigment seedling shoot auxin auxin Site of inhibition

Common name terbufos pirimiphos-methyl tebupirimphos + cyfluthrin beta-cyfluthrin thiamethoxam gamma-cyhalothrin + imidacloprid deltamethrin esfenvalerate abamectin + thiamethoxam clothianidin bifenthrin bifenthrin chlorpyrifos + lambda-cyhalothrin propargite chlorantraniliprole flubendiamide imidacloprid chlorantraniliprole + lambda cyhalothrin permethrin flumioxazin flumioxazin + chlorimuron hexazinone salflufenacil dimethenamid-P pyraflufen acetochlor 2,4-D amine + dicamba halosulfuron + dicamba s-metolachlor + mesotrione pyroxasulfate 2,4-D 2,4-D Common name a,b a,b Formulation 15G 5EC seed treatment 1.25CS 4.67G, 2.1G 1EC 1.5EC 0.66EC seed treatment (nematicide/ insecticide) 2.13 L 2EC 1.5LFR 2.5 + 0.129EC 6.55EC 1.67SC 4SC 4F 0.835 + 0.41L 2E 85DF 51DF 30 +10.3DF 75DF 0.57 5EC 0.208EC 3CS 2.87 + 1S 12.5 + 50DF 3.34 + 0.33L various various Formulation f e Footnotes on page 256. Cruiser Declare Baythroid XL Aztec Actellic products and related information Appendix Table 1b. INSECTICIDE Commercial name Footnotes on page 256. Zidua Valor XLT Velpar Verdict Vida Warrant Weedmaster Yukon Zemax 2,4-D Amine 2,4-D Ester Commercial name Commercial Valor SX products and related information (continued) and related information BICIDE products Table 1a.HER Appendix Delta Gold Asana XL Avicta Complete Corn Belay Brigade Capture Cobalt Advanced Comite Coragen Belt Alias Counter Besiege Ambush 252

PRINCIPLES OF CORN SOYBEAN FORAGES & SMALL GRAINS PERENNIAL WEEDSSTORED GRAIN APPENDIX PEST MGMT PASTURES INSECTS PRINCIPLES OF FORAGES & STORED GRAIN PEST MGMT CORN SOYBEAN PASTURES SMALL GRAINS PERENNIAL WEEDS INSECTS APPENDIX d7 253 d1 d1 d1 d1 d1 d 12 hr — none 12 hr 12 hr 24 hr 12 hr 11 days 24 hr 12 hr 24 hr 24 hr 12 hr 12 hr — 24 hr — — REI 48 hr 48 hr 48 hr 48 hr 12 hr 12 hr 12 hr 4 hr 24 hr — — 4 hr 48 hr 12 hr 12 hr — 4 hr 12 hr 24 hr word Signal caution danger danger danger danger danger caution caution caution caution caution caution caution caution caution caution caution caution caution caution caution caution caution caution caution warning warning warning warning warning warning warning warning warning warning warning warning a n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n RUP Manufacturer Bayer Bayer several Natural DuPont Amvac, Dow Dow Wellmark Int’l Wellmark Amvac several FMC FMC Bayer several Bayer Dow Syngenta Gowan Valent Amvac, Syngenta Dow Syngenta several Bayer Bayer FMC Bayer FMC Amvac FMC Valent Gowan Valent Bayer Syngenta Valent United Phosphorous Common name chlorpyrifos-methyl + cyfluthrin cyfluthrin dichlorvos diatomaceous earth methomyl chlorpyrifos chlorpyrifos methoprene chlorethoxyfos phosphorodithioate permethrin beta-cypermethrin + bifenthrin permethrin malathion carbaryl spinosad tefluthrin phosmet clothianidin tefluthrin methoxyfenozide lambda-cyhalothrin dimethoate imidacloprid + cyfluthrin clothianidin zeta-cypermethrin + chlorpyrifos imidacloprid zeta-cypermethrin chlorethoxyfos + bifenthrin zeta-cypermethrin + bifen‑ thrin + imidacloprid clothianidin + metalaxyl + metconazole acetamiprid + bifenthrin Bacillus thuringiensis Bacillus thuringiensis spiromesifen thiamethoxam + lambda-cyhalothrin acephate methyl parathion a,b Formulation 1.92 + 1.28L 1S industrial strip 90D 2.4LV, 90SP 15G 4E, Advanced 2.5EC 5G 20G 3.2EC seed treatment 57EC 1.24EC 4F 4L CS 70WP seed treatment 3G 2F 2CS 4EC, 400 2.7SE seed treatment 0.275 + 2.75L seed treatment 0.8EC 5G 2.25L seed treatment 1.0 + 0.8L DF, ES 4SC 1.18 + 0.88ZC 90S 2ME e e e f f f f e e Footnotes on page 256. Pounce Phorate Kernel Guard Supreme Malathion Lorsban Hero Commercial name Commercial Diacon II (continued) and related information SECTICIDE products Table 1b.IN Appendix Sevin XLR Plus Tracer Force Imidan Lorsban NipsIt INSIDE Storcide II Vapona Force Fortress Lannate Intrepid Warrior II Dimethoate Dimethoate Leverage Poncho Stallion Gaucho Mustang Max SmartChoice Triple Crown Insecto NipsIt SUITE Cereals Tempo SC Ultra Justice Dipel Oberon Endigo Orthene Penncap-M d3,5 d1 d1 d1 d (continued) 12 hr 1 hr 24 hr 24 hr 12 hr 48 hr 48 hr 48 hr 48 hr 4 hr 12 hr 12 hr 48 hr 24 hr 12 hr 24 hr 12 hr 24 hr 4 hr 12 hr 12 hr 12 hr 24 hr REI 24 hr 12 hr 24 hr 12 hr 12 hr 12 hr 24 hr 24 hr 24 hr 4 days 48 hr word Signal caution danger danger danger danger danger caution caution caution caution caution caution caution caution caution caution caution caution caution caution caution caution caution caution caution warning warning warning warning warning warning warning warning warning a RUP BASF Isagro Bayer Manufacturer Monsanto SimcamAdvan Chemtura Bayer Crop Science Syngenta Syngenta Syngenta Syngenta Syngenta Syngenta Amvac Chemtura Syngenta Cerexagri Cerexagri Dow Syngenta Syngenta Sipcam Agro USA BASF BASF DuPont Dow Syngenta Makhteshim-Agan several Sipcam Agro USA Sipcam Agro USA Trace Chemicals DuPont DuPont metconazole tetraconazole tebuconazole pyraclostrobin lydicus Streptomyces metalaxyl metalaxyl cyproconazole fludioxonil mefenoxam fludioxonil mefenoxam mefenoxam fludioxonil mefenoxam abametin thiamethoxam triadimefon carboxin metalaxyl captan thiamethoxam mefenoxam fludioxonil mancozeb copper + sulfate copper sulfate mancozeb difenoconazole axoxystrobin chlorothalonil pyraclostrobin pyraclostrobin + metconazole copper hydroxide myclobutanil Common name chlorothalonil propiconazole captan chlorothalonil chlorothalonil carboxin + captan mancozeb EDBC a,b Formulation 1.9EW 3.6F 90 SL 0.33% 12.5% 2.6 FL 100 SL 2.31% 3.46% 0.73% 0.73% 1.02% 0.68% 3.3S 12.4% 28.1% 50DF 12.5% 3.75% 24.45% 21.50% 3.21% 1.07% 30 22DF + 40DF 75DF, 45F, 45M 0.15S, 0.31S 9.6% 90DF 2.09EC 13.64% 5.14% 46.1 DF 2EC 18.4% 6F 41.8EC 5D, 7.5D, 80WP 4.17F 6F 20 + 20D 4F 37 FL Moly Alliance Footnotes on page 256. Folicur Domark 230ME Caramba Avicta Duo Corn Actinogrow ST Actinogrow Allegiance Dry Allegiance FL Alto Apron Maxx RFC Apron Maxx RTA Apron Maxx RTA + Apron XL LS Bayleton Bean Guard/ CruiserMaxx Advanced Cuprofix MZ Disperss Cuprofix Ultra Dithane Dividend Dynasty Echo Headline Headline AMP Kocide 3000 Laredo Commercial name Commercial DX-109 Acceleron products and related information related and CIDE products 1c. FUNGI able T Appendix Bravo Weather Stik Bumper Captan Echo Zn Echo 720 Enhance Manzate Manzate Flowable 254

fludioxonil fludioxonil mefenoxam azoxystrobin thabendazole thiabendazole azoxystrobin + mefenoxam thiram azoxystrobin + cyproconazole tebuconazole + metalaxyl tebuconazole + thiram mefenoxam mefenoxam + chlorothalonil mancozeb prothioconazole + tebuconazole azoxystrobin azoxystrobin + propiconazole azoxystrobin + propiconazole ipconazole + metalaxyl tebuconazole + metalaxyl mefenoxam + copper hydroxide Common name thiabendazole clothianidin metalaxyl metconazole mancozeb propiconazole + trifloxystrobin prothioconazole + triflozystrobin Trichoderma harzianum PCNB fluxapyroxad pyraclostrobin prothioconazole propiconazole a,b Formulation 3.32% 2.65% 1.33% 26.50% 4.1F 2F + 4EC 4S 65WP 15 + 20WP 0.055 + 1.84F 5G, 50WP, 4EC 0.33 SC + 3.34 SC 280 SC 421 SC 2F 1.04 + 0.62EC 1.2L + 1.18L 0.0916% 1.64 % 0.039 + 0.051L 5 + 60WP 75DF 42.3% 2.93% 0.88% 0.44% 75DF 1.04 + 1.04S 1.05LS + 3.13LS 1.15% 4F, 75WP 14.33% 28.58% 4SC 3.6EC h g Maxim Quattro Mertect 340 Thiram Footnotes on page 256. Ridomil Gold Bravo SC Ridomil Gold Raxil XT Raxil-Thiram Quadris Xtra Prosaro Maxim Quadris Quadris Ridomil Gold Quilt Quilt Xcel Rancona Xxtra Raxil MD Ridomil Gold Copper Commercial name Commercial -Stick Manzate Pro products and related information (continued) information related and CIDE products 1c. FUNGI able T Appendix Mertect 340-F NipsIt SUITE Penncozeb Stratego Stratego YLD T-22 HC Terraclor Priaxor Proline 480 PropiMax ‑ d1 d1 ‑ d 24 hr 12 hr 12 hr 12 hr 12 hr 24 hr 24 hr 24 hr REI word Signal caution caution caution caution caution caution warning warning a RUP Manufacturer Syngenta Cerexagri Bayer Crop Science BASF Syngenta Helena Chemical Helena Chemical Crompton 24 hours for treating seed, but none once planted. exception: 24 hours for treating seed, but none once planted. rei exception: After the first 48 hours of the REI, workers ‑ rei exception: 14 days for foliar applications to corn, sunflow the rei exception: 24 hours for strawberries. After expiration of rei rei exception: 11 days for soybean, 31 days for corn. ‑ rei exception: 24 hours for harvest aid and desiccation applica Sold in two containers (co-packs). Under the WPS, this is a nonagricultural use product, thus there is no REI requirement. Under the WPS, this product requires dual notification to work For use only by commercial seed treaters. ers: verbal AND posted. Wisconsin has additional posting requirements when this product is applied to areas within 300 feet of a residence, migrant labor camp, school, day care facil ity, health care facility, commercial or industrial facility, public recreation area, or other nonagricultural area where people are likely to be present during the REI. may enter the treated area to perform hand labor or other tasks may enter the treated area to perform hand treated, such as involving contact with anything that has been wear the early- plants, soil, or water, without time limit, if they on the label. entry personal protective equipment (PPE) listed REI, workers may ers, and sorghum. For the last 12 days of the or other tasks enter the treated area to perform hand labor treated, such as involving contact with anything that has been wear the early- plants, soil, or water, without time limit, if they entry PPE listed on the label. 24-hour period, no PPE is required. tions. h d3 d4 d5 d6 d7 e f g d2 ‑ ‑ ‑ ‑ propiconazole thiophanate + methyl trifloxystrobin pyraclostrobin + metconazole sedaxane carboxin thiram captan carboxin carboxin + thiram Common name a,b Formulation 22.0% 1.083L + 0.67L 45.45% 5.7% 5.7% 23.9% 12.5% 1.67 + 1.67F 3.6EC 4.5F + 70WP rei exception: If the product is soil-injected or soil-incorporated phosphate synthase (amino acid synthesis inhibitor); shikimate-3-phosphate synthase (amino acid synthesis inhibitor); GS = glutamine synthetase (nitrogen metabolism inhibitor); photosystem I = cell membrane disrupter; photosystem II = pho‑ tosynthesis inhibitor; pigment inhibitor = isoprenoid pathway; PPO = protoporphyrinogen oxidase (cell membrane disrupter); seedling shoot = seedling shoot growth inhibitor; seedling root = seedling root growth inhibitor sis inhibitor); auxin = growth regulator; EPSPS = 5-enolpyruvyl sis inhibitor); auxin = growth regulator; EPSPS cides. Labeled nonagricultural uses may have different REIs or worker notification requirements. REI as required by the Worker Protection Standard (WPS) to protect agricultural workers and handlers of agricultural pesti Site of inhibition: ACCase = acetyl CoA carboxylase (lipid syn Site of inhibition: ACCase = acetyl CoA carboxylase (amino acid synthe thesis inhibitor); ALS = acetolactate synthase Numbers before the dry formulations represent percent active Numbers before the dry formulations represent pounds of active ingredient; numbers before liquids represent ingredient or ae/gal of product. CS = capsule suspension; D = dust; DF = dry flowable; DS = CS = capsule suspension; D = dust; DF = dry = emulsifiable dry soluble; EC = emulsifiable concentrate; ES flowable; G = gran‑ suspension; EW = emulsifiable in water; F = ular, L = liquid flowable; LV = liquid volatile; ME = micro RUP = restricted- encapsulated; REI = restricted entry interval; SE = use product; S = soluble; SC = suspension concentrate; WG = wettable suspension emulsion; SG = soluble granules; -soluble packet; granules; WP = wettable powder; WSP = water ZC = Zeon Concentrate or used for seed treatment, the WPS, under certain circum‑ stances, allows workers to enter the treated area if there will be no contact with anything that has been treated. d1 d c b Footnotes for Appendix Tables 1a–c a Trilex Twinline Vibrance Vitavax CT Vitavax MDC Vitavax-200 Topsin M Commercial name Commercial Tilt products and related information (continued) and related information FUNGICIDE products Table 1c. Appendix 256

PRINCIPLES OF CORN SOYBEAN FORAGES & SMALL GRAINS PERENNIAL WEEDSSTORED GRAIN APPENDIX PEST MGMT PASTURES INSECTS PRINCIPLES OF FORAGES & STORED GRAIN PEST MGMT CORN SOYBEAN PASTURES SMALL GRAINS PERENNIAL WEEDS INSECTS APPENDIX c c c c 0 — — — 2Y 2Y 2Y 2Y 3M 4M 4M 4M 4M 1M 4M 3M 4M 4M 3M AH AH 30D 12M 120D 120D 257 4–8M 3–9M 4–8M Wheat 15–30D 4.5–8M (continued) b — — — 2Y 2Y 2Y 2Y BA BA 4M 9M AH AH 30D 45D 18M 18M 30M 10M 12M 12M 15M 10M 10M 9.5M 120D 120D 10M Tobacco 24M+BA 18M+BA z 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 — — — FY FY FY FY 7D BA BA 4M AH 15D 30D 90D 10M 10M 10M 60D 14–28D 24M+BA Soybean b 0 — — — 2Y 2Y 2Y 2Y BA BA 1M AH AH 30D 45D 18M 18M 18M 12M 18M 30M 26M 10M 30M 30M 120D 120D 10M 6–12M Potato 24M+BA 0 — — — 2Y 2Y 2Y 2Y BA BA 8M 9M 9M AH AH 30D 45D 18M 10M 18M 30M 10M 18M 18M 10M 18M 12M Peas 120D 6–18M 24M+BA 0 — — — 2Y 2Y 2Y 2Y 8M 9M 9M 3M 3M AH AH 30D 45D 18M 18M 12M 16M 10M 12M 18M 12M 18M 30M Oats 120D 6–12M 15–30D Crops with an 18M interval also require 30 inches of rainfall; if soil pH Intervals for 4 oz/a rate; use 6M interval if soil tilled before planting. Rotational intervals are for 0.5 oz/a rate. When soil pH is >7.5, soybean rotation interval is 9M, or 4M for Interval of 18 months if soil pH is >7 and organic matter is <1.5%. Rotational intervals are for 0.25 oz/a rate. Interval of 18M if soil pH is >7.5. Also requires a minimum of 15 inches of rainfall. For rates over 0.375 oz/a, the interval is 18M. If less than 15 inches of rain has fallen, extend the interval to 18M. Interval of 18M if <18 inches of rainfall or if soil pH is <6.2. Rotational intervals are for 12 oz/a rate. Wait 9M if using 0.5 oz/a rate. a v Intervals are for 3 fl oz/a rate and may vary for other rates.

y,v

is >7.5, the interval is 24M. v w x y z sulfonyl-tolerant soybean (STS) varieties. aa n o p q r s t u 0 0 0 0 0 0 — — — BA BA 8M 9M AH 30D 45D 90D 18M 10M 12M 18M 18M 18M 18M corn 120D 120D 10M 18M 9M Sweet 6–12M q 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 — — — BA BA 4M 8M 9M 9M 30D 14D 30D 12M 10M 10M 10M corn 120D Field 10–18M 0 — — — 2Y 2Y 2Y 2Y BA BA 9M 9M AH AH 30D 45D 18M 10M 10M 18M 12M 18M 10M 30M 18M 12M 18M 120D Snap beans 6–18M 24M+BA y,v 0 — — — 2Y 2Y 2Y 2Y BA 8M 9M 4M 8M 8M 3M 4M 3M AH AH 30D 24M 12M 12M 10M 9.5M 120D 120D 9M 6–12M Barley 15–30D — — — 2Y 2Y 2Y FY BA BA 9M AH AH 30D 45D 10M 10M 12M 12M 18M 12M 12M 10M 10M 12M 18M 4.5M 120D 120D 6–12M Alfalfa 24M+BA u r 0 = no restriction; M = month; AH = after harvest; D = day; Y = year; NA = not approved;

s l w d Only corn or sorghum can be planted FY if applied after June 1. Interval depends on rate and formulation. 10M interval for transplant tobacco after 0.3 oz/a FirstRate or less. A 10.5M interval exists for hybrids listed on the supplemental label. rate without Optimum GAT or STS Rotational intervals for 1.25 oz/a If the soil has less than 2% organic matter and less than 15 inches of rain Following application to fallow or crop stubble. Use shorter interval for winter wheat, longer interval for spring wheat. Use shorter interval after 8 oz/a or longer interval after 16 oz/a. A 12M interval exists following the 2.67 pt/a of Command 3ME. Imidazolinone tolerant corn hybrids have no restrictions. The hybrids Merit, Carnival, and Sweet Success require 15M. If the soil pH is 6.5 or greater, do not plant for 18M. Banvel BA = bioassay required; FY = following year; — = no restrictions for rotational crops listed on label BA = bioassay required; FY = following year; — = no restrictions for rotational crops listed m j k l soybean. Lesser soybean rotation restrictions may apply. See label for details. g has fallen, do not plant for 18M. h i c d e f a b Abbreviations: Bicep Lite II Buctril Autumn Super 51 WDG Affinity BroadSpec Affinity Herbicide Accent Q See the label for information on crops not listed below. not listed on crops information label for See the crops. rotational for interval 2. Planting able T Appendix Chaparral Bullet/Lariat Assure II Assure Authority MTZ Cimarron Max/Plus Cimarron Basagran Clarity Cimarron X-tra Cimarron Chateau Boundary 6.5 atrazine Autumn Basis Blend Classic Butyrac 200 Cobra/Phoenix Authority Assist Cadet Degree Xtra Degree Authority First/Sonic Callisto Canopy Canopy EX Capreno c 0 0 0 0 0 2Y 2Y 2Y FY 7D 3M 4M 4M 4M 4M 4M 3M 3M 4M 4M 4M 4M 4M 4M 2M 3M 4M NA AH 60D 70D 60D 60D 14D 30D 12M 15M 12M 12M 4.5M 4.5M 4.5M 120D 3–8M Wheat j 0 0 0 2Y 2Y 2Y 2Y 2Y FY FY FY BA 9M 8M 4M NA AH 60D 30D 45D 30D 45D 45D 18M 12M 15M 18M 18M 18M 18M 18M 10M 12M 30M 18M 10M 9.5M 9.5M 9.5M 180D 24M+BA 24M+BA 10–30M Tobacco 36M+BA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 FY FY FY FY FY FY 9M 8M 8M 4M 9M 9M NA AH 14D 45D 45D 18M 10M 0–1M 0–1M 10.5M 24M+BA 24M+BA Soybean 0 0 0 0 0 2Y 2Y 2Y 2Y FY FY 9M 8M 9M 4M 9M 9M NA AH 70D 60D 30D 45D 45D 45D 18M 12M 18M 18M 18M 26M 30M 26M 15M 10M 18M 26M 30M 18M 18M 10M Potato 24M+BA 24M+BA 48M+BA 0 0 0 0 0 2Y 2Y 2Y 2Y 2Y 2Y FY BA 9M 8M 4M 9M 9M 8M 4M 4M 4M 9M 9M NA AH 60D 30D 45D 45D 45D 18M 10M 10M 10M 12M 12M 10M 18M Peas 180D 10.5M 24M+BA 24M+BA 36M+BA 0 0 0 0 2Y 2Y 2Y FY FY FY 7D 9M 4M 4M 3M 8M 4M 4M 4M 2M 9M 4M NA AH 60D 70D 60D 60D 14D 30D 45D 12M 18M 12M 12M 18M 24M 18M 30M 15M 12M 18M Oats 4.5M 4.5M k 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 FY 7D 4M 9M 8M 9M 4M 3M 3M NA AH 60D 60D 30D 14D 45D 45D 10M 18M 12M 18M 10M 18M 18M 12M 18M 18M 10M corn 180D Sweet 36M+BA 10.5–18M f 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 FY 7D 4M 9M 9M 4M 9M 3M 1M 9M AH 14D 60D 60D 30D 14D 45D 10M 12M 10M 10M 12M 10M corn 8.5M 8.5M Field 8.5M 7–30D 36M+BA n 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2Y 2Y 2Y 2Y 2Y 2Y FY BA 9M 4M 9M 8M 4M 4M 9M 9M 4M NA AH 60D 30D 45D 45D 45D 12M 18M 18M 10M 12M 12M 18M 180D Snap beans 9–18M 24M+BA 24M+BA 10.5–18M 0 0 0 0 0 2Y 2Y 2Y FY FY FY 7D 4M 4M 4M 8M 4M 4M 4M 4M 3M 2M 4M 4M NA AH 60D 70D 60D 60D 14D 30D 12M 24M 15M 12M 9.5M 4.5M 9.5M 4.5M 9.5M 120D Barley 30M+BA 30M+BA 0 0 0 0 0 2Y 2Y 2Y FY FY 4M 4M 4M 8M 9M 9M 4M 9M 9M 9M 9M 4M 9M NA AH 60D 45D 45D 45D 18M 12M 18M 10M 18M 12M 15M 18M 10M 180D 10.5M Alfalfa (continued) 30M+BA 24M+BA 36M+BA 24M+BA m t 258 Metribuzin Flexstar OpTILL Herbicide able 2. Planting interval for rotational crops (continued) crops rotational for interval 2. Planting able T Appendix Enlite Dual II Magnum Milestone NorthStar Laudis Flexstar GT Huskie OpTILL PRO OpTILL Envive Intrro Fierce Keystone LA Lorox ForeFront Fusilade DX Ignite Option Eptam Journey FirstRate Lumax EZ Fusion Impact/Armezon Orion Permit Poast Plus Express Gangster Outlook Prefix Extreme Glyphosate Princep G-Max Lite Gramoxone Inteon Halex GT Harmony Extra Harmony SG Harness Xtra Harness Hornet WDG

c c c c c 0 0 0 0 2Y 4M 3M 3M 4M 4M 3M 2M 3M 2M 4M 2M NA 30D 30D 30D 40D 30D 12M 4.5M 259 4–8M 4–9M 3–9M Wheat 4.5M–FY 120D–FY b 0 2Y 2Y FY FY 3M 9M 9M 9M 6M 5M 2M NA 30D 30D 30D 18M 18M 18M 18M 18M 18M 12M 10M 9.5M 120D 100D 120D 10M Tobacco i g g 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2Y FY FY 7D 9M 9M NA FY 15D 30D 10M 10M 120D 2–3M 7–30D 10.5M Soybean b o 0 0 0 0 2Y FY FY FY 3M 6M 9M NA 30D 30D 9M 18M 12M 30M 10M 18M 12M 26M 30M 1.5M 120D 100D 120D 10M Potato 12M+BA 0 0 0 0 0 2Y 2Y 2Y 4M 9M 4M 3M 3M 4M 9M NA 30D 30D 18M 10M 18M 10M 18M 12M 12M 12M Peas 120D 100D 120D 0 0 0 2Y FY FY FY FY 3M 4M 8M 9M 9M 2M 3M 9M 2M NA 30D 30D 30D 40D 30D 30D 18M 12M 10M 30M Oats 4.5M k p Crops with an 18M interval also require 30 inches of rainfall; if soil pH Intervals for 4 oz/a rate; use 6M interval if soil tilled before planting. Rotational intervals are for 0.5 oz/a rate. Interval of 18 months if soil pH is >7 and organic matter is <1.5%. When soil pH is >7.5, soybean rotation interval is 9M, or 4M for Rotational intervals are for 0.25 oz/a rate. Interval of 18M if soil pH is >7.5. If less than 15 inches of rain has fallen, extend the interval to 18M. Also requires a minimum of 15 inches of rainfall. For rates over 0.375 oz/a, the interval is 18M. Rotational intervals are for 12 oz/a rate. Interval of 18M if <18 inches of rainfall or if soil pH is <6.2. Wait 9M if using 0.5 oz/a rate. a Intervals are for 3 fl oz/a rate and may vary for other rates.

is >7.5, the interval is 24M. v w x y z sulfonyl-tolerant soybean (STS) varieties. aa n o p q r s t u 0 0 0 0 0 2Y FY 3M 3M 2M 4M 3M NA 30D 30D 30D 10M 10M 18M 12M 18M corn 8.5M 100D 120D 10M 10.5M Sweet 9–18M 10.5–18M 10.5–18M f 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 FY 3D 7D 1M 9M 1M 1M 12M 10M 12M corn 8.5M 100D Field 8.5M 7–14D 6–30D 0 0 0 0 0 2Y 2Y 2Y 4M 3M 3M 9M 4M 4M 9M NA 30D 30D 18M 18M 18M 10M 12M 12M 10M 12M 120D 100D 120D Snap beans 0 0 0 2Y FY FY FY FY 9M 9M 2M 3M 3M 4M 4M 4M 8M 4M 2M NA 30D 30D 30D 40D 30D 30D 12M 9.5M 4.5M Barley x g 0 2Y FY FY 4M 3M 6M 9M 5M 4M 3M 4M 9M NA FY 30D 30D 30D 30D 10M 12M 18M 10M 10M 12M 120D 100D 10M 10.5M Alfalfa 0 = no restriction; M = month; AH = after harvest; D = day; Y = year; NA = not approved; BA = bioassay required;

aa m h Only corn or sorghum can be planted FY if applied after June 1. 10M interval for transplant tobacco after 0.3 oz/a FirstRate or less. A 10.5M interval exists for hybrids listed on the supplemental label. rate without Optimum GAT or STS Rotational intervals for 1.25 oz/a If the soil has less than 2% organic matter and less than 15 inches of Following application to fallow or crop stubble. Interval depends on rate and formulation. Use shorter interval after 8 oz/a or longer interval after 16 oz/a. A 12M interval exists following the 2.67 pt/a of Command 3ME. Imidazolinone tolerant corn hybrids have no restrictions. The hybrids Merit, Carnival, and Sweet Success require 15M. If the soil pH is 6.5 or greater, do not plant for 18M. Use shorter interval for winter wheat, longer interval for spring wheat. m j k l soybean. Lesser soybean rotation restrictions may apply. See label for details. g rain has fallen, do not plant for 18M. h i d e f a b c FY = following year; — = no restrictions for rotational crops listed on label Surpass SureStart Abbreviations: Zidua Stinger Resolve Q Resource Pursuit Herbicide Priority able 2. Planting interval for rotational crops (continued) crops rotational for interval 2. Planting able T Appendix Realm Q Synchrony XP Synchrony Rage D-Tech Treflan Prowl 2,4-D Select Max Sharpen Python Starane Raptor Ultra Blazer Sequence Status Valor SX Valor Steadfast Q Valor XLT Valor Velpar Vida Yukon Zemax (continued) Comments inch volunteer corn rate 12-inch volunteer corn coarse soil, MR medium soil, MR sequential rate LR HR sequential rate RR soybean program FR LR FR, small grain SR HR medium soil coarse soil HR, pre medium soil coarse soil LR SR SR SR SR LR SR FR, small grain LR reduced rate for tank mix reduced rate for tank mix fl oz lb lb fl oz oz oz oz oz oz pt fl oz pt pt qt qt oz pt pt pt pt fl oz fl oz oz pt pt fl oz oz oz fl oz 4 6 8 4 1 2 1 1 3 3 4 1 4 6 16 10 1.5 3.2 0.3 0.5 1.5 1.1 1.5 0.5 0.5 rate/a 0.75 1.75 1.25 0.25 3.63 2.57 5.14 6.57 2.23 1.12 4.46 9.24 8.65 5.45 2.72 7.85 3.92 8.26 $/a 15.44 14.78 36.96 18.83 11.77 24.26 22.09 16.20 18.86 12.93 12.98 14.47 17.54 26.52 10.90 application rates: Price at the following Price at the following gal lb gal lb lb oz gal gal gal oz gal gal gal fl oz lb gal oz gal $/unit Please note that these prices were not updated for 2012. not updated were these prices note that Please Price in 3.43 5.85 73.91 18.83 21.90 35.70 97.06 58.91 18.86 59.12 69.20 87.27 15.70 116.28 329.39 617.34 176.23 106.06 post Timing pre/post pre pre pre pre post post PPI/pre pre/post PPI/pre post post post between cuttings post post post Crop soybean corn soybean soybean soybean corn, soybean corn, small grains, pasture corn, soybean corn corn soybean corn, alfalfa, small grains corn corn alfalfa corn, small grains, pasture soybean soybean

The comments specify whether the rate is for a certain soil type or how the rate compares to the range of rates recommended recommended to the range of rates the rate compares soil type or how the rate is for a certain specify whether The comments can be treated. herbicide-resistant varieties or hybrids abbreviations indicate when only specific Under the crop heading, Magnum 260 Crop: CRP = Conservation Reserve Program; LL = Liberty Link; RR = Roundup Ready incorporated Timing: EPP = early preplant; pre = preemergence; post = postemergence; PPI = preplant on the label; HR = high rate, highest rate listed on Comments: CT = Canada thistle; FR = full rate, rate when a single rate is recommended matter; RR = reduced rate; SR = standard rate, the the label; LR = low rate, lowest rate listed on the label; MR = maximum rate; OM = organic typical rate listed on the label Abbreviations: Assure II This table lists many of the common herbicides used in Wisconsin field crops and their approximate costs in 2011. Prices are Prices costs in 2011. crops and their approximate in Wisconsin field herbicides used lists many of the common This table several sources. the average from unit prices represent used rates. The for many of the frequently a unit basis and listed on both depending on prices will vary programs. Actual the cost of herbicide guide when considering provide a general These prices are not included. or application The costs of adjuvants manufacturer pricing. and changes in size, date of purchase, container that is required for costs. Refer to the label for the exact rate guide for comparing herbicide a only are rates These label. the on your situation. erbicide price list, 2011. 2011. list, price 3. Herbicide able T Appendix Herbicide atrazine 90DF Authority Assist Authority First Authority MTZ Autumn Banvel Basagran Basis Blend Boundary 6.5EC Bicep Lite II Buctril Callisto Capreno Chateau Clarity Classic Cobra

PRINCIPLES OF CORN SOYBEAN FORAGES & SMALL GRAINS PERENNIAL WEEDSSTORED GRAIN APPENDIX PEST MNGMT. PASTURES INSECTS PRINCIPLES OF FORAGES & STORED GRAIN PEST MNGMT. CORN SOYBEAN PASTURES SMALL GRAINS PERENNIAL WEEDS INSECTS APPENDIX 261 (continued) HR Comments cost per 100 gal heavy CT infestation light CT infestation medium soil coarse soil medium soil coarse soil SR SR annual grasses FR SR FR postemergence rate HR, soil applied SR LR, northern counties HR, southern counties SR 12-inch volunteer corn rate 12-inch volunteer corn rate RR soybean program conventional soybean program low burndown rate medium oil coarse soil SR SR fallow, wheat, and barley rate soybean rate coarse soil medium soil medium soil medium soil post, MR fl oz % qt qt qt qt pt pt fl oz oz pt pt oz pt oz oz pt pt pt pt/a fl oz fl oz oz oz pt pt pt pt oz oz oz pt pt qt qt oz 3 2 1 3 1 2 4 4 2 3 3 24 1.5 3.7 2.9 2.8 4.5 0.3 3.5 4.5 1.8 3.1 2.5 3.6 0.6 0.8 1.8 1.8 2.3 rate/a 12.5 1.33 2.25 0.25 0.75 1.25 0.125 3.26 4.57 8.85 4.64 6.26 8.06 7.83 4.31 $/a 17.21 83.25 36.58 24.38 34.40 26.96 20.01 15.05 15.81 11.98 23.96 11.74 29.36 15.99 15.79 20.31 13.43 13.61 23.44 27.27 22.73 19.43 27.56 14.75 21.25 26.09 26.24 13.09 application rates: application Price at the following Price at the gal gal gal gal gal oz gal oz gal oz gal gal gal gal gal oz gal gal gal oz oz gal gal gal lb $/unit Price in 5.65 7.56 55.50 48.77 37.19 17.41 42.60 18.24 23.61 39.14 36.10 53.70 32.25 72.73 43.18 13.05 34.45 94.43 57.97 45.64 69.83 120.38 127.89 148.52 200.39 post Timing post PPI/pre/post PPI/pre post pre PPI post pre/post PPI/pre/post post post post post post EPP/pre post PPI/pre post post post PPI/pre PPI/pre PPI/pre PPI/pre/post Crop pasture pasture corn corn, soybean many soybean alfalfa, birdsfoot trefoil, clovers wheat, barley soybean soybean soybean soybean pasture, CRP soybean soybean soybean many corn RR corn small grain small grain, soybean corn corn corn corn

Inteon SG Crop: CRP = Conservation Reserve Program; LL = Liberty Link; RR = Roundup Ready incorporated Timing: EPP = early preplant; pre = preemergence; post = postemergence; PPI = preplant on the label; HR = high rate, highest rate listed on Comments: CT = Canada thistle; FR = full rate, rate when a single rate is recommended matter; RR = reduced rate; SR = standard rate, the the label; LR = low rate, lowest rate listed on the label; MR = maximum rate; OM = organic typical rate listed on the label Abbreviations: erbicide price list, 2011 (continued) price list, 2011 Table 3. Herbicide Appendix Herbicide Crossbow Curtail Degree Xtra Dual II Magnum Durango DMA Enlite Eptam Express TotalSol Extreme FirstRate Flexstar Flexstar GT 3.5 ForeFront Fusilade DX Fusion Gangster G-Max Lite Halex GT Gramoxone Harmony SG Harness Harmony Extra Harness Xtra Harness Xtra 5.6L Hornet WDG (continued) pre, MR Comments SR HR LR medium soil coarse soil SR coarse soil medium soil SR coarse soil soil OM = 3% soil OM < 3% medium soi for soybean alfalfa rate coarse soil for soybean CT rate FR SR SR medium soil coarse soil SR SR annual grass rate SR medium soil coarse soil for corn medium soil for corn SR for alfalfa FR medium soil, SR 7-day planting interval SR oz fl oz oz oz qt qt qt qt qt fl oz lb qt qt lb lb lb fl oz oz oz oz fl oz fl oz oz fl oz pt pt lb pt pt fl oz fl oz oz fl oz fl oz fl oz 4 2 2 3 1 3 1 7 5 2 8 2 2 3 3 4 1 8 4 29 16 14 12 0.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 0.5 1.5 1.5 2.6 rate/a 0.75 3.75 0.33 0.67 7.33 4.89 1.86 2.80 $/a 17.45 12.43 15.17 10.12 16.11 12.89 29.43 15.77 23.66 15.07 19.76 49.10 40.91 14.67 18.94 12.28 12.62 15.77 23.34 20.42 12.97 11.01 12.22 13.06 11.29 10.86 16.28 14.92 19.90 13.05 18.03 application rates: application Price at the following Price at the gal oz gal gal gal fl oz lb gal lb gal oz oz oz gal oz gal gal gal lb gal gal oz gal gal $/unit Price in 5.02 2.46 6.31 4.34 54.87 20.23 25.77 58.86 25.24 19.76 65.46 14.67 10.51 19.37 65.16 52.22 43.43 13.05 29.87 346.33 186.70 176.23 636.65 576.90 pre/post Timing post PPI/pre PPI/pre PPI/pre post pre pre/post pre spring dormant post post pre post PPI/pre post post post pre PPI/pre pre:corn PPI:soybean PPI/pre/post PPI/pre post pre/post PPI post Crop many; LL corn/ many; LL soybeans corn soybean corn corn corn soybean corn soybean alfalfa pasture corn soybean corn corn, soybean corn soybean soybean, alfalfa soybean corn corn, soybean soybean corn, soybean seedling alfalfa corn, small grains soybean soybean

Crop: CRP = Conservation Reserve Program; LL = Liberty Link; RR = Roundup Ready incorporated Timing: EPP = early preplant; pre = preemergence; post = postemergence; PPI = preplant on the label; HR = high rate, highest rate listed on Comments: CT = Canada thistle; FR = full rate, rate when a single rate is recommended matter; RR = reduced rate; SR = standard rate, the the label; LR = low rate, lowest rate listed on the label; MR = maximum rate; OM = organic typical rate listed on the label Abbreviations: erbicide price list, 2011 (continued) list, 2011 price erbicide 3. H Table Appendix Herbicide Ignite 280 Impact Intrro Keystone LA Lariat Laudis Lorox DF Lumax EZ metribuzin Milestone Northstar Optill Option Outlook Permit Phoenix Poast Plus Prefix Princep Caliber 90 Prowl H20 Pursuit Python Rage D-Tech Raptor 262

PRINCIPLES OF CORN SOYBEAN FORAGES & SMALL GRAINS PERENNIAL WEEDSSTORED GRAIN APPENDIX PEST MNGMT. PASTURES INSECTS PRINCIPLES OF FORAGES & STORED GRAIN PEST MNGMT. CORN SOYBEAN PASTURES SMALL GRAINS PERENNIAL WEEDS INSECTS APPENDIX 263 Comments SR SR low tank-mix rate SR SR inch volunteer corn rate 12-inch volunteer corn SR burndown rate SR SR LR pasture, CT rate medium soil, ≥3% OM coarse soil medium soil postemergence rate SR medium soil coarse soil HR SR medium soil coarse soil medium soil LR HR perennial rate annual weed rate SR SR SR SR oz oz fl oz fl oz fl oz fl oz pt fl oz oz oz pt pt pt pt pt oz pt pt pt pt oz pt pt fl oz qt qt pt pt pt oz pt pt 4 4 6 1 5 2 1 2 4 2 2 1 1 4 1 1 22 22 13 2.5 0.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 2.5 rate/a 1.25 0.75 0.25 1.75 1.25 0.375 9.82 6.56 3.39 4.70 4.68 5.15 8.34 4.26 3.67 4.67 3.11 5.12 8.19 5.61 2.80 8.34 1.88 2.31 $/a 18.75 12.97 15.73 16.15 32.30 17.05 17.82 23.77 13.71 11.21 39.32 24.58 21.27 11.64 application rates: application Price at the following Price at the oz oz gal gal gal gal gal gal oz oz qt gal gal oz gal gal gal lb gal gal gal gal gal oz gal gal $/unit Price in 4.69 7.85 3.14 2.91 19.71 27.32 99.75 41.51 11.13 77.96 95.07 11.35 19.66 24.89 73.14 89.66 78.65 32.76 22.42 66.69 15.00 18.46 209.79 658.81 129.18 209.38 post Timing pre post post post post pre/post pre post post post EPP/pre/post PPI/pre post post PPI post pre pre-greenup pre post post post post post Crop corn corn many many corn, soybean soybean corn, soybean corn, soybean corn corn corn, cereals, pasture corn corn soybean many soybean soybean soybean alfalfa corn soybean pastures small grains, corn, CRP corn corn, small grains, pastures corn, small grains, pastures PowerMax WeatherMax Abbreviations: Crop: CRP = Conservation Reserve Program; LL = Liberty Link; RR = Roundup Ready incorporated Timing: EPP = early preplant; pre = preemergence; post = postemergence; PPI = preplant on the label; HR = high rate, highest rate listed on Comments: CT = Canada thistle; FR = full rate, rate when a single rate is recommended matter; RR = reduced rate; SR = standard rate, the the label; LR = low rate, lowest rate listed on the label; MR = maximum rate; OM = organic typical rate listed on the label Realm Q erbicide price list, 2011 (continued) list, 2011 price erbicide 3. H Table Appendix Herbicide Resolve Q Resource Roundup Roundup Select Max Sequence Sharpen Status Steadfast Q Stinger SureStart Surpass Synchrony XP Touchdown Total Treflan Ultra Blazer Valor SX Velpar L Verdict Warrant Weedmaster WideMatch Yukon 2,4-D amine (4) 2,4-ester (LV 4) P RIN C I LE S OF

P E S T M NG . Appendix Table 4. Herbicide effectiveness on listed invasive weeds in CRP fields

Commercial Common name Commercial

name (active ingredient) Burdock Canada goldenrod Chinese lespedeza Common tansy Crown vetch Curly dock D ames rocket Field bindweed G arlic mustard G iant hogweed G iant ragweed H awkweeds H ill mustard Japanese hedge parsley Japanese knotweed K napweed spp. Multiflora rose Phragmites Poison hemlock Purple loosestrife Queen A nne’s lace R eed canary grass Spurge, leafy & cypress Sweet clover, white & yellow T easel, cutleaf & common T histle, bull T histle, Canada T histle, marsh T histle, musk T histle, plumeless Wild chervil Wild parsnip name Banvel dicamba G F/G P G G F/G G F/G F P/F F/G F/G — — F/G F/G F/G N G/E — G N P/F F G/E G/E F G/E G/E G/E F F Banvel CO RN Butyrac 2,4-DB — F/G — — — F N N — — — — — — — — — — — — — N — N — — — — — — — — Butyrac Chaparral aminopyralid + G/E G/E F/G G/E G/E G/E G — G/E G G G/E G G G/E E G/E N G/E G/E E N — G/E G/E E E G/E E E G/E G/E Chaparral metsulfuron Cimarron Max metsulfuron + 2,4-D G/E G/E G G G G/E — F/G — — F — G/E — — F/G G/E N G/E — E N F/G F G/E G/E F/G — E E G/E — Cimarron Max + dicamba Cimarron Plus metsulfuron G/E G/E — E G — — — — — — — — — — — F/G — G/E — G/E N — F G/E G/E G — G/E — G/E — Cimarron Plus

SOYB EAN + chlorsulfuron Crossbow 2,4-D + triclopyr G/E F/G G F/G G G/E — F/G — — G/E — G — — F/G G N F/G — G N F F/G G/E G/E F G/E G/E G/E P/F G Crossbow Curtail 2,4-D + clopyralid G F — G G F — — — — G F/G — — — G — N F/G — G N P F/G F/G G/E G — G G/E P/F G Curtail Escort metsulfuron G/E G/E F/G G G G/E G P/F G/E G P — E E — F G N G/E G E N — F G/E G F/G G G/E G/E G/E E Escort Forefront 2,4-D + aminopyralid G/E F/G P F/G E G/E — — — — E E — — — E F/G N G/E G G N P G/E P G/E E — E G/E — G Forefront Fusilade fluazifop N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N F/G N N N G/E N N N N N N N N N N Fusilade FO RAGE S & P A S T U RE Garlon triclopyr G/E F/G G/E P G/E F/G G F G G G/E — G G F/G P/F F/G N G/E F G N P/F F G/E G/E F G/E F/G G/E F F Garlon Gramoxonea paraquata P/F P P P P P P P P/F P P/F P P P/F P P P P P/F — P/F P P P/F P P/F P P/F P/F P/F P P Gramoxonea Grazon P+Db 2,4-D + picloramb E G P G E E — G — — E G — — — F/G G N G/E — G N G/E G/E G/E E G/E — E E — G Grazon P+Db Habitata imazapyra G — P E P G/E — G/E G/E — F — — — G F/G G G/E G E G/E G/E G P/F G/E G F G F/G G G/E — Habitata Journeya imazapic+glyphosatea — P P F P F/G — F/G G/E — F/G — — — F F P F G — G/E G/E G/E N G G/E P — F/G — F/G F Journeya

SM ALL GRAIN S MCPA MCPA — N — P P F/G — P/F — P/F — F/G — — — — — N F/G — — N — P/F — — — — — — — — MCPA Milestone aminopyralid G/E P/F P P E G — — — G G E — — G/E E F N P G F N P G/E G/E E E E E E — F Milestone Ousta sulfometurona — G — — G F/G — — G/E — — — — — — F/G — — G/E — — G/E P/F F G/E — G — G — — — Ousta Outrider sulfosulfuron — — — F — — — — G/E — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — P — — — — — — — Outrider Overdrive dicamba + diflufenzopyr G F/G P G P G/E — G F — F/G — — — F G/E — — G/E — G/E — — P G/E G/E G — G/E G/E — G Overdrive Pastureguard fluroxypyr + triclopyr F/G G/E G/E — G G/E — P/F — — G — — — — P G — G/E — F — — F G/E P P — P P — — Pastureguard P ERENNIAL W EED S Perspective aminocyclopyrachlor + G/E G/E — G F/G G G G/E F/G — G E — — — E G/E P G — E P G/E G/E E E E — E E G/E E Perspective chlorsulfuron Plateau imazapic — N N P N F/G G F/G G/E G F — G — P F N P G — G/E G/E G N G F P — F — F P Plateau Poast sethoxydim N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N P N N N G/E N N N N N N N N N N Poast Pursuit imazethapyr — — — — N F/G — N/P — — F/G — — — — — — — — — — F — N — — P — — — — — Pursuit Redeem clopyralid + triclopyr G/E G F F G G — G/E — — E G — — — G/E P N G/E — G/E N P G G/E G/E F/G — G/E G/E — F Redeem

S T O RED GRAIN Roundupa glyphosatea G G F F F G/E G F/G G/E G/E F/G — G/E G F/G G/E G G/E F/G F/G G/E G/E F P/F G/E G/E G F/G G/E G/E G G/E Roundupa

IN S E C T Starane fluroxypyr — — G/E — — G — F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — P F — — — — — — — — Starane Stinger clopyralid G/E P P G/E G/E G — P — F/G G/E F/G — — — G/E P N G/E — P N P G/E G E G/E G E E F F Stinger Streamline aminocyclopyrachlor + G/E G/E G G/E G/E G/E G G/E G/E — G E — — — E G/E P G/E — E P G/E G/E E E E — E E G/E E Streamline metsulfuron Telar chlorsulfuron G G — — — F/G G — — — — — — — — — F/G — G — G/E N — F G G/E F/G G/E G/E G/E G G/E Telar Tordonb picloram G/E G/E F G E G/E — F/G — — E F/G — — G G/E G N G/E — G N G G G/E E G E E E — — Tordonb A PP ENDI X Weedmaster 2,4-D + dicamba G G P/F G/E G/E G/E — F/G F — E — F/G — — G/E F N G/E — G/E N P/F F G/E G/E F/G — G/E G/E — G/E Weedmaster 2,4-D 2,4-D G/E F/G P G F/G F/G G F F P/F G F/G G — F/G F/G P/F N G/E P G/E N P/F F G G/E F G/E G/E G/E F G/E 2,4-D 2,4-D + glyphosatea 2,4-D + glyphosatea G/E — — G — — — F/G — — F/G — — — — — — — — — — — F/G F/G — G/E G — — — — — 2,4-D + glyphosatea

Control ratings: E = excellent (90–100%), G = good (80–90%), F = fair (60–80%), P = poor (<60%), N = none (0%), — = no information 264 This table is also published as Herbicide Effectiveness on Invasive Plants in Wisconsin (A3893). P RIN C I LE S OF

To order a sturdy 11” x 17” chart or to download a PDF, go to learningstore.uwex.edu. P E S T M G

Commercial Common name Commercial

+ chlorsulfuron SOYB EAN Crossbow 2,4-D + triclopyr G/E F/G G F/G G G/E — F/G — — G/E — G — — F/G G N F/G — G N F F/G G/E G/E F G/E G/E G/E P/F G Crossbow Curtail 2,4-D + clopyralid G F — G G F — — — — G F/G — — — G — N F/G — G N P F/G F/G G/E G — G G/E P/F G Curtail Escort metsulfuron G/E G/E F/G G G G/E G P/F G/E G P — E E — F G N G/E G E N — F G/E G F/G G G/E G/E G/E E Escort Forefront 2,4-D + aminopyralid G/E F/G P F/G E G/E — — — — E E — — — E F/G N G/E G G N P G/E P G/E E — E G/E — G Forefront Fusilade fluazifop N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N F/G N N N G/E N N N N N N N N N N Fusilade FO RAGE S & Garlon triclopyr G/E F/G G/E P G/E F/G G F G G G/E — G G F/G P/F F/G N G/E F G N P/F F G/E G/E F G/E F/G G/E F F Garlon P A S T U RE Gramoxonea paraquata P/F P P P P P P P P/F P P/F P P P/F P P P P P/F — P/F P P P/F P P/F P P/F P/F P/F P P Gramoxonea Grazon P+Db 2,4-D + picloramb E G P G E E — G — — E G — — — F/G G N G/E — G N G/E G/E G/E E G/E — E E — G Grazon P+Db Habitata imazapyra G — P E P G/E — G/E G/E — F — — — G F/G G G/E G E G/E G/E G P/F G/E G F G F/G G G/E — Habitata Journeya imazapic+glyphosatea — P P F P F/G — F/G G/E — F/G — — — F F P F G — G/E G/E G/E N G G/E P — F/G — F/G F Journeya

MCPA MCPA — N — P P F/G — P/F — P/F — F/G — — — — — N F/G — — N — P/F — — — — — — — — MCPA SM ALL GRAIN S Milestone aminopyralid G/E P/F P P E G — — — G G E — — G/E E F N P G F N P G/E G/E E E E E E — F Milestone Ousta sulfometurona — G — — G F/G — — G/E — — — — — — F/G — — G/E — — G/E P/F F G/E — G — G — — — Ousta Outrider sulfosulfuron — — — F — — — — G/E — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — P — — — — — — — Outrider Overdrive dicamba + diflufenzopyr G F/G P G P G/E — G F — F/G — — — F G/E — — G/E — G/E — — P G/E G/E G — G/E G/E — G Overdrive Pastureguard fluroxypyr + triclopyr F/G G/E G/E — G G/E — P/F — — G — — — — P G — G/E — F — — F G/E P P — P P — — Pastureguard P ERENNIAL W EED S Perspective aminocyclopyrachlor + G/E G/E — G F/G G G G/E F/G — G E — — — E G/E P G — E P G/E G/E E E E — E E G/E E Perspective chlorsulfuron Plateau imazapic — N N P N F/G G F/G G/E G F — G — P F N P G — G/E G/E G N G F P — F — F P Plateau Poast sethoxydim N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N P N N N G/E N N N N N N N N N N Poast Pursuit imazethapyr — — — — N F/G — N/P — — F/G — — — — — — — — — — F — N — — P — — — — — Pursuit Redeem clopyralid + triclopyr G/E G F F G G — G/E — — E G — — — G/E P N G/E — G/E N P G G/E G/E F/G — G/E G/E — F Redeem

Roundupa glyphosatea G G F F F G/E G F/G G/E G/E F/G — G/E G F/G G/E G G/E F/G F/G G/E G/E F P/F G/E G/E G F/G G/E G/E G G/E Roundupa S T O RED GRAIN

Starane fluroxypyr — — G/E — — G — F — — — — — — — — — — — — — — P F — — — — — — — — Starane IN S E C T Stinger clopyralid G/E P P G/E G/E G — P — F/G G/E F/G — — — G/E P N G/E — P N P G/E G E G/E G E E F F Stinger Streamline aminocyclopyrachlor + G/E G/E G G/E G/E G/E G G/E G/E — G E — — — E G/E P G/E — E P G/E G/E E E E — E E G/E E Streamline metsulfuron Telar chlorsulfuron G G — — — F/G G — — — — — — — — — F/G — G — G/E N — F G G/E F/G G/E G/E G/E G G/E Telar Tordonb picloram G/E G/E F G E G/E — F/G — — E F/G — — G G/E G N G/E — G N G G G/E E G E E E — — Tordonb Weedmaster 2,4-D + dicamba G G P/F G/E G/E G/E — F/G F — E — F/G — — G/E F N G/E — G/E N P/F F G/E G/E F/G — G/E G/E — G/E Weedmaster A PP ENDI X 2,4-D 2,4-D G/E F/G P G F/G F/G G F F P/F G F/G G — F/G F/G P/F N G/E P G/E N P/F F G G/E F G/E G/E G/E F G/E 2,4-D 2,4-D + glyphosatea 2,4-D + glyphosatea G/E — — G — — — F/G — — F/G — — — — — — — — — — — F/G F/G — G/E G — — — — — 2,4-D + glyphosatea

a Nonselective herbicide: will injure both grasses and broadleaf plants. b Restricted-use product in Wisconsin. 265 266 P RIN C I LE S OF

P E S T M NG . Additional resources P E S T M G The following publications may be purchased from your county Extension office or from Extension Publications. You can order online at learningstore.uwex.edu or call toll-free 877‑WIS-PUBS (947-7827).

Corn and soybean Forages and small grains Corn Earworm (A3655) Alfalfa Germination and Growth (A3681) Corn Fertilization (A3340) Alfalfa Management Guide (NCR547) CO RN Corn Replant/Late-Plant Decisions in Alfalfa Stand Assessment: Is This Stand Good Wisconsin (A3353) Enough to Keep? (A3620) Corn Rootworms (A3328) Buying Horse Hay (A3772) Corn Silage Production, Management, and Determining Pasture Condition (A3667) Feeding (NCR574) Forage Variety Update for Wisconsin (A1525) SOYB EAN European Corn Borer (A1220) Identifying Pasture Grasses (A3637) Herbicide Persistance and Carryover (A3819) Identifying Pasture Legumes (A3787) Herbicide Resistance Management in Pastures for Horses: A Guide to Rotational Vegetable Rotations—poster (A3822) Grazing—CD (A3764) Insect Resistance Management and Refuge Pastures for Profit: A Guide to Rotational Requirements for Bt Corn (A3857) FO RAGE S & Grazing (A3529) P A S T U RE Moth Identification Guide for Blacklight Trap Wisconsin Oats and Barley Performance Tests Catch in Wisconsin (A3855) (A3874) Protect Your Corn from Cranes (A3897) Weed management Seed Corn Maggot (A3820) Two-spotted Spider Mite Management in Common Weed Seedlings of the North Central SM ALL GRAIN S Soybean and Corn (A3890) States (NCR607) Uneven Emergence in Corn (NCR344) Herbicide Effectiveness on Invasive Plants in Wisconsin (A3893) Western Bean Cutworm: A Pest of Field and Sweet Corn (A3856) Invasive Plants of Wisconsin: Perennial Pepperweed (A3832) Weed Identification and Management—DVD P ERENNIAL W EED S (A3829)

Related UW-Extension websites Extension Publications: learningstore.uwex.edu Agronomy: agronomy.wisc.edu Forages: uwex.edu/ces/crops/teamforage and www.uwex.edu/ces/forage S T O RED GRAIN Grains: fyi.uwex.edu/grain IN S E C T Insects: entomology.wisc.edu/diaglab/entodiag.html and labs.russell.wisc.edu/cullenlab Pesticide Applicator Training: ipcm.wisc.edu/pat Plant diseases: www.plantpath.wisc.edu/pddc Soybeans: fyi.uwex.edu/fieldcroppathology/ and soybean.uwex.edu

A PP ENDI X Weed identification: weedid.wisc.edu Weed science: fyi.uwex.edu/weedsci Weed identification: weedid.wisc.edu Wisconsin Crop Manager: ipcm.wisc.edu/wcm Highlights of the updates using Zidua, only use on acres than can be 267 P RIN C I LE S OF to pest management in planted to corn again the following year. P E S T M NG . See page 40. wisconsin field crops— Bt corn trait updates are included 2 013 in table 2-11. This section contains newly registered Bt corn products for Euro‑ Herbicide resistance update pean corn borer and other lepidopteran The herbicide resistance section has pests above ground and corn rootworm received an update as one population of below ground. Bt trait hybrid names, target giant ragweed has been confirmed resistant

pests, and refuge requirements (percent‑ CO RN to glyphosate and one population has been age and configuration as structured refuge confirmed resistant to the ALS inhibitor, or seed blend refuge-in-the-bag) are listed. cloransulam. See page 14. Table is current as of September 8, 2012, at the time of A3646—2013 edition produc‑ Terminating corn stands for tion. See page 74. replant Avicta Complete Corn seed treatment

A short paragraph was added in the corn replaces Avicta Duo seed treatment by the SOYB EAN burndown section to address an option same manufacturer (Syngenta). This nema‑ for terminating failed glyphosate-resistant ticide/insecticide/fungicide seed treatment corn stands with SelectMax and replanting contains the systemic neonicotinoid insec‑ in 6 days. Please see details regarding this ticide active ingredient thiamethoxam. See supplemental herbicide use. See page 24. table 2-12, page 76. Besiege insecticide is a newly regis‑ FO RAGE S & Corn product updates tered premix foliar insecticide containing P A S T U RE Basis herbicide was a premix of rimsulfu‑ one pyrethroid (lambda-cyhalothrin) and ron and Harmony SG. It has been replaced one anthranilic diamide (chlorantranili in the book with Basis Blend. Basis Blend prole) active ingredient. Besiege replaces contains the same combination of active Voliam Xpress by the same manufacturer ingredients but it is a new formulation with (Syngenta) and contains the same active a different concentration of rimsulfuron ingredients and crop-insect pest uses. See SM ALL GRAIN S and thifensulfuron ingredients and there‑ table 2-12, page 76. fore it also has different rate recommenda‑ Stallion insecticide is a newly regis‑ tions. See page 25. tered premix foliar insecticide containing Fierce herbicide is a newly registered one pyrethroid (zeta-cypermethrin) and premix herbicide (Valor + Zidua) for early one organophosphate (chlorpyrifos) active preplant burndown and preemergence ingredient. See table 2-12, page 76. control of selective grass and small seeded Triple Crown insecticide is a newly reg‑ P ERENNIAL W EED S broadleaf weeds in corn. As an important istered premix foliar insecticide containing note, a label for use in soybean is still under two contact activity pyrethroid active ingre‑ review by EPA and has not been approved. dients (zeta-cypermethrin + bifenthrin) and At the time of this A3646 update, soybean one systemic neonicotinoid active ingredi‑ cannot be rotated following Fierce appli‑ ent (imidacloprid). See table 2-12, page cation. Unless a soybean label has been 76. approved prior to using Fierce, only use Fierce on acres than can be planted to corn Soybean product updates S T O RED GRAIN again the following year. See page 25. Optill PRO is a newly registered co-pack IN S E C T Zidua herbicide is a newly registered of Optill + Outlook herbicides for burn‑ seedling shoot inhibitor for preemergence down and preemergence control of selec‑ control of grass and small seeded broadleaf tive grass and broadleaf weeds in soybean. weeds in corn. As an important note, a label See page 116. for use in soybean is under review by EPA Sharpen herbicide should primarily be and has not been approved. At the time used as a burndown in soybean, so it has A PP ENDI X of this A3646 update, soybean cannot be been moved to the burndown section to rotated following Zidua application. Unless reflect this. Spray timing and rate recom‑ a soybean label has been approved prior to mendations have also been updated. See page 117. 268 Warrant herbicide is now labeled for

P RIN C I LE S OF Pasture product updates P E S T M NG . preemergence use in soybean. See page Due to label updates we have empha‑ 126. sized restrictions placed on all products Belay foliar neonicotinoid systemic that contain aminopyralid (Chaparral, insecticide (active ingredient clothianidin) Forefront, Milestone). Each of these is registered on a Supplemental Label for products have the following restrictions in some insect pests on soybean. See table 3-8, Wisconsin: page 146. ■■ Justice insecticide is a newly registered Forage from treated pastures cannot be CO RN premix foliar insecticide containing one sold for 18 months following an appli‑ systemic neonicotinoid (acetamiprid) and cation. one pyrethroid contact activity (bifenthrin) ■■ Animals must be fed aminopyralid-free active ingredient. See table 3-8, pages 146. forage for at least 3 days before being NipsIt INSIDE is a newly registered transferred to a field with plants sensi‑ seed treatment insecticide containing the tive to aminopyralid. systemic neonicotinoid active ingredient SOYB EAN ■■ Manure from animals that feed on clothianidin. See table 3-8, page 146. forage treated with aminopyralid can‑ Stallion insecticide is a newly regis‑ not be spread onto fields that will be tered premix foliar insecticide containing planted to a broadleaf crop. one pyrethroid (zeta-cypermethrin) and one organophosphate (chlorpyrifos) active Besiege insecticide is a newly registered ingredient. See table 3-8, page 146. premix foliar insecticide containing one pyrethroid (lambda-cyhalothrin) and one FO RAGE S & Triple Crown insecticide is a newly P A S T U RE registered premix foliar insecticide con‑ anthranilic diamide (chlorantraniliprole) taining two contact activity pyrethroid active ingredient. Besiege replaces active ingredients (zeta-cypermethrin + Voliam Xpress by the same manufacturer bifenthrin) and one systemic neonicotinoid (Syngenta) and contains the same active active ingredient (imidacloprid). See table ingredients and crop-insect pest uses. See 3-8, page 146. table 4-9, page 197. SM ALL GRAIN S Alfalfa product updates Small grains product updates Extreme is a newly registered herbicide NipsIt SUITE Cereals is a newly regis‑ for use in Roundup Ready alfalfa. It is a tered seed treatment insecticide/fungicide mixture of glyphosate and imazethapyr. containing the systemic neonicotinoid Extreme is registered for establishing and active ingredient clothianidin for wire‑ established stands and has the same pre- worm control on barley, oats, and wheat. P ERENNIAL W EED S harvest interval (30 days) and rotational See page 221. restrictions as Pursuit. See page 173. Stallion insecticide is a newly regis‑ Besiege insecticide is a newly registered tered premix foliar insecticide containing premix foliar insecticide containing one one pyrethroid (zeta-cypermethrin) and pyrethroid (lambda-cyhalothrin) and one one organophosphate (chlorpyrifos) active anthranilic diamide (chlorantraniliprole) ingredient. Registered on wheat only. See active ingredient. Besiege replaces Voliam table 5-4, page 222.

S T O RED GRAIN Xpress by the same manufacturer (Syn‑

IN S E C T genta) and contains the same active ingre‑ dients and crop-insect pest uses. See table 4-10, page 198. A PP ENDI X 2013: the year of carryover? 2012 is already known for its record drought and found in Planting Intervals for Rotational Crops heat. That drought has specialists concerned that (appendix table 2) beginning on page 257 of this certain herbicides used for one crop may be likely publication. to persist into the next season and damage a different crop in 2013, a process known as carryover. The soybean seedling in the photo (right) was taken from a field in southern Wisconsin in the spring of 2012 and has visible damage in the form of chlorosis and bleaching from an HPPD-inhibiting herbicide used in corn the previous growing season. Many factors affect herbicide persistence, and soil moisture is a major factor. To avoid herbicide carryover damage in your field, follow the crop rotation restrictions Photo courtesy of Dr. Shawn Conley, state soybean specialist.

Pest Management Mobile lets you access key data from A3646 from your smartphone or other mobile device. Visit pmm.pocketdata.net.

Copyright © 2012 by the Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System doing business as the division of Cooperative Extension of the University of Wisconsin-Extension. All rights reserved. Authors: Eileen Cullen is associate professor of entomology, Vince Davis is assistant professor of agronomy, Bryan Jensen is integrated pest management coordinator, Glenn Nice is pesticide applicator training (PAT) program manager, and Mark Renz is assistant professor of agronomy. All hold joint appointments with the College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin–Madison and University of Wisconsin-Extension; Cooperative Extension. Editor: Kristine Zaballos; Designer: Carol Bracewell. Cooperative Extension publications are subject to peer review. Photo credits (cover): (Clockwise from upper right) giant ragweed plants from Rock County, Wisconsin in the greenhouse 4 weeks after treatment with 3.0 lb ae/a glyphosate (two susceptible plants on the left and two resistant plants on the right), image courtesy of David Stoltenberg; Canada thistle and dandelions flourishing in a rotationally grazed pasture in southwest Wisconsin, image courtesy of Mark Renz; two-spotted spider mite image courtesy of Eileen Cullen. University of Wisconsin-Extension, Cooperative Extension, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture and Wisconsin counties, publishes this information to further the purpose of the May 8 and June 30, 1914, Acts of Congress. An EEO/AA employer, the University of Wisconsin-Extension, Cooperative Extension provides equal opportunities in employment and programming, including Title IX and ADA requirements. If you need this information in an alternative format, or if you would like to submit a copyright request, please contact Cooperative Extension Publishing at 432 N. Lake St., Rm. 227, Madison, WI 53706, [email protected]; or (608) 263-2770 (711 for Relay). This publication is available from your county UW-Extension office (www.uwex.edu/ces/cty) or from Cooperative Extension Publishing. To order, call toll-free 1-877-947-7827 or visit our website at learningstore.uwex.edu.

Pest Management in Wisconsin Field Crops—2013 (A3646) R-11-2012-2.5M