Academy of Management Journal STYLE GUIDE for AUTHORS

௠ Academy of Management Journal 2014, Vol. 57, No. 5, 1.

Academy of Management Journal STYLE GUIDE FOR AUTHORS

For information about desired content, length of ing information should NOT be included with a submissions, and how to submit manuscripts, paper submitted for review. please see “Information for Contributors” (on the Abstract. An abstract of no more than 200 words AMJ Web site at http://aom.org/Publications/AMJ/ and the title of the work go on page 2. Information-for-Contributors.aspx). For “Style Guide for Authors” on the Web, see Back Pages http://aom.org/uploadedFiles/Publications/AMJ/ AMJ_Style%20Guide_Aug%202014.pdf. Group references and any appendixes, tables, and figures at the end of your manuscript. Continue your page numbering. Manuscript Submission and Format Headings and Sections Submit manuscripts to AMJ’s online submission and review website, ScholarOne Manuscripts, at AMJ uses only three levels of headings. Use bold- http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/amj. face for all three. Main headings (all capital letters; Please use Times Roman 12-point type and the centered) are first. Second-level headings (title-style 8 1⁄2 ϫ 11 page setting. The document should be letters; flush left) are next. Third-level headings (first double spaced throughout; place page numbers in letter of first word capitalized; indented; italicized; the upper-right corner; and leave top and side mar- and run into paragraph) are next. gins of at least one inch. Don’t skip steps: no second-level headings before you use a first-level heading, for instance. Use second- and third-level headings in sets of two or Publication of Accepted Articles more. Examples: Accepted papers are copy-edited. Authors review edits in page proofs. AMJ’s production team METHODS [1st level] will contact you immediately after the Editor in Data and Sample [2nd level] Chief assigns your work to an issue. If your work is accepted, please keep the Manag- Measures [2nd level] ing Editor ([email protected]) informed of Independent variable. [3rd level] changes of address and long absences. Dependent variables. [3rd level]

Front Pages Footnotes Address. For final versions of Accepted manu- Use footnotes placed on their respective pages scripts only, a title page should be added (this is (not endnotes). not included with submissions under review). Un- der the title of your work, list authors’ names, uni- Hypotheses versity affiliations (university names only, NOT de- Fully and separately state each hypothesis you partments), and complete addresses. Example: tested separately. Phrase it in the present tense. AN EXCELLENT STUDY Give it a distinct number (Hypothesis 1) or number- A. A. MANAGEMENT SCHOLAR letter (Hypothesis 1a) label. Set hypotheses off in Current University indented blocks, in italic type. Examples: Building and/or Street City, State, Zip Code Hypothesis 1a. Concise writing has a positive relation- Tel: (000) 000-0000 ship to publication. Fax: (000) 000-0000 Hypothesis 1b. Following AMJ’s “Style Guide for Au- e-mail: [email protected] thors” has a positive relationship to publication. Language Acknowledgment. If you wish to acknowledge financial support or other assistance, add a note at Technical terms. Help your work to be accessible the bottom of your title page. This applies ONLY to to AMJ’s wide-ranging readership. Define key techni- Accepted papers. A title page with author-identify- cal terms. A technical term is a word or phrase that is

1 Copyright of the Academy of Management, all rights reserved. Contents may not be copied, emailed, posted to a listserv, or otherwise transmitted without the copyright holder’s express written permission. Users may print, download or email articles for individual use only. 2 Academy of Management Journal October not in a general-use dictionary with the meaning you Third person (less desirable)—The author developed (or even you and other published scholars) ascribe to three new items. it. Put quotation marks around the first appearance in First person (more desirable)—I developed three new your paper of each technical term, or define it. items. Abbreviations. Avoid using abbreviations for the Anthropomorphism. Do not describe inanimate names of concepts. Use ordinary words for variable entities (models, theories, firms, and so forth) as names—not code names or other abbreviations. Use acting in ways only humans can act. the same name for a variable throughout your text, tables, figures, and appendixes. Names of organizations and research instruments Appendixes may be abbreviated, but give the full name the first time you mention one of these. Names of software Present long but essential methodological de- and some databases may be abbreviated. tails, such as the calculation of measures, in an appendix or appendixes. Be concise. Reporting math. Do not “talk in math” in regular Avoid exact reproductions of surveys. text. Use words. For instance, “We surveyed 100 em- Label appendixes “APPENDIX A,” “APPENDIX ployees,” not “We surveyed n ϭ 100 employees.” B,” and so forth. A substantive title, such as “Items Do use symbols and numbers to report results in Scales,” should follow. Label tables within ap- and give formulas. Italicize letters that are custom- pendixes “Table A1,” “B1,” and so forth. arily italicized (e.g., p, r, b, F, Z). Use boldface italic for vectors. Put spaces on either side of equals signs, minus signs, etc. Tables and Figures Illustrative results within text go in parentheses. Introduce them with complete sentences. Example: Look at tables and figures in published issues of AMJ to see preferred formats. Write to the copy editor if you One coefficient for the interaction was significant (model 3: ␤ ϭ 0.06, p Ͻ .05; model 5: ␤ ϭ 1.06). have questions. Use as many pages as you need to create tables and figures that match our formats. Present equations either in your running text or The preferred format for regular tables is Mi- displayed. Examples: crosoft Word; however, WordPerfect and Acrobat Run-in equation—We used Craig’s (1992: 20) distance PDF are also acceptable. Note that a straight Excel formula (d ϭ xyz). file is not currently an acceptable format. Excel Displayed equation— files should be converted to a Word or PDF document before being uploaded. Tables that contain Ϫ␭( xt)␭ yt [e (Xt) ] artwork or graphics must be submitted as illustra- Pr(Y ϭ y x ) ϭ , (1) t t t Yt! tions in an acceptable format. Tables should be formatted as follows. Arrange where Yt is.... the data so that columns of like material read Define each new term in all equations. down, not across. The headings should be suffi- ciently clear so that the meaning of the data is Sexist or biased language. Avoid language that understandable without reference to the text. Ta- might be interpreted as denigrating. Do not use bles should have titles and sufficient experimental “he” or “she” exclusively. Using the plural— detail in a legend immediately following the title to changing “the manager . . . he” to “managers . . . be understandable without reference to the text. they”—is one solution; using “he or she” (“him or Each column in a table must have a heading, and her”) is another. abbreviations, when necessary, should be defined Active voice and first person. Write in the active in the legend or footnote. voice (“They did it”) instead of the passive voice Number tables and figures consecutively (one se- (“It was done”) to make it easy for readers to see ries for tables, one for figures). Place them at the who did what. Use the first person (“I” or “we”) to end of your manuscript, but indicate the position of describe what you, or you and your coauthors, did. each in the text as follows: Examples: ------Insert Table 2 about here Passive (less desirable)—Two items were found to lack ------factor validity by Earley (1989). Active (more desirable)—Earley (1989) found that two Each table or figure needs an introductory sentence items lacked factor validity. in your text. 2014 Style Guide for Authors 3

More on tables. Use the same name for each Page numbers in citations. Use this format: variable that you use in your text. Don’t use code Writing a book is “a long and arduous task” (Lee, 1998: 3). names and abbreviations. Example: Desirable variable name—Profitability Citation with no author. For an article with no Undesirable variable name—PRFT author, cite the periodical as author. Example: Each table should report one type of analysis Periodical as author—Analysts predicted an increase in (which is identified in the title), and each vertical service jobs (Wall Street Journal, 1999). column and horizontal row should contain only For reports, handbooks, and the like, cite the “cor- one type of data. porate author” that produced them. Example: Report only two decimal places for all statistics. Place correlation coefficients in the lower-left cor- Organization as author—Analysts predict an increase in service jobs in the U.S. Industrial Outlook (U.S. Depart- ners of their tables. ment of Commerce, 1992). Use superscript small letters for table footnotes. Such sources can also be identified informally. No Significance levels go in a stack under your reg- corresponding reference will then be needed. ular table footnotes. Example: Example:

† p Ͻ .10 Informal citation—According to the 1999 U.S. Industrial * p Ͻ .05 Outlook, published by the U.S. Department of Com- ** p Ͻ .01 merce, service jobs will increase.

Or you may use a single lettered footnote: Electronic sources. Use a regular citation (author, a All values greater than...aresignificant at.... year) if you can identify an author of one of the types discussed above (human, periodical, or cor- More on figures. Figures, unlike tables, contain porate). If not, give the web address that was your drawings (e.g., an arrow, boxes). Make sure your source in parentheses. No corresponding reference figures print out clearly so that they can be need be used in the latter case. scanned. Do not use color. References Citations References are your entries in the alphabetical These are your in-text, in parentheses, identifi- list at the end of your article or research note. This cations of other research. Every work that has a list should include only work you have cited. citation needs to have a corresponding reference Order. Alphabetize references by the last name (see “References,” below). Examples: of a sole author, a first author, or an editor, or by the Name and year—Several studies (Adams, 1994; Bern- name of a corporate author (for instance, U.S. Cen- stein, 1988, 1992; Celias, 2000a, 2000b) support this sus Bureau) or periodical (such as the Wall Street conclusion. Journal) if there is no human author or editor. Or- Year only—But Van Dorn and Xavier (2001) presented der works by an identical author by year of publi- conflicting evidence. cation, listing the earliest first. If the years of pub- Order. Order citations alphabetically. Designate lication are also the same, differentiate entries by two or more works by one author (or by an identical adding small letters (“a,” “b,” etc.) after the years. group of authors) published in the same year by Repeat the author’s name for each entry. adding “a,” “b,” and so forth, after the year. See the Books. Follow this form: Last names, initials “name and year” example above. (separated by a space). Year. Title (Boldface italic, Multiple authors. If a work has two authors, give capitalize only the first letter of the first word and both names every time you cite it. For three through of the first word after a long dash or colon.) City six authors, give all names the first time, then use where published: Name of publisher. (For small “et al.” in citations. Examples: U.S. and Canadian cities, follow the name of the city with the postal abbreviation for the state or First citation—(Foster, Whittington, Tucker, Horner, Hubbard, & Grimm, 2000). province; for small cities in other countries, give the full name of the country.) Examples: Subsequent citation—(Foster et al., 2000). Granovetter, M. S. 1965. Getting a job: A study of contracts For seven or more authors, use “et al.” even for the and careers. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. first citation. (But the corresponding reference Kahn, R. L., & Boulding, E. (Eds.). 1964. Power and conflict in should give all the names.) organizations. Glencoe, IL: Free Press. 4 Academy of Management Journal October

Katz, D., & Kahn, R. L. 1978. The social psychology of orga- Unpublished works. These include working pa- nizations (2nd ed.). New York: Wiley. pers, dissertations, and papers presented at meetings. National Center for Education Statistics. 1992. Digest of ed- Examples: ucation statistics. Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics. Duncan, R. G. 1971. Multiple decision-making structures in adapting to environmental uncertainty. Working paper Periodicals. Follow this form: Authors’ last no. 54–71, Northwestern University Graduate School of names, initials. Year. Title (regular type; same sin- Management, Evanston, IL. gle-capital rule as for books). Name of Periodical Smith, M. H. 1980. A multidimensional approach to individual differences in empathy. Unpublished doctoral dis- (boldface italic, title-style capitalization), volume sertation, University of Texas, Austin. number (issue number, if needed—see below): page Wall, J. P. 1983. Work and nonwork correlates of the career numbers. Examples: plateau. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Academy of Management, Dallas. Shrivastava, P. 1995. The role of corporations in achieving ecological sustainability. Academy of Management Re- Electronic documents. Include the author’s name, view, 20: 936–960. if known; the full title of the document; the full title of Nonaka, I. 1991. The knowledge-creating company. Harvard the work it is part of; the ftp, http, or other address; Business Review, 69(6): 96–104. and the date the document was posted or accessed. Include an issue number only if every issue of the referenced periodical begins with a page numbered Biographical Sketches 1. (Look at more than one issue to check.) Each author of an accepted article is asked to If an article has no author, the periodical is ref- submit a biographical sketch of about 50 words. erenced. Examples: Your sketch should identify where you earned your BusinessWeek. 1998. The best B-schools. October 19: 86–94. highest degree, your present affiliation and posi- Harvard Business Review. 2003. How are we doing? 81(4): 3. tion, and your current research interests. The first author should include an e-mail address, which is Chapters in books, including annuals. Follow optional for the other authors. this form: Authors’ last names, initials. Year. Title of chapter (regular type, single-capital rule. In Ed- Thank You itors’ initials and last names (Eds.), Title of book: Page numbers. City (same rules as above): Pub- Your attention to the conventions described in lisher. Examples: this guide will be much appreciated, will increase the likelihood your submission will be favorably Levitt, B., & March, J. G. 1988. Organizational learning. In reviewed, and will make the work of everyone in- W. R. Scott & J. F. Short (Eds.), Annual review of soci- ology, vol. 14: 319–340. Palo Alto, CA: Annual Reviews. volved—you, the reviewers, the editors, and the readers—easier. Please contact AMJ Managing Ed- Dutton, J., Bartunek, J., & Gersick, C. 1996. Growing a personal, professional collaboration. In P. Frost & S. Taylor (Eds.), itor Michael Malgrande at [email protected] Rhythms of academic life: 239–248. London: Sage. with your queries on AMJ’s style.