Still More Questions Than Answers?
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OPINION Still More Questions than Answers? A year on from his first look at the Lockheed Martin are balanced and fact based, Software F-35F-35 programme, David Hamilton reviews the latest highlighting both positives as well Currently there are three planned as negatives. When viewed over Blocks of software development US Government report time DOT&E reports can be very that provide increments in mission instructive in giving an objective capabilities through to the end of the HE US Department of Defense’s public relations departments who overview of a given programme, System Design and Development T(DoD) Department of wish to promote their projects devoid of PR or political hype. (SDD) phase: Block 1(initial training Operational Test and Evaluation in a positive light. A particular As the recent F-35 report is some only) with software Blocks 1A and (DOT&E) issues an annual objection raised is that the DOT&E 29-pages long, I have limited my 1B; Block 2 (advanced training assessment of major military reports are historical – they cover assessment to three prominent and initial combat) with software programmes and the F-35 is a year between each October – and areas: software, mission systems Blocks 2A (advanced training only) always of particular interest, therefore are 'out of date' by the and airframe. Software, in and 2B (initial, limited combat given its importance to the UK time of publication in mid-January, particular, is a highly critical capability) and Block 3 (full combat) and other nations. These reports so companies claim they should aspect impacting all areas of the with software Blocks 3i and 3F. are by their very nature critical, be ignored and/or the negative programme due to the near nine- There will obviously be software detailed and highly technical, thus issues have since been resolved. million lines of code – compare blocks beyond Block 3F as future are prone to being dismissed by In my view these DOT&E reports that to the two million in the F-22. capabilities are added, but until Below: A US Air Force F-35A Lightning II pilot prepares for a mission at Eglin Air Force Base, Florida, last December. US Air Force/Senior Airman Christopher Callaway 26 #313 APRIL 2014 www.airforcesmonthly.com 26-27_Opinion_Apr_GP jg.indd 26 04/03/2014 15:21 For daily news stories please visit www.airforcesdaily.com e-mail the news team at [email protected] then 'regression' issues are adding to an already complex task and having a detrimental impact on development. In simple terms, regression means that a fix in one area can cause an error in another and therefore checks across the whole package must be made. With multiple software blocks running concurrently it is not surprising that software, despite manpower being thrown at the problem, is on the critical path (or worse) to meet the ambitious initial operating capability (IOC) dates announced in May 2013 of 2015 for the US Marine Corps and 2016 for the US Air Force. When one then adds in the ‘concurrency’ issue – aircraft production ongoing Above: F-35A Lightning IIs from the 58th Fighter Squadron, 33rd Fighter Wing, Eglin AFB, perform an aerial refuelling mission off the coast despite development being of north-west Florida. The 33rd Fighter Wing is a joint graduate fl ying and maintenance training wing for international partner pilots and incomplete and modifications maintainers of the air force, marine and navy services in the US. US Air Force/Master Sgt Donald R Allen having to be retrofitted – the sheer points despite flying 302 test flights maintenance issues. However, for cracks have been discovered as complexity of the task and limited against the planned 286. Regression the F-35B in particular, weight will the test vehicles achieve around margins available to meet planned testing accounted for an additional be a critical aspect in achieving the one lifetime (8,000 hours) – fatigue development targets becomes 1,194 test points, thus highlighting mission goals set in the operational testing requires a demonstration clear. Given the programme’s the impact of this factor. requirements document (ORD). To of two lifetimes (16,000 hours) historic growth rate of 40%, if this Sensor fusion remains a concern stay within the critical ‘bring back’ before a failure. As the report is maintained then the IOC dates together with ongoing helmet, requirement (vertical recovery states: “All these discoveries will (2015 for the F-35B, 2016 for the distributed aperture system with two 1,000 lb (450kg) bombs require mitigation plans and may F-35A and 2018 for the F-35C) would (DAS), EOTS, radar, and data link and AIM-120 advanced medium include redesigning parts and appear to be already under threat, issues. For example, the current range air-to-air missiles) the F-35B additional weight”. Importantly, unless of course the required inability of the DAS to distinguish has already had to introduce a the report also criticises the mission capabilities are reduced. between the aircraft’s own flares lighter airframe – lower g, lighter lack of separate tracking of low and threat missiles makes the bulkheads, smaller stabilisers observability (LO) and non-LO Mission Systems warning system ineffective and and flaperons (with consequently repairs, which may be the cause As highlighted in the 2012 DOT&E reduces pilot situation awareness. smaller actuators). Even with of an increase in maintenance report, there were a number of Although individual fixes are these measures the margin for times compared with previous issues with the electro-optical promised within the next year, the weight growth is only some 0.16%. years. This, combined with targeting system (EOTS), radar resolution of sensor fusion concerns If not contained, vertical recovery problems with the autonomic fusion and helmet-mounted could prove more problematical. performance will be restricted logistics information system display system. Progress has been The certification to allow F-35A and could lead to alternative (ALIS), raise serious concerns made, however, the current report and F-35B production aircraft recovery modes having to be with the claimed low-cost highlights continuing and new to fly at night or instrument applied. The UK Royal Navy is maintainability of the F-35. issues across the mission systems. meteorological conditions (IMC) already looking at ship-borne Among major issues is that mission had not been released when rolling vertical landings (SRVL) as Conclusion system flight-test aircraft the report was published. a way around the problem. If this Another year of F-35 development achieved only 56% (955 out becomes a reality, one must ask (13 years in total), a fleet total of of 1,755) of the Airframe just why an airframe is flown with more than 10,000 flight hours and planned For any project, airframe weight a complicated short take-off and another DOT&E report highlighting test – if not contained – can lead to vertical landing (STOVL) system ongoing issues. Despite progress, airframe life, aerodynamic (lift fan, shaft, complex nozzle these issues question the viability performance, and 24 related doors, never mind a of the programme meeting the cost, and small weapons bay) if its capability recently announced IOC dates is not going to be fully utilised. and, in certain areas (mission Other issues with the systems and logistic support, for airframe concern example), raise real concerns as to fatigue testing the eventual operational viability where a of the F-35. An oft repeated phrase number throughout the report is “limited of margins remain”, highlighting the impact of the decision to produce aircraft in parallel with development – concurrency – and the overall impact of running concurrent/ multiple software standards – regression. No project is too big to fail – but partner nations, especially those without alternatives, afm must be getting anxious. #313 APRIL 2014 27 26-27_Opinion_Apr_GP jg.indd 27 06/03/2014 14:58 INTERVIEW GROUP CAPTAIN HARVEY SMYTH F-35 Lightning II P CAPT Smyth was Joint Combat in Iraq’s western desert, and was theatres including Op Deliberate GAircraft (JCA) Requirements appointed OBE in 2011 after his Force and Deny Flight over Bosnia; Manager from 2006 to 2008, working command of IV(AC) Squadron. Ops Bolton, Southern Watch on both sides of the Atlantic to and Telic in Iraq; Op Allied Force ensure the UK’s capability require- AFM: Can we start with a brief over Kosovo and Serbia, and Op ments were met. Subsequently, summary of your flying career? Herrick in Afghanistan. I converted from 2010 to 2013, he was the Gp Capt Smyth: I was born and to the Tornado GR4 in 2013. UK’s National Director based in educated in Co Armagh, Northern Washington DC – during this period Ireland, and joined the RAF via Could you give a brief history of he was at the forefront of bringing the RAF Sixth Form Scholarship the UK’s involvement in the Joint the first British F-35s into service Scheme in 1991. After completing Strike Fighter programme? and oversaw the start of pilot and training I flew the Harrier between The UK has been involved from Above: Gp Capt Harvey Smyth. Crown copyright/MoD engineer training for the Royal 1995 and 2010 – interspersed the very outset of the ‘concept’ Top: The F-35B BF-01 on the aft deck of the Navy and RAF. He was awarded the with two ground tours and Staff phase in the 1990s. During the USS Wasp prior to night testing on August Distinguished Flying Cross in 2003 College – and undertook combat ‘down select’ process in the early 14, 2013. From 2018, the UK F-35s will operate from HMS Queen Elizabeth. for his efforts during Scud-hunting missions from both land bases 2000s – which effectively was a Lockheed Martin/Andy Wolfe and close air support operations and aircraft carriers in multiple competition between Lockheed 28 #313 APRIL 2014 www.airforcesmonthly.com 28-32_RAFF35_Apr_GP jg.indd 28 06/03/2014 15:07 INTERVIEW GROUP CAPTAIN HARVEY SMYTH F-35 Lightning II a quantum leap for the RAF Group Captain Harvey Smyth OBE DFC ADC MA RAF is today the Station Commander at RAF Marham in Norfolk, but previously he spent several years serving on the F-35 Lightning II project.