Abnaki, the–American Slavery As It Is Abilene, Kansas–antislavery movement Italicized page numbers refer to illustrations. The following abbreviations are used in the index: m = map, c = chart, p = photograph or picture, g = graph, crt = cartoon, ptg = painting, q = quote

Adams-Onís Treaty, 326, Reconstruction, 501, 506, alcohol: antialcohol move- A A m329, 357, 363 507, 508, 511, 515; voting ment, 413; Eighteenth Addams, Jane, 539, p539, rights of, 111, 193, 201, Amendment, 249; q539 204, 247, 248, 337, 392; Twenty-first Amendment, Abnaki, the, m294 Adena Mound Builders, 30 women leaders of, 222, 221, 242, 249, 250. See also abolitionists, 415, 418–24, Advice on the Prairie p222, p427. See also slave prohibition; temperance 441; early efforts of, (Ranney), ptg330–31 trade; slavery movement 418–19; Emancipation Afghanistan, 580, 582, 584 Agricultural Adjustment Alexandria, Virginia, p471 Proclamation, 473–76, AFL. See American Administration (AAA), Alien and Sedition Acts, 613; Fugitive Slave Act, Federation of Labor 558 271, c271, crt272, 280 441–42; Harpers Ferry, agriculture: during the Civil 448, 449; increased Africa: American Coloni- Allen, Ethan, 144 War, 483; colonial, 72–73, momentum of, 419–21; zation Society and, 419; Allen, Macon B., 393 m77, 113; communities, leaders of, 419–21, Barbary Coast states, 289; Allen, Richard, p201 Ghana, 41, m41; Mali, p24–25; drought, 29; early p418–21; Thirteenth Allied Powers: of World 41–42, m41; slave trade, 1800s, p306; in English Amendment, 246, 476; War I, 547; of World War 41, 44, 102, p102, q102, colonies, 72, m77; Underground Railroad, II, 560, 561 m103, 107, 120; Songhai Farmers’ Alliance, 533; 406, 422–24, m422, m423, Empire, m41, 42; trading Great Plains, 530, p530; Al-Qaeda, 580, 581, 584 p429, 442. See also anti- kingdoms of, 41–42, m41; growth of, 310; irrigation, Amendment(s): process of, slavery movement World War II in, m560, 29; Mayan, 23; mid-1800s, 221, 242, 260. See also abortion legislation, 627 561 g396; in Middle colonies, Constitution of the Acoma, the, 32 African Americans: aboli- m83, 103; of Native United States; specific Act of Toleration, 88 tionists, 418–24, 421; Americans, 19; in New amendments, by number Adams, Abigail, 149, p149, American Revolution, England, m77, 101, 307, American Antislavery p278, 322, q325 164, 167, 175–76, ptg184; 310; plantation system, Society, 420, 421 Adams, John, p147, p602; Black Codes, 505; in busi- 55, 104–06, ptg105, q312, American colonies. See 1796 election, 270; 1800 ness, 393; on cattle drives, ptg385, 402–03, ptg402; English colonies election, 271–72, 278–79; p529; Christianity, 405; cit- rice, m87, p90, 107–08, American Colonization American Revolution, izenship granted to, 505; 398, 399; sharecropping, Society, 419 512, 518; Shays’s Rebel- q163; Boston Massacre, civil rights movement, American Crisis, The, from lion, 200, p200, q200; 137; Continental Con- p566, p568; in the Civil (Paine), q166 War, 464, c475, p475, Southern, 104–06, p105; gress, 142; Declaration of American Federation of 476–77, p476, p613; cultur- Southern, mid-1800s, 310; Independence, 147, 150, Labor (AFL): formation al traditions of, 106, Southern, 1850–1890, 518, ptg150; federal court sys- of, 536–37 tem, 281; France, relations 403–05, p404; discrimina- g519, 520; technology American Fur Company, with, 270; Great Britain, tion against, 543; educa- effect on, 389; tenant 357 relations with, 264–65; tion of, 106, 201, 392, 405, farmers, 402, 518; terrace Marbury v. Madison, 222, 413, 414, 502, 511–12, farming, 26, p24–25; American Indian 281, 625; James Monroe p512, 543, 621, 624; in tobacco, 72–73, m87, 107, Movement (AIM), 568 visit to, 322; Treaty of English colonies, 1700, 398, 399; western, 263, American Party, 395; 1856 Paris, 185, 198; U.S. rep- g81; factory workers, 310. See also farmers election, 446. See also resentative in London, 392–93, ptg392; Fifteenth Aguinaldo, Emilio, 545 Know-Nothing Party 198; as vice president, Amendment, 248, 508, AIM. See American Indian American Red Cross, 480 511, 519, 523, 542; free, in p234, 258, 259 Movement American Revolution: the North, 421; free, in Adams, John Quincy, p602; airplane, p535, 536 African Americans in, the South, 106, 406–07, Alabama, 397; readmission 164, 167, 175–76, ptg184; 1824 election, 334–35, 420, ptg434–35, 513; to Union, 507; secession, Continental Congress, c335, 518; 1828 election, Freedmen’s Bureau, 502, 451, m452; statehood, 319; First, 141–42, 152; 334, 335–36; Adams-Onís 505, 511, 512; in govern- steel industry in, 518 Continental Congress, Treaty, 326, 357, 363; and ment, 510, q517; Jim Crow Manifest Destiny, 359; as laws, 519; leaders, 405–06; Alamo, Battle of, 364, Second, 147–48, ptg148, president, 335; as secre- literature of, 192, p192; in p364–65, 365–66 187; Declaration of tary of state, 326, 436 North vs. South, mid- Alaska, 17, 357; population Independence, 147, Adams, Samuel, 134, 137, 1800s, c409; during of, 358; statehood, 565 150–51, ptg150, q151, 138, p138, q138, 139, 143; Reconstruction, 502, Albany, New York: Erie 154–57; early years, Committee of Corre- 504–06, ptg505, p511, p512, Canal, 318, m318; 162–68; events leading to, spondence, 152; Conti- q517; segregation of, 566; Revolutionary War, 152; influence of, 187. See nental Congress, 142; voting rights, after Recon- 167–68; steamboat travel, also Revolutionary War Second Continental struction, 519, crt520; vot- 316 American Slavery As It Is Congress, 148 ing rights, during Albany Plan of Union, 119 (Weld), 420

648 Index American Society for the Promotion of Temperance–biographies, using

American Society for the Arab-Israeli conflict(s): oil Ashmun Institute, 414 election, 336; Andrew Promotion of embargo, 573; peace Asia: immigrants from, 376; Jackson, action against, Temperance, 413 negotiations between, land bridge from, 14, 16, 348–50; McCulloch v. Americans with 573, 574, p574, 576, 585 20–21, m21; trade with, Maryland, 625–26 Disabilities Act of 1990, architecture: The Capitol, 288 banking industry, c275 p568 p261; early civilization, Asian Americans: discrimi- Banneker, Benjamin, p260 Ames, Nathaniel, q116 p23–24; Independence nation against, 543; Barbary Coast states, 289 Amherst, Jeffrey, 124 Hall, p202, p204; women, in politics, 577. Barton, Clara, 480, p480, 481 Monticello, p279; New amnesty: during Recon- See also individual coun- Bataan Peninsula, 562 England colonies, 101, struction, 501, 503, 514 try of origin p101; Old Senate Battle of North Point analyze information: cause assembly, freedom of, 220, (Troiani), ptg277 Chamber, p209 228, 244 and effect, 15, 120, 360, Battle of the Bulge, 561 Argentina: human rights in, Astor, John Jacob, 357 494; comparing, 462, 464, 574 Baumfree, Isabella. See 499; drawing conclusions, astrolabe, 40, p16, p40 Aristotle, on government, Truth, Sojourner 352, 409, 472; drawing astronomy: Mayan, 23–24 242 Bay of Pigs, 568–69 inferences, 30, 372, 483; Atahualpa, 53 Arizona, m87, 92; Gadsden bear arms, right to, 244 finding main idea, 521, Atlanta, Georgia: Civil War, Purchase, 374, m380 Bear Flag Republic, 373, 523; making generaliza- m489, 490; growth of, 406 Arkansas, 397; Civil War, p373 tions, 360, 407, 464; mak- Atlanta University, 502, 512 487; readmission to Beauregard, P.G.T., 466–67, ing predictions, 231, 378, Union, 501, 507; seces- atomic bomb, m562, 563 469 444; sequencing, 141, 459, sion, 452, 453, 460 attainder, bill of, 237 Becknell, William, 370 495; summarizing, 470, Attorney General, Office 472, 484 Arkwright, Richard, 309 Beckwourth, Jim, 358 armed forces: of, 259 Anasazi, the, 28, 29, p29 African Beecher, Catherine, 427–28 Americans in, g475, Attucks, Crispus, 137 Anderson, Joseph Reid, 400 Beecher, Lyman, 413 p475–76, 476, 477–78; dur- Austin, Moses, 363 Angel Island, San Belgium: in World War I, ing Civil War, 453, 460, Austin, Stephen F., 363, 547, m549 Francisco, 537 464, 471, 478–79; com- p363, 365 Belize, 23 Anglican Church, 76–77, 78, mander in chief, 209, 210, Austria: Spain, relations Bell, Alexander Graham, 113, 164 225–26; constitutional with, 327 536 Anthony, Susan B., p426, authority for, 217; draft, Austro-Hungarian Empire, Bell, John, 450, m457 427 229, 569; military buildup, 547 anthrax, 582 575; Navy symbol, p237; Bell Telephone Company, automobile, 536 536 Antietam, Battle of, m470, Selective Service Act, 548; automobile industry, 550 Spanish-American War, Bellamy, Francis, 619 471–72, 480, p492–93 Axis Powers, 559, 560; in 545; World War I, 548–49. Belleau Wood, Battle of, Antifederalist Papers, The, World War II, 561 See also military 548 212 Aztec civilization, 23, 24–25, arms, right to bear, 244 Bennington, Vermont, 168 Antifederalists, 212, ptg212, m27, 52–53, q53 q212, q215 arms race: effort to end, 573, Bering land bridge, 14, 16, 575 20–21, m21 anti-immigrant sentiment, 395, 538, 543, 550 Army of Northern Virginia, B Bering Strait, 17 485 Beringia, anti-Semitism, 543, 561, 563 17, 18 Arnold, Benedict, 144, 149, Berkeley, Lord John, 84 anti-slavery movement: backcountry, the, 105 168 Berkeley, Sir William, 88 American Colonization Bacon, Nathaniel, 88–89, arrowhead, p16 Berlin Wall, 568–69; col- Society, 419; Frederick p89 Douglass, leader of, 373; art: African celebration, lapse of, p575, 576 colonial, p105; Civil War Bacon’s Rebellion, 88–89 Northern reaction to, 423, Bessemer, Henry, 518, 535

quilt, 496–97, p496; colo- Bagley, Sarah G., 393 Index 424; roots of, 418; Bessemer Process, 535 nial tapestry, p104; trends Balboa, Vasco Núñez de, Southern reaction to, 423, Bibb, Henry, 423 in, 415 48–49 424; Underground Biddle, Nicholas, crt337, artifacts, using, 139, 448, 495 Baltimore, Lord, 87 Railroad, 406, 422–24, 349 Arthur, Chester A., p608 Baltimore, Maryland, m87; m422, m423, p429, 442. See big business, age of, 536. 1832 nominating conven- also abolitionists Articles of Confederation, See also business p193, 613; America’s first tion, 337; in the Civil War, antiwar sentiments: bill of attainder, 237 constitution, 193–94; 461, 486; growth of, 406; Vietnam War protests, 569 approval of, 193–94; railroads, 388; steam loco- Bill of Rights, 205, 208, 220, Anzio, Italy, 561 Constitution compared motives, 388; telegraph, c221; Constitution, addi- Apache, the, 32, 363, 532 to, c206; federal vs. state 389; as trade center, 311; tion to the, 212, 213, Appalachian Mountains, powers under, 193–95, War of 1812, ptg277, 299 220–21, 244, 260 105 c196; revision of, 199, 201; Bank of the United States, Bill of Rights, English, 208 appeals courts, 226, 241 strengths of, 194; weak- First, 262 Bingham, Hiram, 22 Appomattox Courthouse, nesses of, 195 Bank of the United States, bin Laden, Osama, 580, 584 Virginia, m489, 491 Ashcroft, John, 583 Second, 311, 324–25; 1828 biographies, using, 380

Index 649 Black Americans–Century of Dishonor, A

Black Americans. See Brown, John, 444, p444, 445, dent, 226, 240; of George The Capitol, Washington, African Americans 448 Washington, 259 D.C., p261 Black Codes, 505 Brown v. Board of Cabot, John, m48 Caribbean Islands, 47 Black Hawk, chief, m342, Education, 566, 620, 624 Cabral, Pedro Alváres, 45, Carnegie, Andrew, 536 344–45, p345, q345 Bruce, Blance K., 510 m48 carpetbaggers, 510 Black Hills, South Dakota, Bryan, William Jennings: Cactus Hill, Virginia, 20, Carson, Kit, 358, 373 531–32 1896 election, 533 m21 Carter, James, q312 Black Muslims, 567 Buchanan, James, p607; Cahokia Mound Builder Carter, James E., Jr., p610; Blackwell, Elizabeth, p427 1856 election, 446; Dred settlement, 30–31 1976 election, 574; 1980 bleeding Kansas, 443–44 Scott decision, 446–47; Cairo, Illinois, 468 election, 574; economic blockade: British, in secession, reaction to, 451 Calhoun, John C., p440; policies of, 574; foreign Revolutionary War, budget deficit. See deficit, 1828 election, 336, crt336; policy of, 574; Iranian 178–79; of France, by budget 1844 election, 360; hostage crisis and, 574, England, 290; of Tripoli, Buena Vista, Mexico, 373 Compromise of 1850, p574 289; Union, of Southern buffalo, 531 438–39; as secretary of Carteret, Sir George, 84 ports, 463, 467–68, m470, Buffalo, New York: Erie war, 326; slavery in terri- Cartier, Jacques, m48, 60, 480, 483, m487 Canal, 318, m318; growth tories and, 437–38, q440; m61 Blue Jacket, chief, 264 of, 393; railroads, 388; states’ rights, support of, cartoons: 1828 election, Bolívar, Simón, 327 steamboats, 387 322–23, 336, 338, 339, crt337; African American Bolivia, 327 Bull Run, First Battle of, q339; War Hawk, 293 voting rights, crt520; Bolsheviks, 548 466–67, m470, 480 California: California Bear fighting in Congress, Bonaparte, Napoleon: Bull Run, Second Battle of, Flag, 373, p373; California crt272; Grant administra- England, war with, 299; m470 Trail, m381; Gold Rush, tion, crt514; Andrew James Madison, relations Bunker Hill, Battle of, 375–77, c377, crt378; Jackson, crt325, crt328, with, 291; plans for ptg131, 145, 152, m153, Mexican War, 371–73, crt337, crt338, crt349; American empire, 283 m169 m372; Mexico, control of, political, crt176, crt213, Bonhomme Richard, 179 Bunker Hill (Troiani), 370, 371, 373–74, p373; crt272, crt297, crt325, Boone, Daniel, 132 ptg131 missions in, 92–93, p93, crt337, crt338, crt349, Booth, John Wilkes, 502 Bunyan, Paul, 319 370; Native Americans, crt378, crt514, crt520; rati- border states: in Civil War, Burgoyne, John, 167–68 32; settlement of, 370, fying the Constitution, 461 Burnet, David G., 367 375–77, p375, c377; slav- crt213; Sedition Act, Boston, Massachusetts: Burns, Anthony, 441, p441 ery issue in, 437–39; crt272; War of 1812, Spanish, 370–71; state- crt297 British troops in, 136; Burnside, Ambrose, 472, hood, 377; women’s prop- Constitution ratification, 486 Cary, Mary Ann Shadd, 213; Revolutionary War, erty laws, 428 p427 Burr, Aaron: 1796 election, 149, m153; as trade center, Californios, 373, 376 270; 1800 election, 278; Castro, Fidel, 568–69 311 Hamilton, duel with, 285 Calvert, Sir George, 87 casualties of, g488 Boston Harbor (Salmon), Bush, George H.W., p610; Calvin, John, 59 Catholic Church: immi- ptg257 1988 election, 575; Oper- Cambodia, m569, 570 grants, members of, 395; Boston Massacre, 137 ation Desert Storm, 576 Camden, South Carolina, Native Americans, mis- Boston Tea Party, 138–39, Bush, George W., p525, 180 sions, 56–57, p56–57, m65, p138, m153 q525, p555, q576, p610; Canada: Convention of 92–93, p93, 369; Protestant Bowie, Jim, 365, 366 domestic policy of, 577; 1818, 326; Rush-Bagot Reformation and, 59 boycotts: colonial, 134, 135, 2000 election, 518, 576; Treaty, 326 Catlin, George, 313, ptg313 137, 138, 142 2004 election, 576; State of canals, 318, m318, 319, 387 cattle industry, 529, p529, Boyd, Belle, 480 the Union Address, p226; Cape Cod, Massachusetts, 530, m553 Boyd, Henry, 393 war on terrorism, 582–85, 77 Cavelier, Robert. See Braddock, Edward, 122–23, q582, q585, 604–605, p605 Cape of Good Hope, 44 LaSalle, Robert Cavelier p122 business: African capital, 387 Sieur de Bradford, William, 77 Americans in, 393; capi- capitalism: 308; economic Cayuga, the, 33, 117 Brady, Mathew, p482 talism, 308; corporations, independence, 310–11; Cayuse, the, 358 Brant, Chief Joseph, 178 311; free enterprise, 308; Index foreign trade, 288–89; census, of 1780, 314–15; of government regulation Brazil: Portuguese control Industrial Revolution, 1790, 314 of, 541–42, 543; growth in, 327 307–08; joint-stock com- Central America: Spain, of, 536; stock, 311 Breckinridge, John C., 450, pany, 71; mediums of independence from, 327; Butler, Andrew P., 444 m457 exchange, 95; private land Spanish control in, Breed’s Hill, 145 ownership, 73; role of 327 Brent, Margaret, p88 C profit, 308; Southern Central Pacific Railroad, Bridger, Jim, 358 industry, 399–400, 518; 529 Broker, Ignatia, 295, p295 Cabeza de Vaca, Álvar technology and, 308, 315. Central Powers: of World Brooks, Preston, 444 Núñez, m52, 53–54 See also business; econo- War I, 547 Brown, Henry “Box,” 422, cabinet: of Thomas my; industry Century of Dishonor, A p422 Jefferson, 280; of presi- Capitol Hill, p261 (Jackson, H. H.), 532

650 Index Chaco Culture National Historical Park–communism

Chaco Culture National Americans, 405; Native Civil Rights Act of 1964, of 1850, 438–39; Force Bill, Historical Park, p28 Americans’ conversion to, 567 339; Missouri Compro- Champlain, Samuel de, 56–57, p56–57, 92–93, p93, civil rights movement, mise, 323–24, 437; as sec- m61, 62 117, 358, 370, m65. See also 566–68, p566, p568; Brown retary of state, 335; War Chancellorsville, Virginia: religion(s); individual v. Board of Education, 621; Hawk, 293, 323 Battle of, 486, m487 churches; individual civil disobedience, 566; Claypoole, David, p325 Charles I, king of England, faiths Civil Rights Act of 1964, Clermont, 316–17, p320 78, 82, 84–85, 87 Church of England. See 567; disabled Americans, Cleveland, Grover, p608 Anglican Church 568, p568; Hispanic Charles II, king of England, cliff dwellings, 29 83, 89, 108 Church of Jesus Christ of Americans, 567–68; of Kennedy administration, climate effects, 17 Charles Town, South the Latter-day Saints. See Mormons 567; leaders of, 567; Clinton, Bill, p610; 1996 Carolina, m87, 179, 180, election, 576; domestic Churchill, Winston, p564 migrant workers, 568; 185 policies of, 576; economy Cincinnati, Ohio, 393; Native Americans, 568; Charleston, South Carolina, under, 576; impeachment growth of, 311, 393; school segregation, 566, 89; in the Civil War, p499, p566; Voting Rights Act of proceedings against, 576; steamboats, 387 q521, cotton exchange in, 1965, 567; women, 567 terrorism, 581 cities, ptg257; California 403 Civil War (1861–1865), Clinton, DeWitt, 317 Gold Rush, 376; civil charter colonies, 110 ptg459, ptg461, q485; unrest in, 567; corruption Clinton, Henry, 180, 182, Château-Thierry, 548 African Americans in, in, 541, 542; culture in, 184, 185 Chattanooga, Tennessee, 464, c475, p475, 476–77, 539; immigrants in, clipper ship, 387, p387, 406, m487, 488 p476, p613; Anaconda 393–94, 537–38, p537; 455 Chávez, César, 568 Plan of, m488; beginning Industrial Revolution, Clovis, New Mexico, 20, of, q452, 453; border checks and balances, growth of, g310, 311; life m21 states, 461; casualties of, 210–11, c218, 219–20, c224 in, 538, 540; life in indus- g488, 501; debt from, 247; coal industry, 535; Penn- Cherokee, the, 33, m294, trial, 311, 393; Mayan, defined, 444; early years sylvania, 307 p341, m342, p346, p347, 23–24, p23; middle and of, 466–72; in the East, Coercive Acts, 139 367; accomplishments of, upper class in, 538; 469–72, m470; economy Cold War, 564; Bay of Pigs 341; Trail of Tears, m342, poverty in, 538–39; rural 343–44, ptg343, q343, q344, during, 482–83; Emanci- incident, 568–69; Berlin migration to, 534, g538; in pation Proclamation, Wall, 568–69, p575, 576; m346–47, 627; Worcester v. the South (mid-1800s), Georgia, 343, 627 473–76, 617, p617; events Korean War, 565 400, 406–07; suburbs, 538, leading to, 436–53; final Chesapeake, 290 Cole, USS, 580, m581 g565, 566; Tenochtitlán, battles of, 488–91, m488, Chesapeake Bay, 71, 74, m75 24–25 collective bargaining, 537 m489, p491; invasion of Colombia, 327 Chesnut, Mary, q480 citizenship: to African the North, 486–87; life colonies. See English Cheyenne, the, 531–32 Americans, 505; becom- during, 478–81, p481; lit- Colonies Chicago, Illinois, 387; city ing a citizen, 229; colonial erature, 465; money of, government corruption government, 110–11; con- p236, 483; Northern victo- Colorado: gold in, 528, 529; in, 542; civil unrest in, stitution, views of, ries, 486–88, m487, m488; Pike’s expedition, 285 567; growth of, 393 268–69; Constitutional opposition to, 481–82; Columbia, South Carolina, Chickahominy River, 74, debate, 211–13; defined, quilting during, 496–97, 406 m75 247; Emancipation p496; raising armies, 453, Columbia River, 357 Chickasaw, the, 33, m294, Proclamation, 474–75; 460, 463–64, g475, p475, Columbian Exchange, 60, 313, 341, m342 equality, 175–76; Great 476–77, 481–82; results of, m60 Compromise, 204–05; Chief Joseph, 532, q532 491, 501; at sea, 467–68, Columbus, Christopher, Great Migration, 79; rep- Chile, 327 p468; Southern victories, q12, 43, q593; Columbian resentative government, 485–86; the two sides, China: immigrants from, Exchange and, 60, m60; 73; responsibilities of, 460–64, 482–83; in the 537; immigrants from, in navigation by, 97; voy- 229–30; rights of, 228; vot- West, 468–69; women in, California, 376; Nixon ing rights, p218–19, 228, ages of, 45, 46–47, m48,

477, 479–80, 481. See also Index visit to, 572, p572, 573; q46 230, 248, 336–37 Confederacy; Union trade with, 288, 573. See city government: corruption (North before Civil War) Comanche, the, 363 also People’s Republic of in, 541, 542 Civilian Conservation committees of correspon- China civil disobedience, 415, 566 Corps (CCC), 558 dence, 137–38, 145, Chinese Americans, 537; in civil rights: Bill of Rights, Clark, George Rogers, 178, 152 California, 376; discrimi- 205, 208, 212, 213, 220, 181 Common Sense (Paine), nation against, 543 c221, 244, 260; Declaration Clark, William, 284–85 149–50, q150, 166 Chinook, the, 32 of Independence, 147, Clay, Henry, p438, q438; communication: improve- Chisholm Trail, 529, m553 150–51, ptg150, q151, 1824 election, 334–35, ments in, p386, 389 Chisholm v. Georgia, 245 154–57, q228, 280, 412; c335; 1828 election, crt337; communism, 550; in China, Choctaw, the, 313, ptg313, Fourteenth Amendment, 1832 election, 349–50; 565; Cold War, 564; in p340, 341, m342 229, 247, 505–07, 624, 625, 1844 election, 351, 360, Europe, collapse of, 572, Chou En-lai, 572, p572, q572 626 368; American System, 574, 576; Kennedy admin- Christianity: 39, 46, 53, Civil Rights Act of 1866, 324; Bank of the United istration and, 568–69; 110–12; of African 505 States, 349; Compromise Truman Doctrine and, 564

Index 651 compass–Czechoslovakia

compass, p43, 96–97, p96, national bank, 262; c218, 220; interpreting, corruption: city govern- p96–97 National Road, 315; 221; judicial review and, ment, 541, 542; in Grant Compromise of 1877, Nonintercourse Act, 290; 222, 226, 281, 621; limited administration, crt514, 516–17 pay raises for, 253; pow- government, 218–19, c218; 515; Reconstruction gov- computer software, using, ers denied, 237–38, 259; popular sovereignty, 218, ernments, 510, 514 159, 381, 551 powers of, 209, c224, c218, 442, 447; Preamble, Cortés, Hernán, q25, 52–53, Concord, Massachusetts, 236–37, 280; protective 217, q217, 233; principles q53 143, m143, 144, 152, m153 tariff, 262; Revolutionary of, 218–21; privacy pro- cotton gin, 308, 398, p399, 403 War debt, 261; Revolu- concurrent powers, 219 tected by, 627; ratification cotton industry: 1850–1890, tionary War pay, 186; Seal Conestoga wagon, of, 211–13, crt213, 243; g519; Civil War, 463; p282, of, p223; slave trade, out- Republicanism, 218, c218; growth of, 310; Southern, 283, p293, p382 lawed by, 405; Social reserved powers, 219; 397–99, p397, g398, m398, Confederacy, p460; African Security Act, 558; states, roots of, 207–08, q208; p399, 403, 518 Americans in, 476; forma- admission by, 242; tion of, 451; goals, 463; separation of powers, counter-terrorism, 583 supremacy clause of c218, 219, c224; signers of, reaction to, 451–52 Constitution and, 243; tax Country School, The 243; supremacy clause of, Confederate Battle Flag, laws, originated by, 235; (Homer), ptg411 243. See also federal gov- p486 treasury system, 350; court system: creation of, ernment; state govern- Confederate States of Treaty of Paris, 185, 186, 210 ment America. See Confederacy 198; War of 1812, 294. See court system, federal: cre- Confederation Congress, also House of Repre- Constitutional Convention ation of, 259; Jefferson 194, 195; Articles of sentatives; Senate (1787), 202–05, p202, p204; administration, 280–81 approving the constitu- Confederation, 193–94; Connecticut, m77, 79, c81; Cowpens, South Carolina, tion, 205, q205; New Finance Department cre- agriculture in, 307; as 182 Jersey Plan, 203; slavery ated by, 197; John charter colony, m77, 110, Crane, Stephen, 465, p465, issue, 204–05, 418; Three- Hanson, 198; land poli- 119; Constitutional 539 cies, 195–96; Ordinance of Convention, 204; popula- Fifths Compromise, 203–04 Crawford, William H.: 1824 1785, 194, p194, 196; pow- tion of, 1700, g81; slavery, election, 334–35, c335 ers of, 194, 195, 199 201, 436; state constitu- Constitutional Union Party, Crazy Horse, 531–32 Congress, U.S., 223–25; tion, 193 450 Creek, the, 33, 298, 313, 337, Alien and Sedition Acts, conservation: by Theodore Continental Army, 148, 149, q340, 341, m342, 367 271, crt272; amendment Roosevelt, 543 p152, 166–69, ptg173, 174 Crevecoeur, J. Hector St. process and, 221, 242, 260; constitution: the first, writ- Continental Congress, 152, John, q594 armed forces buildup, ten in America, 79, 607; 172; Continental Army, 270; Bank of the United Iroquois, 33. See also 165, 178, 180; prints paper Crittenden, John, 451, 463 States, Second, 311, Constitution of the money, 174–75, p175, 197, Crockett, Davy, 362–63, 625–26; checks and bal- United States; state p197; Revolutionary War p362, q362, 365, 366; and ances, 210, 219–20, c224; government debt, 197; state govern- Texas war for independ- commerce clause of Constitution, U.S.S., 297, ments, 193; Treaty of ence, 363 Constitution and, 221; p312, 313 Paris, 185, 186, 198; war- Cromwell, Oliver, 82 committees, 224–25; com- Constitution of the United ships, Revolutionary War, Cruz, Juanita Inés de la, 54, position of, 209; Com- States (1787), 233–53, 412; 179 ptg54 promise of 1850, 438–39; amendment process, 221, Continental Congress, Cuba: Castro takeover, 568; Constitutional amend- 242, 260 (See also specific Second, 147–48, ptg148, independence, 545; ments and, 221; Dawes amendments, by num- 150, ptg150, 187; Articles Spanish control in, 327; Act, 532; declaration of ber); Articles of Confed- of Confederation, Spanish-American War, war, 223, 225, 236; elastic eration compared to, approval of, 194; plans for m544, 545 clause of Constitution c206; Bill of Rights, 205, new government, 193–94 culture(s): of African and, 221, 237; Embargo 208, 212, 213, 220, c221, Convention of 1818, 326 Americans, 106; Act, 290; federal court 244, 260; branches of gov- Coolidge, Calvin, p609 American, changing of, system established by, ernment, 209–10, c224; 415; changing of, 394–95; Cooper, Peter, 388 259, 281; the first, 259; checks and balances, colonial, 112–13; of early Copperheads, Force Bill, 339; functions 210–11, c218, 219–20, c224; 481 1900, 539; early civiliza- of, 223, 235–36; how bill commerce clause of, 221; Coral Sea, Battle of, m562, tion, 19; the Enlighten- Index becomes law, 224–25, concurrent powers, 219; 562 ment, 113, 208; of c225, 235–36; internal elastic clause of, 221, 237; Corbin, Margaret, 165 enslaved persons, 403–05; improvements, 324; enumerated powers, 219, Corinth, Mississippi, 469 of immigrants, 394–95; of Interstate Commerce Act, 236; federal government Cornish, Samuel, 393, 421 Native Americans, m30; 542; intra and interstate powers, 208–09, 268–69; Cornwallis, Charles, 167, Renaissance, 39 commerce and, 624–25; the federal system, 180, 182, 184–85, ptg185 Cummings, Kate, q481 Kansas-Nebraska Act, 208–09, c218, 219–20, 442–43, m443; lame-duck c219; federalism, c218, Coronado, Francisco currency. See money session of, 249, 226, 240; 219, c219; flexibility of, Vásquez de, m52, 54 Custer, George, 532 legislative branch, 223–25, 232; goals of, 217–18; corporations, 536; develop- Cuzco, 26 c224, 233–38; Lewis and implied powers, 221, ment of, 311 Czechoslovakia: after World Clark expedition, 284–85; 268–69; individual rights, Corps of Discovery, 287 War I, 549

652 Index da Gama, Vasco–Elections (Presidential) of

1960 election, 566; 1988 Proclamation, q476; tion, 576; during depres- D election, 575; 1992 elec- Mexican War, 372–73; sions, 350; global, 572; tion, 576; 2000 election, Seneca Falls Convention, Industrial Revolution, da Gama, Vasco, 44–45 576, m587; 2004 election, 426 311; of the North, mid- Dade, Francis, 344 576; division of, 444–45, draft: during Civil War, 453, 1800s, 386–90; Reagan Dakota, the, 32 481; Kansas-Nebraska 460, 464, 481–82; register- administration and, 575; Dakota Territory, m531, 532 Act, 443; Lincoln-Douglas ing for, 229; and Vietnam of South, mid-1800s, Daniel Boone Escorting debates, 447–48; Mexican War, 569; and World War 397–400, 398–99, g398, Settlers Through the War, 372; during I, 548 m398, q400, 401–03. See Cumberland Gap Reconstruction, 514–15; Drake, Sir Francis, 71, 118, also Great Depression (Bingham), ptg254–55 Southern political power p118 Ecuador, 327 Dare, Virginia, 71 of, 517; spoils system, Dred Scott decision, 446–47; Edison, Thomas Alva, 535 337, 348 database management sys- Civil Rights Act of 1866 education: African tem (DBMS), 551 Democratic-Republican and, 505; reaction to, 447, American women, p427; Daughters of Liberty, 135, Party: 1796 election, 624 African Americans, 106, 138–39 269–70; 1800 election, Dred Scott v. Sandford, 201, 392, 405, 413, 414, 271–72, 278–79; 1808 elec- Daughters of Temperance, 446–47, 624 502, 511–12, p512, 543, tion, 291; 1828 election, 427 drought: defined, 29 624; Brown v. Board of 335–36; emergence of, 268; Education, 621; children Davis, Jefferson, p450, 451; Du Bois, W.E.B., q520, q521, Federalists, differences with disabilities, 568; col- commander in chief, 462, 543 between, 268–69, c269 lege, 414; colonial, 113, 471–72, 482, 491; Fort due process, 228, 244, 247, depression: in 1873, 515. See 115; country schools, Sumter, attack upon, 453; 447, 506, 627 ptg411; disabled Inaugural Address, 450 also Great Depression Dukakis, Michael, 575 Americans, 414–15, p427, Dawes, William, 143, m143 Deseret, Utah, 378 Duke, James, 518 568; normal schools, 413; Dawes Act, 532 Detroit, Michigan, 178; civil Dunmore, Lord, 164 unrest in, 567; growth of, one-room schoolhouse, D-Day, 561 Dust Bowl, p557 393; War of 1812, 297 p414; public education, De Grasse, François, 184 Dutch West India Dewey, George, 545 539; public schools, 407, De Soto, Hernando, m52, 54 Company, 62, 83 512; during Reconstruc- Dias, Bartholomeu, 44 death penalty, 624 tion, 511–12, p512; reform Dickens, Charles, 386 debt. See national debt of, 413–15; school enroll- Dickinson, Emily, 415, q415 E Decatur, Stephen, 289 ment, 1850–2000, g431; disabled Americans, 567; decision making, 97, 383, school segregation, 566, education for, 414–15, East Germany: reunion with 497 p566; segregation in p427 West, 576 Declaration of schools, 392; slaves, 106; discrimination: African East India Company, Independence (1776), in the South (mid-1800s), Americans, 392, 543; free 138–39, 139 147, 150–51, ptg150, q151, 407; women, 413, 414, African Americans, 201, economics: abolitionism, 154–57, q228, 280, 412 427–28, p427, 567 407, 519, crt520; immi- impact of, 424; of agricul- Declaratory Act, 134 Edwards, Jonathan, p110, grants, 395, 543, 544; ture, g5, 72; American Deere, John, 390 112 Jews, 543; Mexican Revolution, 174–75; capi- Eighteenth Amendment, Deerfield, Massachusetts, talism, 308; colonial, 72, Americans, 544; racial, 221, 249 117 109; free enterprise, 308; 543; in voting rights, 201, Eighth Amendment, 245 deficit, budget: of Reagan 248; women, 393, 426 industry, impact of, 536; Einstein, Albert, 563 administration, 575 disease: in cities, 311, 539; of mercantilism, 109; Middle Eisenhower, Dwight D., Delaware: in the Civil War, colonists, 72, 74, 77; in colonies, m83, 103–04, p609; 1952 election, 565; 461; colonial, m83; Mexican War, 374; Native p104; national bank, 262, domestic policy of, 565; Constitution ratification, Americans, effect on, 53, 625–26; New England military career of, 439; 213; Constitutional 55, 358 colonies, m77, 101–03, Convention, 203; as pro- p102, m103; plantation Operation Overlord, district courts, 226 WWII, 561; Pledge of prietary colony, 110 owners, 403, c403; silver Index District of Columbia: elec- Delaware, the, vs. gold standard and, Allegiance, 619; Vietnam 292 tors from, 251. See also 533; of Southern colonies, policy, 569 Democratic Party: 1828 elec- Washington, D.C. tion, 335–36, m353; 1836 g72, m87, 104–06, p105; El Paso, Texas, 53 Dix, Dorothea, 414–15, 481 election, 350; 1840 elec- Southern rural economy, Elections (Congressional) Dorris, Michael, tion, 350, 351; 1844 elec- 50, p50 518, 520; tariff issue, 328; of: 1826, 335; 1832, 339; tion, 351, 360, 368, 437; Doubleday, Abner, q453 trade, growth of, 39, 41; 1842, 447; 1848, 447; 1854, 1848 election, 438; 1852 Douglas, Stephen A.: 1860 of Washington’s presiden- 446, 455; 1858, 447; 1866, election, 442; 1856 elec- election, 449–50, m457; cy, 260–61 506–07; 1874, 515 tion, 445, 446; 1860 elec- Compromise of 1850, 439; economy: 1950s prosperity, Elections (Presidential) of: tion, 449–50, m457; 1864 Kansas-Nebraska Act, 566; after Revolutionary 1796, 269–70; 1800, election, 489–90; 1868 442–43; Lincoln-Douglas War, 197, 199–200; after 271–72, 278–79; 1804, 290; election, 508; 1872 elec- debates, 447–48 World War I, 550; Carter 1808, 291; 1816, 321; 1820, tion, 514; 1876 election, Douglass, Frederick, 406, administration, 574; dur- 322; 1824, c325, 334–35, m515, 516; 1896 election, 418, 421, q421, p474, 511, ing the Civil War, 482–83, 518; 1828, 334, 335–36, 533; 1932 election, 558; p511; Emancipation 497; Clinton administra- m353; 1832, 349–50; 1836,

Index 653 Electoral College–flags

350; 1840, 293, 350, 351, m83, ptg84; Native 208–09, 245, 271. See also 368; 1844, 351, 360, 368, Americans, relations F Congress; executive 437; 1848, 438; 1856, 446; with, 72, 73, 74, 77–78, branch; judicial branch 1860, 449–50, m457; 1864, ptg78, 80, 85; New factories, g396; African Federal Reserve system: 489–90; 1868, 508; 1872, England colonies, 77–80, American workers, creation of, 543 514; 1876, m515, 516; 1888, m77, p78; population of, 392–93, ptg392; cities, Federal Trade Commission: 518; 1896, 533; 1932, 558; g81; settlement of, 71–73, growth of, 311, 393; dur- creation of, 543 1952, 565; 1960, 566; 1968, g72, m72, ptg72, 74–75, ing the Civil War, 483; federalism, 208–09, 212, 570; 1972, 573; 1976, 574; m75, m95, 115. See also immigrant workers, q212, q215, c218, 219, c219 1980, 1984, 1988, 574; 575; Middle colonies; New 393–94; in the North, Federalist, The, No. 10, 614 575; 1992, 576; 1996, 576; England colonies 308–11; in the North Federalist, The, No. 51, 614 2000, 518, 576, m587; 2004, (mid-1800s), 391–93; English settlements, the Federalist, The, No. 59, 615 576; campaign buttons, first, 71–73 source of power for, p251 Federalist Papers, The, 212 Enlightenment, 113, 208 307–08; in the South, Electoral College, 239, 246; Federalist Party: 1796 elec- Enron, 578 399–400; trade unions, 1796 election, 270; 1800 392; women workers, 393; tion, 269–70; 1800 elec- enslaved persons. election, 279; 1804 elec- working conditions in, tion, 271–72, 278–79; 1804 See slavery tion, 290; 1808 election, p309, q309, 391–93, p391, election, 290; 1808 291; 1820 election, 322; enumerated powers, 219, 236 ptg392 election, 291; 1816 elec- tion, 321; Democratic- 1824 election, 335, c335, environment. Fallen Timbers, Battle of, Republican Party, differ- 518; 1832 election, 350; See conservation 264, m265 ences between, 268–69, 1844 election, 360; 1848 Environmental Protection families: Civil War, 480, election, 438; 1856 elec- Agency (EPA), 573 c269; emergence of, 268; p481; education in federal courts policy, tion, 446; 1860 election, EPA. See Environmental colonies, 112; education in 450, m457; 1876 election, Protection Agency 280–81; Hartford Con- the 1800s, 407, 413, 512, vention, 300; Louisiana m515, 516; 1888 election, Equiano, Olaudah, q102, 523; education reform, Purchase, opposition to, 518; 2000 election, 518, 107, q115 413, 512; enslaved per- m587 285; secession plans of, 576, ; District of Era of Good Feelings, sons, 402, 404; extended, Columbia electors and, 285; War of 1812, opposi- 321–22 405; plantation, 403; 251; selection of electors, tion to, 294 Reconstruction, p512, 512; 210, 337 Erie, the, m294 Ferdinand, Franz, archduke Erie Canal, 318, m318 responsibilities, 230; role of Austro-Hungary, 547 electronic database, 551 of, in colonies, 112; 389 Ferdinand, king of Spain, Eleventh Amendment, 245 schools, 1800s, 414–415; Eriksson, Leif, 46 46 Elizabeth I, queen of western settlement, 319 Estevanico, 54 Field, Cyrus, 536 England, 59, 70 Family Medical Leave Act, ethnic group, 537 Ellis Island, New York, 537 576 Fifteenth Amendment, 248, Europe: after World War I, 508, 511, 519, 523, 542 Ellsberg, Daniel, 626 farmers: Great Plains, 530, m549, 550; communism Fifth Amendment, 228, 244, Ellsworth, Oliver, 281 p530; migration to cities, in, collapse of, 572, 574, 447, 626 Emancipation Proclamation 534, g538; organizations 576; early exploration by, (1863), 473–76, p474–75, of, 533; railroads, prob- 54th Massachusetts regi- 44–49, p46, m48, 60–62, 493 lems with, 533; sharecrop- ment, 477 m61; immigrants from, embargo, g289, 290, 573 pers, 512, 518; tenant Fight for the Colors 393–94, c394; nationalism Embargo Act, g289, 290 farmers, 402, 518 (Troiani), ptg459 in, 547; World War II in, Farmers’ Alliance, 533 Fillmore, Millard, 378, p607; Emerson, Ralph Waldo, m560, 561 144, 412, 415 Farragut, David, 469, 489 1856 election, 446; ex post facto law, 237 Compromise of 1850, 439 employment: of women, Federal Bureau of executive branch, 209–10, 561; during World War II, Investigation (FBI), 580 Finney, Charles, 413 225–26, 238–40; checks 561 First Amendment, 229, 244, and balances of, 210–11, federal government: Empress of China, 288 627 219–20, c224; departments branches of, 223–27; England: in America, 74–75, checks and balances, First Reconstruction Act, of, 225; powers of, 210, 507 m75, m87, 92, m117, 118, 221–22, c224, 240; terms 210–11, c218, 219–20, c224; p118, m123; early explor- First Thanksgiving of office, 210, 238, 251. See concurrent powers, 219; ers of, m48, 60; France, (Brownscombe), ptg78 also presidency enumerated powers, 219, Index war with, 93, 116–18, 236; implied powers, 221, Fisk University, 502 Executive Office of the m117, p118; Spain, war 268–69; limited, 218–19, Fitch, John, 316 President (EOP), 226 with, 70, 71, 93, 173, 181; c218, 237–38, 245, 280; Five Civilized Tribes, 342, Spanish Armada, 70, 71. executive order, 240 Native Americans, policy, 345 See also English colonies; expansionism. See Manifest 264, m265; popular sover- flags: Betsy Ross Flag, p259; Great Britain Destiny eignty, 218, c218, 442, 447; California Bear Flag, 373, English Bill of Rights, 109, exploration: of the powers of, 208–09, 262, p373; Confederate Battle 208, 613 Americas, 44–49, m48, 281; reserved powers, Flag, p486; Continental English colonies: agricul- 60–62, m61; motives for, 219; separation of pow- Colors, p148; Don’t Tread ture, 72–73, m77; govern- 44, 46, 60–62, 64. See also ers, 209–10, c218, 219, On Me, p136; First Stars ment in, 72, 73, 79; specific country c224; state government, and Stripes, p167; flag eti- Middle colonies, 82–85, exports. See trade sharing powers with, quette, 229; Flag of 1818,

654 Index Florida–gold

p322; Great Star Flag, Fourteenth Amendment, freedmen, ptg434–35; in Genêt, Edmond, 265 p322; Lone Star flag, p368; 229, 247, 505–07, 624, 625, New England, 201; in the geography: dictionary of, of New France, p62; Polk 626 South, 402, c403, 406–07 8–9, p8–9; five themes of, campaign banner, p437; Fourth Amendment, 244 Freedmen’s Bureau, 502, 2; history influenced by, Revolutionary War flag, Fox, the, m342, 344 505, 511, 512 6–7, p6–7; natural p128; Seventeenth Flag of France: John Adams, rela- freedom of assembly, 220, resources, 535; physical the Union, p486; Spanish tions with, 270, 271; in 228, 244 regions of United States, banner flag, p49; Star- America, 92, m117, 118, freedom of religion, 76–78, m1; six elements of, 2–3, Spangled Banner, p300; p118, m123; American ptg78, 79, 84, 88, 104, 196, p2–3; using maps, 4–5, Union and Confederate, Civil War, 463, 472, 474, 220, 228, 244, 279 m4, m5; Victory at p458, p486 476, 486; American freedom of speech, 220, 228, Vincennes, 178 Florida: 2000 election, 576; Revolution, 173, 174, 244, 260 George III, king of acquisition of, m329; 183–84, p183, 187; early freedom of the press, 114, England, p122, 125; readmission to Union, explorers of, m48, 60, 61, 220, 228, 244 Boston Tea Party, p138; 507; Revolutionary War, m61; England, war with, Freedom’s Journal, 383, 421 colonial tax issues and, 181, m181; secession, 451; 93, 116–18, m117, p118, p138, 139, 148–49, 150, Seminole, resistance of, Freeport Doctrine, 448 264–65, 270, 289, 290, 299; 151, 209 m342, 344–45; Spain, 283; Free-Soil Party, 438, 444–45, French and Indian War, Georgia, 397; Cherokee and, Spanish control in, 28, p445; 1856 election, 446 121–25, p122, m123, p124; m342, 343, 623; colonial, m117, 124, 188, 195, 294, Frémont, John C., 371, p371, Louisiana Purchase, 283; m87, 90–91, c91; gold in, 326; Treaty of Paris, 124, 373; 1856 election, 446 Native Americans, rela- 198 French and Indian War, 341; readmission to tions with, 92, 122, 264; Union, 507; Revolu- Flying Cloud clipper ship, 121–25, p122, m123, p124; Spain, relations with, 283, tionary War, 180; rice p387 events leading to, 116–19; 327; West Germany, for- grown in, m87, 107–08; as Forbes, Esther, 140 land claims after, 124, 125, mation of, 564; in World royal colony, 111; seces- Force Bill, 339 132; Native Americans War I, 547, 548, 549, m549; and, 121, ptg122, 123, 124, sion, 451; slavery in, 106, Ford, Gerald R., p252, p610; in World War II, 559, 200; state constitution, becomes president, 252; 125; Proclamation of 1763, m560. See also French and 125, 132–33, m133; Treaty 193; voting restrictions in, becomes vice-president, Indian War; French 519; Worcester v. Georgia, 252; Nixon’s resignation, of Paris, 124 Revolution; Seven Years’ French Revolution, 264 627 573 War Freneau, Philip, 268 German Americans, 104, Ford, Henry, 536 Francisco, Peter, 186, p186 Frobisher, Martin, m48 394, 395 foreign policy. See individ- Franklin, Benjamin, q595; Fugitive Slave Act, 441–42 Germany: American ual president Albany Plan of Union, Revolution, 174; Berlin Fuller, Margaret, 415 Fort Clatsop, m284, m286 119; American Wall, 568–69, p575, 576; Fulton, Robert, 315, p315, Fort Dearborn, m298 Revolution, 164, 179; on immigrants from, 104, 316, 387 Fort Detroit, m298 the Constitution, q220; 394, c394, 395; reunion of Fort Donelson, 469 Constitutional Fundamental Orders of East and West, 576; in Fort Duquesne, 118, 122, Convention, 202, 204, 205, Connecticut, 79, 119, 612 World War I, 547, 548, m123, 124 q205, 207, q207; fur trading, 62, 92, 117, 132, m549; in World War II, Fort Frontenac, m123, 124 Declaration of Indepen- 264, 288, 357–58 559, m560, 561, 562. See Fort Gibson, m342 dence, 150, ptg150; Furman v. Georgia, 624 also West Germany Fort Henry, 469 France, seeking support Geronimo, 532 Fort Leavenworth, m372 from, 172–73, 174; life of, Gerry, Elbridge, 205 p109 G Fort Mandan, m284, m286 109, ; post office, 148; Gettysburg, Battle of, Second Continental Fort McHenry, m298, 299 Gadsden Purchase, 374, ptg459, 486, m487, m495 Congress, 148; Treaty of m380 Gettysburg Address, Fort Necessity, 118, 119, 122, Paris, 185 m123 Gage, Sir Thomas, 142, q143 487–88, q487, 618 Franklin, William, 164 Fort Niagara, m123, m298 Gallatin, Albert, 280 Ghana, 41, m41 Index Fredericksburg, Battle of, Fort Oswego, m123 Gibbons v. Ogden, 281, 325, 486, m487 Gallaudet, Thomas, 414 Fort Pitt, 125 Galveston, Texas, 541 624–25 Free African Society, 201, Gideon v. Wainwright, 625 Fort Stanwix, New York, p201 Gálvez, Bernardo de, 173, 168 180–81, p182, q182 Gilbert, Sir Humphrey, 71 free enterprise: xv; 308; Fort Sumter, 453, m470 English colonies, 101, Garfield, James A., p608 Gilded Age, 538 Fort Ticonderoga, m123, 103–04; goods and servic- Garland, Hamlin, 379, p379 Gillray, James, p325 144, 149, 168 es, 431; growth of indus- Garrison, William Lloyd, global economy, 572 Fort William Henry, m123 try, 306–07; growth of 418, p418, 419–20, q420, Glorious Revolution, 109 Forten, Charlotte, q523 population, 377; price 421, 424 gold: in California, 375–77, forty-niners, 375–76, 376, system, 105; private land Gates, Horatio, 168, 178, 180 c377, crt378; in Colorado, 378 ownership, 73, 89, 308; General Patrick R. Cleburne 528, 529; in Georgia, 341; Founding of Maryland profit and, 308; role of (Troiani), ptg432–33 silver vs. gold standard (Leutze), ptg37 competition, 72, 308; sup- General Trades Union of and, 533; in South Fourteen Points, 616 ply and demand, 523 New York, 392 Dakota, 531; trade with,

Index 655 Gold Coast–House of Representatives, U.S.

44, 52, m52; for wealth, Great Awakening, The, Guilford Courthouse, Henry, Patrick, q129, 134, 51–54, 55, 59, 74, 455 110–11, p110, m111, 112 North Carolina, 182 q134, ptg135, 137; Gold Coast, 44 Great Britain: American Gulf of Tonkin, 569, m569 Constitution ratification, Gold Rush Society, 377 Civil War, 463, 472, 474, Gutierrez, José Angel, 568 213; Continental Goliad, Texas, 367, m367 476, 486; France, war Congress, 142, q142; Gompers, Samuel, 536–37 with, 93, 264–65, 270, 289, Patriot view of, q163; Second Continental Gonzales, Texas, 365, m367 290, 299; French and H Indian War, 121–25, p122, Congress, 148 Goodnight, Charlie, 529 m123, p124; immigrants Habeas Corpus, Writ of, Henry the Navigator, 44 Goodnight-Loving Trail, from, c394; Industrial 237, 481, 482 Henry VIII, king of 529, m553 Revolution in, 307, Haida, 32 England, 59, 76 Gorbachev, Mikhail, p574, 308–09; Native Haiti, 187; Santo Domingo Henson, Josiah, 403–04 575 Americans, relations revolution, 283 Hidalgo, Miguel, p326, 327 Gore, Al: 2000 election, 576, with, 264, 293, 296; Hale, Nathan, 166, q166 hieroglyphics, 24 m587 Northwest Territory, con- Hamilton, Alexander: 1800 Hiroshima, Japan, m562, government: Albany Plan of flict in, c273; Oregon 563 Union, 119; Antifederal- Country, claim on, 357, election, 271–72; Articles ists, 212, ptg212, q212; 360, 371; Proclamation of of Confederation revision, His First Vote (Wood), Articles of Confederation, 1763, 125, 132–33, m133; q201; Burr, duel with, 285; ptg505 193–95, c196; branches of, U.S., relations with, 198, Constitution, support for, Hispanic Americans: 376; 209–10, 223–27; checks 326; War of 1812, 296–300, 212; Federalists, support on cattle drives, 529; civil and balances, 210–11, crt297, m298; George of, 212, 268–69, c269, q269; rights of, 567; in Civil c218, 219–20, c224; citi- Washington, relations Great Britain, relations War, 464. See also Cuba; zens’ wishes and, 229, with, 265–66, 268; in with, 264–65; as secretary Latin America; Mexico; p230; colonial, 73, 108–11, World War I, 547, 548, of the treasury, 259, Puerto Rico; individual 119, 148; concurrent pow- m549; in World War II, 260–62, 263; George country of origin ers, 219; English Bill of 559, m560, 561. See also Washington, relations Hispanics: in America, Rights, 109; enumerated England; Seven Years’ with, 260, 262, 268 51–55, m52, 56–57, m117; powers, 219, 236; War Hamilton, Andrew, 114 American Revolution, Federalists, 212, q212; Great Convergence, 36 Hamilton, Henry, 178 173, 180–81, m181, q181, Iroquois, 33; laws of Great Depression, p556; Hancock, John, 136, 143; p182; early explorers, Islam, 42; limited, 208, causes of, 557; economy, Declaration of 46–49; Mexico, independ- ence of, 363, 369; settle- 218–19, c218, 280; popular 557; international, 557; Independence, 150; ments of, 92–93; Spanish sovereignty, 218, c218, life during, 557–58, p557, Second Continental Missions, 56–57, p56–57. 442, 447; reserved pow- q557; New Deal, 558–59; Congress, 148 ers, 219; self-government stock market crash, 557 See also Hispanic Hanson, John, 198 Americans, Spain concept and, 211; separa- Great Lakes, 317, 387, 393 tion of powers, 209–10, Harding, Warren G., p609 Hitler, Adolf, 559, 563 Great Migration, 79 c218, 219, c224; Spanish Harpers Ferry, Virginia, Hohokam, the, 28, 29 Great Plains: farming on, settlements, 54–55; theoc- 448, 449 389, 530, p530 Holocaust, 561, 563 racy, 23. See also city gov- Harrison, Benjamin, p608; Great Salt Lake, Utah, 378 Homeland Security, ernment; federal govern- 1888 election, 518 Department of, 583 ment; state government; Great Seal of the United Harrison, William Henry, States, p211 Homestead Act, 530 states’ rights p350, p607; 1840 election, Honduras, 23 Grady, Henry, Great Serpent Mound, 30 293, p350, 351, 368; Battle 517–18 Hooker, Joseph, 486 grandfather clause, Great Society, 567 of Tippecanoe, 292–93, 519 Hooker, Thomas, 79 Grant, Ulysses S., q469, Greeley, Horace, 514 351; Indiana Territory Greene, Nathanael, 182 governor, 292; military Hoover, Herbert C., 557, m489, p608; 1868 election, p609 508; 1872 election, 514; Green Mountain Boys, 144, career of, 439; War of “Hope” (Dickinson), from, 1876 election, 515–16; on 168 1812, 297 q415 African American sol- Greenhow, Rose O’Neal, Hartford Convention, 300 Hopewell Mound Builders, diers, 477; background, 480 Hartford School for the 30 488; Battle of Chatta- Gregg, Josiah, 369 Deaf, 414 Hopi, the, 32 nooga, 488; Battle of Gregg, William, 400 Harvard College, 113 Index horizontal integration, 536 Shiloh, 469; Battle of Grenville, George, 133 Hawaii: annexation of, Horseshoe Bend, Battle of, Vicksburg, 486–87, m487; Grimké, Angelina, 420 544–45; statehood, 565 corruption in administra- 298, m298, 337 Grimké, Sarah, 420 Hayes, Lemuel, 167 tion, crt514, 515; military House of Burgesses, 73 Griswold, Roger, crt272 Hayes, Mary, ptg161, p164, career of, 439; plan to House of Representatives, 165 crush Confederacy, Gruber, John, q312 U.S., 233; 1800 election, 488–89; Reconstruction Guadalcanal, m562, 562 Hayes, Rutherford B., p608; 279; 1824 election, 335, policy of, 513, 514; Guatemala: Mayan civiliza- 1876 election, m515, 516; c335; checks and bal- surrender of Lee, 491, tion, 23 end of Reconstruction, ances, 210, c224; composi- p491; Tennessee River Guerrière, 297 q517 tion of, 223, 233, 247; con- victories, 469 guerrilla warfare, 180, 182, Hayne, Robert, 338 stitutional authority, 209; Gray, Robert, 357 344 Henry, John, 319 creation of, 204; powers

656 Index Houston, Sam–Jefferson, Thomas

of, 223, c224; states’ repre- p555; of Jefferson Davis, Interstate Commerce Act, Jackson, Mississippi, 406 sentation in, 204, 209; tax 450; of Thomas Jefferson, 542 Jackson, Thomas laws, originated by, 235 279; of John F. Kennedy, Interstate Commerce “Stonewall,” 467, 471, Houston, Sam, 367, q443 622, p622; of Abraham Commission (ICC), 542 486, 493 Houston, Texas, m367 Lincoln, 450, 451–52, Intolerable Acts, 139 James I, king of England, How the Other Half Lives q452, q490, p500, 516; of Inuit, the, 31–32 71, 73, 74 (Riis), 540 James Monroe, q321 inventions. See technology James II, king of England, Howard, Nancy, q423 Inca Empire, p15, 22–23, Iowa: farming in, 389 108–09 Howard University, 502 m27, 53 Iran: hostage crisis in, 574, James River, 74, m75 Howe, Samuel Gridley, 414 income tax: during Civil p574; human rights in, Jamestown settlement, Howe, Sir William, 149, War, 483 574; nuclear arms, 585 71–73, g72, m72, ptg72, 166, 167–68 Independence Day, 151 Iraq: Kuwait, invasion of, 74–75, m75, 115 Hudson, Henry, m48, 60–61, Independence Hall, 576; 585; war in Iraq, 164 Japan: immigrants from, 62 Philadelphia, Ireland: immigrants from, 537; Pearl Harbor attack, Hudson Bay, 61, m61 Pennsylvania, p202, p204 393–94, c394, 395 559, 560; in World War II, Hudson River: Erie Canal, Indian Civil Rights Act, 568 Irish Americans, 318, 560, 562–63, m562 318, m318; steamboat Indian Removal Act, 342, 393–94, 395 Japanese Americans, 537; internment of, 560, travel, 316 m342 iron industry: Bessemer 621 Hull, William, 297 Indian Territory, 342, Process, 535 Java, 297 Hull House, 539 m341–42, 345, 530, m531 Iroquois, the, 32, 33, m294 Jay, John: as chief justice, human rights: Carter Indiana, 319; railroads, 389; Iroquois Confederacy, the, 259; Constitution, support administration, 574 Revolutionary War, 178; 33, 117–18, 119 for, 212; Jay’s Treaty, Humphrey, Hubert, 570 statehood, 319; women’s Isabella, queen of Spain, 265–66, 270; Treaty of Hussein, Saddam, 585 property laws, 428 46, p46 Paris, 185; western settle- Indiana Territory, 292 Hutchinson, Anne, 79, ptg79 Islam, 38, 41, 42, 580, 582 ment, q198 Indians. See Native island hopping, battle strat- Jay’s Treaty, 265–66, 270 Americans; individual egy of, 562 jeans, I Native American nations 376, p376 Israel: Arab states, conflict Jefferson, Thomas, p147, Indochina, 559 with, 573; Nixon adminis- “I Have a Dream” speech q279, q436, p606; 1796 Industrial Revolution: tration and, 573. See also (King), 623 election, 270; 1800 elec- Great Britain started in, Arab-Israeli conflict(s) ICC. See Interstate tion, 272, 278–79; 1804 307; in New England, Italy: Commerce Commission in World War II, 559, election, 290; American 306–11; technology of, m560, 561 Ice Age, 17, 18 System, opposition to, 307–08, p307, 386–90 Iwo Jima, m562, 563 324; cabinet of, 280; Illinois: Lincoln-Douglas industry: economic impact debates, 447–48; Native Constitution, support for, of, 536; growth of, 306–11, 212, q212; Corps of Americans in, 344; rail- 535–37; natural resources J roads, 389; statehood, 319 Discovery, 287; Decla- for, 535; railroads and, ration of Independence, immigrants: Alien and 389, 535; Southern, after Jackson, Andrew, ptg332, 147, 150, ptg150, 280; Sedition Acts, 271, c271, Civil War, 518; Southern, p334, crt337, crt338, q349, Democratic-Republicans, 280; from China, in mid-1800s, 399–400; tech- 368, p606; 1824 election, support of, 268–69, c269, California, 376; in cities, nology, 535; textile, 334–35, c335; 1828 elec- q269; embargo, use of, 537–38, p537; discrimina- 307–10, p307, p308–09; tion, 300, 334, 335–36, 290; federal courts and, tion against, 395, 538, 543, during World War II, 561. crt337, m353; 1832 elec- 280–81; France, relations 550; Great Plains home- See also labor unions tion, 349–50; Bank of the with, 265; Alexander steaders, 530; and growth United States, opposition Hamilton, conflicts with, of cities, 393–95; natural- inflation: Civil War, 483; to, 348–50, crt349; Battle 262, 268–69; Inaugural ization process, 229 defined, 483 of New Orleans, 300, 336; Address, 279; Kentucky immigration: to English initiative (political), 542 era of, 334–39, p352; Force and Virginia Resolutions, Index colonies, 104; impact of, interchangeable parts, 309 Bill, 339; foreign policy of, 271, 338; legal career of, mid-1800s, 393–95, c394; Interior, Department of, 226 325–26, crt325; inaugural 439; Lewis and Clark sources of, c394. See also internal improvements: reception, 336; log cabin expedition, 284–85, m284, individual nations 1824 election, 335, c335; of, p330, 336; Native m286–87; Louisiana impeachment, 223, c224, regional conflict over, 322, Americans, relocation of, Purchase, 221, 283, m284, 233, 234, 240, p240; of 324 341, 342–45, 627; nullifica- m286–87; Monticello, p279, Clinton, 576; of Andrew internment camps, 560 tion, view on, 338–39, q279; national bank, 262; Johnson, 507–08, 516; of interpret information: q339; popularity of, 336; Northwest Territory, 196; Nixon, 573 charts, 272, 273, 275, 520; in Revolutionary War, Pike’s expedition, 285; imperialism: age of, 544–45, databases, 303; graphs, 336; Spanish forts, cap- policies of, 280; Revolu- m544 73, 81, 95, 311; maps, 93, ture of, 326; spoils sys- tionary War, 182; Second imports. See trade 159, 168, 275, 353; out- tem, 337, 348; Texas Continental Congress, impressment, 265, 290 lines, 81; reports, 381; annexation issue, 367; in 148; as secretary of state, Inaugural Address: of timelines, 63, 65; visuals War of 1812, 298, 335, 336 259; Shays’s Rebellion, George W. Bush, q525, 81, 93, 159, 168, 275, 349 Jackson, Helen Hunt, 532 q200; Tripoli, war with,

Index 657 Jeter, Jeremiah–Lockerbie, Scotland

289; as vice president, legislation of, 567; foreign strikes, 392, 537, 550; Americans, relations 270; George Washington, policy of, 568–69; inaugu- women, discriminated by, with, 284–85; Oregon relations with, 268 ral address of, 622, p618; 393. See also labor unions Country, 357; scientific Jeter, Jeremiah, 420 Vietnam policy, 569, m569 lacrosse, 313, ptg313 discoveries, 284, 313 Jews/Jewish Americans: Kent State University, 570 Lafayette, Marquis de, 174, Lexington, Massachusetts, discrimination against, Kentucky, 319; Civil War, 182, 184, ptg184 143–44, 152, m143 543; Holocaust, 561, 563; 469; in the Civil War, 461; Lake Erie, 297, m298, 318, Leyte Gulf, Battle of, m562, Nazi persecution, 561, 563 public schools in, 407; m318 562 Jim Crow laws, 519 secession, 452; statehood, Lake Texcoco, 24 Liberal Republican Party, John, king of England, 110, 300, 319 Lamar, Mirabeau, 367 514 611 Kentucky and Virginia land (productive resource): Liberator, The, 419–20, 421 Johnny Appleseed, 260 Resolutions, 271, 338 387 Liberia, 419 Johnny Tremain (Forbes), Kenya, 580 land bridge, 14, 16, 20–21, Liberty (ship), 136 from, 139 Kerry, John, 576 m21 Lighthorsemen, 345 Johnson, Albert Sidney, 469 Key, Francis Scott, 299 Land Law of 1851, 376 limited government, 110, Johnson, Andrew, p608; Khrushchev, Nikita, 569 land policies, 195–96, m195; 218–19, c218 African Americans, atti- Kickapoo, the, m294 Homestead Act, 530; Lincoln, Abraham, q147, tude toward, 503; Kidnapped Prince, The Oklahoma land rush, 530 q433, q434, q442, p447, impeachment, 507–08, (Equiano), from, 107 Lange, Dorothea, p557 p450, p473, p474, q474, 516; Reconstruction plan, King, Dr. Martin Luther, Jr., Larcom, Lucy, q309 q481, p516–17, q516, p607; 503, 504–05, 506–07 566, p566, p623; assassina- Las Casas, Bartolomé de, 55 1860 election, 449–50, Johnson, Lyndon B., p610; tion of, 567; “I Have a La Salle, Robert Cavelier m457; 1864 election, 1968 election, 570; Civil 489–90; on African Dream” speech, q567, p623 Sieur de, m61, 92 Rights Act of 1964, 567; American soldiers, 477; King Philip. See Metacomet, Latin America: Spanish Great Society programs assassination, 502–03, chief empire in, 326–27. See also of, 567 p502, 516–17, p517; com- King Philip’s War, 80 specific country Joliet, Louis, m61, 92 mander in chief, 467, Kings Mountain, Battle of, latitude, 4, m4 Jones, Absalom, p201 p467, 470, 471, 472; m181, 182 law: Jones, John Paul, 179, q179 due process of, 228, Emancipation Kino, Eusebio Francisco, 244, 247, 447, 506, 627; Jordan, Barbara, p222, q222 Proclamation, 473–76, 56–57, p56–57 duty to obey, 229; equal Joseph, Chief, 532, q532, 619 493, 617, p617; Gettysburg Kiowa, the, 345, 363 protection by, 228, 229, Address, 487–88, q487, judicial branch, p210, Kissinger, Henry, 573 506, 624 614; Ulysses S. Grant and, 226–27, 240–41; checks Kitty Hawk, North Lawrence, Kansas, 444 488, 489; Inaugural and balances of, 210–11, Carolina, 536 League of Nations, 549 Address, First, 450, c224; constitutional 451–52, q452; Inaugural authority, 210; powers of, Knight, Amelia Stewart, League of United Latin Address, Second, q490, 210, 222, c224, 226–27, q359 American Citizens, 568 p500, 240–41. See also Supreme Knights of Labor, 536 Leaves of Grass (Whitman), 516; legal career of, Court Know-Nothing Party, 395; 415, 455 439; Lincoln-Douglas debates, 447–48; Mexican judicial review, 222, 226, 1856 election, 446 Lee, Richard Henry, 142, War, 372–73; Reconstruc- 281, 621 Knox, Henry: as secretary of 148, 150, q150, 196 war, 259 Lee, Robert E., q451, 463, tion plan, 501, 516; seces- Judiciary Act of 1789, 226, sion, reaction to, 451–52; Korean War, 565, p565; casu- 485, m489, m493; African 259, 281 slavery, attitude towards, Judiciary Act of 1801, 281 alties of, g488 American soldiers, 476; Battle of Antietam, 447, q448, 474, q474; West Jungle, The (Sinclair), 542 Korematsu v. United States, Virginia statehood, 242 625 471–72, p492–93; Battle of Lincoln, Mary Todd, 463 Kosciuszko, Thaddeus, 174 Fredericksburg, 486; Battle of Gettysburg, Lincoln Highway, c317, K Ku Klux Klan, 514; during m495; defense of m317 Reconstruction, 504, p504 Richmond, 471; surrender Lincoln University, 414 Kansas: bleeding Kansas, Kublai Khan, 38 443–44; Kansas-Nebraska to Grant, 491, p491 line of demarcation, 47–48 Kuwait: Iraq invasion of, 576 Act, 442–43, m443; slav- legislative branch. See literacy test, 519 ery, 443–44, m443 Congress literature: of African Index Kansas-Nebraska Act, L Lend-Lease Act, 559 Americans, 192, p192; 442–43, m443 Leni-Lenape, the, m294 trends in, 415 Kearny, Stephen Watts, 373 La Flesche, Susette, p427 Lenin, Vladimir, 548 Little Bighorn, Battle of, keelboat, p287 La Raza Unida, 568 Leningrad, 561 531–32, m531 Keller, Helen, p427 labor (productive resource): León, Juan Ponce de, m52, Little Turtle, chief, 264, c273 Kelley, William, 535 387 53 Livingston, Robert, 150, Kelly, William, 518 labor unions: collective bar- Lewis, Meriwether, 284–85 283, 316 Kennedy, John F., p610; 1960 gaining, 537; formation Lewis and Clark expedi- Livingston, William, 176 election, 566; assassination of, 536; of migrant work- tion, 284–85, m284, Locke, John, 89, q89, 150, of, 567; Bay of Pigs inci- ers, 568; public opinion m286–87, p286–87; journal 208, p208, q208 dent, 568–69; civil rights of, 537; regulation of, 541; of, p301; Native Lockerbie, Scotland, m581

658 Index London, Jack–military

London, Jack, 539 Machu Picchu, p15, 22, 26 237, 325; Worcester v. Mennonites: slavery and, Lone Star flag, p368 Madison, Dolley, 299, p299 Georgia, 343 106 Lone Star Republic, 367–68, Madison, James, q224, p232, Marshall, Thurgood, 566 mental illness, 415 m367 321, p606; 1808 Election, Martí, José, 545 mercantilism, 109 Long Drive, 529, p529 291; Articles of Confeder- Mary, queen of England, Merrimack, 468,m470 Long Island, New York, ation revision, 201; Bank 109 Mesa Verde, 29 Battle of, 166 of the United States, First, Maryland, 397; Articles of mestizos, 55 Longfellow, Henry opposition to, 262; con- Confederation, 194–95; Metacomet, chief, 80 Wadsworth, 415 gressional pay raises and, Civil War, 472; in the Metoyer family, 402 253; Constitution, support longhorns, 529 Civil War, 461; colonial, Mexican Americans, 537; as for, 212; Federalists, sup- longitude, 4, m4 c81, 87–88, m87; cowhands, ptg370; dis- port of, 212, 268–69; Lord North, 139 McCulloch v. Maryland, crimination against, 544; France, relations with, 237, 324–25, 625–26; pop- organization of, 543–44 Los Angeles, California: 291; Great Britain, rela- ulation of, 1700, g81; as Mexican Cession, 374 Watts riots in, 567 tions with, 291; Alexander Louis XIV, king of France, proprietary colony, 110; Mexico, 19; California, con- Hamilton, conflicts with, tobacco grown in, 107 92 262, 268–69; Kentucky trol of, 370, 371, 373–74, Mason, George, 205 Louisbourg, Canada, 124 and Virginia Resolutions, p373; Gadsden Purchase, 374, m380; immigrants Louisiana, 92, 173, 326; Civil 271, 338; Marbury v. Mason-Dixon Line, 88 from, 537; Mayan civiliza- War, 487; in the Deep Madison, 222, 281, 625; as Massachusetts: agriculture tion, 23–24, m27; Mexican South, 397; readmission president, 291–94, 321–22; in, 307; colonial, m77, 111, Cession, 374; New to Union, 501, 507; as secretary of state, 280, 113; Constitutional Mexico, control of, Revolutionary War, 290; Virginia Plan, 202, Convention, 205; educa- 369–70, 371, 373; rebellion 180–81, m181; secession, 203, p203; War of 1812, tion reform in, 413; popu- in, 326, 327; Spain, inde- 451 296, p296, 299 lation of, 1700, g81; seces- pendence from, 363, 369; Louisiana Purchase (1803), sion plans of, 285; Shays’s Magellan, Ferdinand, 49, Texas, conflict over, 221, 283, m284, m286–87, Rebellion, 200, p200; slav- p63 363–68, m367, 372; trade p293, 345; West Florida as ery, 176, 201; state consti- Magna Carta, 110, 208, 611 with, 364 part of, 326 tution, 193 Maine, 545; statehood, 242, Mexico, war with, m372; Louisiana Territory, m284; Massachusetts Bay 324, 437; temperance American attitudes Proclamation of 1863, Company, m77, 78–79, c81 movement in, 413 toward, 373; casualties of, m133; slavery issue in, Massasoit, 78 Makkah, m41, 42 g488; conflict begins, 323–24, m323; Texas, con- Malcolm X, 567 Mayan civilization, 23–24, 372–73; events leading to, flict over, 363. See also m27; architecture of, p23 371–72; Mexico City cap- Louisiana Purchase Mali, 41–42, m41 Mayflower, 77, 114, p115 tured, 374; naval inter- Louisville, Kentucky: Manassas, Virginia, 466–67, 469, 471 Mayflower Compact, vention, 373–74; Treaty of growth of, 311, 393 ptg66–67, 77, 612 Guadalupe Hidalgo, 374 Love, Nat, 529, p529 Manhattan Island, m83 Manhattan Project, 563 McAvoy, Joseph, 20, p20 Mexico City, Mexico, 24, Lovejoy, Elijah, 424 McClellan, George, 463, 373, 374 Loving, Oliver, 529 Manifest Destiny, m380, 529; California, 371; New p467, 469–71, 472, 493, Miami, the, 117, 264, c273, Lowell, Francis Cabot, Mexico, 370; Oregon, m493 292, m294 309–10 359–60; Texas, 360, 368 McCormick, Cyrus, 389 Michigan, 319 Lowell factory system, Manila, Philippines, m544, McCulloch v. Maryland, middle class, 538 p307, 391 545 237, 281, 324–25, 625–26 Middle colonies, 82–85, Lowell Female Labor Mann, Horace, 413 McDowell, Irvin, 466–67 m83, ptg84, c94; econom- Reform Organization, 393 ics of, m83; education, Mao Zedong, McGuffey’s Reader, p414 Lowell Offering magazine, 565 McKinley, William, 543, 113; England and, 82–83; p309 maps: improvements in, 40; p608; 1896 election, 533; government in, 84; Great Loyalists, 145, 163–64, 175, parts of, 4; types of, 4 Awakening in, m111; life

Spanish-American War, Index 179–80 Marbury v. Madison, 222, in, 103–04, p104. See also 545 Lucas, Eliza, 89 281, 625 individual colonies Meade, George, 486 Lundy, Benjamin, q419 March to Valley Forge, The Middle East, 580–81 (Trego), 173–74, ptg173 Meadowcroft, Lusitania, p547, 548 middle passage, 102, p102, Marconi, Guglielmo, 536 Pennsylvania, 20, m21 Luther, Martin, 58–59, p58 m103, q103 Marcy, William, q371 Meat Inspection Act, 542 Lynch, John, q517 Midway, Battle of, m562, Marion, Francis, 177, p177, meatpacking industry, 542 lynchings, 520, 543 562 180 Medicaid, 567 Lyon, Mary, 414, 425, p425, Midwest: farming in, 390, Marne, Battle of the, 547 Medicare, 567 428 393; railroad network of, Marquette, Jacques, m61, 92 medicine: in the Civil War, 388, m388 Lyon, Matthew, crt272 Marshall, James, q375 479, 481; in mid-1800s, migrant workers, 568 Marshall, John: as chief jus- p324; women in, 481 migration, to Americas, 10, M tice, 281; Marbury v. Meek, Joe, 358 m18 Madison, 222, 281; Memphis, Tennessee, 403, military: constitutional MacArthur, Douglas, 561 McCulloch v. Maryland, 504 authority for, 217;

Index 659 militias–New England (region)

expansion of, 294; Incan, coin, 312; mid-1800s bank NAFTA. See North Asia, 16–18, m18; lacrosse, 26; president as comander note, p348; printed by American Free Trade 313, ptg313; land lost by, in chief of, 209, 210, Congress, 174–75, p175, Agreement 125, 178, 264, m265, 292, 225–26; submarine, 315 197, p197; U.S. coins, p238 Nagasaki, Japan, m562, 563 q292, m294, 298, 313, q340, militias: at Bunker Hill, 145; Monitor, 468, p468, m470 Napoleon. See Bonaparte, 341–45, m342, 531–33, at Concord, m143, 144, Monroe, James, p321, p606; Napoleon m531; Lewis and Clark 145; forming of, for 1816 election, 321; 1820 Narraganset, the, 80, m294 expedition, 284–85; relo- Revolutionary War, 142, election, 322; 1824 elec- Narváez, Pánfilo de, 35 cation of, 341–44, m342, ptg343, m346–47; reloca- 165; 7th New York tion, 334; Era of Good Natchez, m294 Militia, ptg461; Shays’s tion of, resistance to, Feelings, 321–22; flag Nation of Islam. See Black Rebellion, 200; in War of 344–45, p344, p345, q345; design, 322; France, repre- Muslims 1812, 296, 298–99; under on reservations, 531–33, sentative to, 283; Great National Association for George Washington, Britain, relations with, m531; Sinague people, 28; 118–19 the Advancement of as slaves, 54, 55, 370, 371; 326; Inaugural Address, Colored People Miller, Dorie, p562 Spain, relations with, 264; q321; Louisiana Purchase, (NAACP), 543 Milwaukee, Wisconsin: in Spanish colonies, 370, 283; Monroe Doctrine, national bank: 1824 elec- growth of, 393 327, 616; Spain, relations 371; in Texas, 363; voting tion, 335, c335; 1828 elec- rights of, 337; War of Milwaukee College for with, 326 tion, 335–36; regional con- 1812, 296, p296, 297, 298; Women, 428 Monroe Doctrine, 327, 616 flict over, 321, 322, 324 white settlers, conflict Mink, Patsy, 578 Montcalm, Marquis de, 124 national debt: after with, 264, m265, p265, Minnesota: farming in, 389 Monterrey, Mexico, 373 American Revolution, c273, 292, 529, 531–33, Minuit, Peter, 62 Montesquieu, Baron de, 260–61; Jefferson adminis- m531; women, 32, p427. minutemen, 142, m143 208, 209 tration, 280 See also individual Native Miralles, Juan de, 174 Montezuma (Moctezuma), National Organization for American nations Miranda, Ernesto, 626 52 Women (NOW), 567 nativists, 395 Miranda v. Arizona, 626 Montgomery, Alabama, National Republican Party: NATO. See North Atlantic Mississippi, 326, 397; Civil 566; growth of, 406 1828 election, 335–36, Treaty Organization War, 469; readmission to Monticello, p279, q279 m353 naturalization, 229, 247 Union, 507; secession, 451; Montreal, Canada, 61, 124, National Road, 315, m316, Navajo, the, 32 statehood, 319; women’s 149 c317, p317 Navigation Acts, 109 property laws, 428 Monument Valley, p12–13 National Socialist German navy: African Americans in, Mississippi River, 54, 92, Moore’s Creek, Battle of, Workers’ Party. See Nazi 476–77; American, in 124, 319; Civil War, 463, 179 Party Revolutionary War, 468–69, 486–87, m487; as Morehouse College, 512 nationalism: after War of 179–80, p312; in the Civil national boundary, 283, Morgan, Daniel, 182 1812, 300, 321, 325–26, War, 467–68, p468, m470, m284; Spain and, 198; crt325; in Germany, 563; Mormons, 377–78, 413 476–77 trade on, 393 War of 1812, 293–94; Morning Girl (Dorris), Nazi Party, 559, 563; Missouri: in the Civil War, from, WWI and, 547 50 Holocaust, 561, 563 461; in the Deep South, Native Americans: agricul- Morris, Robert, 197, ptg197 Netherlands: early explor- 397; farming in, 389; ture of, 19; American ers of, m48, 62 Morse, Samuel, p386, 389, secession, 452; slavery Revolution, 148, 312; Neugin, Rebecca, p346 issue in, 436–37; state- p389 Christianity, conversion neutrality: of American hood, 319, 323–24, 436–37 Morse code, 389 to, 56–57, p56–57, m65, merchant ships, 290; prior p93, Missouri Compromise, Mott, Lucretia, 425–26, p426 92–93, 117, 358, 370; to WWI, 546; of George m30 323–24, m323, 436–37, 447, Mound Builders, the, 28, culture, ; Dawes Act, Washington, q255 624 532; early communities, 30, m35 New Amsterdam, 62, m83 Missouri River, 284, m284 cultures, 16–18; English Mount Holyoke Seminary, New Deal, 558–59 Mitchell, Maria, p427 414, 428 colonists, relations with, New England Antislavery Mobile, Alabama, 403, mountain men, 357, p357 72, 73, 74, 77–78, ptg78, 80, 85, p114, 123, 124; and Society, 420 m489 muckrakers, 542 Europeans, p37, 54, 55; New England colonies, c95; Moctezuma. See Muhammad, Askiya, 42 federal government, poli- agriculture in, m77, 101; Montezuma Murphy, Audie, p561 cies, 264, m265; food gath- economics of, m77; educa- Index Model T Ford, p536 Musa, Mansa, 42 ering methods of, m31; tion, 113; government in, Mohawk, the, 33, 80, 117, 178 music: spirituals, 405 France, relations with, 77, 79; Great Awakening Mohegan, the, m294 Muslims. See Islam 117–18, ptg122, 264; in, m111; life in, 100–03, Molly Pitcher at the Battle Mussolini, Benito, 559, 561 French and Indian War, 101; Native Americans, of Monmouth (Carter), 121, ptg122, 123, 124, 125; relations with, 77–78, ptg161 French colonists, relations ptg78, 80; religious free- money: American N with, 92; fur trade, 62, dom in, 76–77. See also Revolution, 148; bank 117, 292, 357–58; Great individual colonies note, mid-1800s, p348; NAACP. See National Britain, relations with, New England Primer, The, during Civil War, p236, Association for the 117–18, 264, c273, 293, 113 483; Congressional con- Advancement of Colored 296, 297, 298; hunting for New England (region): agri- trol over, 236; first U.S. People food, 17–18; journey from culture in, 310; Industrial

660 Index New France colony–Paterson, William

Revolution in, 307–08, Newark, New Jersey, 567 441–42; Harpers Ferry Oliver Plantation, The, p307, p308–09; trading Newport, Christopher, 74 incident, 448; Industrial ptg385 center of, 308 Newport, Rhode Island, Revolution in, 306–11, Olmec civilization, 23 New France colony, 62, p62, 183–84 386–87; Kansas-Nebraska Omaha, the, p427 m87, 92, m117, 124 newspapers: African Act, 442–43, m443; Oñate, Juan de, m52, 54, New Hampshire, m77, 80; American owned, 393 Missouri slavery issue, 57 437; population of (mid- agriculture in, 307; Nez Perce, the, 32, 532, 619 Oneida, the, 33, 117 1800s), c403, c409; racial Constitution ratification, Niger River, 42 Oneida community, 413 213; as royal colony, m77, prejudice in, 514; railroad Night Flying Woman Onís, Louis de, 326 111; slavery, 176, 201 system in, 462, g462; (Broker), from, 295 Onondaga, the, 33, 117 New Harmony, Indiana, secession, reaction to, 451; Nineteenth Amendment, 412 slavery abolition in, Operation Desert Storm, 249, 542 New Jersey, m83, 84; colo- 200–01, 205; slavery 576 Ninth Amendment, 229, nial, m83, 84; Constitu- opposition in, 323–24, Ordinance of 1785, 194, 245 tional Convention, 203; 436–55; tariff issue, 321, p194, 196 Revolutionary War, 167; Nixon, Richard M., p610; 338. See also Civil War Oregon: 1876 election, m515; as royal colony, 111; slav- 1960 election, 566; 1968 North Korea, 585 political reforms in, 542; ery, 176, 201 election, 570; 1972 elec- North Vietnam, 569, m569, slavery issue, 438; state- New Jersey Plan, 203 tion, 573; China visit, 572, 570. See also Vietnam War hood, 455 p572, 573; Gerald Ford as New Mexico, m87, 92; Northstar, 421 Oregon Country, m284, vice-president, 252; for- Anasazi pueblos, 29; Northwest Ordinance, 358–60, m361, 371; dis- eign policy of, 573; Gadsden Purchase, 374, 196–97, 446 putes over land claims, “Pentagon Papers,” 626; m380; Mexico, control of, 356–57, 359 resignation of, 252, 573, Northwest Territory, 369–70, 371, 373; slavery Oregon Trail, 358, 359, p359, p573; revenue sharing p194–95, 195–96, m195; issue in, 437–39; Texas, m361, 371, 376, m381, plan, 573; Vietnam War conflicts in, c273; Native border dispute, 438 382–83, m383 policy, 570; Watergate cri- American campaigns, New Netherland, 62, 83, sis, 573, 627 264, m265, ptg265; white organize information: m83 settlement of, 195–96, charts, 189, 273, 464, 520; No Child Left Behind, 576 New Orleans, Battle of, 282–83 databases, 303, 381; nomadic life, 17 m298, 300, 337 NOW. See National graphs, 81, 503; maps, New Orleans, Louisiana, Nonintercourse Act, g289, Organization for Women 81, 301, 303, 385; out- 290 92; Civil War, 469; cotton nuclear weapons, 573, 575 lines, 353; reports, 65, Norfolk, Virginia: Civil exchange in, 403; freed- Nueces River, 372, m372 400, 409; timelines, 63, War, 468 men in, 407; growth of, Nuestra Senora de los 495; visuals 26, 301, 303, Normandy, France, 561 406; Revolutionary War, Dolores, 57 385, 400 180–81, m181; Spain, pos- North Africa: in World War nullification, 338–39 Osage, the, m294, 345 session of, 283, m284; II, 561 Nullification Act, 339 Osceola, chief, m342, 344, Treaty of Paris, 124; War North American Free Trade p344 of 1812, m298 Agreement, 576 O’Sullivan, John, 360 New Spain colony, m65, North America, settlement O Otis, James, 133–34, q134 m87, 92–93, m117 of, 16–18, m18, 71–73, g72, Ottawa, the, 125 New York: colonial, c81, 83, m72, ptg72, 74–75, m75, Ocean Sea, 43 Owen, Robert, 412 m83; Constitution ratifica- 115 Oglethorpe, James, 90 tion, 213, crt213; Declara- North Atlantic Treaty Ohio: National Road, 315; tion of Independence, Organization (NATO), railroads, 389; settlement P 150; population of, 1700, 565 of, 260, 264, c273, 292; g81; as royal colony, 111; North Carolina, 397; colo- statehood, 292, 315, 319 Pachacuti, 26 slavery, 201; state consti- nial, m87, 89–90; Consti- Ohio River valley, 116–17, Paine, Thomas, 149–50, tution, 193; women’s tution ratification, 213; m117, 260, 264, m265, q150, p166, q166, q596 property laws, 428 Declaration of Indepen- c273; agriculture in, 311, Pakistan, 584 Index New York City: city govern- dence, 150; Democratic 319; Native American Panama, 327 ment corruption in, 542; Party in, 514; public conflict, 292 Panic of 1837, 350–51 colonial, ptg99, 103; schools in, 407; readmis- Constitution ratification, oil industry: embargo, 573; Parker, John, 143, q143 sion to Union, 507; reform of, 542 213; Erie Canal, 317, Revolutionary War, 179, Parks, Rosa, 566 Ojibway, the, 295 m318; growth of, 393; rail- m181, 182; as royal Parliament: colonial troops, roads, 388; Revolutionary colony, 111; secession, Okinawa, m562, 563 136–37; lawmaking body War, m165, 166, 184, 185; 452, 453, 460; tobacco Oklahoma: homesteaders of, 208; Navigation Acts, as trade center, 311 industry in, m87, 518 in, 530; Indian Territory, 109; power of, 109; New York Times Company v. North (region): economy of, m341–42, 345, 530, m531 Revolutionary War, 142, United States, 626 during the Civil War, 483; Oklahoma Territory, 530 148; tax laws passed by, New York Weekly Journal, economy of, mid-1800s, Old Plantation, The, ptg105 123, 133–35, 136, 137, 114 386–90; factories in, Old Senate Chamber, p209 142 Newburgh conspiracy, 186 391–93, p391, ptg392; Olive Branch Petition, patents, 308, 535 Newfoundland, 46 Fugitive Slave Act, 148–49 Paterson, William, 203

Index 661 Patrick Henry Before the Virginia House of Burgesses (Rothermel)–Pulaski, Casimir

Patrick Henry Before the roads, 388; Revolutionary first American, 267–70; Prescott, William, ptg131, Virginia House of War, 168; women’s rights nominating conventions, m143, 145 Burgesses (Rothermel), movement in, 426 337; George Washington, presidency: cabinet of, 226, ptg135 Philadelphia (warship), 289 opposition to, 266, 268 240; checks and balances, patriots, 145, 152, 153, 162, Philip II, king of Spain, 70, Polk, James K., p607; 1844 210, 219–20, c224; com- 163, p163, 180, 183 71 election, 351, 360, 368, mander in chief, 209, 210, Peace Democrats, 481 Philippines: Spanish- 437, p437; Manifest 225–26; “dark horse” pres- Pearl Harbor: attack on, 559 American War, m544, 545; Destiny, support of, 371, ident, 360; election to, 210, Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, 559, World War II in, 561–562, 374; and Mexican War, 238–39; executive branch, 560 m562 371–73, m372, 374 authority over, 210, c224, 238, 259; lame-duck offi- peninsulares, 55 physical maps, 4 poll tax: abolition of, 252; cials and, 249; powers of, Pickens, Francis, 453 after Reconstruction, Penn, William, 84–85, q85 c224, 519 210, 221–22, 240, 259, Penn’s Treaty with the Pickett’s Charge, 486 559; roles of, 225–26, 240; Polo, Marco, 38–39, p38, 43 Indians, ptg84 Pierce, Franklin, 442–43, State of the Union Pennsylvania: African p607 Pomo, the, 32 Address, p226; succession Americans, voting rights Pike, Zebulon, m284, 285 Pontiac, chief, q121, q124; to, 239, 250, 252; terms of of, 392; coal industry, 307, Pikes Peak, Colorado, 285, Pontiac’s War, 125 office, 210, 238, 251; veto 535; colonial, c81, m83, 528 Pony Express, 454 by, 224–25, c224, c225, 235, 84–85, ptg84; German Pilgrims, 77, m77; first Poor Richard’s Almanac 236, 507–08 immigrants to, 104; popu- Thanksgiving, 53, p114; (Franklin), p108, 109 press, freedom of, 114, 220, lation of, 1700, g81; as Mayflower Compact, Pope, John, 471 228, 244, 626. See also proprietary colony, 110; ptg66–67 popular sovereignty, 218, speech, freedom of Revolutionary War, Pilgrims Going to Church c218, 442, 447, 448 Prevost, George, 299 ptg173; slavery issue in, (Boughton), ptg69 primary election, 542 176, 200, 201, p201; state population: African Pinckney, Charles, 270, 278; primary sources, locating constitution, 193; Whis- Americans (mid-1800s), 1804 election, 290; 1808 and using, 303, 340, 409, key Rebellion, 263–64; c403, c409; agricultural vs. Election, 291 415, 590–91 women’s property laws, nonagricultural, 1840– 428 Pinckney, Thomas, 266 1870, c396; of Alaska, 358; Princeton, New Jersey, 167 Pennsylvania State House. Pinckney’s Treaty, 266 baby boom, 1950s, 566; of Princip, Gavrilo, 547 See Independence Hall, Pine Ridge Reservation, English colonies, g81; Pringle, Catherine Sager, Philadelphia, South Dakota, 532 growth of, 1800–1840, q359 Pennsylvania pirogues, p287 g310, m310; of the North printing press, 112, p112 Penobscot, the, m294 Pitcher, Molly. See Hayes, (mid-1800s), c403, c409; prison reform, 414–15 prehistoric migrations of, Pentagon, the, 579, 580, Mary problem solving, 162, 381, m581, p586 Pitt, William, 123–24 m18, 20–21, m21; rural vs. 571 urban, 534–39, g538; rural “Pentagon Papers,” 626 Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Proclamation of 1763, 125, vs. urban, 1901–1960, People’s Party of the U.S.A. 118; growth of, 311, 393; 132–33, m133 g538; of the South (mid- See Populist Party railroads, 388 Proclamation of Neutrality, 1800s), c403, c409; urban Pizarro, Francisco, 53 265 People’s Republic of China, vs. rural, 1820, g310; west- 573 Plains of Abraham, 124 Productive Resource (land, ern settlement, m291, 292, labor, capital): 387 Pequot, the, 80, m294 plantation system, 55, 314–15, 319 104–06, ptg105, q312, Prohibition, 550; Eighteenth Perkins Institute, 414 Populist Party, 533 ptg385, 402–03, ptg402 Amendment, 249; repeal Perot, Ross, 576 Port Hudson, Louisiana, Plattsburgh, New York: of, 250 Perry, Oliver Hazard, 297 487 War of 1812, 299 Promontory Point, Utah, Persian Gulf War, p164 Portolá, Gaspar de, 370 529 Peru, 327 Pledge of Allegiance, The, 619 Portugal: explorers, 44–45, propaganda, 547 Petersburg, Virginia, 489, 47, m48; trade, 44, 47–48 Prophet, the, 292–93 m489, 490 Plessy v. Ferguson, 519, 543, 626 Post Road, m152–53 proprietary colonies, 111 petition, right to, 228, 244 Plymouth settlement, g72, Postmaster General, Office protective tariff, 262 petroleum. See oil industry m72, p114 of, 259 Protestant Reformation, 59 Philadelphia, Index Pocahontas, 71, ptg72, 74 Potomac River, 87, m87, 470, Prussia: Spain, relations Pennsylvania: colonial, m470 with, 327 85, 103; Constitution rati- Poland: after World War I, poverty: in cities, 538–39 public debt, 247 fication, 213; Constitu- 549; American Revolu- Powell, Colin, 576 public education, 539 tional Convention, tion, 174; in World War II, 202–05, p202, p204; 559, m560 Powhatan, the, 74, m294 Public Works Admini- Continental Congress, political machines, 541 Preamble to the Consti- stration (PWA), 558 Second, 150, 152; Free political maps, 4 tution, 217, q217, 233 Pueblo Bonito, p29 African Society, 201, p201; political parties: 1828 elec- prejudice: against African pueblos, 29 growth of, 393; July 4th tion, 335–36; causes and Americans, 392; against Puerto Rico: Spanish control celebration at, p255; effects of, g268; differ- immigrants, 395. See also in, 327 nation’s capital, 267; rail- ences between, c269; the discrimination, racism. Pulaski, Casimir, 174

662 Index Pure Food and Drug Act–Roosevelt, Franklin D.

Pure Food and Drug Act, Reconstruction, 500–20; 1992 election, 576; 2000 rice as cash crop, m87, p90, 542 1866 Congressional elec- election, 576, m587; 2004 107–08, 398, 399, g519 Puritans, 77, 82, 113; slavery tions, 506–07; African election, 576; formation Richmond, Virginia, p402; and, 106 Americans, 502, 504–06, of, 445–46; Lincoln- Civil War, 463, 470–71, ptg505, p511, p512, 517, Douglas debates, 447–48; m470, m489, 490, 491; q517; Congressional Plan, Radical Repub-licans, Confederate capital, 461 Q 501–02; decline of, 513–15; 501; during Recon- Riddle, Albert, q467 end of, 515–17; impact of, struction, 504, 507, 509–10, Ridge, Tom, 583 Quadruple Alliance, 327 520; Andrew Johnson’s 514–15, 515. See also rights of citizens, q228, 247; Quakers, 85, 113; anti- plan, 503, 504–05, 516; Democratic-Republican slavery movement of, Lincoln’s death, 502–03, Bill of Rights, 205, 208, Party 212, 213, 220, c221, 244, 106, 200, 419; women’s 516–17; Lincoln’s plan, Republicanism, 218, c218 rights movement and, 260; freedom of assembly, 501, 516; military recon- reservations, m342, 345, 425–26 220, 228, 244; freedom of struction districts, 507, 531–33, m531 Quartering Act, 134, 244 m507; Radical Republican religion, 76–78, ptg78, 79, reserved powers, 219 84, 88, 104, 196, 220, 228, Quebec, Battle of, 124 plan, 504, 507; resistance Return to Fredericksburg 244, 279; freedom of Quebec, Canada, 62, 92, to, 510; South affected by, After the Battle, The speech, 220, 228, 244, 260, 124, 149 509–12; state govern- (Henderson), ptg501 627; freedom of the press, Quebec Act, 139 ments affected by, 501, Revels, Hiram, p509, 510 114, 220, 228, 244, 260, Quechua, Incan language, 503, 504–08 Revere, Paul, p140, 143, 626; limits on, 229; natu- 26 Red Badge of Courage, The (Crane), from, 465 m143, 145, p146, 313 ral rights, 208, 220; right Red Jacket, chief, 47, 312, revivals, 413 to bear arms, 244; right to R p312, q312 Revolutionary War: petition, 228, 244; rights of accused persons, 244; Red Scare, 550 American advantages, speedy, fair trial, 245; trial racism: after Reconstruction, referendum, 542 164, 187; British advan- by jury, 110, 196, 220, 229, 514, 519–20, crt520; Ku reforms, 412–28, 540–44; tages, 163; campaigns in, Klux Klan, 504, p504; m165, 166–68, 177–79, 241, 260; unalienable, 151, business, 541; education, 228; voting rights, 228, slavery defense and, 424. 539; political, 542; pro- p177, 179–82, m180, p180, 230, 247, 248. See also civil See also discrimination; gressivism, 540, 541–42, m181, p182; casualties of, rights; civil rights move- prejudice p541, m542, 543; g488; causes and effects ment; human rights; vot- Radical Republicans, 501 Prohibition, 550; rail- of, g142; colonies taking ing rights radios, 536 roads, 541; slavery, 415, sides, 145, 150; Declara- railroads, 370; after the Civil 418–24; social, 412–17; tion of Independence, Riis, Jacob, 539, p540 War, 518; Civil War, women’s rights, 425–28, 147, 150–51, ptg150, q151, Rio Grande River, 372, importance in, 462, g462; 542. See also social reform 154–57; European allies, m372, 374 discomfort of, 386; econo- religion: Aztec, 25; freedom role of, 173–74, 180–81, roads, 315, m316–17, 387; my, effect on, 389; effect of, 76–78, ptg78, 79, 84, 88, m181, q181, p182, 183–84, 1828 election, 336; inter- on farmers, 389; farmers’ 104, 196, 220, 228, 244, p183, ptg184, ptg185, 187; state highways, 565; problems with, 533; 279; The Great Awaken- first battles of, 142–44, Santa Fe Trail, 370; to the growth of, 534–36; indus- ing, 110–11, p110, m111, m143, ptg144, m152–53; on West, 315 trial growth and, 535; net- 112; Incan, 26–27; the home front, 175; Roanoke Island, North work of, 388–89, m388, Protestant Reformation, Native Americans, Carolina, 71 p389; in the North, 462, 59; Second Great Awak- 177–78, 312; in the South, Rochambeau, Jean Baptiste g462; Plessy v. Ferguson, ening, 413; Spanish mis- p177, 179–82, p180, m181, de, 183–84, p183 626; rate regulation of, sions, 56–57, p56–57, m65, p182; Treaty of Paris, Rockefeller, John D., 536 542; in the South (mid- 185–86, m189, 198; Valley 92–93, p93, 369. See also Rockefeller, Nelson A.: as 1800s), 400; in the South Forge, 173–74, ptg173; in specific religion vice-president, 252 (late-1800s), 518; strikes, the West, 177–79, m180; representative government, Rocket steam locomotive, 537; transcontinental rail- 110 Yorktown, Battle of, 182, 388 Index road, 529; western settle- republic, 193, 207, 218 183–85, ptg185, q185, 187. ment and, 529, 535 Roe v. Wade, 627 Republic of Texas, m367 See also American Raleigh, Sir Walter, 71 Rogers, Francis, q288 Republican Party: 1816 elec- Revolution Rolfe, John, 72 Randolph, Edmund, 202, tion, 321; 1824 election, Rhode Island, m77, 79–80; 203, 205, 259 334–35, c335; 1856 elec- African Americans, vot- Roman Catholic Church. Rankin, Jeannette, 546, p546 tion, 446; 1860 election, ing rights of, 392; agricul- See Catholic Church Reagan, Ronald W., p610; 449–50, m457; 1866 con- ture in, 307; as charter Rome, Italy, 561 1980 election, 574; 1984 gressional elections, colony, m77, 110; Roosevelt, Franklin D., election, 575; domestic 506–07; 1868 election, 508; Constitution ratification, p559, p609; 1932 election, policies of, 575; Soviet 1872 election, 514; 1876 213; opposition to 558; death of, 561; declar- Union, relations with, election, 515–16, m515; Constitution, 211; ing war, 560; Japanese p574, 575 1896 election, 533; 1960 Revolutionary War, 167; Americans, 625; Lend- Rebels, 464. See also election, 566; 1968 elec- slavery, 201; state consti- Lease Act, 559; Confederacy tion, 570; 1980 election, tution, 193 Manhattan Project, 563; recall election, 541 574; 1988 election, 575; Rice, Condoleezza, 576 New Deal, 557–58; terms

Index 663 Roosevelt, Theodore–slavery

of office of, 251; at Yalta, Santa Fe Trail, 369–70, 373, 219–20, c224; composition ships: clipper, 387, p387; p564. See also New Deal 376 of, 223, 234; creation of, galleon, 45; merchant, Roosevelt, Theodore, 551, Santo Domingo, 283 204; election reform and, 288, 289, p289 p551, p609; conservation- Saratoga, Battle of, 168, 172, 542; Jay’s Treaty, 266; Old Shoshone, the, 32, 284 ism, 543; progressive 187 Senate Chamber, p209; Siberia, 17 reforms of, 543; “Rough Saratoga, New York, 168, powers of, 209, 223, c224; Sierra Nevadas, 376 Riders,” 545 172, 187 states’ representatives in, Signing of the Constitution Ross, Betsy, 259 satellites: navigation satel- 204, 209. See also Congress (Stearns), ptg191 Ross, John, p346 lites, p40 Seneca, the, 33, 47, 117 Signing the Mayflower “Rough Riders,” 545 Sauk, the, m342, 344, p345 Seneca Falls, New York, 426 Compact, (Moran), royal colonies, 111 Savannah, Georgia, m87, 90, Seneca Falls Convention, ptg66–67 rule of law, 219 185, 403 426–27, p426, 542; Seneca silver: silver vs. gold stan- Rumsey, James, 316 school. See education Falls Declaration, 617 dard and, 533 Rush, Benjamin, 178, q178 Schurz, Carl, q510 separation of powers. See Sinague, the, 28 Rush-Bagot Treaty, 326 science. See technology checks and balances Sinclair, Upton, 542 Russia: Oregon Country, Scott, Dred, 446–47, p624 separatists, 77 Singletary, Amos, q215 claim on, 357; Spain, rela- Scott, Winfield, 343, 374 sequencing: absolute, 63, 91, Sioux, the, 531–32, m531; tions with, 327; in World search and seizure, unrea- 277, 356, 362, 368, 374, Wounded Knee, South War I, 547, 548, m549. See sonable, 244 445, 449, 495; relative, 63 Dakota, 568 also Soviet Union secession, 439, 451–52, Sequoya, 341, p341 Sisters of Charity, 313 Russwurm, John B., 393, m452; defined, 285, 338, Serbia, 547 Sitting Bull, 531–32 438, 451; Federalist’s plan 421 Serra, Junípero, 93, p93, q93, Sixteenth Amendment, 248 for, 285; reactions to, 451; 370 Sixth Amendment, 245, 625 southern states support Slater, Samuel, 308–09 S of, 449, p449; states’ Seton, Elizabeth, 313, p354 rights, basis for, 338, 339 settlement houses, 538–39 slave trade, 41, 44, 102, p102, q102, m103, 107, q115; Sacagawea, p286 Second Amendment, 244 Seven Days battles, 471 284, causes and effects of, 120; Second Great Awakening, Seven Years’ War, 123 Sacramento, California, outlaw of, 405; Three- 413 371, 375 Seventeenth Amendment, Fifths Compromise, 205 Second Reconstruction Act, 234, 248, 542 Sagoyewatha, 312, p312, slavery, q312, p455; 507 q312 Seventeenth Flag of the California statehood, 377; Saint Domingue, 187 secondary sources, locating Union, p486 criticism of, 106; Dred St. Augustine, Florida, 53, and using, 227, 303, 590 Seventh Amendment, 245 Scott decision, 446–47, m329 sectionalism: 1824 election, 7th New York Militia at 624; Emancipation St. Lawrence River, 92, 122, 335, c335; 1828 election, Jersey City on April 19, Proclamation, 473–76, 124 336; 1860 election, 449–50; 1861 (Henry), ptg461 p474–75, 617; in English Gibbons v. Ogden, 325, St. Louis, Missouri, 393 Seymour, Horatio, 508 colonies, 73, 102, p102, 624–25; growth of, m103, 107; free in the St. Lusson, Sieur de, 118, 322–24, m323; McCulloch Shakers, 413 p118 sharecroppers, 512, 518 South, 106; Fugitive Slave v. Maryland, 237, 324–25; Act, 441–42; in Georgia, St. Clair, Arthur, 264 shares. See stock(s) Missouri Compromise, 106, 200; Missouri St. Leger, Barry, 167–68 323–24, m323, 436–37; Sharpsburg, Maryland, Compromise, 323–24, Salem, Peter, 167 slavery issue, 323–24, m492–93 m323, 436–37; of Native m323, 436–55; tariff issue, Salvation Army, 538 Shawnee, the, 264, 292, Americans, 54, 55; in the 321, 322, 323, 324, 338, Samoset, 78 m294, m342 North, 200–01, 205; 339; Texas annexation Sampson, Deborah, 164, Shays, Daniel, 200 Northwest Territory, issue, 368; Whig Party 165 Shays’s Rebellion, 200, 195–96; slave codes, 105, and, 351 San Antonio, Texas, m87, p200, q200, 217 405; in the South (mid- Sedition Act, 270, c271, 92, m372; and Texas war 1800s), 397, 399, 400, crt272, 280 Sherman, Roger, 150; for independence, 365, Constitutional 401–02, 403–05, p404, segregation: of African m367 q404, 418–24; in Southern Americans, 392, 519, 566, Convention, 204 San Diego, California, 93, Sherman, William colonies, 81, 86, 87, 88, 90, Index 622; Brown v. Board of 373 Tecumseh, 463, p464, ptg91, 104–06, p105, 107; Education, 566, 624; Civil in Spanish colonies, 55; San Francisco, California, q464, 488, 489; March to Rights Act (1964), 567; states’ rights, 322–23; in 376; civil unrest in, 567 the Sea, m489, 490 Plessy v. Ferguson, 543; in Texas, 363, 364, 368, 373; San Gabriel Mission, 370 schools, 392, 566, 617, 620 Sherman Antitrust Act, 541, Thirteenth Amendment, San Jacinto, Battle of, 367, Seguín, Juan, 365 543 246, 476, 503, 617; Three- m367 Selective Service Act, 548 Shiloh, Battle of, 469, m470, Fifths Compromise, San Martín, José de, 327 Selma, Alabama, 567 480 204–05, 419; Under- Santa Anna, Antonio Seminole, the, m294, 326, shipbuilding: colonial, m77, ground Railroad, 406, López, 364–65, 366, 367 341, m342, 344–45, p344 101; improvements in, 422–24, m423, p429, 442. Santa Fe, New Mexico, m87, Senate, U.S., 234, 248; 40–41; ironclads, 468, See also abolitionists; anti- 92, 369, 373 checks and balances, 210, p468 slavery movement

664 Index Slidell, John–Supreme Court

Slidell, John, 372 407; France, relations 93, 173, 181; Florida, 124, ers, 194, c196, 219, c219, Sloat, John, 373 with, 265; industry, 188, 195, 283, 294, 326, 241–42, 245 Smith, Jedediah, 358, 370, 399–400; industry, after m329; France, relations states’ rights: 1828 election, 371 Civil War, 518; Kansas- with, 283; Latin American 336; Chisholm v. Georgia, Nebraska Act, 442–43, Smith, John, q67, 72, 74 empire, 326–27; Louisiana 245; Confederacy, power m443; Missouri Compro- Territory, 124, 283–84, Smith, Jonathan, q215 of, 463; Gibbons v. Ogden, mise, m323, 324, 436–37; m284, 363; Mexico, inde- 325, 624–25; interstate Smith, Joseph, 377–78 population of (mid- pendence of, 363, 369; commerce, 624–25; social reform: alcohol, 413; 1800s), c403, c409; during Native Americans, rela- Kentucky and Virginia of disabled Americans, Reconstruction, 509–12; tions with, 264; Oregon Resolutions, 271; limits 414–15; education, after Reconstruction, Country, claim on, 357; on, 281; McCulloch v. 413–15, p414; ideals of, 513–20; Revolutionary settlements of, m87, Maryland, 237, 324–25; War in, p177, 179–82, 412–13; religious influ- 92–93; Spanish Armada, nullification right, 338–39, p180, m181, p182; after ence on, 413. See also abo- 70, 71; Spanish Missions, 339; regional conflict over, Revolutionary War, 200, litionists; anti-slavery 56–57, p56–57, 92–93, p93, 322–23; slavery, 322–23; 261; secession issue, 338, movement; women’s 369, m65; Spanish- state sovereignty, 322–23; 438, 439; sectionalist American War, m544, 545; rights movement John Tyler, supporter of, Social Security Act, 558, 565 issues of, 322–23, 436–55; Texas, conflict over, 363; segregation in, 519; slav- 351; Webster-Hayne society: in Spanish settle- U.S., relations with, 198, ery in (mid-1800s), 397, debate, 338 ments, 55 326; George Washington, 399–400, 401–02, 403–05, relations with, 266 Statue of Liberty, 526, sodbusters, 530 p526 p404, q404, 418–24; states’ Spanish-American War, Son of the Middle Border, A rights, 322–23, 338, 339; m544, 545 steam engine, 315–16 (Garland), from, 379 tariff issue, 262, 324, 338, Spanish Armada, 70, 71 steamboats, 315, 318, 387 Song of Hiawatha 339; Texas annexation Spanish Galleon, 45 steel industry, 518, 535, 536 (Longfellow), 415 issue, 368. See also Civil special-purpose maps, 4 Steffens, Lincoln, 542 Songhai Empire, m41, 42 War Speckled Snake, q340 Stephens, Alexander H., Sonoma, California, 373 South Side of St. John’s 504 Street, The (Smith, J.), speech, freedom of, 220, Sons of Liberty, 134, 139, Steuben, Friedrich von, 174, ptg99 228, 244, 260, 627 143, 148 182 South Vietnam, 569, m569, Spirit of Laws, The Soto, Hernando de, 54 Stevens, Thaddeus, q501, 570. See also Vietnam War (Montesquieu), 208 South Africa: human rights 514 Southern colonies, 86–93, spoils system, 337, 348 in, 574 m87, ptg88, ptg89, p93, sports: lacrosse, 313, ptg313 Stewart, Amelia, q454 South America: Monroe c94; agriculture in, 86, 87, Springfield, Massachusetts, stock market: crash of, 557 Doctrine, 327 m87, 89, 90, ptg90; econo- 200 stock(s), 536; concept of, 311 South Carolina, 397; colo- my of, m87, 89–90; gov- Squanto, 78 Stone, William, 464 nial, m87, 89–90; ernment in, 88–89, 89; Stalin, Joseph, 564, p564, Stowe, Harriet Beecher, 415, Nullification Act, 339; Great Awakening in, q564 442, p442, 455 readmission to Union, m111; life in, 104–06, p105; Stalingrad, 561 Strauss, Levi, 376, p376, 454 507; Revolutionary War, Native Americans, rela- Stamp Act, 134, p134, strikes, 392, 537; after World tions with, 88–89; slavery 167, 177, p177, 179, 180, 175–76 War I, 550 m181, 182; rice grown in, in, 81, 86, 87, 88, 90, ptg90, Stamp Act Congress, 134 Stuart, James E.B., 471 m87, 107–08; secession, 104–06, ptg105, 107. See Standard Oil Company, 536 Stuart, Robert, 358 339, 449, 451, m452; slav- also individual colonies Stanton, Edwin, 507 ery in, 200; tariff issue, Soviet Union: Berlin block- Stump Speaking (Bingham), 339 ade, 564–65; cold war Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, ptg333 426, 427, p617 South Dakota: Battle of with, 564; collapse of, 576; Stuyvesant, Peter, 83 “Star-Spangled Banner, Wounded Knee, m531, Cuba, relations with, submarine warfare: inven- The,” 299, 572, 616 532; gold in, 531 568–69; Nixon adminis- tion of, 315

tration and, 573; Reagan State, Department of, 226, Index South Pass, 358 suburbs, 538, g565, 566 administration, p574, 575; 259 Sudan, 581 South (region): 1796 elec- in World War II, 559, state government: chal- suffrage, 249, 426–27, 542. tion, 270; 1828 election, m560, 561; Yalta confer- lenges faced by new, See also voting rights 336, m353; agriculture in, ence, 564. See also Russia 193–94; Constitutional Sugar Act, 133 104–06, p105, 310, 402, space station, p524–25 amendments and, 221; Sumner, Charles, 444, q508 518, g519, 520; American Spain: Adams-Onís Treaty, constitutions, adoption System, opposition to, 326, 357, 359, 363; in of, 193; electoral college, supply and demand, 104 324; cities in (mid-1800s), America, 51–55, m52, 210; federal government, Supreme Court, p210; 2000 406–07; economy of (mid- 56–57, p56–57, m117; sharing powers with, election, 576–77; Bank of 1800s), 397–400, g398, American Revolution, 208–09, 219, c219, 238, the United States, Second, m398, q400, 401–03; econ- 173, 180–81, m181, q181, 241–42, 245; powers of, 324–25, 625–26; checks omy of, during the Civil p182, 187; California, con- 209, 219, c219, 238, and balances, 210, 219–20, War, 483; economy of, trol of, 370; early explor- 241–42, 260; supremacy c224; constitutional after Reconstruction, ers of, 46–49, p46, m48; clause of Constitution authority of, 210, 241; cre- 517–18, 520; education in, England, war with, 70, 71, and, 243; vs. federal pow- ation of, 259; death

Index 665 Supreme Court, cases–Truman, Harry S

penalty decision, 624; representation, 204. See hood, 368; war for inde- ships, 288–89; of slaves, judicial review and, 222, also embargo; tariffs pendence, 363–68, q366, 41, 44, 102, p102, q102, 226, 281, 625; powers of, Taylor, Zachary, 377, p607; m367, 372 m103, 107; trade routes 240–41; segregation rul- 1848 election, 438; death textile industry: British and, 39–40, 41, 43–49, c44, ings, 566, p566 of, 439; Mexico, war with, inventions for, 307; cotton p46, m48; trading king- Supreme Court, cases: 372, 373; in the military, gin, 308, p399; New doms of Africa, 41, m41 Brown v. Board of 439 England factories, 306–11, trade goods: from Africa, 41; Education, 566, 621, 624; Tea Act, 138–39 p307, p308–09, m310, 391; colonial, 101; of early Chisholm v. Georgia, 245; technology: advances in, 40; Southern, after Civil War, Native Americans, 24 Dred Scott v. Sandford, airplane, 536; automobile, 518 trade unions, 392. See also 446–47, 505, 624; Furman 536; civil war camera, Thames, Battle of the, 297 labor unions v. Georgia, 624; Gibbons v. p482; communication, Thanksgiving, first, 53, q114 Trail of Tears, m342, 343–44, Ogden, 281, 325, 624–25; p386, 389; communica- Third Amendment, 244 ptg 343, q343, q344, Gideon v. Wainright, 625; tions, 536; Ben Franklin, Thirteenth Amendment, m346–47, 627 Korematsu v. United States, 109; Industrial Revolu- 246, 476, 503, 617 Trail of Tears (Lindneux), 625; Marbury v. Madison, tion, 308–11, 386–87; Thompson, Parker, q181 m342, 343–44 McCulloch 222, 281, 625; v. interchangeable parts, Thoreau, Henry David, 412, transcendentalists, 415 Maryland, 237, 281, 309; medical, p324; p412, 415 transcontinental rail line, 324–25, 625–26; Miranda v. NAVSTAR Global Three-Fifths Compromise, 529 Arizona, 626; New York Positioning System, p40; 204–05 patents, 535; printing transportation: American Times Company v. United Tidewater, the, 105 States, 626; Plessy v. press, 112, p112; radio, highways, 1811–1852, Tikal, Mayan city, 23 Ferguson, 519, 543, 626; 536; Spanish Galleon, 45; m317; canals, 317–18, Tilden, Samuel J., 508, Roe v. Wade, 627; Tinker v. steam engine, 315–16, m318, 319, 387; clipper m515, 516 Des Moines School District, 318, 387; steam locomo- ships, 387, p387, 455; 627; United States v. Nixon, tive, 387, p389; telegraph, Timbuktu, m41, 42 Conestoga wagon, p282, 627; Worcester v. Georgia, p386, 389, 536; telephone, Tinker v. Des Moines School 283, p293, p382; impact of, 343, 627 536; textile mill, p307; District, 627 314–319, 328, 387, 390, 400, 408; interstate high- Surrender of Lord tools, q306; transporta- Tippecanoe, Battle of, ways, 565; keelboat, p287; Cornwallis at Yorktown tion, 536 292–93, 351 Model T Ford, p536; (Trumbull), ptg185 Tecumseh, 292–93, q292, Tlingit, the, 32 pirogues, p287; prairie Susquehanna, the, m294 297, 298, 351 tobacco, 72–73, 115; Tejanos, 363, 365, 366 1850–1890, g519; after the schooners, 358; railroads, Sutter, John, 375 386; on rivers, 315–17; telegraph, p386, 389, 536 Civil War, 518; as cash Swamp Fox, 177, p177, 180 roads, 315, m316–17, 387; telephone, 536 crop, m87, 107, 398, 399; English colonies, 74, 107 in the South (mid-1800s), temperance movement, 413; 400; steamboats, 387. See T Susan B. Anthony, 427 Tom Thumb, 388, p389 Tompkins, Sally, 481 also canals; railroads; Ten Percent Plan, 501 roads Taft, William Howard, p609; Topa Inca, 26 tenant farmers, 402, 518 Travis, William, 364, 365–66, progressive reforms of, tenements, 538, 540 Tories, 163–64 543 q366 Tennessee, 319; in the Civil Toronto, Canada, 297 Taliban, 581, 584 Toussaint-Louverture, 187, Treaty of Ghent, 299–300, War, 461; Fourteenth 323 Talleyrand, Charles de, 270, Amendment ratification 283 283 Townshend Acts, 135 Treaty of Greenville, 264, by, 506; readmission to m265 Taney, Roger B., 447 Union, 501, 507; seces- trade: American, expansion Treaty of Guadalupe Tanzania, 580 sion, 452, 453, 460; state- of, 288–89; with Asia, 288; Hidalgo, 374, 376 Tarbell, Ida, 542, p541, q541 hood, 319 canals, 318, m318; with Treaty of Paris (1763), 124, Tariff of 1816, 323 Tennessee River: Civil War, China, 573; colonial, 101–03, p102, m103, 109, 132 Treaty of Paris (1783), Tariff of Abominations, 468–69 133–35; cotton, as export, 185–86, m189, 198 338, 339 Tenochtitlán, 24–25, 52 c398; Embargo Act, effect Treaty of Tordesillas, 48, 60 tariffs: 1824 election, 335, Tenth Amendment, 245, 260 on, g289, 290; embargoes Treaty of Versailles, 549 c335; regional conflict Tenure of Office Act, 507 affecting, g289, 290; with Trenton, New Jersey, 167 Index over, 321, 323, 324 terrace farming, p25, 26 France, 173; freedom of trial by jury, 110, 196, 220, taxation: after the American terrorism: war on, 578; the seas, 290; of fur, 62, 229, 241, 260 Revolution, 197, p263; 579–85 92, 117, 132, 264, 288, triangular trade, 102, p102, Bank of the United States, Texas, m87, 92; cattle ranch- 357–58; growth of, 39, 41; q102, m103 Second, 325; during the ing, 529, m553; Civil War, imports and exports, Civil War, 483; on 487; in the Deep South, 1800–1820, c289; intra and Tripoli, United States con- colonists, 123, 133–35, 397; land grants in, interstate commerce and, flict with, 289 136, 137, 142; duty to pay, 363–64; New Mexico, bor- 620–21; Mayan, 24; with Troy Female Seminary, 229; income tax, 248, der dispute, 438; readmis- Mexico, 364; Navigation 428 p248, 483; tax laws, origi- sion to Union, 507; seces- Acts, 109; Nonintercourse Truman, Harry S, p609; nation of, 235; whiskey, sion, 451; slavery issue in, Act, effect on, g289, 290; atomic bomb, 563; Berlin 262, 263–64, 280; without 363, 364, 368, 437; state- Santa Fe Trail, 370; by airlift, 565; Truman

666 Index trusts–Watson, Gregory

Doctrine, 564; World War United Farm Workers ratification, 213, crt213; war on terrorism, 579–585, II, end of, 563 (UFW), 568 Constitutional Conven- m581 trusts, 536, 541 United Nations (UN): in tion, 205; Democratic Warren, Mercy Otis, 212, Truth, Sojourner, p420, q420, Korea, 565 Party in, 514; growth of, p212, q212 q421 United States Postal 88; population of, 1700, Washington, Booker T., 543 Tubman, Harriet, 406, p406, Service, 226 g81; readmission to Washington, D.C.: in 1803, p419, q419, 423, 477, 480 United States v. Nixon, 627 Union, 507; Revolution- p280; becoming capital, Tucker, William, 73 USA Patriot Act, 583 ary War, m181, 182; as 261, p261, 278; in the Civil royal colony, 111; seces- Tumacácori, Arizona, 57 Utah: settlement of, 377–78; War, 463, 471, 486; Martin sion, 452, 453, 460, Turner, Nat, 405 slavery issue, 438; state- Luther King, Jr.’s march 461–62; settlement of, 71, hood, 378 on, 567; slavery issue in, turnpikes, 315 72, 73; tobacco grown in, Utah Territory, 378 438; telegraph, 389; today, Tuskegee Institute, 543 74, m87, 107 Ute, the, 32 p280; War of 1812, 298–99, Twain, Mark, 539 Virginia Company of m298. See also District of Twelfth Amendment, 239, utopias, 412 London, 71, 72, 73 Columbia 246, 279, 335 Virginia (ironclad), 468 Twentieth Amendment, 249 Washington, George, V Virginia Plan, 202–03 ptg128–29, ptg173, Twenty-first Amendment, V-J Day, 563 221, 242, 249, 250, 550 ptg178–79, ptg185, p199, Valley of the Yosemite voting rights, p218–19, 228, p255, p258, p267, q312, Twenty-second (Bierstadt), ptg305 230, p246, 336–37; of Amendment, 251 p606; Articles of Van Buren, Martin, p607; African Americans, 111, Confederation, 199, 201; Twenty-third Amendment, 1832 election, 350; 1836 193, 201, 204, 247, 248, 251 Confederation, 198, 199; election, 350; 1840 elec- 337, 392, 501, 506, 507, Constitution, support for, Twenty-fourth tion, 351; 1844 election, 508, 511, 519, crt520; colo- 211; Constitutional Amendment, 247, 252 360; 1848 election, 438; nial, 111; discrimination Convention, 202; Conti- Twenty-fifth Amendment, Panic of 1837, 350–51; in, 201, 248; Fifteenth nental Army, leadership 252–53 Texas annexation issue, Amendment, 248, 508, of, 148, 149, 164, 166–67, Twenty-sixth Amendment, 368 511, 519, 523, 542; under 174, 178–79, 182, 183–86, 228, 253 vaqueros, 376, 529 Andrew Jackson, 337; of 439; Continental Native Americans, 337; Twenty-seventh Vaqueros in a Horse Corral Congress, 142; Declara- Amendment, 253 Nineteenth Amendment, (Walker), ptg370 tion of Independence, 249, 542; poll tax, 252, Two Treatises on Civil Velázquez, Loretta Janeta, 150; Farewell Address, 519; restrictions against, Government (Locke), 208, 480 266, q266, 615; farewell to q208 519; Twenty-sixth Venezuela, 327 troops, 186–87, q187; first Amendment, 228, 253; Tyler, John, 351, 368, p607 Veracruz, Mexico, 374 command, 118–19, 122; voting age, 253; Voting Vermont: agriculture in, 307; first President, 198, p239; Rights Act of 1965, 567; of slavery, 176; statehood, on foreign relations, q255, women, 249, 337, 426–27, U 300, 319 542 265; France, relations UFW. See United Farm Verrazano, Giovanni da, with, 265–66; French and Workers m48, 60 Indian War, 122–23, q122; UN. See United Nations Versailles, Treaty of, 549 W Great Britain, relations Uncle Tom’s Cabin (Stowe), vertical integration, 536 with, 265–66, 268; 415, 442, p455 Vespucci, Amerigo, m48 Waddel, Moses, 407 Alexander Hamilton, relations with, 260, 262, Underground Railroad, 406, veto, 224–25, c224, c225, 235, Wade-Davis Bill, 501–02 268, q269; inauguration, 422–24, m423, p429, 442 236, 507–08 Walker, David, 421 258; Thomas Jefferson, unemployment: during vice presidency: election to, Wampanoag, the, 80, m294 relations with, 268, q269; Great Depression, 556, 210; presidential vacan- War, Department of, 259 national bank, 262; p556, 557–58, p557, q558; cies and, 239, 250, 252; War Hawks, 293–94, 296, term of office, 210 Native American policies,

New Deal work pro- 300, 322 Index 264, c273; political parties, grams, 558; Panic of 1837 Vicksburg, Mississippi: War News from Mexico opposition to, 266, 268; and, 350; during World battle of, 486–87, m487 (Woodville), ptg355 Second Continental War II, 561 Vietnam War, 569, m569, War of 1812, 296–300, crt297, unemployment insurance, p571; casualties of, g488, Congress, 147–48, 187; m298, p299, q312; Shays’s Rebellion, q200; 558 570; escalation of, 569; America, unprepared for, Spain, relations with, 266; Union (North before Civil Nixon administration, 296; Battle of New Whiskey Rebellion, 264 War): economy of, mid- 570; opposition to, 569; Orleans, 300; British 1800s, 386–90; factories in, “Pentagon Papers,” 626 attack on Washington, Washington, Martha, 174, 391–93, p391, ptg392; View of the Town of D.C., 298–99, m298; 267 goals, 463; resources, 462, Concord, 1775, A, ptg144 Canadian campaign, 297; Washington Crossing the g462; slavery abolition in, Vikings, 45–46 cost of, 313; Native Delaware (Leutze), 200–01, 205 Vincennes, Illinois, 178, 181 Americans and, 296, 297, ptg128–29 Union Pacific Company, Virginia, 397; agriculture in, 298; naval battles of, 297, Watergate scandal, 252, 573; 529 88; colonial, c81, m87, m298; Treaty of Ghent, tape recordings, 627 unions. See labor unions 88–89, 115; Constitution 299–300, 323 Watson, Gregory, 253

Index 667 Wayne, Anthony–Zuni, the

Wayne, Anthony, 184, 264, Westmoreland, William, p164, 561; Native Wounded Knee, Battle of, m265 569 American, 32, p427; m531, 532–33 weapons: American Wheeling, West Virginia, Nineteenth Amendment, Wounded Knee, South Revolution, ptg161, 162, 388 249, 542; on the Oregon Dakota, 568 171; arms control treaty, Wheelwright, John, 80 Trail, p359, q359; on plan- Wright, Orville, p535, 536 573, 575; atomic bomb, Whig Party, 348; 1836 elec- tations, duties of, 403; in Wright, Wilbur, p535, 536 m562, 563; Civil War, tion, 350; 1840 election, politics, 222, p222, p546, Writ of Habeas Corpus, 237, p466, 483; military 350, p350, 351; 1844 elec- 577; Revolutionary War, 481, 482 buildup, 575; nuclear tion, 351, 360, 368; 1848 p164, 165; in Spanish writing systems: hiero- weapons, 573, 575; election, 438; 1856 elec- colonies, 54, ptg54; voting glyphics, 24 U-boats, 548 tion, 445; Compromise of rights of, 111, 113, 249, writs of assistance, 133 Webster, Daniel, q323, p331, 1850, 439; destruction of, 337, 426–27, 542; in the Wyoming: voting rights, q331; Bank of the United 444–45; Mexican War, 372; West, 319; in the work 427, 542 States, 349; Compromise Tyler’s policies and, 351 force, 561, 567; writers of of 1850, 438–39, 439, q439; Whirling Thunder, p345 mid-1800s, 415. See also states’ rights, opposition Whiskey Rebellion, 263–64 women’s rights move- X to, 338; Webster-Hayne White, John, q71 ment debate, 338 Whitefield, George, 110, 112 women’s rights movement: XYZ affair, 270 Webster-Hayne debate, 338 Whitman, Marcus, 358 in the 1960s, 567; leaders, Weld, Theodore, 420 Whitman, Narcissa, 358 425–28, p425, p426, p427; Y Wells, Ida B., 543, p543, q543 Whitman, Walt, 415, 455 Seneca Falls Convention, 426–27, p426–27, 617, p617 West Germany: formation Whitney, Eli: cotton gin, Yakima, the, 32 Wood, Leonard, 545 of, 564–65; reunion with 308, 398, p399; inter- Yalta conference, p564 Worcester v. Georgia, 343, East, 576 changeable parts, 309 yellow journalism, 545 627 West Indies, 47, 102, m103, Willamette Valley, 359 Yemen, 581 workers: during 1930s, p556, 124 Willard, Emma, 427–28 York, Duke of, 83 West Point, 144 William and Mary College, 557–58, p557, q557; factory conditions, p309, q309, Yorktown, Virginia, 182; West (region): 1800–1820 113 Battle of, 182, 183–85, 391–93, p391, ptg392; territorial growth, m291, William of Orange, king of ptg185, q185, 187 292; agriculture, 263, 310; England, 109 unemployment of, 1930s, 556; women, 393, 561, 567 Young, Brigham, 378 education in, 413; popula- Williams, Roger, 79–80 Young Man in White Apron World Trade Center, 579, tion growth in, 314–15; Wilmot, David, 437–38 (Falconer), ptg392 580, p579, p580 Revolutionary War in, Wilmot Proviso, 437–38 Yugoslavia: after World War World War I: casualties of, 177–79, m180. See also Wilson, James, 202 I, 550 g488; debt from, 557; Northwest Territory; Wilson, Woodrow, p609; events leading to, 547–48, western settlers Fourteen Points, 620; West Virginia: in the Civil League of Nations, 549; p547; trench warfare in, Z War, 462; secession from progressive reforms of, p548 Virginia, m452; statehood, 543; World War I, 547, World War I, U.S. involve- Zenger, John Peter, 113 242, 462 548; World War I, ment in: declaration of Zuni, the, 32 western settlers, p382; armistice, 549 war, 548; military 1800–1820 territorial Winslow, Edward, p114 involvement, 549; trade growth, m291, 292; Winthrop, John, 78–79 with the Allies, 547 Adams-Onís Treaty, 326, Wisconsin: women’s prop- World War II: costs of, 563; 357, 363; California, erty laws, 428 events leading to, 559; the 1840s, 371; causes and Wisconsin Territory, m342, Holocaust, 561, 563; neu- effects of, g377; Great 624 trality, 559; Pearl Harbor Plains, 528, 529, 537–39; Wolfe, James, 124 attack, 559 life of, 314, 319, p454, women: abolitionists, 406, World War II, U.S. involve- q454; Native Americans, p406, p419, q419, 420, ment in: in Africa, conflict with, 264, m265, p420, q420, q421; in the 560–61; air war over 529, 531–33, m531; New Civil War, 477, 479–80, Germany, 561; D-Day, Index Mexico territory, 369–70, 481; colonial, 88, p88, 89, 561; in Europe and p370; Northwest Territory, 101, 111, 112–13, 135; of Mediterranean, 561; p194–95, 195–96, m195, early 1800’s, q306; educa- European victory, 561; 264, m265, ptg265, c273, tion for, 413, 414, 427–28, home front, 560; Japanese 282–83; Oregon country, p427, 567; homesteaders, Americans, internment 356–57, 358–60, m361; 530; immigrants, 394; of, 560; military involve- railroads and, 529, 535; inventors, 313; Iroquois ment, m560, 561–63, Texas war for independ- society, 32, 33; labor force, m562, p562, p563; Pacific ence, 363–68, m367; travel 577–578; labor unions, theater, 562–63, m562; routes, 315, 358, p359, 370, 393; marriage and family Pearl Harbor attack, ptg370. See also Manifest laws and, 428; in medi- 559–60; V-J Day, 563; Yalta Destiny cine, 481; in the military, conference, p564

668 Index