Sys Rev Pharm 2020;11(12):1589-1592 A multifaceted review journal in the field of pharmacy RESISTANCE OF VARIETIES TO THE PATHOGENS OF SPOTTING ON THE ARTIFICIAL INFECTIOUS BACKGROUND Ainash Nauanova

JSC “S. Seifullin Kazakh Agrotechnical University” 62 Pobeda Avenue, Nur-Sultan, 010000, Kazakstan

Abstract Leaf spotting is one of the most common and harmful diseases Keywords: barley varieties, infectious background, the of white straw crops in Northern Kazakhstan and is caused by infectious agents of leaf spots, striped spots, helmintosporium. some fungi as Drechslera graminea, Cochliobolus sativus Pine., Bipolaris sorokiniana, fungi species: Alternaria arborescens, Alternaria tenuissima, Alternaria alternate, Alternaria triticina. The symptoms of leaf spotting vary, depending on the genotype of the host plant, the phase of plant development, and environmental conditions. The infects through direct penetration into the epidermis of young or through the stomata, forming clearly limited, dark brown spots. The first signs of the disease appear on the seedlings in spring, in the form of oval brown spots. Spots can develop on leaves and leaf sheaths at all stages of plant development.The majority of barley varieties, cultivated in the conditions of Northern Kazakhstan, have a comparative resistance to fungal diseases in terms of resistance to leaf spotting. As a result of studying the nature of stability of barley varieties, Solontsoviy variety was characterized by low plant damage during ontogeny. Such varieties as Donetsk 9, Astana 2007, Karaganda 5, Medicum 307, Tselinniy 30 and Tselinniy 93 are moderately resistant.

INTRODUCTION Northern Kazakhstan is the most affected region with dark There are a lot of harmful organisms that damage agriculture brown spotting. Dark brown leaf spotting caused by the in Kazakhstan. Septoria-helminthosporium spots are hemibiotrophic fungus Bipolaris sorokiniana Shoem is a widespread among crops, causing dying of leaves, common and harmful disease in many regions of barley shortening of the plant vegetation periods, as well as blind- cultivation. In 2007, in the steppe, forest-steppe and seed disease. The infection of white straw crops with spotting mountain-hill zones of the Akmola region, depending on the caused by various pathogenic micromycetes has significantly predecessors, spring wheat crops were affected by spots from increased recently in Kazakhstan, Russia and many European 1-5 to 10-25 %. The greatest manifestation of the disease was countries, the yield loss can exceed 40 % or more [1-4]. The observed on crops after fallow, mainly on the leaves of the species of pathogens, causing spotting, have been very lower and middle layers. The new crop-granary (-wheat, diverse and dynamic over the years. For example, according barley hybrid) was affected by yellow spots on 10-25%, to E. E. Saari [5], in South and Southeast Asia, the most winter rye - up to 10%. In the Kostanay region, on permanent widespread and harmful diseases of wheat are leaf spotting crops of spring wheat, there was a noticeable development of caused by fungi (Cochliobolus sativus (Ito et Kurib.) Drechs fungal spots, the leaves of the lower tier were affected by up ex Dastur (conidial stage of Bipoiaris sorokiniana Sacc. m to 10-25 % , with the spread of diseases up to 90 -100% [4]. Sorok.) and Pvrenophora tritici-repentis. Yellow spot has According to the well-known Kazakh phytopathologist M. K. become a widespread disease for wheat in Australia and it Koishybayev [4], 3 types of helminthosporiosis of leaves are has caused crop losses from 5 to 20 % together with Septoria common for barley: dark brown spotting (Bipolaris for the last 20 years[6]. sorokiniana (Sacc.) Shoem.), striped spotting (Drechslera Reticulated spotting caused by the deuteromycete Drechslera graminea) and reticulated spotting (Drechslera teres). Dark teres (SACC) Shoem has become the most common and brown spotting of barley leaves, caused by the fungus harmful diseases of barley in many regions of the world, Bipolaris sorokiniana (Sacc.) Shoem., has become including Central Asia and Northern Kazakhstan [7]. Yellow increasingly important in recent years. Helminthosporium spotting of grain crops is also widespread, the infectious leaf spotting of white straw crops is common for spring agent of which is the ascomycete Pyrenophora tritici- wheat and barley everywhere. Introduction of intensive repentis. It is especially harmful in European Russia. Here, technologies of barley cultivation, including an increase in the loss of the barley crop from the disease can reach 20-45 treatments of crops with herbicides, especially at high %, and 60-90 % of yield loss in some years on susceptible background of mineral nutrition, enhances barley affection varieties. In the Kuban region, fungi Alternaria triticina, with helminthosporium [10, 11]. Drechslera tritici-repentis, Bipolaris sorokiniana, Septoria The optimal temperature for the development of dark brown tritici and other opportunistic micromycetes were selected spotting of barley leaves is 30°C [12, 13]. A. I. Shirokov and from diseased winter wheat leaves with the symptoms of leaf A.V. Shorokhov [14] believe that the development of dark spotting [8-9]. brown spotting of barley leaves is influenced by temperature

1589 Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy Vol 11, Issue 12, December 2020 Resistance Of Barley Varieties To The Pathogens Of Leaf Spotting On The Artificial Infectious Background changes, late warming of the soil in spring, irregular rainfall. harmfulness of the fungus, firstly, was felt when calculating Northern Kazakhstan is the most affected region with dark the number of grains in the ear, on an infectious background, brown spotting. Barley has high nutritional, forage and their number was 18.5 times lower than on the control (Table agrobiological advantages and is the most important white 1). straw crops. A significant factor that causes crop failure is The harmfulness of the Drechslera graminea fungus Dr. gr. the significant infestation of crops with leaf spotting. This is No. 9 was manifested on such barley varieties as Tselinniy mainly due to the expansion of acreage occupied by and Tselinniy 91, these varieties formed puny, defective genetically homogeneous susceptible varieties. The grains. The yield of these infected varieties was lower by 2.5- development of dark brown spots leads to the increased 3.5 times. The barley variety Medicum 307 showed high development of the" black germ " of seeds, which reduces resistance to the pathogen of striped leaf spotting, the yield of the quality of the grain and its germination. Therefore, the this barley variety was higher than the testing varieties. study is aimed to identify the harmfulness of pathogens of When infecting with the Alternaria alternata Alt.alt.10 strain leaf spotting, as well as the resistance of varieties to this on the infectious background, plant viability of Liniya 28 disease. variety was reduced. The marked pathogen, like all the marked micromycetes, contributed to the state of empty ears, RESEARCH MATERIALS AND METHODS it was not possible to calculate the mass of 1000 grains due The objects of research have become the strains of the leaf to the lack of the necessary number of seeds from 1 m2. The spotting pathogens of barley varieties selected from the yield of barley on an infectious background decreased by an affected leaves in the conditions of Northern Kazakhstan. average of 58.5%. The experiments have been conducted in field conditions and When barley is infected with the fungus Bipolaris in the laboratory of Microbiology of S.Seifullin Kazakh sorokiniana B. sor. No. 16, the same pathogenicity patterns Agrotechnical University. as of the above-mentioned strains can be observed. Barley diseases have been monitored during the period of In dry weather conditions with a lack of moisture, generative earning-milky-wax ripeness to study the distribution of white organs suffered more due to adverse conditions of abiotic and straw crops leaf spotting, when diseases caused by leaf-stem biotic factors. Increased harmfulness of phytopathogens in infection in the Northern region are most apparent. dry years is due to the fact that pathogens of leaf spotting Small-scale field experiments have been conducted to develop more actively in conditions of moisture deficiency. determine the effect of leaf spotting pathogens on the growth On the one hand, with low humidity, pathogenic fungi do not and development of barley. The most pathogenic strains have have competitors-antagonists in the air, and on the other hand, been used on 13 barley varieties to make the infectious plants in arid conditions have weakened immunity to background, such as Alternaria tenuissima Alt. tm.5, diseases. Alternaria triticina Alt. tr. № 8, Drechslera graminea Dr. gr. The considered diseases of spotting belong to the category 9, Alternaria alternata Alt. alt.10 and Bipolaris sorokiniana caused by many phytopathogenic representatives from B. sor. № 16. The experience has been repeated three times, various families and classes of fungi. White straw crops and the placement of plots has been randomized. The size of leaves, affected with Helminthosporium-Alternaria had the working plots is 1 m2. The sowing period is June 1. The rounded, elongated, dark brown spots with blurry edges. The seeding depth 6-7 cm, the seeding rate is 300 pcs/m2. In the highest level of the disease progress was observed at the ear- control variant, the plants are not infected with pathogens of formation stage. In some cases, great infestation has led to barley disease. To create an infectious background, fungi complete necrotizing of the leaves and their shrinking, which cultures have been grown on shakers that provide shaking of was the reason for a decrease in the weight of the grain. flasks at a speed of 200 rpm in sterile Erlenmeyer flasks on a Barley yield loss ranged from 47.1% to 89.8% due to a liquid nutrient medium of Chapek-Dox. After cultivation, the decrease in the assimilation surface of the leaves, as well as culture fluid was separated from the mycelium by filtration. the decay of the plants leaves. This had a negative impact on For subsequent studies, both culture fluid and mycelium have quality indicators such as the weight of a thousand grains, been used. Barley infection has been carried out using a hand and ultimately on productivity. sprayer during the tillering-tubing period with a suspension The barley yield and its stability is determined by many of 106 /ml at the rate of 0.5 ml per plant. The features and properties, the duration of the leaf system inoculated plants have been kept in a wet chamber for 48 functioning is the most important among them. The hours. The details of the disease progression have been deterioration of the photosynthetic function of the plant carried out visually judging by the infected leaf surface, 2 contributed to a decrease in yield by an average of 62-73. 2%. weeks after being infected. The severity of Helminthosporium-Alternaria spotting manifested in all phases of plant development. Developing RESEARCH RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS on leaves, the disease leads to a decrease in their assimilation In arid conditions, the infection of barley with the suspension surface, lagging in growth and premature drying. Infection of of the Alt. tm.5 strain at the phase of full ripeness has led to a plants with pathogens of the noted disease led to empty ears decrease in the safety of barley varieties by 16.7-39.5%, of plants, the grains were puny, light and wrinkled. lagging in the growth of the Astana 2007 variety by almost The first signs of the disease appeared during the tillering- 1.7 times. Despite the well-developed ears, they turned out to stooling stage on the infectious background from the be empty, the absence of ears ranged from 76.0% to 82.8%. infection that remained on crop residues. The increase of the Barley infection with the pathogen of Alternaria spotting disease occurred before the milky stage of the grain. The contributed to the decrease of the yield by 87.8% on an spread of the disease ranged from 9.7% to 66.2% by the infectious background. Such barley varieties as Liniya 26 milky stage in the testing variant, without the infection of and Karaganda 5 were infected with a suspension of plants with pathogens. The disease progression was lower on Alternaria triticina Alt. tr. № 8 strain during the phase of a natural background of such varieties as Complex, Astana milk-wax ripeness by the end of the growing season, due to 2007, Medicum 307, Tselinniy 30, Solontsoviy, Tselinniy 93 the death of plants, the plant safety decreased to 18.9%. The [15]. Table 1. Structural analysis of barley on an infectious background Variant Plant Number Number Plant Ear Number of The Weight Yeild

1590 Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy Vol 11, Issue 12, December 2020 Resistance Of Barley Varieties To The Pathogens Of Leaf Spotting On The Artificial Infectious Background viability of stems, of height, length, cm spikelets, number of 1000 g/m2 (numbe pcs. producti cm pcs. of grains, r of ve stems, grains, g plants pcs. pcs per 1 m2), units 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Infected with a suspension of strain Аlt. tm.5 Compleksniy (C) 280 2,3±0,5 1,1±0,1 46,3±0,4 3,6±0,3 7,1±0,7 3,9±2,0 - 11,9 Compleksniy 233 2,8±0,7 1,7±0,3 32,1±0,9 4,7±0,6 11,9±0,2 2,2±1,3 - 13,7 Donetskiy 9 (C) 303 2,8±0,2 1,4±0,3 40,8±1,3 5,4±1,2 13,8±1,3 12,8±1,2 37,8 95,7 Donetskiy 9 190 1,7±1,1 2,4±0,8 36,9±1,5 4,2±1,5 10,6±1,6 2,2±0,7 - 13,4 Astana 2007 (C) 243 2,5±1,0 2,0±1,1 38,0±2,6 6,2±2,4 15,8±2,9 5,0±0,8 37,8 106,9 Astana 2007 147 2,3±2,3 1,4±0,8 14,9±2,7 6,2±2,8 10,6±2,1 1,2±1,2 - 10,8 Infected with a suspension of strain Аlt. tr. №8 Liniya 26 (C) 305 2,5±0,2 1,8±0,7 39,3±2,1 5,8±0,3 12,9±0,3 10,7±1,5 38,3 96,1 Liniya 26 197 2,8±0,7 1,0±1,6 38,4±0,7 4,2±0,3 8,6±0,8 1,8±1,9 - 11,0 Karagandinskiy 5 (C) 291 1,9±0,8 1,5±1,2 45,5±1,9 7,7±0,6 16,1±1,2 13,0±2,0 - 9,4 Karagandinsliy 5 236 2,5±1,4 4,3±2,5 31,3±1,4 4,2±0,7 12,3±1,9 0,7±2,1 - 3,4 Infected with a suspension of strain Dr. gr. № 9 Tselinniy (C) 271 6,0±0,6 3,0±2,7 18,4±0,8 6,0±0,6 13,0±2,5 12,0±1,4 35,3 79,4 Tselinniy 223 2,7±0,9 2,6±1,4 33,3±0,9 5,1±1,9 12,3±2,9 13,0±1,9 - 22,0 Medikum 307(C) 294 2,4±1,6 1,9±0,5 39,9±1,4 5,2±2,3 9,3±2,7 6,7±0,8 33,7 44,9 Medikum 307 233 4,0±1,8 2,0±0,9 37,0±1,1 5,0±2,8 12,0±1,3 7,0±0,7 37,7 64,5 Tselinniy 91(C) 291 2,4±2,0 2,0±0,7 37,9±1,4 4,3±1,2 11,0±1,1 8,7±0,3 31,0 33,8 Tselinniy 91 237 2,9±2,5 2,1±0,4 32,1±0,1 5,2±1,9 10,8±0,9 2,9±1,9 - 12,6 Infected with a suspension of strain Alt.alt.10 Tselinniy 30 (C) 284 2,6±2,9 2,7±0,2 36,9±0,7 4,9±0,4 13,7±0,4 8,1±1,4 - 17,4 Tselinniy 30 269 2,6±1,1 1,4±0,4 35,2±0,6 6,7±0,5 10,7±0,9 8,8±1,8 - 5,2 Liniya 28 (C) 283 2,4±0,7 0,9±1,3 38,2±1,6 4,1±1,2 11,9±0,78,9± 8,0±1,7 18,0 20,8 Liniya 28 207 2,3±0,5 1,2±1,6 36,1±1,4 4,8±1,6 1,2 1,3±0,9 - 11,0 Solontsoviy (C) 285 2,2±0,4 1,4±1,8 38,2±2,1 5,1±1,9 12,1±1,9 9,5±1,9 32,5 40,9 Solontsoviy 221 3,5±0,3 0,3±0,6 38,0±2,9 4,0±2,0 7,5±2,1 1,8±0,7 - 17,4 Infected with a suspension of strain B.sor.№16 Astana 2000 (C) 304 3,5±0,8 2,8±2,1 41,0±2,4 5,8±2,5 14,6±2,1 12,9±0,9 39,4 61,8 Astana 2000 189 3,2±0,9 1,8±2,4 36,0±2,7 5,5±2,3 1,8±2,3 7,4±1,1 - 8,0 Tselinniy 93(C) 270 2,3±1,3 1,8±0,5 34,4±1,8 4,9±1,8 14,6±1,6 7,4±1,5 - 27,7 Tselinniy 93 265 3,8±1,1 2,2±0,8 34,2±1,4 5,8±0,9 8,7±1,7 1,7±2,7 - 10,6 Note: (C)-control The most aggressive strains of the pathogens of barley leaf led to high plant infestation, the spread of the disease reached spotting have been identified in the field. When infected with 82.2-97.3% in some variants on an infectious background. a suspension of the Alt. tm.5 strain, the spread of the disease All the characteristic symptoms of leaf spotting appeared on on barley crops exceeded 2.5-4.5 times the infestation of infected plants (Picture 1). plants. The infection with a suspension of phytopathogens

1591 Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy Vol 11, Issue 12, December 2020 Resistance Of Barley Varieties To The Pathogens Of Leaf Spotting On The Artificial Infectious Background А Б Picture 1. Affected barley leaves with the pathogens of spotting A-striped; B-dark brown spotting

CONCLUSIONS 9. Shchennikova I. N., Kovrigina E. A., Butakova O. I. In dry conditions, the infection of barley with suspension of Evaluation of spring barley varieties for resistance to the Alt. tm.5 strain by the full ripeness phase has led to a striped and reticulated leaf spotting / / Protection and decrease in the safety of barley varieties by 16.7-39.5%, and quarantine of plants. - 2010. - №4. - Pp. 32-34. the state of having empty-ears ranged from 76.0% to 82.8%. 10. Gorkovenko V. S. Pathogens of winter wheat spots / / The infection of barley with the pathogen of Alternaria plant Protection and quarantine. - 2001. - №5. - P. 33. spotting contributed to a decrease in the yield by 87.8% on 11. Masohina, N. Yu. the Influence of mineral nutrition and the infectious background. The harmfulness of the herbicides on the infestation of barley with Drechslera graminea fungus Dr. gr. No. 9 appeared on such helminthosporiosis / N. Yu. Masohina / / plant Protection. barley varieties as Tselinniy and Tselinniy 91, these varieties -1988. - № 12. - Pp. 18-19. formed puny, defective grains. 12. Filippova G. G., Kashemirova L. A. Factors affecting the Barley varieties are differentiated by the intensity of disease infection of barley with the pathogen of dark brown progression in terms of resistance. Solontsoviy variety can be spotting / / Mycology and Phytopathology. - 1991. - Vol. referred to the resistant one, this variety was characterized by 25. - issue 2. - P. 161-165. low plant damage during ontogeny. Donetsk 9, Astana 2007, 13. Morton D. J. Inluence of temperature, humidity, and Karaganda 5, Medicum 307, Tselinniy 30 and Tselinniy 93 inoculum concentration on development of are the moderately resistant varieties. The progression of the Helminthosporium sativum and Septoria passeuini in disease on an infectious background ranged from 22.1% to excised barley leaves. Phytopathology, 1962. - V.52. - 45.3%. The main share of samples can be marked as №7. - P. 704-708. susceptible, such barley varieties as Compleksniy, Tselinniy, 14. Shirokov A. I., Shorokhov A. B. Changes in the stability Tselinniy 91, Astana 2000 can be included to this group, of barley varieties to helminthosporiosis in the conditions where the progression of the disease on an infectious of the pre-Urals of the Sverdlovsk region // Proceedings background exceeded 50% or higher. Of Uralniiash. Sverdlovsk, 1977. - Vol. 19. - CH. 2. - P. 30-32. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 15. Nauanova A. P., Aidarkulova R. S., Nazarova A. Zh., This publication has been carried out within the framework Zhetibaykyzy N., Imanmadi D. Influence of leaf spot of the Subproject "Development of technology for processing pathogens on the growth and development of barley on poultry manure into organic biofertilizer using new domestic an infectious background //Materials of the international biologics and their introduction into crop production", funded scientific conference "Problems of Mycology and under the project "Fostering productive innovations", Phytopathology in the XXI century". - Saint Petersburg, supported by the World Bank and the Government of the October 2-4, 2013. - P. 196-198. Republic of Kazakhstan. REFERENCES 1. Sagitov A. O., Toleubaev K. M. soil Protection agriculture and plant protection / / plant Protection and quarantine, 2011, no. 6, Pp. 11-13. 2. Koishybaev M. Phytosanitary role of agrotechnology of cultivation of grain crops in Kazakhstan / / Protection and quarantine of plants. - 2009. - №4. - Pp. 26-28. 3. Lebedeva L. V., Tvaruzhek L., Konovalova G. S. Analysis of the Russian and Czech populations of the pathogen bordered barley spotting Rhynchosporium secalis based on virulence // Mycology and Phytopathology. - 2006. - Vol. 40. - issue 4. - P. 337-343. 4. M. Koishibaev. Distribution and development of yellow spotting of wheat in Kazakhstan / / Mycology and Phytopathology. - 2011. - Vol. 45. - issue 2. - P. 177-186. 5. Saari E. E. Leaf blight desiases and associated soil biotic fungal pathogens of wheat in South and Southeast Asia // Helminthosporium Blight of Wheat: Spot Blotch and Tan Spot. Mexico: CIMMYT. - 1997. - P. 37-51. 6. Duveiller E., Van Ginkel M., Dublin J. Helminthosporium diseases of wheat: Summary of croup discussion and recommendation // Helminthosporium Blight of Wheat: Spot Blotch and Tan Spot. Mexico: CIMMYT. - 1997. - P. 1-6. 7. Khasanov B. A., Shavarina Z. A., Vypritskaya A. A., Glukhova L. A. Circle of host plants Drechslera teres (SACC) Shoem. In natural conditions with artificial infection of cereals. – Tashkent. - 1992. 8. Mikhailova L. A., Kovalenko N. M. Characteristics of Triticum L. and Aegilops L. species for resistance to yellow spotting caused by Pyrenophora tritici-repentis / / Mycology and Phytopathology. - 2006. - Vol. 40. - issue 3. - Pp. 255-263.

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