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Hydrogen 1 Proton 1 Electron Oxygen 8 Protons 8 Neutrons 8 Electrons Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Hydrogen Oxygen 1 Proton 8 Protons 1 Electron 8 Neutrons 8 Electrons a. b. proton electron neutron (positive charge) (negative charge) (no charge) 1 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Carbon-12 Carbon-13 Carbon-14 6 Protons 6 Protons 6 Protons 6 Neutrons 7 Neutrons 8 Neutrons 6 Electrons 6 Electrons 6 Electrons 2 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Electron Shell Diagram Corresponding Electron Orbital Energy Level K One spherical orbital (1s) a. Electron Shell Diagram Corresponding Electron Orbitals y z Energy level L x One spherical orbital (2s) Three dumbbell-shaped orbitals (2p) b. Electron Shell Diagram Electron Orbitals y z x Neon c. 3 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Energy Energy released absorbed Nucleus N K M L M L N K Nucleus 4 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1 8 Key 2 H O C Carbon (C) atomic number 1 He H chemical symbol 9 Oxygen (O) 3 4 5 6 10 O C 7 14 F Li Be B Ne N Hydrogen (H) 11 12 13 Si 15 H 16 17 18 Na Al Mg P S Cl Ar N Nitrogen (N) 26 19 20 22 21 23 24 25 Fe 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 Ca Sodium (Na) K Ti Mn Na Sc V Cr Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 Cl Chlorine (Cl) Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tu Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe Calcium (Ca) 55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 Ca Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn P Phosphorus (P) 87 88 89 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 Fr Ra Ac Rf Ob Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Uuu Uub Uut Uuq Uup Uuh K Potassium (K) S Sulfur (S) 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 (Lanthanide series) Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Fe Iron (Fe) 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 Mg Magnesium (Mg) (Actinide series) Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk C f Es Fm Md No Lr a. b. 5 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Nonreactive Reactive 2 protons 7 protons 2 neutrons 7 neutrons 2 electrons 7 electrons K K L 2+ 7+ Helium Nitrogen 6 7 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Na Na+ Sodium atom Sodium ion (+) Cl Cl– Chlorine atom Chloride ion (–) a. Cl– Na+ Cl– Na+ Cl– Na+ Cl– Na+ Cl– b. NaCl crystal 8 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. covalent bond Single covalent bond Hydrogen gas H H H H H2 Double covalent bond oxygen gas O O O O O2 Triple covalent bond Nitrogen gas N N N N N2 9 10 11 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Bohr Model Ball-and-Stick Model δ + + δ – δ + 104.5 8p 8n δ + δ – δ – + δ – δ + a. b. Space-Filling Model δ + δ – δ + c. 12 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Hydrogen atom Water molecule δ + – Hydrogen bond δ Oxygen atom a. Hydrogen atom Hydrogen bond δ + δ – An organic molecule b. Oxygen atom 13 14 15 16 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. – – δ δ + Water molecules Na – δ – δ – δ Hydration shells Na+ Cl– δ+ δ+ Cl– δ+ δ+ δ+ Salt crystal 17 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Hydrogen Ion Concentration [H+] pH Value Examples of Solutions 100 0 Acidic 10–1 1 Hydrochloric acid 10–2 2 Stomach acid, lemon juice 10–3 3 Vinegar, cola, beer 10–4 4 Tomatoes 10–5 5 Black coffee 10–6 6 Urine 10–7 Pure water 10–8 8 Seawater 10–9 9 Baking soda 10–10 10 Great Salt Lake 10–11 11 Household ammonia 10–12 12 Household bleach 10–13 13 10–14 14 Basic Sodium hydroxide 18 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 9 8 7 6 Buffering range 5 pH 4 3 2 1 0 0 1X 2X 3X 4X 5X Amount of base added 19 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. – + + + Water Carbon Carbonic Bicarbonate Hydrogen (H O) + dioxide acid ion ion 2 + – + (CO2) (H2CO3) (HCO3 ) (H ) 20 .
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