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The Geochronology of Scottish Carboniferous

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The Geochronology of Scottish Carboniferous THE GEOCHRONOLOGY OF SCOTTISH CARBONIFEROUS VOLCA:SM Hugh A. F. de Souza Ph.D Thesis University of Edinburgh March 1979 0 1 DECLARATION I declare that this thesis is entirely - my own work and has not been submitted for a degree at any other university. 11 ABSTRACT The aims of this study were to deteimine the temporal relation- ships, using K-Ar dating, of the complex magmatic events in the Scottish Carboniferous Petrographic Province. Volcanic activity was almost continuous in. Scotland between the early Carboniferous and the early Permian; 'it reached its maximum intensity in the IJinantian. The main problems studied were the age relationships among the major Dinantian lava piles which are coi;piiat r uncertainties and those between the Silesian extrusive activity and the large number of post-Dinantian intrusions. Various, aspects of Scottish Carboniferous geology are reviewed. The reliability of K-Ar whole-rock basalt ages has been assessed. Replicate age determinations on single flows agree well. The degree of sample alteration is a broad indicator' of the extent of argon loss. The least altered whole-rock sample dates agree with those of good mineral geochronometers. Samples with large phenocrysts tend to have age, variations of several percent. Hence, only size fractions of 4200,iLm were analysed. 'Crushing reduced the amount of green alteration minerals which are liable to lose argon and contain much of the sample atmospheric argon. The use of isochron analysis for objective age interpretation has not been successful in practice because of argon loss and atmospheric contamination in samples, despite precautions taken to reduce the latter. Over 30 dates from the Clyde Plateau Lavas, indicate that the bulk of the lavas were erupted between 330 and 320 m.y.(mid-Dinantian or later) contrary to earlier correlations with the early Dinantian East Lothian lavas, previously dated at c. 345 m.y. Estimated ages of the Burntisland and West Lothian lavas are C. 320 m.y. and 320-310 m-y. respectively. It is argued that geological evidence indicates that 111 acid and basic Border intrusions dated at c. 330 my. and the early Asbian Glencartholrn Tuff Beds are related. Thus, in the Dinanitian, it is proposed that an early phase of volcanism, 355-340 m.y., was followed by uplift and erosion and then by intense volcanism from 330 to 315 rn.y. The alkaline dolerites of Fife and the. Lothians were intruded between 315 and 295 m.y. Following the cessation of activity in West Lothian at C. 310 M.Y. volcanism in the eastern Midland Valley. was sporadic and mainly intrusive. The Ayrshire Passage Group lavas are 300-305 m.y. and were succeeded by a period of teschenite intrusion between 300 and 290 m.y. in that area. The quartz-dolerite phase at 290-295 m-y. was followed by the emplacement of neck intrusions in East Fife between 280 and 290 m.y. The early Permian Mauchline lavas and the Ayrshire kylitic intrusions are 280 ± 5 m.y. The intrusion of the N. Ayrshire and Glasgow teschenites and the Highland lamprophyres occurred at c. 270 m.y. A revised Carboniferous time-scale in which the Dinantian- Silesian boundary is at 315 m.y. and with changes in other. boundaries based on the above ages, is suggested. It is shown that the Carboniferous magma becomes increasingly undersaturated with time and that a similar short-term trend occurs within each volcanic episode. The main features of Midland Valley magmatism can be explained by the growth, maturity and decline of a single thermal cycle, complicated by outside tectonic control. The tectonic setting of Midland Valley volcanism to the rear of a Hercynian destructive margin may be analogous to that of basaltic volcanism in East Asia, developed well to the rear of the Western Pacific arcs. Mantle upwelling related to subduction results in alkaline magmatism in areas of tensional tectonics. iv LIST OF CONTENTS Page Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1 Chapter 2 THE CARBONIFEROUS AND PERMIAN GEOLOGY OF SCOTLAND 6 2.1 Structural Evolution of the Midland Valley 6 2.2 Stratigraphy 12 2.3 Carboniferous-Permian Volcanism in Scotland 19- Chapter 3 A. STUDIES IN POTASSIUM-ARGON DATING 38 3.1 The Potassium-Argon Method 38 3.2 K-Ar Dates from Minerals 42 3.3 K-Ar Dating of Whole-Rock Basalts 51 3.4 Sources of Atmospheric Contamination and Blank Measurements 63 3.5 K-Ar Isochrons . . 67 Chapter 3 B. REVIEW OF CARBONIFEROUS AGE DATA 74 3..6 The Carboniferous Time-Scale 74 3.7 Carboniferous-Permian Ages from.Scotland 77 Chapter 4 THE AGE OF THE CLYDE PLATEAU LAVAS 90 4.1 Northern Clyde Plateau 90 4.2 Kintyre . 95 4.3 The Cumbraes . 98 4.4 The Southern Clyde Plateau . 99 4.5 Significance of the Clyde Plateau Ages . 105 4.6 Further Dating 109 4.7 Evolution of the Clyde Plateau Lavas 112 V Page Chapter 5 DINANTIAN AND EARLY SILESIAN VOLCANICITY IN THE EASTERN MIDLAND VALLEY AND ALONG THE BORDERS 133 5.1 Lower Oil Shale Group Volcanicity 133 5.2 Upper Oil Shale Group Volcanicity- at Burntisland 138 5.3 Late Dinantian and early Silesian Volcanicity in West Lothian 139 5.4 Intrusions 141 5.5 Significance of the Forth Valley Group Ages 144 5.6 Dinantian Volcanism in Southern Scotland 148 Chapter 6 SILESIAN AND EARLY PERMIAN VOLCANICITY IN AYRSHIRE 170 6.1 The Ayrshire Passage Group Lavas 170 6.2 The Mauchline Volcanic Group 173 6.3 The Central Ayrshire Alkaline Dolerites 175 6.4 Discussion 181 Chapter 7 THE LATE CARBONIFEROUS AND EARLY PERMIAN INTRUSIONS OF THE MIDLAND VALLEY 196 7.1 The Quartz-Dolerites 196 7.2 The Alkaline Dolerites of Glasgow and North Ayrshire 201 7.3 The East Fife Intrusions 207 Chapter 8 THE CABONIFEROUS TIME-SCALE 220 8.1 The Dinantian Time-Scale 220 8.2 The Silesian Time-Scale 225 Chapter 9 SCOTTISH CARBONIFEROUS VOLCANISM: A SYNTHESIS 229 9.1 Southern Scotland 229 9.2 Midland Valley 231 vi Page Chapter 10 THE CHEMICAL EVOLUTION OF THE CARBONIFEROUS- PERMIAN MAGMAS 241 10.1 Review of Petrochemistry and Petrogenesis. 241 10.2 Variations in Basalt Chemistry with Time 246 10.3 Magmatic Evolution of the Midland Valley 248 Chapter 11 TECTONIC SETTING OF MIDLAND VALLEY VOLCANISM 253 11.1 Present Views on the Tectonic Setting of the Midland Valley 253 11.2 Relationship of Midland Valley Tectonics to the Hercynian Orogeny 256 11.3 Tectono-magmatic Evolution of the Midland Valley 264 Chapter 12 DISCUSSION OF K-AR RESULTS AND GENERAL CONCLUSIONS 272 12.1 Discussion of K-Ar Results 272 12.2 Conclusions 276 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 279 APPENDIX I Potassium-argon Techniques and Sample Preparation 280 APPENDIX II Locations and Descriptions of Dated Samples 287 APPENDIX III 1. Microprobe Analysis 298 2. Sources of Chemical Data and its Treatment 298 BIBLIOGRAPHY 304 vii LIST OF FIGURES Page - 2.1 Outcrop of Carboniferous and Permian Rocks in the Midland Valley 33 2.2 Outciop of Carboniferous and Permian Rocks in Southern Scotland 34 2.3 Range and Distribution of Carboniferous and Permian Volcanics in Central and Southern Scotland 35 3.1 Histograms of Apparent !1y3i of Kintyre Basalts 80 3.2 Plot of Total 40Ar v Total 36 A for the Kintyre Basalts and a Passage Group Lava . 81 3.3 Plot of Blank Values against Position in Multiple- loader . 82. 3.4 Plot of 36 A against Baking Times 83 40 3.5 40Ar/ 6Ar v Isochron Diagram for Samples containing Initial Argon with a Ratio less than Atmospheric . 84 3.6 Isotope Ratio Plot illustrating how Appparently Significant Isochrons may be Obtained 85 3.7 The Current Carboniferous Time-Scale 86 3.8 Summary of Scottish Carboniferous Age Determinations 87 4.1 Outcrop of the Northern Clyde Plateau Lavas and Location of Dated Samples 116 4.2 Outcrop of Carboniferous Lavas and Sediments in Southern Kintyre and Location of Dated Samples 117 4.3 Isotope Ratio Plot of Kintyre Basalts 118 4.4 Isotope Ratio Plot for MV226 - 119 4.5 Outcrop of the Southern Clyde Plateau Lavas and Location of Dated Samples .120 4.6 Histogram of Dates from the Clyde Plateau Lavas 121 5.1 Outcrop of Carboniferous Lavas and Intrusions around the Firth of Forth and Location of Dated Samples 155 5.2 Rb-Sr Isochron Diagram for the Traprain Law Phonolite 156 5.3 Histogram of Dates of Intrusions from around the Firth of Forth . 157 - viii Page 5.4 Alkali-silica Diagram for Lavas and Intrusions from Fife and the Lothians 158 5.5 Outcrop of CarboniferousVolcanics along the. Borders and Location of Dated Samples 159 5.6 Histogram of Dates of Lavas and Intrusions from the South of Scotland 160 5.7 40 A rad v 40K Diagram for the Southern Scotland Whole-rock Samples . 161 5.8 Isotope Ratio Plot for the. Southern Scotland Whole-rock Samples 162 6.1 Outcrop of Lavas and Intrusions in North and Central Ayrshire and Location of Dated Samples 186 6.2 Histogram of Dates from the Passage Group Lavas 187 6.3 Isotope Ratio Plot for the Passage Group Lava's 188 6.4 Sketch Map showing the Distribution of Intrusions in South-Central Ayrshire and Location of Dated Samples 189 6.5 Histogram of dates of Cantral Ayrshire Lavas and Intrusions 190 6.6 Differentiation Index plotted againDegree of Silica- saturation for the Silesian Lavas and Intrusions of Ayrshire . . 191 7.1 Distribution of Quartz-Dolerites and Tholeiites in Central-Scotland and Location of Dated Samples 212 7.2 . Isotope Ratio Plot for Minerals from the Quartz-Dolerites.
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