DOCSLIB.ORG

Radio and Resistance During World War II

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Gagliarducci, Stefano; Onorato, Massimiliano Gaetano; Sobbrio, Francesco; Tabellini, Guido Working Paper War of the Waves: Radio and Resistance During World War II CESifo Working Paper, No. 6923 Provided in Cooperation with: Ifo Institute – Leibniz Institute for Economic Research at the University of Munich Suggested Citation: Gagliarducci, Stefano; Onorato, Massimiliano Gaetano; Sobbrio, Francesco; Tabellini, Guido (2018) : War of the Waves: Radio and Resistance During World War II, CESifo Working Paper, No. 6923, Center for Economic Studies and ifo Institute (CESifo), Munich This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/176942 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. may exercise further usage rights as specified in the indicated licence. www.econstor.eu 6923 2018 February 2018 War of the Waves: Radio and Resistance During World War II Stefano Gagliarducci, Massimiliano Gaetano Onorato, Francesco Sobbrio, Guido Tabellini Impressum: CESifo Working Papers ISSN 2364‐1428 (electronic version) Publisher and distributor: Munich Society for the Promotion of Economic Research ‐ CESifo GmbH The international platform of Ludwigs‐Maximilians University’s Center for Economic Studies and the ifo Institute Poschingerstr. 5, 81679 Munich, Germany Telephone +49 (0)89 2180‐2740, Telefax +49 (0)89 2180‐17845, email [email protected] Editors: Clemens Fuest, Oliver Falck, Jasmin Gröschl www.cesifo‐group.org/wp An electronic version of the paper may be downloaded ∙ from the SSRN website: www.SSRN.com ∙ from the RePEc website: www.RePEc.org ∙ from the CESifo website: www.CESifo‐group.org/wp CESifo Working Paper No. 6923 Category 2: Public Choice War of the Waves: Radio and Resistance During World War II Abstract What is the role of the media in coordinating and mobilizing insurgency against a foreign military occupation? We analyze this question in the context of the Nazi-fascist occupation of Italy during WWII. We study the effect of BBC radio counter-propaganda (Radio Londra) on the intensity of internal resistance to the Nazi-fascist regime. Using variation in monthly sunspot activities affecting the sky-wave propagation of BBC broadcasting towards Italy, we show that BBC radio had a strong impact on political violence. We provide further evidence to prove that BBC radio played an important role in coordinating resistance activities, but had no lasting role in motivating the population against the fascist regime. JEL-Codes: D740, L820, N440. Keywords: media, BBC, counter-propaganda, insurgency, violence, WWII, sunspots. Stefano Gagliarducci Massimiliano Gaetano Onorato Department of Economics and Finance Department of Economics and Finance University of Rome Tor Vergata / Italy Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore [email protected] Milan / Italy [email protected] Francesco Sobbrio Guido Tabellini Department of Economics and Finance Department of Economics and IGIER LUISS “G. Carli” / Rome / Italy Bocconi University / Milan / Italy [email protected] [email protected] First Version: December 2017 This Version: February, 2018 We thank Mirko Draca, Marco Manacorda, Paolo Morandotti, Tommaso Nannicini, Maria Petrova, Giulio Seccia, Andrea Tesei, Joachim Voth and seminar participants at the Catholic University of Milan, Tor Vergata University, Università Politecnica delle Marche, University of Exeter, 15th Media Economics Workshop, 1st Political Economy of Development Conference, 2nd Economics of Media Bias Workshop, 2nd Marco Fanno Alumni Workshop, Petralia Sottana Workshop 2017, and ICEEE 2017 for many helpful suggestions. We also thank Fabrizio Murè and Fabio Principe for the development of the RadioPropagAnDA software, and Filippo Sinagra for his precious insights on cryptography during the Resistance. We are grateful to Ben Olken for providing the software necessary for ITM calculation, Ruben Enikolopov for his help with the ITM software and Martin Watkins for sharing his data on BBC transmitters. Riccardo Bianchi Vimercati, Igor Cerasa, Viola Corradini and Nicola Fontana provided an outstanding research assistance. We acknowledge the financial support of the European Research Council (Consolidator Grant No. 648833). 1 Introduction This paper studies the effects of the media during civil wars and foreign military occupations, when mobilizing and coordinating insurgency (or preventing this from happening) is a primary concern. Media can indeed play a critical role in providing information, conveying propaganda or spreading emotions. We study these issues in the context of the Nazi occupation of Italy between 1943 and 1945 and of the related civil war between fascist and partisan forces that claimed about 75,000 Italian casualties. Partisan resistance played an important role in the Italian liberation and was violently opposed by the Nazi-fascist forces. We study the effects of the BBC counter- propaganda (Radio Londra) on the intensity of the resistance movement. The BBC was deeply engaged in encouraging opposition to the German occupation throughout Europe. Its strategy was to target individuals and organizations that were already inclined towards an active resistance, besides providing information and counter-propaganda for the masses. Specifically, the BBC provided accurate and reliable information on military campaigns and on resistance activities. It also diffused counter-propaganda messages against the fascist regime. Finally, it conveyed encrypted messages to the partisan brigades, in order to direct and coordinate them. We propose a novel identification strategy that exploits exogenous time and geographic variation in the BBC signal strength across Italian municipalities, induced by sunspot ac- tivities. Unlike other local radios, BBC radio broadcasted from the UK and relied on the ionospheric propagation of high-frequency waves (short-waves and medium-waves). Time variation in signal strength within municipalities is induced exclusively by seasonal changes in daylight time, and by monthly variation in sunspot activities. Different geographic areas in Italy were differently affected, depending on the location of BBC transmitters, which did not change throughout this period. Using the Voice of America Coverage Analysis Program (VOACAP), we can simulate the strength of BBC signal across Italian municipalities for each 2 month. We then study the effects of these predicted monthly changes in BBC signal strength on indicators of insurgency against Nazi-fascist occupation in different Italian municipalities. As historical records do not provide a direct (time-varying) measure on the intensity of re- sistance, we use as an indirect proxy the number of episodes of violence perpetrated by the Nazi-fascists in response to partisan or civilian resistance (e.g., Nazi-fascists retaliations), as provided by the Atlas of Nazi-Fascist Massacres.1 Our main result is that BBC signal strength is positively associated with the intensity of resistance. A 10% increase in signal strength (corresponding to almost one standard deviation) increases the number of episodes of Nazi-fascist violence related to partisan and civilian resistance by more than 2.5 times, relative to the monthly average. This is a large effect, which is possibly explained by the role of BBC messages. As we discuss in Section2, the Italian BBC program provided counter-propaganda targeted to the Italian population overall, but it also conveyed information and encrypted messages to resistance fighters. For instance, Radio Londra was used by the Allies to deliver encrypted messages about the timing and locations of air-drops, of the allied air forces bombing, or about the ground movements of the Nazi-fascist and allied troops. A change in the BBC signal quality could determine whether or not partisan brigades would receive such key information, and therefore be able to undertake their resistance activities. Additional evidences reinforce the assumption that BBC broadcasting affected the inten- sity of partisan activities mainly through improved coordination. First, the effect on the intensity of resistance is simultaneous to the change in signal strength, and does not depend on the quality of previous transmissions. The lack of a long lasting effect suggests that the main mechanism worked through the coordination of allied and resistance activities, rather than through propaganda or persuasion. This interpretation is confirmed by the finding that the competing fascist radio EIAR
Recommended publications
  • Song, State, Sawa Music and Political Radio Between the US and Syria

    Song, State, Sawa Music and Political Radio Between the US and Syria

    Song, State, Sawa Music and Political Radio between the US and Syria Beau Bothwell Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2013 © 2013 Beau Bothwell All rights reserved ABSTRACT Song, State, Sawa: Music and Political Radio between the US and Syria Beau Bothwell This dissertation is a study of popular music and state-controlled radio broadcasting in the Arabic-speaking world, focusing on Syria and the Syrian radioscape, and a set of American stations named Radio Sawa. I examine American and Syrian politically directed broadcasts as multi-faceted objects around which broadcasters and listeners often differ not only in goals, operating assumptions, and political beliefs, but also in how they fundamentally conceptualize the practice of listening to the radio. Beginning with the history of international broadcasting in the Middle East, I analyze the institutional theories under which music is employed as a tool of American and Syrian policy, the imagined youths to whom the musical messages are addressed, and the actual sonic content tasked with political persuasion. At the reception side of the broadcaster-listener interaction, this dissertation addresses the auditory practices, histories of radio, and theories of music through which listeners in the sonic environment of Damascus, Syria create locally relevant meaning out of music and radio. Drawing on theories of listening and communication developed in historical musicology and ethnomusicology, science and technology studies, and recent transnational ethnographic and media studies, as well as on theories of listening developed in the Arabic public discourse about popular music, my dissertation outlines the intersection of the hypothetical listeners defined by the US and Syrian governments in their efforts to use music for political ends, and the actual people who turn on the radio to hear the music.
  • Reuters Annual Report 1-11.Indd

    Reuters Annual Report 1-11.Indd

    Annual Report 2010 | 2011 Reuters Institute for the Study of Annual Report ‘10/‘11 Journalism Preface 04/ Director’s Report 05/ Director of Journalism’s Report: The Year in News 07/ Interview with Robert Picard, Director of Research 09/ RISJ International Impact and Infl uence 11/ The Journalism Fellowship Programme 15/ Visiting Fellows 19/ Research 21/ Publications 27/ Events 30/ Staff 37/ Governance 39/ Benefactors 41/ Appendix: Journalist Fellows 2010–11 42 / 2 Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Reuters Institute Annual Report Preface ‘10/‘11 The Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism is now international news providers, sponsored by the BBC, the starting to achieve the scale and impact that was its ambition Carnegie Foundation and France 24, was conducting its when it was launched fi ve years ago. The Institute sets out to fi eldwork in pre- and post-revolution Egypt. Our Journalist bridge the gap between academia and media practice and Fellows, past and present, have reported from Egypt and policy in the study of international comparative journalism. Its Libya for news organisations worldwide. foundation has rested on the close relationship between its The Thomson Reuters Foundation has extended our current sponsoring Department at Oxford University, the Department grant which funds our core operations until the end of of Politics and International Relations, and the Thomson 2014. The Department of Politics has agreed to fund a Reuters Foundation, our core funder and sponsor. We are new post-doctoral researcher at the Institute who will deeply grateful to both for their substantial new commitments Tim Gardam develop academic research on media and democracy.
  • A Comparison of Sawt Al-Arab ("Voice of the Arabs") and A1 Jazeera News Channel

    A Comparison of Sawt Al-Arab ("Voice of the Arabs") and A1 Jazeera News Channel

    The Development of Pan-Arab Broadcasting Under Authoritarian Regimes -A Comparison of Sawt al-Arab ("Voice of the Arabs") and A1 Jazeera News Channel Nawal Musleh-Motut Bachelor of Arts, Simon Fraser University 2004 THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS In the Department of fistory O Nawal Musleh-Motut 2006 SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY Fall 2006 All rights reserved. This work may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without permission of the author. Approval Name: Nawal Musleh-Motut Degree: Master of Arts, History Title of Thesis: The Development of Pan-Arab Broadcasting Under Authoritarian Regimes - A Comparison of SdwzdArab ("Voice of the Arabs") and AI Jazeera News Channel Examining Committee: Chair: Paul Sedra Assistant Professor of History William L. Cleveland Senior Supervisor Professor of History - Derryl N. MacLean Supervisor Associate Professor of History Thomas Kiihn Supervisor Assistant Professor of History Shane Gunster External Examiner Assistant Professor of Communication Date Defended/Approved: fl\lovenh 6~ kg. 2006 UN~~ER~WISIMON FRASER I' brary DECLARATION OF PARTIAL COPYRIGHT LICENCE The author, whose copyright is declared on the title page of this work, has granted to Simon Fraser University the right to lend this thesis, project or extended essay to users of the Simon Fraser University Library, and to make partial or single copies only for such users or in response to a request from the library of any other university, or other educational
  • India and Asia-Pacific

    India and Asia-Pacific

    The AIBs 2013 The short list Current affairs documentary | radio ABC International - Radio Australia/Radio National Background Briefing: PNG Land Scandal Grey Heron Media Documentary on One - Take No More Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty In the Footsteps of Sandzak Youths Who Fight in Syria Radio Taiwan International My Days at the Mental Ward Voice of Nigeria Health Corner: Managing Autism Voice of Russia FGM - The Horror of Hidden Abuse Creative feature | radio Classic FM Beethoven: The Man Revealed Kazakhstan TV & Radio Corporation Classicomania Nuala Macklin – independent producer Below the Radar Radio Taiwan International Once upon a Taiwan Voice of Nigeria Ripples Voice of Russia Out to Dry: A London Launderette on the Line Investigative documentary | radio BBC Arabic Arab Refugees in Scotland Radio Free Asia Lost but not Forgotten: Justice Sought for Missing Uyghurs Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty Victims of 88 (AKA 2009) Tinderbox Production An Unspeakable Act Live journalism | radio Middle East Broadcasting Networks Afia Darfur - Darfurian Refugees BBC 5 Live Victoria Derbyshire Show: Animal Research Lab Radio New Zealand International The Auckland Tornado Voice of Russia The News Show (Death of Margaret Thatcher) International radio personality Classic FM John Suchet Voice of America Paul Westpheling Voice of America Steve Ember Voice of Russia Tim Ecott Children’s factual programme or series | TV ABS-CBN Broadcasting Corporation Matanglawin (Hawkeye) Sabang Dragons Australian Broadcasting Corporation My Great Big Adventure -
  • Studia Politica Nr. 42014

    Studia Politica Nr. 42014

    www.ssoar.info Ghiță Ionescu on the BBC Goșu, Armand Veröffentlichungsversion / Published Version Zeitschriftenartikel / journal article Empfohlene Zitierung / Suggested Citation: Goșu, A. (2014). Ghiță Ionescu on the BBC. Studia Politica: Romanian Political Science Review, 14(4), 439-468. https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-446573 Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Dieser Text wird unter einer CC BY-NC-ND Lizenz This document is made available under a CC BY-NC-ND Licence (Namensnennung-Nicht-kommerziell-Keine Bearbeitung) zur (Attribution-Non Comercial-NoDerivatives). For more Information Verfügung gestellt. Nähere Auskünfte zu den CC-Lizenzen finden see: Sie hier: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/deed.de Ghi ță Ionescu on the BBC ARMAND GO ŞU On 9 March 1947, Ghi ță Ionescu landed in London. He had a transit visa to “Belgium-France”, bearing the date 24 February 1947 1. He had obtained the visa at the General Consulate of Great Britain in Istanbul, Galata. The British clerk crossed out with his pen “valid for one day” and wrote “one month”. Ghi ță Ionescu had to hurry. On 22 March 1947, his diplomatic passport was set to expire 2. He had its validity extended by the chargé d'affaires at the Romanian legation in Ankara. He had just been recalled by Alexandru Cretzianu, Romania's Minister Plenipotentiary in Turkey. Shortly after, a new ambassador to Ankara was appointed, convenient to the Petru Groza government, which was dominated by communists. Most likely, his chances of carrying on as economic adviser at the Romanian legation in Turkey's capital, and therefore of having his passport renewed, were rather slim, and the political events in Bucharest did not inspire optimism, since Ghi ță Ionescu made meticulous preparations to head over the the West.
  • City Research Online

    City Research Online

    City Research Online City, University of London Institutional Repository Citation: Tasiu Abubakar, A. (2017). Audience Participation and BBC’s Digital Quest in Nigeria. In: Willems, W. and Mano, W. (Eds.), Everyday Media Culture in Africa: Audiences and Users. Routledge Advances in Internationalizing Media Studies. Routledge. ISBN 9781138202849 This is the accepted version of the paper. This version of the publication may differ from the final published version. Permanent repository link: https://openaccess.city.ac.uk/id/eprint/16361/ Link to published version: Copyright: City Research Online aims to make research outputs of City, University of London available to a wider audience. Copyright and Moral Rights remain with the author(s) and/or copyright holders. URLs from City Research Online may be freely distributed and linked to. Reuse: Copies of full items can be used for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-profit purposes without prior permission or charge. Provided that the authors, title and full bibliographic details are credited, a hyperlink and/or URL is given for the original metadata page and the content is not changed in any way. City Research Online: http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/ [email protected] Audience Participation and BBC’s Digital Quest in Nigeria Abdullahi Tasiu Abubakar New technologies are driving changes in the media landscape on a scale and speed never envisaged before. They have impacted on the patterns and trajectories of media production and consumption, altered the spatio-temporal configuration of media-audience relationship, and widened the scope of cross cultural interactions across the globe. But they have also helped intensify the commodification of audiences, allowed manipulation of communicative exchanges, and enhanced communicative capitalism (Dean 2010).
  • Part of Imperial Communications: British-Governed Radio in the Middle East, 1934–1949

    Part of Imperial Communications: British-Governed Radio in the Middle East, 1934–1949

    University of Denver Digital Commons @ DU Religious Studies: Faculty Scholarship Religious Studies 2013 Part of Imperial Communications: British-Governed Radio in the Middle East, 1934–1949 Andrea L. Stanton University of Denver, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.du.edu/religious_studies_faculty Part of the Islamic World and Near East History Commons Recommended Citation Stanton, A. L. (2013). Part of imperial communications: British-governed radio in the Middle East, 1934-1949. Media History, 19(4), 421-435. https://doi.org/10.1080/13688804.2013.847141 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Religious Studies at Digital Commons @ DU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Religious Studies: Faculty Scholarship by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ DU. For more information, please contact [email protected],[email protected]. Part of Imperial Communications: British-Governed Radio in the Middle East, 1934–1949 Comments This is an Accepted Manuscript of an article published by Taylor & Francis in Media History on Oct. 15, 2013, available online: http://www.tandfonline.com/10.1080/13688804.2013.847141. Publication Statement Copyright held by the author or publisher. User is responsible for all copyright compliance. This article is available at Digital Commons @ DU: https://digitalcommons.du.edu/religious_studies_faculty/10 This is an Accepted Manuscript of an article published by Taylor & Francis in Media History on Oct. 15, 2013, available online: http://www.tandfonline.com/10.1080/13688804.2013.847141. “Part of Imperial Communications”: British-Governed Radio in the Middle East, 1934-49 Abstract From 1934 to 1941, three British-governed radio stations were established in the Middle East: Egyptian State Broadcasting (ESB) in Cairo (1934), the Palestine Broadcasting Service (PBS) in Jerusalem (1936), and the Near East Broadcasting Service (NEBS) in Jaffa (1941).
  • Università Di Pisa

    Università Di Pisa

    UNIVERSITÀ DI PISA SCUOLA DI DOTTORATO IN STORIA, ORIENTALISTICA E STORIA DELLE ARTI CICLO XXIII GLI ITALIANI NELL’ERITREA DEL SECONDO DOPOGUERRA 1941 – 1952 Candidato: Dott. Nicholas Lucchetti Tutor: Chiar.mo Prof. Marco Lenci SSD: M – STO/04 Anno accademico 2010 – 2011 1 INDICE Abbreviazioni, p. 4 Ringraziamenti, p. 6 Introduzione, p. 7 Capitolo 1. L’Amministrazione militare britannica dell’Eritrea, p. 13 1.1 La struttura del governo d’occupazione e i rapporti con gli italiani, p. 13 1.2 “L’Informazione” (1941), p. 17 1.3 L’“Eritrean Daily News” – “Il Quotidiano eritreo”, la politica britannica nei confronti degli eritrei e le contraddizioni del mantenimento in servizio degli italiani, p. 21 1.4 La PAI durante l’Amministrazione britannica, p. 29 1.5 La Guardia di Finanza durante l’Amministrazione britannica, p. 31 1.6 L’Arma dei Carabinieri durante l’Amministrazione britannica, p. 35 Capitolo 2. La politica tra gli italiani d’Eritrea, p. 39 2.1 Il movimento antifascista, il GUI e l’Amministrazione britannica. 1941 – 1943, p. 39 2.2 1944. La fondazione del CLN e del PDCI, il caso Del Giudice, p. 56 2.3 “Resistenti”, guerriglieri e fascisti d’Eritrea 1941 – 1945, p. 66 2.4 1946. La sospensione di “Voci di casa nostra”, il referendum istituzionale, “La Repubblica” ed il “Corriere di Asmara” di Franco Pattarino, p. 85 2.5 1947. La sospensione del “Corriere di Asmara”, la nascita del CRIE, lo sciopero degli operai dell’ARAMCO, la crisi del CRIE, “Ficcanaso”, l’MSI “eritreo”, p. 96 2.6 1948. La manifestazione per l’eccidio di Mogadiscio.
  • Pdf, (Consulted in June 2020)

    Pdf, (Consulted in June 2020)

    Revue Française de Civilisation Britannique French Journal of British Studies XXVI-1 | 2021 The BBC and Public Service Broadcasting in the Twentieth Century BBC Arabic (1938-1995): Soft Power or Reithian Practice Abroad? Le Service arabe de la BBC, 1938-1995 : Soft Power ou pratique reithienne à l’étranger ? Houcine Msaddek Electronic version URL: http://journals.openedition.org/rfcb/7056 DOI: 10.4000/rfcb.7056 ISSN: 2429-4373 Publisher CRECIB - Centre de recherche et d'études en civilisation britannique Electronic reference Houcine Msaddek, “BBC Arabic (1938-1995): Soft Power or Reithian Practice Abroad?”, Revue Française de Civilisation Britannique [Online], XXVI-1 | 2021, Online since 05 December 2020, connection on 05 January 2021. URL: http://journals.openedition.org/rfcb/7056 ; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4000/ rfcb.7056 This text was automatically generated on 5 January 2021. Revue française de civilisation britannique est mis à disposition selon les termes de la licence Creative Commons Attribution - Pas d'Utilisation Commerciale - Pas de Modification 4.0 International. BBC Arabic (1938-1995): Soft Power or Reithian Practice Abroad? 1 BBC Arabic (1938-1995): Soft Power or Reithian Practice Abroad? Le Service arabe de la BBC, 1938-1995 : Soft Power ou pratique reithienne à l’étranger ? Houcine Msaddek I dedicate this work in memory of my father who was a devoted listener of BBC Arabic in the nineteen-sixties and throughout the seventies. Introduction 1 BBC Arabic is both the largest and oldest of the British Broadcasting Corporation’s non- English language services. Launched in January 1938 in an almost direct response to Mussolini’s increasingly provocative anti-British Arabic language broadcasts aired from Bari, the Arabic Service of the BBC has constantly cultivated the loyalty of millions of listeners in the Middle East and North Africa ever since.
  • By Muhammad Jameel Yusha'u (050211416)

    By Muhammad Jameel Yusha'u (050211416)

    COVERAGE OF CORRUPTION SCANDALS IN THE NIGERIAN PRESS: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF NORTHERN AND SOUTHERN NEWSPAPERS BY MUHAMMAD JAMEEL YUSHA'U (050211416) A THESIS FORUM DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF JOURNALISM STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF SHEFFIELD UNITED KINGDOM % DECEMBER, 2009 ABSTRACT This research is about the coverage of corruption scandals in the Nigerian press. It is a comparative study that develops an intra-national framework for the study of the Nigerian media system using corruption scandals.The scandalsstudied are the Petroleum Technology DevelopmentFund (PTDF) scandaland the Former Governors Scandal. The study used both interviews and qualitative content analysis by meansof critical discourseanalysis. The results of the study suggest that the press in Nigeria is regionally and ethnically divided. These factors influence the way the pressreport issuesincluding corruption scandals.The study also suggeststhat factors like clientelism, regionalism, corruption within the press, and lack of training are among the challenges faced by the Nigerian press. It is the position of this study that the press in Nigeria is active in reporting stories about corruption scandals,but has not done enough when it comes to the application of such aspects of journalistic practice like investigative journalism which contributes in the watchdog role of the media. The study concludesby suggestingareas for further research. 2 DEDICATION This thesis is dedicatedto my parents: Malam Yusha'u Yusuf Abdurra'uf & Hajiya Sa'adatu AnasYusha'u And my beloved wife Hauwa Sarkina Shehu Daughter Asma Thank you all for your genuine love and support 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am grateful to Almighty Allah for giving me the opportunity to see the conclusion of this work.
  • The Italian Consulate in Jerusalem

    The Italian Consulate in Jerusalem

    The Italian unification is a long historical The Italian process that timidly started in 1815 after Consulate in the Congress of Vienna and culminated with the creation of the Kingdom of Italy Jerusalem: in 1861 and the capture of Rome in 1870.1 The Risorgimento followed a long and The History of a controversial path that brought together Forgotten Diplomatic people who shared history and culture, but also had been divided for centuries Mission, 1846–1940 and often involved in bitter disputes and Roberto Mazza, bloody wars. Diplomacy was at the heart of the creation of the Italian state that could Maria Chiara Rioli, and not have emerged on its own or throughout Stéphane Ancel war, however, Italian diplomatic missions outside Europe were fairly amateurish and often inconsequential. This article, divided in three sections, will discuss the establishment of an Italian consulate in Jerusalem, its activities and role from its opening to the end of the 1930s, prior to its temporary closure due to the outbreak of the Second World War. If the first part is substantially descriptive, the second part looks into the massive amount of archival material belonging to the Italian consulate in Jerusalem that was recently discovered and catalogued after having been misplaced for decades in the archives of the Italian Foreign Ministry. The last part briefly delves into a practical example of how this new material may be employed, looking at the Ethiopian community in Jerusalem. The overall aim of this relatively short piece is to bring back to life the history of the Italian consular mission in Jerusalem and, more importantly, to provide historians and researchers with a first overview on new perspectives from where investigating the recent past of the city and of Palestine.
  • LILLY, EDWARD P.: Papers, 1928-1992

    LILLY, EDWARD P.: Papers, 1928-1992

    DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER LIBRARY ABILENE, KANSAS LILLY, EDWARD P.: Papers, 1928-1992 Accession: 01-10 and 02-15 Processed by: DJH Date Completed: November 2005 The Papers of Edward P. Lilly were deposited in the Eisenhower Library by his son Frank Lilly in two shipments in 2001 and 2002. The Library staff returned a small quantity of personal material to Mr. Frank Lilly at his request. Linear Feet: 24 Approximate Number of Pages: 46,100 Approximate Number of Items: 35,000 Mr. Frank Lilly signed an instrument of gift for the Papers of Edward P. Lilly on October 7, 1982. Literary rights in the unpublished writings of Edward P. Lilly in this collection and in any other collections of papers received by the United States government are given to the public. Under terms of the instrument of gift, the following classes of items are withheld from research use: 1. Papers and other historical materials the disclosure of which would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of personal privacy of a living person. 2. Papers and other historical materials that are specifically authorized under criteria established by statute or executive order to be kept secret in the interest of national defense or foreign policy, and are in fact properly classified pursuant to such statute or executive order. SCOPE AND CONTENT NOTE Edward P. Lilly was born October 13, 1910 in Brooklyn, New York, the son of Joseph T. and Jennie Lilly. After graduating from Brooklyn Preparatory School in1928, Lilly attended the College of the Holy Cross in Worcester, Massachusetts where he received a Bachelor’s of Arts degree with a major in philosophy and a minor in history.