THE PARIS ARCHITECT PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Charles Belfoure | 416 pages | 20 Aug 2015 | ALLISON & BUSBY | 9780749019471 | English | London, United Kingdom a book review by Judith Reveal: The Paris Architect: A Novel In the 20th century, the Art Deco style of architecture first appeared in Paris, and Paris architects also influenced the postmodern architecture of the second half of the century. Cathedral of Notre-Dame de Paris — Renaissance wing of the Louvre , by Pierre Lescot. Palais Garnier — by Charles Garnier. Remains of a Roman wall beneath the square in front of Notre-Dame de Paris. Very little architecture remains from the ancient town of Lutetia , founded by a Celtic tribe known as the Parisii in about the 3rd century BC. The center of Roman administration was on the island; the Roman governor's palace stood where the Palais de Justice is located today. The right bank was largely undeveloped. The Roman forum was on the summit of the hill, under the present Rue Soufflot, between the boulevard Saint-Michel and rue Saint-Jacques, [1]. The Roman town had three large baths near the forum, supplied with water by a kilometer-long aqueduct. It was the largest of the three baths, one hundred meters by sixty-five meters, and was built at the end of the 2nd century or beginning of the 3rd century BC, at the height of the town's grandeur. Though the population of the town was probably no more than 5—6 thousand persons, the amphitheater measured meters by meters, and could seat fifteen thousand persons. Fifteen tiers of seats remain from the original thirty-five. It was built in the 1st century AD and was used for the combat of gladiators and animals, and also for theatrical performances. Another notable piece of Gallo-Roman architecture was discovered under the choir of Notre-Dame de Paris; the Pillar of the Boatmen , a fragment of a Roman column with carvings of both Roman and Gallic gods. It was probably made at the beginning of the 1st century during the reign of the Emperor Tiberius to honor the league of the boatmen, who played an important part in the town's economy and religious and civic life. It is now on display in the Roman baths at the Museum of the Middle Ages. Other fragments of Gallo-Roman architecture are found in the crypt under the square in front of the Cathedral of Notre Dame; and in the Church of Saint-Pierre de Montmartre , where several Roman columns, probably from a temple, were re-used in the late 12th century to build a Christian church. Interior of Saint-Pierre de Montmartre — Interior of Saint-Julien-le-Pauvre — Unlike the Southern France , Paris has very few examples of Romanesque architecture; most churches and other buildings in that style were rebuilt in the Gothic style. An earlier church had been destroyed by the Vikings in the 9th century. The oldest elements of the original church existing today are the tower the belfry at the top was added in the 12th century , and the chapel of Saint Symphorien, on the south flank of the bell tower, built in the 11th century. It is considered the earliest existing place of worship in Paris. The gothic choir, with its flying buttresses, was added in the midth century, it was consecrated by Pope Alexander III , in It was one of the earliest Gothic style elements to appear in a Paris church. Romanesque and Gothic elements are found together in several old Paris churches. The church of Saint-Pierre de Montmartre — is the only surviving building of the vast Abbey of Montmartre, which once covered the top of the hill; it has both ancient Roman columns and one of the first examples of a Gothic arched ceiling, in the nave near the choir. The interior of the church of Saint-Julien-le-Pauvre — has been extensively rebuilt, but it still has massive Romanesque columns and the exterior is a classic example of the Romano-Gothic style. The former priory of Saint-Martin-des-Champs — has a choir and chapels supported by contreforts and a Romanesque bell tower. It now belongs to the Musee des Arts et Metiers. Upper chapel of Sainte-Chapelle — Ceiling of the lower chapel of Sainte-Chapelle — Capet and his successors gradually enlarged their kingdom through marriages and conquests. The tallest structure was the Grosse Tour, or great tower, built by Louis le Gros between and It had a diameter of The ensemble of buildings seen in the image at right as they were between and included a royal residence, a great hall for ceremonies, and four large towers along the Seine on the north side of the island, as well as a gallery of luxury shops, the first Paris shopping center. The Palace was used occasionally for special ceremonies and to welcome foreign monarchs, but housed the administrative offices and courts of the Kingdom, as well as an important prison. The Great Hall was destroyed by a fire in , rebuilt; another fire in destroyed the residence of the King, the tower of Montgomery. During the French Revolution , the revolutionary tribunal was housed in the building; hundreds of persons, including Queen Marie Antoinette , were tried and imprisoned there, before being taken to the guillotine. After the Revolution the Conciergerie served as a prison and courthouse. It was burned by the Paris Commune in , but was rebuilt. The prison was closed in , and the Conciergerie became a museum. It is distinguished by the crenelation at the top of the tower. It originally was a story shorter than the other towers, but was raised to match their height in the renovation of the 19th century. The tower served as the primary torture chamber during the Middle Ages. The tallest tower, the Tour de l'Horloge, was constructed by Jean le Bon in , and modified several times over the centuries. The first public clock in Paris, was added by Charles V in The sculptural decoration around the clock, featuring allegorical figures of The Law and Justice, was added in century by Henry III. A vestige of the wall of Philippe Auguste , in the Le Marais quarter — Much of the architecture of medieval Paris was designed to protect the city and King against attack; walls, towers, and castles. Between and , King Philippe-Auguste began construction of a wall five kilometers long to protect the city on the right bank. The wall was reinforced by seventy-seven circular towers, each no more than six meters in diameter. He also began construction of a large castle, the Louvre , where the wall met the river. The Louvre was protected by a moat and a wall with ten towers. In the center was a massive circular donjon or tower, thirty meters high and fifteen meters in diameter. It was not then the residence of the King, but Philippe Auguste placed the royal archives there. Another walled complex of buildings, the Temple, the headquarters of the Knights Templar , was located on the right bank, centered around a massive tower. The city on the right bank continued to grow outwards. The Louvre, now surrounded by the city, was given rich decoration and a grand new stairway, and gradually became more of residence than a fortress. To protect his new palace and the eastern flank of the city, in Charles began building the Bastille , a fortress with six cylindrical towers. It was completed in Unlike the Sainte-Chapelle in the city, the interior of the Sainte-Chapelle of Vincennes was not divided into two levels; the interior was a single space, flooded with light. The choir of the Basilica of Saint-Denis completed , the birthplace of the Gothic style. The later eastern portion of Notre-Dame de Paris , with its spire and flying buttresses — The upper level of Sainte-Chapelle , the summit of Rayonnant Gothic The church of St-Gervais-et-St-Protais about The style of Gothic architecture was born in the rebuilding of the chevet of the Basilica of Saint-Denis , just outside Paris, finished in Twenty years later, the style was used on a much larger scale by Maurice de Sully in the construction of the Cathedral of Notre-Dame de Paris. The construction continued until the 14th century, beginning with the twin towers on the west toward the choir in the east. At the western end, the walls were supported by buttresses built directly against the walls; in the center, completed later, the walls were supported by two steps of flying buttresses. In the last century of construction, the buttresses were able to cross the same distance with a single stone arch. The towers on the west were more stately and solemn, in the classic Gothic style, while the eastern elements of the Cathedral, with its combination of rose windows, spires, buttresses and pinnacles, belonged to more elaborate and decorative style, called the Gothic rayonnant. The church of Saint-Pierre de Montmartre was rebuilt with ogives , or Gothic pointed arches. The supreme example of the new style was the upper chapel of Sainte-Chapelle , where the walls seemed to be made entirely of stained glass. The Gothic Style went through another phase between and about ; the Flamboyant Gothic , which combined extremely refined forms and rich decoration. The style was used not only in churches, but also in some noble residences. The house of Nicolas Flamel , considered the oldest house in Paris, was actually a kind of hostel. The houses in Paris during the Middle Ages were tall and narrow; usually four or five stories. They were constructed of wooden beams on a stone foundation, with the walls covered by white plaster, to prevent fires.