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Download Full Article in PDF Format geodiversitas 2020 42 18 né – Car ig ni e vo P r e e s n a o f h t p h é e t S C l e a n i r o o z o m i e c – M DIRECTEUR DE LA PUBLICATION / PUBLICATION DIRECTOR : Bruno David, Président du Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle RÉDACTEUR EN CHEF / EDITOR-IN-CHIEF : Didier Merle ASSISTANTS DE RÉDACTION / ASSISTANT EDITORS : Emmanuel Côtez ([email protected]) MISE EN PAGE / PAGE LAYOUT : Emmanuel Côtez COMITÉ SCIENTIFIQUE / SCIENTIFIC BOARD : Christine Argot (Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris) Beatrix Azanza (Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Madrid) Raymond L. Bernor (Howard University, Washington DC) Alain Blieck (chercheur CNRS retraité, Haubourdin) Henning Blom (Uppsala University) Jean Broutin (Sorbonne Université, Paris, retraité) Gaël Clément (Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris) Ted Daeschler (Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphie) Bruno David (Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris) Gregory D. Edgecombe (The Natural History Museum, Londres) Ursula Göhlich (Natural History Museum Vienna) Jin Meng (American Museum of Natural History, New York) Brigitte Meyer-Berthaud (CIRAD, Montpellier) Zhu Min (Chinese Academy of Sciences, Pékin) Isabelle Rouget (Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris) Sevket Sen (Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, retraité) Stanislav Štamberg (Museum of Eastern Bohemia, Hradec Králové) Paul Taylor (The Natural History Museum, Londres, retraité) COUVERTURE / COVER : Réalisée à partir des Figures de l’article/Made from the Figures of the article. Geodiversitas est indexé dans / Geodiversitas is indexed in: – Science Citation Index Expanded (SciSearch®) – ISI Alerting Services® – Current Contents® / Physical, Chemical, and Earth Sciences® – Scopus® Geodiversitas est distribué en version électronique par / Geodiversitas is distributed electronically by: – BioOne® (http://www.bioone.org) Les articles ainsi que les nouveautés nomenclaturales publiés dans Geodiversitas sont référencés par / Articles and nomenclatural novelties published in Geodiversitas are referenced by: – ZooBank® (http://zoobank.org) Geodiversitas est une revue en flux continu publiée par les Publications scientifiquesdu Muséum, Paris Geodiversitas is a fast track journal published by the Museum Science Press, Paris Les Publications scientifiques du Muséum publient aussi / The Museum Science Press also publish: Adansonia, Zoosystema, Anthropozoologica, European Journal of Taxonomy, Naturae, Cryptogamie sous-sections Algologie, Bryologie, Mycologie. Diffusion – Publications scientifiques Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle CP 41 – 57 rue Cuvier F-75231 Paris cedex 05 (France) Tél. : 33 (0)1 40 79 48 05 / Fax : 33 (0)1 40 79 38 40 [email protected] / http://sciencepress.mnhn.fr © Publications scientifiques du Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, 2020 ISSN (imprimé / print) : 1280-9659/ ISSN (électronique / electronic) : 1638-9395 On the morphology of the astragalus and calcaneus of the amphicyonids (Carnivora, Mammalia) from the Paleogene of Europe: implications for the ecology of the European bear-dogs Morgane FOURNIER Sandrine LADEVÈZE Kévin LE VERGER CR2P (CNRS, MNHN, Sorbonne Université), Département Origines et Évolution, Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, case postale 38, 57 rue Cuvier, F-75231 Paris cedex 05 (France) Valentin FISCHER Evolution & Diversity Dynamics Lab, Université de Liège (ULiège), Quartier Agora, Bâtiment B18, Allée du six août, 14, 4000 Liège (Belgium) Robert P. SPEIJER KU Leuven, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Celestijnenlaan 200E, B-3001 Leuven-Heverlee (Belgium) Floréal SOLÉ Directorate Earth and History of Life, Palaeobiosphere Evolution Research Unit, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Rue Vautier 29, B-1000 Brussels (Belgium) Submitted on 1 January 2019 | accepted on 13 March 2020 | published on 16 July 2020 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:030C3660-4FC5-4C68-BD56-226860C8FD1C Fournier M., Ladevèze S., Le Verger K., Fischer V., Speijer R. P.& Solé F. 2020. — On the morphology of the astragalus and calcaneus of the amphicyonids (Carnivora, Mammalia) from the Paleogene of Europe: implications for the ecology of the European bear-dogs, in Bonis L. de & Werdelin L. (eds), Memorial to Stéphane Peigné: Carnivores (Hyaenodonta and Carnivora) of the Cenozoic. Geodiversitas 42 (18): 305-325. https://doi.org/10.5252/geodiversitas2020v42a18. http://geodiversitas.com/42/18 ABSTRACT The Paleogene mammals of Europe are rarely known from partial or complete skeletons. As a result, their systematics and ecology are often solely based on dental characters and postcranial remains, when available, are usually neglected. This explains why the locomotion of mammals of the Eocene- Oligocene transition, the “Grande Coupure”, is poorly known. The aim of this study is to describe the tarsal bones (astragali and calcanei) and characterize the locomotion of amphicyonid carnivorans, one of the most abundant mammalian predator groups from the Phosphorites du Quercy (France) sites. The identification of taxa and the characterization of both posture and locomotion were car- KEY WORDS ried out using four criteria: relative abundance (in comparison with dental data), morphology, size, Caniformia, and body mass. Seven morphotypes, four among astragali and three among calcanei, are identified Quercy, France, as Amphicyonidae and show various postures: plantigrade, semi-digitigrade, and digitigrade. One Eocene, morphotype of the astragalus and one of the calcaneus are identified as Cynodictis lacustris Gervais, Oligocene, 1852, which exhibits a digitigrade posture. The study of postcranial bones, such as tarsals, allows for Diet, Posture, a better understanding of the ecology of these animals and deserves more interest in future morpho- Locomotion. logical and phylogenetic studies. GEODIVERSITAS • 2020 • 42 (18) © Publications scientifiques du Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris. www.geodiversitas.com 305 Fournier M. et al. RÉSUMÉ À propos de la morphologie de l’astragale et du calcanéum des amphicyonidés (Carnivora, Mammalia) du Paléogène d’Europe ; implications sur l’écologie des chiens-ours européens. Les mammifères du Paléogène Européen sont rarement représentés par des squelettes complets et leur systématique est souvent fondée sur des caractères dentaires. Le squelette postcrânien est, en comparaison, délaissé car très fragmentaire, ce qui rend son attribution systématique difficile, voire impossible de prime abord. Cela explique, en particulier, pourquoi la locomotion des faunes mam- maliennes de la transition Éocène-Oligocène, nommée « Grande Coupure », est extrêmement peu connue. Le but de cette étude est de décrire et caractériser la locomotion de l’un des plus abondants groupes de prédateurs mammaliens des Phosphorites du Quercy (France), les carnivores amphicyo- nidés. Le matériel étudié est composé de deux os du tarse, l’astragale et le calcanéum, qui jouent MOTS CLÉS un rôle important dans le mouvement du pied. L’identification des taxons et la caractérisation de la Caniformia, posture et de la locomotion se font selon quatre critères : abondance relative, morphologie, taille et Quercy, France, masse corporelle. Sept morphotypes – quatre pour les astragales et trois pour les calcanéums – sont Éocène, identifiés comme Amphicyonidae ; ils montrent différentes postures : plantigrade, semi-digitigrade et Oligocène, digitigrade. Deux d’entre eux sont identifiés comme appartenant à Cynodictis lacustris Gervais, 1852 ; régime alimentaire, posture, ils présentent une posture digitigrade. L’étude des os postcrâniens permet, au final, de mieux com- locomotion. prendre l’écologie de ces animaux et mérite assurément plus d’attention dans les études ultérieures. INTRODUCTION this faunal turnover, with more than 80 distinct mammal faunas, all associated to karstic fissure fillingsLegendre ( The “Grande Coupure” is one of the main events that et al. 1997). These paleokarst faunas range from the middle impacted the evolution of European Paleogene mam- Eocene (c. 38 Ma) to the early Miocene (c. 22 Ma) (Renault mals (Legendre & Hartenberger 1992). First described by et al. 1978; Remy et al. 1987; Maitre et al. 2006; Escar- Stehlin (1910), this event corresponds to the transition guel et al. 2008; Maitre 2014), and include various clades: between the Eocene and the Oligocene in Europe (± 33.9 Marsupialia, Primates, Chiroptera, Rodentia, Artiodactyla, Ma; Vandenberghe et al. 2012). It is characterized by an Perissodactyla, and Carnivora (Legendre 1989; Legendre important decrease in global temperature (Zachos et al. et al. 1991; Maitre 2014). The extensive temporal record 2008), which would have led to the decline of forests that of these faunas, in addition to the quality and richness of were predominant in the middle Eocene, and resulted in a the mammal fossils, makes the Quercy region one of the transition from a rather hot and humid climate to an arid most important for understanding the evolution of Euro- climate (Legendre 1989; Legendre et al. 1991; Escarguel pean Paleogene mammals (Legendre & Hartenberger 1992; et al. 2008). These environmental changes, as well as the Escarguel et al. 2008). However, from the beginning of the migration of many mammals from Asia, were probably exploitation of the Quercy Phosphorites in the late 1860’s the main drivers of the profound modifications seen in until the mid-20th century, the exact sources of the fossils the European fauna with disappearances within several were rarely recorded, and only toponyms were provided
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