THE CELTI C REVIEW

5 1 9 4 JULY 1 , 0

INTRODUCTORY

THE REVIEW which is inaugurated with this number will be d v d s r and c ura r s c and e ote to fo te ing en o ging inte e t in Celti , d r n h s w d s c c r ur an . r s e pe ially in Gaeli , lite at e lea ni g T e e o are a h r w d s m and the sc the t ken in t ei i e t eaning, ope of w mbr c v r h wh ch uch s the ‘ Magazine ill e a e e e yt ing i to e Gael , xc m rs curr cs and r or such as e ept atte of ent politi eligion , , b r u ass v s and cs would be out ea ing pon p ing e ent topi , of v w r u r r rv s The place in a Re ie appea ing at q a te ly inte al . names of those who have promised contributions show tha t is ss b r s h s m s and h the c it po i le to eali e t e e ai , t at Gael of S ot land need no longer occupy the anomalous position of r etain in so d s c his u and d v du et we g i tin tly lang age in i i ality , y , if xc few d v du s r the r w r e ept a in i i al , taking little pa t in g eat o k which is being done by all branches of the Celtic rac e and by sch rs r s r h and r Th Continental ola in Gaelic e ea c lea ning. e m r c c s ud s is b r s d m r and m r i po tan e of Celti t ie eing eali e o e o e, not only by specialists but by the r eading and cultured ub c and v r s c r d was n w m n the s p li , ne e , in e I elan k o n a o g nation ‘ ’ as su c rum et Doctorum or s c s h er In la San to , in e Iona ent m ss r c h rs v r ur has the s ud c r i iona y tea e o e E ope , t y of Celti lo e b so flourishi n een g as at present . The umb r s ude s h r and the is n e of t nt , e e on Continent, sur and u c For h the ud ely q i kly growing. p ilology st y of r h Celtic languages is of first rate importanc e . Fo t e history r r and r d for the r h s r much of G eat B itain I elan , ea ly i to y of of the ur for the h s r the ca d v E opean Continent , i to y of S n ina ian

VOL . 1 . A 2 THE CELTIC REVIEW

rac s for the s c r us and r r h s r l e , o ial, eligio , lite a y i to y not on y h ms v s but s the m s of the Celtic races t e el e , al o of any people with whom they came in contact during the long centuries in which the Celts have influenced so strongly the western

r d the s ud the c r ur the s wo l , t y of Celti lite at e of pa t opens a wide fi eld of investigation as yet comparatively dd the r ur is ts r untouched . In a ition , lite at e in i elf of g eat b u and sh ws much r s c i and w m r d ea ty , o a ti ti feel ng ell a ke The u d s for the s ud h s i r ur characteristics. fo n ation t y oft i l te at e have been well and clearly laid by men whose names will be m r s m d as t m s on—b men i Z uss the o e e tee e i e goe y l ke e , ’ ’ O Donovan O Curr m r s nd sch Asc and , y , Ca e on , Stoke , Wi i , oli, — de Jubainville to take only a few names and at random — and the student of the present day gets good training and thorough knowledge under easier c onditions than were f w rs a possible even a e yea go . Three learned journals stimulate and re cord the labours of Continental Celtists . In this country Ir eland and Wales show the greatest activity both in research and in the publication of the wh ch v such ss s c periodicals i gi e a i tan e to investigation . Of periodic publications in Sc otland the annual volume of th c c v r ss is the m s m r The e Gaeli So iety of In e ne o t i po tant . Celtic Monthl has h d its wa for umb r rs and y el y a n e of yea , of a quarterly entitled Guth na Bliadhna two numbers have appeared ; but none of these fills the place which we W ish to occupy . There are in S cotland many Gaelic manuscripts of great v f w W h ch h v b r s d h r u e . T e scr al e , of i a e een t an late t an iption and r s h s is m r r difficult but t an lation of t e e a atte of g eat y , Gaelic scholarship has now advanced so far among us that s v r s ud s are c b v ccur r d r s e e al t ent apa le of gi ing a ate en e ing , and we shall ther efore print with translations some of this r manuscript literatu e . There are in private hands many c ollections of folklore and r but h s a s w a s the u r c rd d r poet y , t e e , ell n e o e folklo e of d are d s r the h s r d . w sh Hig lan , i appea ing api ly We i to THE GLENMASAN MANUSCRIPT 3 conserve these valuable histor ical assets while there is yet m h v n s c the old r ur ti e . W ile gi i g pe ial attention to lite at e , m d r r ss r Z mm r has we would not neglect the o e n . P ofe o i e said that no literatur e is mor e beautiful than the modern ’

c r ur and the r s m v m s ms , Celti lite at e, p e ent o e ent ee likely h to create a literature W hich shall occupy a hig place . We sh h r r c ud sub c s c r s — d all t e efo e in l e all je t of Celti inte e t Legen , s r u h rcha r us c Hi to y , Lang age , P ilology , A eology, Poet y , M i , Ar t r s and ch s as w as r s s r m , Sto ie , Sket e , ell t an lation f o and h r s urc s m r rt c s whil Continental ot e o e of i po tant a i le , e books on Gaelic and Celtic subjects will be r eviewed by the s u h r be t a t o ities. The inauguration of such a magazine is not to be lightly entered upon by any one knowing the past history of similar u d r s c d et the r m rs do d ub n e taking in S otlan , y p o ote not o t that the increas ed interest expressed in Ga elic matters is a sufficiently genuine feeling to warrant the existence of The ic Rev ew Celt i .

THE GLENMASAN MANUSCRIPT

Paors sson MA CK IN N ON

M h sh c THE S . labelled liii . of t e S cotti Colle tion in the ’ ‘ dv c s br r d bur h c m b the m A o ate Li a y , E in g , a e y na e of Glen ’ masan from the following entry on the inner side of the first wh ch s rm s the r c v r : Gleannm sain leaf, i al o fo f ont o e a an Cuige la deug don Mi do bhlian ar ’ rr i l tsao se da Chead Trichid sa b ch ac. G enmasan M le o t, , the fifteenth day of the month of the year of o ur d m h us d two hu dr d h r and Re e ption , one t o an n e t i ty ’ h The is wr r c rs m d rn h . r d eig t ent y itten in a la ge , oa e , o e an . M w wr r as h r 1 2 A Th e S . as ot t e 3 . D n itten as ea ly yea 8 . A s r h r h c c mb is r r m h r ingle o t og ap i al o ination , apa t f o ot e v d ffi i r h s Th m r r d h h c su c ent t . e e i en e , p oof of i i p ope ip t ong now wr ao is the h m scr s the d s itten , in Og a in iption , ol e t

c wr s we ss ss usu wr a i . the old Gaeli iting po e , ally itten In 4 THE CELTIC REVIEW

m ar oi and 0 At r glosses the prevailing for s e 3. a late period r f r h ac became the c ommon sc ipt o t is sound . One cannot fix an exact date when each of these forms began to r eplace c r r th r M r d ss . e its immediate p e e e o In nea ly all la ge ss . two r u d s d b d N o r can if not thr ee forms a e fo n i e y si e . we say d h r exactly when ao first appeare . T is sc ipt is found in the rt r wr 1 4 0 A D bu short Islay cha e itten in 8 . . It appears t r r the sm r r scr b d the r h a ely in Book of Li o e , t an i e in latte alf 1 h fif nth c ur . our MS ao rch s w h ac of t e tee ent y In . inte ange it u r and the c mb ma d d be s d to be q ite f eely, o ination y in ee ai rm Th d t hus b the prevailing fo . e a e of it cannot t e placed r h he end h fif n h ur furthe back t an t of t e tee t c ent y . But the existing copy may well have been transcribed from wh d w 1 h d r MS . s as 23 A D The wr r t e an ol e o e ate 8 . . ite of note had authority of some kind when he is so specific as to the r m h h h on da and . a o r r and sa t e c y yea One y g fa t e , y t at r r r 1 2 3 8 tents of our MS . we e educed to w iting long before

A . D Th r d s r c rd d are c d mm di b r . e t a ition e o e pla e i e ately efo e the great Ulster war which c ulminated in the Twin bo C il n h h r h m ua i . v b e o e e. c r s r t e c g , in nati e onology , o tly efo m en m n hr s r V rs s s v r ce e t of the C i tian e a . e ion of e e al of h m ar u the d r ch r c r t e e fo nd in ol est MSS . of a gene al a a te wh ch we ss ss the the Dun Cow cir ca, 1 1 00 i po e , Book of ( ) , L h r L fif rs r A D . II t e s L s m t . ( ) ; Book of Lein te ( ) , o e y yea late ; h rs the Yellow Book of Lecan cir ca 1 3 9 1 ; and ot e . But the Glenm asan MS mus h v u d r s v r re . t a e n e gone e e al censions b r the x s c was m d Old r mm ca efo e e i ting opy a e . g a ati l The rms are r s rv d s c the v rs ss s . fo p e e e , e pe ially in e e pa age writer repeatedly alludes to other and discr epant accounts r cu r v s wh ch he rr s nd cc s of pa ti la e ent i na ate . A o a ionally there are indications of a comparatively late date in the v r r m w r it ss s dv s s rdr e y f a e o k of . In one pa age Nai i a i e Dei e ‘ v h r r h a r ll e on the e w Ga a ib ma m Ma na nn i . to ent at , ’ r rs the sea h the rs m . u s s fo eigne of of Man T is s gge t No e an , and would assign the composition of this verse not merely ’ d r b e s 8 00 rs h aisi s da but to a ate late y at l a t yea t an N y , to 1 Cf. Dives o S aints r o o v m the Bo o s v . k Li more Oxford . f f f ( , pp , xl i THE GLENMASAN MANUSCRIPT 5 a time when the period of Naisi and the Norsemen could br u h r w h m be o g t togethe it out a feeling of anachronis . f h u m r v r c O t e history of our MS . ntil co pa ati ely e ent times w w h h n h h e . t e e d the c ur kno not ing In of eig teent ent y , when a Committee of the Highland (no w the Highland and Agr icultural) Society of Sc otland were inquiring into the authenticity of the compositions published by James c h rso a s r s s ms b ss rd Ma p e n t an lation of poe y O ian , Lo b d the MS m th v John Ma Kinn n r Re . c . e o Bannatyne o taine f o , m s r d ru a nd r sm ed the c ini te of Glen a el, t an itt it to So iety , r w i r n Mr . whose p ope ty it o s . Mackinnon informed Lord Bannatyne that he got it from some country people in his hbo urh d who d him h had c r m d r neig oo , tol t at it on e fo e a pa t l h br d ll ion A 1 a h of t e Kil i e Co ect . note on folio 5 st tes that t e wa s m th r r m m MS e r M . b . at one ti e p ope ty of Willia Ca p ell , m s r chr and Dalavich m who ini te of Kil enan , a gentle an ‘ inherited but did not assume the title of Campbell of ’ ki l r r m be wa duc d chr Ard n as . M . s g , Ba t Ca p ll in te to Kil enan h m l 1 4 has b su s Mr . ma in Ju y 7 5 . It een gge ted t at Willia y h v ur M r m his r d -u c R b r m b who ot o S . a e g f o g an n le , o e t Ca p ell , an h w as res r for 11 wa d . s fo te n in Co l , a poet T i gentle man sent a congr atulatory ode written in Gaelic to Edward Lhu d wh ch is r d the Ar chwolo ia Br ita nnica y , i p inte in g ’ x rd R b r m b Glensluan is wr (O fo , o e t Ca p ell at itten 9 Ou l 1 9 he w r at the bottom of folio . fo io t follo ing ent y is written L ea bhwr Echdr a a ta a nn so a r a scr iobha le Eoin ‘ a vis h s is b dv ur s wr t b John M T . T i a ook of a ent e it en y ‘ ’ T i h Th e wr r the wh ch is muc h M av s . ite of note , i in a b b r rds r r h d h h the MS . r c d late an t an t at of , p o a ly e o a t a i the ccur c wh ch we h v no w m s tion , a a y of i a e no ean of m h r m s the m r he M testing. A ong ot e na e on a gin of t S . ‘ ‘ ’ ‘ ‘ ’ ‘ are MTauis w c J h MTavis and J m s Eoin (t i e) , o n , a e ‘ ’ i ’ ‘ i h MInt re h is b w h h s b d d . MTav s is y ook , it ook elete ‘ u mm u h r l J m s MInt r a not nco on name in So t A gyl . a e y e ‘ is MInt re who had the MS his ssess y of Glenoe . in po ion s m rs b r 1 8 2 and sh w d the Rev a m o e yea efo e 7 o e it to . Willi

1 Re ort on Ossian Ed n. 1 805 A end . 283 . p ( i ) pp ix, p 6 THE CELTIC REVIEW

h w wh th m urned b u s v r m s S a , en at gentle an t it a o t e e al ti e , x d his s u it w h the wr end and at last fi e eye pon , it ong of it ’ rh s w u d be far s r su s up. Pe ap one o l not a t ay in gge ting wa s ut h r v r r d b that the MS . p toget e at a e y ea ly ate y an r sh sch r h c u d its wa r sh r and I i ola t at a opy fo n y to A gyll i e , d rw c s d r b r v s h r the bscur r etori un e ent on i e a le e i ion t e e , o e c ss s r rd the b r h b u and u ur rdr pa age ega ing i t , ea ty, f t e of Dei e

u d the LL . v rs b xc s d and the s ur fo n in e ion eing e i e , ojo n of x c d x d d and h h a the e iles in S otlan e pan e t at t e MS . s we now h v was r scr b d r m th1s r c s or r m c a e it t an i e f o e en ion , f o a opy h was d d 1 2 A D wh c 3 8 . and c c d m h w of it i ate . onne te so e o wi h Glenmasan b r sh r scr b ss b the t , y an A gyll i e i e , po i ly of ‘ ohn MTavish b u h 1 A D m J t e r 500 . . na e of , a o t yea The O ssianic controversy was the means of r escuing our M m h rs the c sh c r m b v S . . , like any ot e of S otti Colle tion , f o o li ion The Tale of the Sons of Uisnech was well known in the c sh h ds as r d r m m mm m r S otti Hig lan in I elan f o ti e i e o ial . It mm wr was early co itted to iting. It was one of the principal ’ s r imscela wh ch mus w A v rs is u d tale , p , i a poet t kno . e ion fo n

d h r old . wh r r LL . an s v v s s are be in ot e MSS , ile e e al e ion to w h r d and c d d h met it in I elan S otlan in mo ern MSS . It was t e favour ite Tale of the Three Sorrows of Story Telling with th r r Mr A x d r rm ch 1 d w e c s . 8 6 e ite . le an e Ca i ael , in 7 , took o n a b u u v rs rr wh ch is r d the Tr a ns ea tif l e ion in Ba a, i p inte in h t o l x . T a ctions of the Gaelic S ocie y f Inver ness ( vo . iii ) e h tradition has formed the subject of several poem s in Englis . J m s c h rs c m w it and he r d a e Ma p e on a e to kno of , t eate it in ’ his own m r c m s d Darthula m anne in a o po ition entitle , a poe for w x h b d Dr d m h h as . h c c u . i no Gaeli te t een fo n Donal S it , the most active and capable Gaelic scholar connected with the mm the h d c u d c s d r b Co ittee of Hig lan So iety , fo n a on i e a le r th ur MS nd x r d the w - w po tion of e Tale in o . a e t acte ell kno n La rdr wh ch is r d the d x the Com y of Dei e , i p inte in Appen i to ’ mitte s r h m v r us v rs s e Repo t (p. Since t at ti e a io e ion of ’ ’ this Saga have been printed by O Flanagan and O Curry in r d b r ss r d sch Irische Tewte mit I elan , y P ofe o Win i in Leipzig (

' ' t r h v r s Wor e buc 1 and h rs . 8 8 0 . , Leipzig, , p ot e Se e al lay THE GLENMASAN MANUSCRIPT 7 forming part of the Tale have also been printed in Scottish ’ ’ c c s c r such as l s s w r s and olle tion of Gaeli poet y , Gill e , Ste a t , ’ m b s bha nn Ca p ell Lea r na Féi e. r h About twenty years ago the attention of D . W itley r sch r c d the Stokes was drawn to our MS . That g eat ola opie three leaves c ontaining the version of the Tale of th e Sons i he lv . t isn ch He s r scr b d r m MS . of U e . al o t an i e f o opening s c s the and the c c us r m the e tion of Tale , on l ion of it f o point ’ w h wh r M . br off r s r scr S . s . s D . e e liii eak Stoke t an ipt , it v r us r d s r m h r M and v u b s and a io ea ing f o ot e SS . al a le note c mm s was ub sh d w h r s sh o ent , p li e , it t an lation into Engli , in 1 r m r r . h rw rds th D Leipzig S o tly afte a e late r . Ca e on t an sc r b d the sam hr v s but u r u as was i e e t ee lea e , nfo t nately , too h r u the h b h ccur sch r w ur r . f eq ently a it of t at a ate ola , ent no f t e Dr m did r hi r cr r m ur MS but . r s s s o Ca e on not t an late t an ipt f o , he trans cribed a nd translated the version of the same Tale m M lvi. h s xc l w r w h the r S . c in T i e e lent pie e of o k , it f ag ent ’ i r u 4 2 ct se d Reli ia e t c v l 2 . . s l m e i ae . r C o . . f o liii , p inte in q , ii p q The rs so far a s w me who v r r d only pe on , kno n to , e e ea

hr u h w as the h b rd . our MS . t o g late Ewen Maclac lan of A e een That well -known scholar and Gaelic poet made a transcript of the whole of it which is preserved in a volume aptly ‘ ’ m d b the wr r Lea bhar Ga ol rr w now na e y ite , Na o Book , in ’ ’ r da the r m d c s b r . r Ma la lan the A vo ate Li a y In M . c ch s y g a matical rms the d r u w r u w and his fo of ol e lang age e e nkno n , transcript is in consequence of m uch less value than other

w s w u d h v b . r h did m i e it o l a e een M . Maclac lan not atte pt

a translation . h M c s s s w - r hm T e S . s v v s c on i t of t enty e en lea e of pa ent , r u r s the first nd h v r a s v s rm t e c . la ge q a to ize , la t lea e fo ing o e w - five s are u wr u and r the T enty folio f lly itten pon , a po tion of m inner side of the last leaf. It is written in double colu n - h - h w h h r cc s h r es c . it t i ty eig t , o a ionally t i ty nine, lin to ea Ther e are in all 1 0 1 columns which are consecutively

u r d Th h dwr i r b d nd r . mb . e s v d a c n e e an iting e y goo , ol lea In many cases faded words and letters are written over in a

1 ' Irischc Torte Z weite Serie Lei zi ( p g, 8 THE CELTIC REVIEW

d The s is h rd and br and the first few later han . kin a ittle, v s r b b hrou h m r r u h nd are now lea e , p o a ly t g o e f eq ent a ling, h rd has b e m s c d e The b d . much brok n . t i folio e n i pla e in in ing f h h r is r a be w It should be the fi t . T e e a la ge g p t een the fourth leaf and the fifth ; and possibly a gap between the and the h rd a s b u d and d rh s s fifth t i ( o n page ) , pe ap al o be h the h rd and the s x s. h re r the M tween t i i t folio T e afte S . But u r u is r eads continuously . nfo t nately it not always The w r c r r is b . 7 c ut off legi le lo e o ne of folio neatly , to su ch d d s wh r d ub and c u pply a pat nee e el e e e , no o t, a o ple of s are r d r d u b c s u sentence en e e nintelligi le in on eq ence . Several ss s h r a s are u ll b as h w r pa age on ot e p ge q ite i egi le , t ey e e in ’ a lachlan da now r hu dr d Mr . M c s rs a o . y , nea ly one n e yea g A narrow strip of parchment is here a nd there sewn neatly rd r m u rm s w h its to a leaf, in o e to ake it of nifo ize it hb urs and the wr cr ss the s ch s is r u neig o , iting a o tit e f eq ently

obscure . The c s h M are briefl as w t e S . s As ontent of y follo . r d s d hr v s are u w h the al ea y tate , t ee lea e taken p it Tale of the s isn ch The v rs h r v d s Son of U e . e ion e e gi en oe not h viz th c the r r ch rs t e . e b r h and ontain ea lie apte of Tale , , i t ur ur rdr her m w h s and the fl h n t e of Dei e , elope ent it Nai i, ig t r h s our M w h T e e S . h of t e pa ty to S cotland . Tale op n in it an cc u r s v b ch b r wh ch h a o nt of a g eat fea t gi en y Con o a , at i t at m rch r s s succ ss all Cernach uchu ona p opo e in e ion to Con , C lainn , and Fergus to go to Scotland and endeavour to persuade the x s r r d The first two h r e ile to eturn to I elan . e oes r us but r us v r d - ur d a nd b r s ef e ; Fe g , e e goo nat e o liging, ag ee Th r r h r r m r o . e u the r r s us to g et n of pa ty , t ei epa ation f o Fe g hr u h the r u s the the murd r the h r s t o g int ig e of king, e of e oe , and the death of the la dy constitute the chief incidents th h e . O ur br s off bru w h t s of Tale MS . eak a ptly it e laying of Illann the r son r us b Cernach but the Fai , of Fe g , y Conall , c onclusion of th e Saga is well known fr om older and later

v rs s . r us findin h the s s Uisnech w r e ion Fe g , on g t at on of e e s v his s u rd h d d r r lain in iolation of afeg a , ea e a la ge pa ty , c ud rm c son ch b r c mm t d r r v s in l ing Co a of Con o a , o it e g eat a age THE GLENMASAN MANUSCRIPT 9

s the and hi v r v c s r and again t king s nati e p o in e of Ul te , fin ll ilill u a y took service with Meave and O in Conna ght . h h r s urc s ur T is also is known in a general way from ot e o e . O MS v s r x and dv ur s r us . gi e in g eat detail the e ploits a ent e ofFe g and his companions when in the service of the Q ueen and King of Connaught up to the commencement of the Ta in bo Cua i ne h - w its w - b . T ese take up twenty t o of t enty five

s . r b s d ru ch the c folio Afte eing ettle at C a an Ai , apital of o u h Bricne h rw s Bricriu N emthen a the C nna g t , , ot e i e g , of ’ v m us u b s rm ss r c d the st to eno o tong e , o tain pe i ion to p o ee to We s his r u m the Gamhanraidh wh s m s m us eek fo t ne a ong , o e o t fa o w rr r was rd d c m -in- rms uchu and a io Fe ia , a o panion a of C lainn , t rw rds hr u h the m ch s u v his af e a , t o g a ination of Q een Mea e , ch Bri ne s r ur s ru ch the rd . c a ief opponent at Fo oon et n to C a n , d d w h r s s He v s w cc u s the loa e it p e ent . gi e glo ing a o nt of r ss and m a nificence the th e W s and g eatne g of people of e t, es c Oilill son Dom nall Dualbuidhe pe ially of Finn , of , King of ’ the Gamhanraidh the b u Oilill s w Flidais and , of ea ty of ife her v r r u w s w w rds d for us . s no s an of lo e Fe g Fe g goe e t a , after many adventures is c aptured and imprisoned by Oilill r r v c s r Finn . The principal m en of the fou p o in e of I eland are ss mb d ru ch r d m rch s s r wh a e le at C a an , ea y to a again t Ul te , en ’ u news of Fergus s fate r eaches the palace . Q een Meave persuades them to join her in force in order to r escue her f u ilil v ur t h r Th x d is succ ss . O l i a o i e e o . e e pe ition e f l Finn s li n d r u w w h r S s . F dais a d her w co s are lain on e f l , it g eat poil , c rr d h r u th amhanraidh ss mb u a ie away . W e e pon e G a e le in f ll s r h ursu the rish h s and v u r sc u u t engt , p e I o t, e ent ally e e Q een d nd h r w A v rs the Ta in bo F lida is o r as s a e co . Fli ai e ion of , , is h r c l d Torui heacht bo Flida is is be u d it e e al e , g , to fo n in L d h h r b r s r U. an r MSS and as be d s ot e , en p inte y P ofe o Win ’ d sch Imsche Texte : Z weite S erie his i in (Leipzig, T v rs is ess ll d ff r r m h v h r wh r e ion entia y i e ent f o t at gi en e e , e e it u h occ pies only from thr ee to four folios of the w ole MS . Th r r are hus r e p incipal contents of ou MS . t of g eat v u d as h do w h di s r c and r rd al e, ealing t ey it a t i t people ega in wh m old c r ur so far as et r d has g o Gaeli lite at e , y ea , 1 0 THE CELTIC REVIEW

m h The r d and r s r not uc to say . ea ing t an lation of it a e u Th v all the more diffi cult in conseq ence . e aluable aid of r i w h r is but parallel ve sions s a anting. T e e one exception w m e r r m the hr v s u w h kno n to , apa t f o t ee lea e taken p it h r th s i n ch t e s e s U s e . v s YEL to y of on of Fi e folio of . - . 3 3 1 34 0 c n v r our M um (pp ) o tain a a iant of S . (col ns 67 The two c rr s r d c s and a e c r c mm r . o e pon lo ely , lea ly of o on o igin As h s the lenmasan M is hr u h it appen G S . t o g all these pages u b and the r v rs in YEL is con q ite legi le , pa allel e ion . in sequence not of so much value as it would have been had it c v r d the b ss s our M is o e e illegi le pa age of S . Still it of s m m r c and v the ch v r s the o e i po tan e , I gi e ief a iant in v r Notes . In se e al instances the readings I have offered are s m wh d ub u s th r is m r o e at o tf l . Occa ionally e t anslation o e o r ss c c ur wh for few w rds and hr s s le onje t al , ile a o p a e not v c c ur is m d l i be h d e en a onje t e atte pte . Sti l it s to ope that the light thrown on the life of the people of the wild West about the beginning of the Christian era will be found r inte esting . d On r r r d rv s be r . lite a y g ounds alone the MS . ese e to p inte Much the larger portion of the Saga is wr itten in spirited

r s . ss s d scr v h r s rm d b s p o e Many pa age e ipti e of e oe , a e attalion , and battles are given in the verbose style which is not w s cr d the r r ud m c u h rs al ay a e it to lite a y j g ent of Gaeli a t o , old or m d r h r m r as s ms . are s s v o e n T e e any lay , e e al, it ee to m r m h r i m s d and s e r . s s c , of g eat e it T e e a ong o po e ung b the u b u us r o bscur b rd c u wh ch y iq ito B i ne in o e a i lang age , i the talented author is good enough to tr anslate so far into intelligible Gaelic at the request of his admiring audience . ‘ ’ There are three examples of the m easur ed prose or Rosg ’ or Retoric so c mm old c s wh ch r c rs , o on in Gaeli tale , i e ite in ’ t na r u s the S cottish Highlands now call Rui hea n n o R n . d h M as h s . I print the first thr ee folios of t e S . t ey tan In the few cases wher e a word or letter has been supplied w br A d or the additions are put ithin ackets. eletion r c s are substitution is pointed out in a footnote . Cont a tion r d c u ur s m s bv us c r c s p inte in itali s . In f t e in tal ent o io ont a tion THE GLENMASAN MANUSCRIPT 1 1 and corrections will be silently made and printed in ordinary But wh r i r m for d ub the x d d type . e e there s oo o t e ten e c r c w be r d cs and d v s r m the ont a tion ill p inte in itali , e iation f o MS h the . u As r t e . pointed o tin a footnote . in nea ly all MSS of r h ss d c and 75final dh and h 7 mand mi etc . are pe io , g , , , opele ly c us d x d c rac s h v d v ur d to onf e . In e ten ing ont tion , I a e en ea o e ’ h r . Aile w the r v il r c c the MS s f. follo p e a ing p a ti e of it el , ot e ,

e. . usu rs as But the w rd is v r r u g , ally appea o e y f eq ently wr u and wh the scr b v s a ils and eli c or itten in f ll, ile i e gi e on e w c his usu is eile wh ch h v d d How rm . 7 t i e , al fo , i I a e a opte , ’ th e scr for ocus no w a us and u h be x d d is ipt , g , , o g t to e ten e , u so r h few c s s wh ch the w rd is not q ite clea . In t e a e in i o wr t ou u s cu rh u the t rs as s cu s. s it en , it appea ag , a , o Pe ap pon whole the modern form agus would carry it in the practice h I is t e scr b and h v wr so . The m r . . of i e , I a e itten it a k ‘ v r b wr for Old c idon m d r ea dhon in a ia ly itten Gaeli , o e n , to ’ ’ wit m is s m wh d ub u how the , na ely , It o e at o tf l scr b w u d wr the w rd wh h r the old or m d r i e o l ite o , et e in o e n rm h m u x d r u con . v h r d A fo I a e left t is a k ne ten e . f eq ent r c i h M two w rds s a The scr r r s s s S . t a tion fj. ipt ep e ent in t i o ’ wh ch ar viz a a id and e cc s l wr u . c i o a ional y itten in f ll , , g fa e , ‘ ’ ‘ ’ ada i h Oidche now oidhche h is s c mm g nig t . , , nig t , al o o on , b t r m r r d u rul u r d Had Dr . appea s as a e ncont acte . Ca e on ea the M h id he S . e would probably not have extended 065} by o c as he d oes . s r w r wr s h h v In epa ating o ds itten a one in t e MS . I a e kept v w so far the r c c d d wr c sh in ie , , p a ti e a opte in iting S otti B a c . ut so far is c us for r r us G eli only . It a a e eg et to in Scotland that our scholars of 1 50 years ago wr ote such form s ’ as a r n-a thair and u n ia rr s d h r a m a tha ir g , in tea of eit e and un iarr or r — d u n- rf r h m rs a n a thair an ia . suc g , g In atte r sh sch rs h u h w s r c c s s I i ola , alt o g not al ay pe fe tly on i tent , w d b r wa w u d r b b s rv us u follo e a ette y . It o l p o a ly e e no ef l purpos e for writers of Scottish Gaelic to change their practice n w Bu r l o . t b o d h r s ar d ff . in t ansc i ing an MS . t ing e i erent r the dv is w h the r sh m h d wh ch h v He e a antage it I i et o , i I a e w d follo e . THE CELTIC REVIEW

GAELIC TEXT

‘ 1 fl d m or- ha m or - d h . Do comoradh e c in a bal la Conc obar ma c Fachtna Fhataigh a gus la maithi Ula d ar chena an Em(ain) 1 2 m i a nn ch Et ar mai hi an hui n al i Ma a . tangat t c gid cohi ’ 3 ‘ d insaidi fled i in A us r d il d h na s . g o a e or(rt a) cc rabatar co subach sobrach so -menmna h n A us r ( ) c ile iat . g o 5 6 eir (gset) a lucht ciuil agus oirfide agus ealadhna do (gabail) dr echt a us a n du a us duch onn us e an g an g an ( ) , (ag) a g g 7 n- enealcwh a us craob oibnesa fia dib g g a g ( ) . Is iad so anmanna na b- filed ro(batar oc ond fle)id sin 8 i a h a a l . C t b d m ai la irin h mic u r a id a us . c Con C nec R e g g g , g Genann Gruadh-t-s us m ac Cathbaid a us e d Glundub ol , g Gen n m a c Cathba id a us Genann dh ma c Cathbaid a us , g Ga g S eancha mor mac Ailella mic Athgno mic Fhir mic ad mic R s mic Ru aid a us Fer cer tne fili ma c Aon usa Gl o a, ( ) , g g ' Beldezr mi led mi mic uaid A us g c F fi mic Gl c Rosa R( ) . g 9 l o is amla id do ai is h mna i adai airithi a comair c t fes na E . . g a c fir A us is e lin te lai Con g h ain do teglach Co ncoba ir . g g g 1 1 choba ir i i fi hi a r tri cet A us desi etar and . . cu r r i g a t c t . g g ' 1 2 an a da zg sin no gur toga ib Concoba r a ar d-guth rig os a ird 13 1“ ’ a us is col ro r d : A s d m s fiarfa i e d bs o a g ai ail a a a g i i , a g ,

1 ‘ ’ at and T e a wo d n t infr uen in severa a l c M is somewhat h L t n r o e t G e SS . , . i , q l i , in h s l rare t It is found on a t the be nn n f a. enten e. i . y gi i g o s c 2 ’ ma hi and k a i M usua l it ma tt e now maithe n from ma ith ood Used n th s S . , , , g . i l y ’ ’ w th the mean n w o nob es u n is ae om as no f b t also as worth es Bric e c. . c i i g, , l , i . , g , anied b ma ithi p y . 3 Th al s ll n h more c rrec wi e But and as we as db and e usu e is t e o t inns . d p i g g g, ll h fr uentl t r h n Th r m st fre u nt as now as a nom nal e n e c a e. e wo d is used o e g , q y i g q ly, , i ‘ ’ ‘ ’ r t rn th en an mean n to towards The verb innswi m e os on ove n e . d . p p g g g , g , gi , i i i i - 6 ' m ’ ’ i r t im I atta k als d o th l n m iz uidh a e k e h . c is o use . S e v d o ans at ac d , i i g i i , jfi gfi j g , fi W he s l d e ned A s a verbal n un the word is n used as r ns i i hard ever c . o e . in a e p p , g y li ’ ‘ ’ ' hi t ai id attack h dec ned da innsai e to m bu da inns to im. li g , , g , 4 f he ld r MS re e tended a us in re erence to t o e com . 7 . e . H x g p 5 nder Macdona A ir deadh oir dca dh is fre uentl used b Al e a d . fi , fi , q y y x l 6 ' In Scottish Gae c the ob ue case ca ldha in ealmfn has become the li liq , , , ‘ ’ ‘ ’ nom Th res nt mean n i sk l ha nd ness w th a su est on of the art st c . e e s p i g il , i , i gg i i i ‘ Ewen M Lachlan has ealaidh hao'il a love sense as in the hrase cea ird is ealai n. , p g , ’ d tt a rem n scence of the old mean n . i y, i i i g 7 - ' bnesa hwh shou d be the correct read n . Cf. oi M ver nd st nct. n enea S . y i i i g l i g g

for coibncsa in the fo ow n hrase due to influence o f n from the en. l. of the ll i g p , g p reced n word p i g . 8 The word a ars usua contracted m ma ic ater mete now mic. e ic : O . G . , l , pp lly THE GLENMASAN MANUSCRIPT

ENGLIS H TRANSLATION A FEAS T of great taste and magnificence was prepar ed by ch b r son Fa chtna Fatha ch and b the b s Con o a of , y no le of h And s r b s d s sm h b u u Emain c . Ul te e i e , in oot , ea tif l Ma a (all) And w the nobles of the province came to that feast . ( ine) was served out to them until they were all glad and cheer f h And the mus s and r and ul and in hig spirits . ician playe s po ets rose up in their pr esence to (sing) their songs and lays d ch s and r c h r al s and h r br ch s ant , to ( e ite) t ei gene ogie t ei an e sh of relation ip . h s are the m s the s who w r h s T e e na e of poet e e at t at fea t , m Cathbad s on ] - ed son Ru raid na ely, of Conga Flat nail of g , and r h —c e k son Cathbad and c Genan B ig t h g of , Genan Bla k son Cathbad and Gad son Cathba d knee of , Genan of , and Sencha the Great son of Ailill son of Athgno son of Fer son G1 son Ro s son Bu d and of of of a , Fercertne the£9 8 1} son of Angus Red-mouth son of F h n 1 n os son u d And i t e poet so of G so of R of B a . it s hus h us d s Ema in —a c r h was set t t ey e to fea t at , e tain nig t r for ch man the h useh d ch b r And h apa t ea of o ol of Con o a . t e ’ number of Conchobar s household w as three hundr ed three r and fi r And h n d h ms v s h r h sco e e . t ey ejoye t e el e t e e t at ’ h u ch b r r sed his ud s v c h h nig t ntil Con o a ai lo king oi e on ig , ’ and s hus d s r ask ou w rr rs s d poke t I e i e to of y , a io , ai Con

But the en n r as o na wr tten f l me . s and n m occ in u l. me . . o a e as w mm g i g . p i lly i l , . 9 ’ ’ Lit. consum e f. mod rn d oms caithcadh 1m cloi che 1 . C e i i ml 1l e stong ’ ’ Ga itheadh a chodach wast n his means M t consum t on , i g . p i . 1° i th r . e sc t Modern l . : for ld i idon ae c Mod O Gae c G G. eadhon ip l , i ( . ) ’ ’ to wit name It is tfu how the wr ter o f the M doub S . wou d ext nd , ly, l i l e the mark not m roba bl i the m r me n n odern form. D . Ca ro A . wr n . , i p y ( C . ) ites ido Bein invar ab used h mark is l ft here une tended t e e . g i ly , x 11 ‘ ’ ‘ ’ The verb is desai im modern dcasa/ich re are mak e read in d a ect g , , p p , y, i l ’ ‘ ’ bak e from d read t ad s e c . , , y, 13 ’ M . S . a But see adat wr tten out in ful su ra g y i l, p . 13 d the 3 r ron e d rs . neu n M t . s od . G s used in d om d ff nt i g , ill i i i ere ly ’ from é A n h thau e u a ma ’ o Ro n ! Yes . Cha g h N o y i fiqd . . ’ A n 6 Roma na ch a the a d é Ar e u a Roma ‘ ’ nna . o n ! Y s e . m m83. y N o . 14 ' as the relat v f m : te and as M Q Q in th M e S . In , i e or M EQ L QM d . G . ”Mgo' a s has unfortunately h e isused hav n b en re laced b i s and recentl b the d , i g e _ p __ y h , e g m ” y y THE CELTIC REVIEW

1 ba r Concoba r b-facaba r r m te lach budh crodha ina , an ia g 2 sib fen rinn Al ain san d mun mor in ch p an E , na an p , na o ga ina d ar cuimgeba cl co catha ir Muirne Ni ’ ’ m r am ar s a a us ni h -aitnid du a ma fhaca a . , i t, g in ta Ma ’ sed ar ch ba r aichnid dibh uiresba idh is d mun , Con o , an in o ’ ’ ’ ibh Ni h -aic h nid itir ir d-ri bh r ia som ora . a t . ( ) , a a ’ Is aichnid damhsa o a ba r ls uireasbaidh , a g , e in , aon um 2 o r h i tri coinnle ais id Gaideal d h in ar l n a ib . . o b . g g nan et( ) 3 4 5 - m i i tr i m ecc i ni i a i U s . s us A ndl f a s . . e b eg a g . Nai i g agus Ardan do b(eith) dar sechna tre bit(h)in mna san 6 m n a us ur b adhba r' rd -ri re n r l u d u , E n a s ar o g' g a ai haii g‘ ag . ghaisged Naisi ma c Uisnig agus ga r cosain ner t a laime fén " ’ 7 h A a n d treab ao let lp o . ’ ‘ A ri- milid ar si da ma s -ne sin do rad is fad , at , la i , a o 8 dermais e o ir h is mic ri coi cr ichi iatsan a us do , dgig g g , g coisendais coi ed ad re a ch coi ed eile rinn co g Ul g g an E gw h -eirset Ullta eile leo h is cu an eda ar calmacht i us , d_oig i g att, ag 9 ’ ’ l ma i ar r a us ar ni ach r sin ed a s eo n as r . s ne t g a an t ia Ma , ‘ ar Conchoba r cuirter s a us techta ar 3 3 9 ”cu cricha , fe a g ” 1- 3 Alba n go Loch Eitche agus go Daingen mac n-IIisneich an ’ ‘ ’ ’ ‘ i r h ri i ! i hen a n. c s s n r a o t Alb Cia a a s a c ch cc c c n. Do ’ 1° fb a r - sa ar Conchobar ur b do freiti hib N aeisi chtan M et , , g a g te 1 1 ht l r i i lt im i h a e t . la nn ma c uba a a u E rinn ar s c . Cucu i S s it , g

l f rm lat or r th M c l oc urs once or tw ce but bar : o dest o 0 eu u o . In s S . c ___ ” L , , f i i , ‘ ’ ’ ‘ ’ orms are an bar bhar ua r : in uit uoth sa s Here translated t ommon f . he c y , , q , q , y , ‘ ’ ‘ ’ Th fre n h to su t the conte t sa d . uent fi sa s he accou ts for t e i x , i e q E &Q tfi y , a ect sa modern form a rsa (in di l o ) . 2 for sibh ain the clash of bh nd h d th In the ib an : a as roduce e . S G . s pj f f p p .

is Si occas onall si é. {Q M m , i y p 3 m Two words o f d ffer nt or k ndr d m nin ma is e a is e ma is. e n but e ea are c f g , g i igi i g g ais and a o r u h b th r n r n G eu mh nciis o i na i In t e M . o s. a e o st ued and i ngna is i S . . g S c ‘ ’ i In G. both ar u l t in a n n. S . e us a cons ru d w th a s Cha ti w th the re . e : i p p , , ly i g is I cannot do w thoutit n h ssa e nstead of sa n mi as cu mha is as aona . I t s a g , , i i p g , i yi g ’ ‘ r i - w w thr e l hts of va our etc. a e n a r b c ma is nc shou d r te e are that the e , , f g , I ig l ” l i , h re hts o f va our as eugmha is t e th e lig l . 4 h l rm or mic t e correct . fo . maca for mcic , p 5 va form n ase d her e in i the re n i nom c . se G. N aoise . U N aisi n S . ( ) . p ili g e n ract ons ext nding co t i . ‘ ’ ‘ ’ 6 f i h s m m r mak n a dhbar a obhar caus e st 19 S . G. n t e a e ean n as he e , , , - g , i g, ill 2531 . __ i ‘ ’ {a th uan it of cloth o mak e a a r o f mater al aobhar bri is c. . t y p i g , g , g‘ q w i

trousers. THE GLENMASAN MANUSCRIPT 1 5

ch b r wh h r ou h v v r s br v r h us h d h o a , et e y a e e e een a a e o e ol t an yourselves in Ireland or in Scotland or in the great world in 2 any place you have known ( ) as far a s the city of Muirn ’ ‘ ’ ‘ Molfai W e c r h v s d h nor do we g . e tainly a e not , ai t ey, ’ ’ w h r n so s d ch b r do ou w be a . kno if t e e y If , ai Con o a , y kno h the w r d wh ch ou c w h anyt ing in o l i y la k We kno not ing, ’ ’ h h w w rr r s d he h s d h . s ig king, ai t ey I kno , a io , ai , one t ing e ac m h the hr rch s ur the y l k , na ely , t at t ee To e of Valo of are w h us wit the hr s s Uisnech s Gael not it , to , t ee on of , Nai i a nd A and rd and h h sh d v d us b c us inle A an , t at t ey oul a oi e a e an w m the w r d smuch a s s son Uisnech of y o an in o l , ina Nai i , of , is for v ur and h r sm fit be h h r d and alo e oi to ig king of I elan , the might of his own hand has gained for him a possession ’ u th c d pon e slope of S otlan . ’ R s d r s d h had we d r d sa h we oyal ol ie , ai t ey , a e to y t at, w u d h v s d it a For is h h o l a e ai long go . it 3233 t at t ey $1 , a ar e the s s b rd r d s r c and h w u d on of a king of a o e i t i t, t ey o l defend the province of Ulster against every other province in r d u h h r ls rm sh u d r s w h h m I elan , altho g no ot e U te an o l i e it t e , for h are h r s c ur and h s hr are s t ey e oe in o age , t e e t ee lion in ’ ’ ur d ch b r m m h and v . be so s es ig t alo If it , ai Con o a , let sa s and v s be s for h m the b u ds c d ge en oy ent t e to o n of S otlan , ch Etive and the s r n h d the s s Uisnech to Lo , to t o g ol of on of ’ d W u h m ss s d h in S cotlan . ho will go pon t at ( e age) ai t ey ’ ’ w s d h b r h is Naisi r . c s o all I kno , ai Con o a , t at it one of p

7 ‘ ’ trea b a r leth A l anslat a d str ct and a ha f of Scot a an W S . tr es n : . d p i i l l . But ‘ ’ b b w d str ct and a half wou d in G. d om e tn a cc leith no trea bh u leth i i l i i ( ) , g . ‘ ’ ‘ ’ Trea bh 18 di sused th sense of ho d n or ossess on but surv ves in g p , e _ l i i fl fl fi i ’ ‘ lou 1 n trca r 1 8 3 The hrase c ear means a ossess on on the g g, , 2191159 p l ly p i u »” “ ” ’ 81 e or slo e of o an p S c tl d. 8 ’ ‘ coi crichi : rict one from a g M , ’ b rder d str ct o i i . 9 ‘ ’ ‘ ’ ‘ nia achas for niat h as abstract from nia hero nia ta bo d h ’ an ero c . ( ) , , ; , l , i ’ 12 m for brath n ‘ 0 . Eri lan fo ever o br ach Ire d r . g , 1° ’ ‘ roiti hib h ere used 1 n the sense of eis or eas a oh1b1t1 on tabu In . S . G f g , g g , L , . ’ ri th f s t au ur C e c . Carmina Gadelica 1 i. 1 58 [ g y M Di ; , , ‘ ’ 28 1 N orse rett cotc h it re i ib a t l f = h d . o r eitech r h de h S re . it et . c W . ; , f ; , f f g , p f f ( S ”) 1 1 . In old ore Cuchula nn Cona l Cernach and N ais were cousi ns the sons of l i , l , i , ’ three sisters who were the dau hters of ad Conchoba r s famous Di'uid and b g M , , y ’ the o dest a ounts tha m h s t r l cc t onarc fa he . 1 6 THE CELTIC REVIEW

Cona ma c Aimir in a us r us ma c R s a us h ll g , g Fe g o a , g (ait ) ’ ’ - cia don r r sin ls b andsa me neochat sa t ia na .

A us ruc Con les ar o h a us do fhiafra i de g all ( ) f dj glgt , g g , ’ r d ri- chuin idh b h ar ch b r C e a g an et a , (Con o a ) , da chuirida r' ar cenn m a c n -(Uis )neich thu agus a milled ar ’ ’ 1 t inchaib a us ai ' t einech ni ch g b n g , na f l air ’ N ha s du n do ticfad de sin ao' Cona a cht ch i aen i e ( ) , ll, ga ar am berainn d o Ulltaib ni roichfet ch uaim aon ( ) , ne si a 2 ’ ’ ‘ b dib an bas a us e a us oi ed d imirt air I r g g g g g . s fi ’ ‘ sin ar' Conchoba r Con l s tui im-si ch in main , , a ail , a noi g na ( ) ’ l me A us do huir e d a etsa . c s Con u us tu ad g all a a , g ( g ) Cuchula imz da indsai e a us do fhiafr ai an cetna de g , g g . Do ’ ’ ber m-se do m br eithir ar Cuchula inn da sir dea -sa i , , ( ) 3 ga s an India no sirther (tu) soir nach gebaind - si comha ea 4 ’ ’ ’ id a cht do i im m sin Is fir i crui nde ua to t . s n , fein fa n gni , 5 Cu ch ms bh - f a us s m odai him- i ni a , na le a g a noi g s ’ d A a do chuir sin uchula inn dh a us fhuath aga sa . g s C na a g ' ' 6 d ind ai e us do fhiafra i an cetna d u ad er us a s e. t g ( ) F g g , ag g 7 ’ A a s as ed aduba irt er us r s Ni ellaim - si dul fa t fhuil g F g f i g , ar er us a us idhed c ni b- tu Ulltach ar am ( ) F g , g g ena il ’ - ber uinn nach b fuiged bas agus oiged lim . ’ s ar c d Cla inni Uisni ri -milid ar Is tusa raca en g, a , ’ ‘ Conchoba r a us luais r m m r ach ar sé c ir is , g g o at a a , , let ticfa id a us ab iar cht c ir du co dun Borrai mic , g g te an it g

' d i a us tabair do br iatha r d m s a as - taos a ticfair An t g a a m r, g i an E rinn nach lecfer p irisim na comna idhe doibh co tigid cc ’ - in h Emuin Macha an oidchi s .

1 ma r . ds ni A . C . Stok es W . S . rea ver nd st nct. MS . y i i i ( ) , ’ 3 M oidhea dh oi headh death b v o ence. ided in ater SS . i ed in O . G. a , y o g , , l , g i l ’ ’ ‘ ’ 3 s ond t ons. l mha da comtha fts term c S . G. ha . co , com , p , gi , i i I ca wka L cumha ch n . , E g W fi ' ’ ’ - f ater fre uent cr uinne ce. uiiiiie th e round th e obe. L y ti , , gl , q l ‘ ’ - 5 m thaichea m sa I erce ve. a so in th s MS . G . as . In Mod . l i , p i

5 h. iaf afi im. br aic O G . re S . G. e . ar a i im a rai im a v n fo rm in K nt . f jf g fi f g , fi f g , li i g i y 7 ’ s Str ct construed the sentence means I do not Fergus s reply is ambiguou . i ly , ’ moves the amb u t ted b W . S . re d MS . IL uo bloo . y promise to tak e your , q y , ig i not to attack our b ood or m, dol ad hui lsi I rom se ( gelluimsi ga f f , p i y l ’ ’ 3 u t of u d our out taos noun and verb now means ant , p , ma r as taosga g, , q i y liq i et The d omat c use here exem lified is unk nown to me. c. i i i p

1 8 THE CELTIC REVIEW

A FEW RF YMED PROVERBS

DOUGLAS Y E LL D . H D ,

(Ah Craoibhin Aoibhinn)

TH E Gael both in Ireland and Scotland is an inveterate r h r m h h v v r h rd of b v s s . N0 r c elie e in ap o i a e , t at I a e e e ea , us es proverbs to the same extent that he does in his ordinary v r h h m h v c on e sation . T e S cottish branch of t e fa ily a e long a go perceived this and taken pains to pr eserve to posterity the sayings in which lie embedded the compre ssed wisdom f r r A fe d ff r . o thei fo efathers . In Erin it has been i e ent w small collections have been put together in a desultory m r but h has b d as et h is an wa anne , not ing een one y t at in y y u m uc ss xh v h ar s m S c h us . T e w e f ll , le e a ti e follo ing o e pe i m s rh m d r v rbs chiefl r m ch r m en of y e p o e , y f o Conna t , f o c wh h ars h a colle tion ic I hav e been m aking for some ye . T ey h v ar b r c v r d r and h m a r s a e ne ly all een e o e e o ally , t ey y inte e t tho se who are acquainted with the ripe store of aphorisms ss ss d b the c sh po e e y S otti Gael .

ON NOBLE BREEDING ver sus LEARN ING

ias mhac do bhi a fear éi in D g g , ear- e hin a us tus ta F l ig g , N or chléireach fear an e h n i l ig i , A us budh chléireach an tua g ta. Dli he daoi tui he tea ais g g g g, Teirce oidis do th at h ri h treorac ,

Tui eann fear e hin eath-fhocal g l ig l , ’ Acht ni b n eag od do n aineolach .

A certa n man had two sons i , And one was earned and one unlearned l , , The earned man was not a c er c l l i , A c eric th e man n arn n d l u le ed tur e . ’ You must thatch with earn n the dunce s head l i g , But the w se we -bred his boo s has s urned i ll k p , If a ha f-word do es for the man of earn n l l i g, ’ A nod s enou h fo l d g r the wise un eam e . A FEW RHYMED PROVERBS 1 9

The allusion in the penultimate line is to the well -known ’ ’ T i hi h-fh al i a a man s u eann r oc . . aying , g fea leig n leat , ’ re d u d ds h w rd of a ing n erstan alf a o . A b mi sh uld h v b ch dr as h s v rs no le fa ly o a e no le il en, t i e e ch s and h sh u d h d h r and s c to h r tea e , t ey o l ol toget e ti k t ei clan. A ithnighthear ar thoradh na goranu ’ Uaisle na bhfréamh o bhfasaid , Gach géag leis an ngéig o a dtig A dul e s an bhf n g l i réimh o a dtai ig.

s Th e n w n w i . k o i g ill know by your fruits If nob e the roo ts that ou r ow fro m l y g , Each branch o f the branches should cling

To the stock that they spring from or flow from .

No amo unt of lear ning can teach an upstart to behave b r ch like a o n ief,

’ Tar eis gach foghluim a s gach oidis ’ D a bhfuair an ailti c n a i d n, ma a d o , Briseann an uth h d chas trid a shuilib , ’ Tar eis a chursa h ri h c ur i gc c .

s H ma ha n w i . e ve teachers reat a d se y g i , Yet every 8 0 11 of every clown The boor shness brea s throu h his e es i k g y , For all the earn n the cram down l i g y . nor does the boor o r the upstart understand the poet .

Gad ainmh e o thrai h o trai h g g g g , No beart ao the ar hualainn g i g , ’ Ionn n in a a n s , s dan do labhairt

A eas a n t atha m g d oi e u .

s t is w n s a- san f a i . I eav e d or ro e i g p , In the h0 e to o b nd n the w nd p g i i g i , The repeating a stanza or rann

- To the low born man or the hind .

ON YOUTH

6 ach neach n-aois oi e g g i g , 6 ar s ach seanoire g i g , (3 deireadh aoise ach du ne g g i ,

D ir - e eadh ach sean aoise oi e. g , g 20 THE CELTIC REVIEW — Young is the infant helpless youth ! d oun a a n the old man in sooth An y g g i , h same is th e first and the ast a e T e l g , i uth For the end of age s helpless yo .

’ ’ Beranger s grand mer e who regretted her youth so

Combien ia regr ette Mo n ras si du b do , Ma j ambe bien faite

Et le temps perdu.

her Irish prototype who prayed

Athchuin im ar Dhia d bheith 6 ar s g o g i , Athchuin im ar hr ost do bheith deas g C i , ’ M fhiacla do bheith dluth da n ean ea , i g , g l , ’ ’ A 11 r do bh ith im shear gus tri tri e c.

i e I wou d ask of God to be oun once more . . l y g , And of hr st once m ore to be fa r to see C i i , M teeth to be ear and c ose and n ce y p ly l i ,

And thrice three lo vers in love with me.

But the usual opinion on youth is summed rather safe distych

Is luachmhar an nidh an Gige ’ 1 Do n té chuireas ar foghnamh .

i a outh is a r c u th n and ood . . Y p e io s i g g h s For im who shall u e it as he should .

FAMILY RELATI ONSHI PS

Is mac du t do mhac o b ostar é i g p , ’ Acht is in hean du t d in hean o dtéidh tu san ore g i g g g .

our son is our son t he marr es a wife Y y ill i , ’ ur dau hter s our dau h h wh f But y o g y g ter t e ole o her life.

A morose prophecy runs

Béidh tu buaidheartha o b osair g p , ’ ’ S as sin amach gan suaimhneas go deo gad !

’ ’ Y u 11 not be eas unt ou te w d i. a. o e y il y , ’ Nor easy thereafter until you re dead ! A FEW RHYMED PROVERBS 2 1

Not m r c m r m r ru is the w n o e o fo ting, if o e t e , follo i g

ean mh c a us mathair che e B i g il , Mar a bh ith t a us l he e e ca g luch e c il .

i - - w - - w . a A dau hter in la and her mother in la . g ,

L e a mouse and a ca t all aw and c aw. ik , p l

The summ r or u d r was w r d as e S n ay gi l kno n in I elan , too , u r calcu b u as h rd ud as sh an tte ly in la le q antity , a to j ge a eep w h its n w u um fleece ou it e a t n .

An da rud is deaera do thoghadh h h r n mhna h Gaora f o mhai no cai o . g , li D ig “

i e ost hard to choose shou d ou w sh to ee . . M ( l y i k p) Are a S unda r or a a est sh e y gi l H rv e p. — A r eminiscence of some Celtic Lear if indeed Lear were — not himself a Celt m ay have prompted

Go mbuailidh an diabhal i gcuinc a mhuinil ’ An té thiubhras a chuid do mhac no d in hin g .

h his s au hterin ax let th dev s au h r i e. t e e te . Wi l g g il l g f W h v s all his s n o his dau h r The oo l o gi e to o r g te .

The following vivacious if humiliating little rann a strangely modern air about it

Bionn dui ne beo gan a dhaoine ’ A ht ui bh i h é n c é d s beo ga gal na phiopa .

e man n v with hi f i . A ca e out s o li lk, ut nn h B he ca ot live wit out his smoke.

The w l s w u d d c h h s follo ing ine o l in i ate t at one ty, nl r m b s c is s c s . e t poli y , till o y a poo poli y at ti e

’ Is des cair d fhear gan cor gan cam n a h i Bea agus ol nu do t ogbha l.

h man who sw rves not from what is t h i . e To t e e s ra t . ig f a h d a a h a w ht Wi e nd c il re e vy eig . — On the subject of poverty the Irish themselves some — of the poorest people in the western world have rhymed 22 THE CELTIC REVIEW

d and h r s d in v um s The and jested and mocke ap o i e ol e . following ranns m ay serv e as specimens

ON PO VERTY

’ Mo chradh-sa an bochtanacht is mair da r oéile i , g , ’ Gidh gur ard a s gur aoibhinn a mholas an chléir seo ’ Gach a bhi a il diobh ar thalamh s i bhflaitheas i n-éinfheacht s m bh nnaidh i i (Mi c o a ) go dtre gfidis féin .

i A r h n s m h s i . a. oo t i overt and I s ile rat er p i g p y, l ly hen I hear our ood c er come rais n it h h W g l gy p i g ig ly, For on earth or in h eaven no cl eric would sorrow th hi t - To part wi s pover y quickly to morrow.

Still keener is this other verse

’ An bo htanas ni mholaim a s ui chainim i c , , ’ ’ ’ Acht ni l neach do bheith d a mholadh liom nach s e b fhearr em 1 ! , ig li An bocht a bhios folamh an a rd an céim , g i g , ’ Is mo lus é is toirtmhear l each a mhéid r s an tso , e . i e I n th a v rt nor at it re n . e er r se o e e . i p i p y , pi , But who raises me overt I wou d let him have m ne ! p p y, l i The oor man des sed w thout mone or food or w ne p pi i y i , w a He is in the ht a wa s des ite ho the sun m shine. lig l y , p y

I hope these few gleanings from a fi eld as yet unreaped ma be r s c c ud h wrd y of inte e t . I annot oncl e wit out a o of heartfelt admi ration for the success and assiduity with which the S cottish Gael has collected the unwritten literatur e of the r m h r own m u hs s s d d x m people f o t ei o t , etting a plen i e a ple b r us r hm wh ch is s et for us f w . efo e I i en , i it not y too late to ollo

THE STUDY OF HIGHLAND PLACE- NAMES

W J A TSON . W

ALTH OUGH much has been wr itten about o ur Scottish names c s we are as et v r far r m ss ss h of pla e , y e y f o po e ing anyt ing in like a complete or satisfactory account of them . Noth g the s ub c so far r ch s for x m the w r of on je t app oa e , e a ple , o k Dr Jo m . ce on the s r d or h a saac y na e of I elan , t at of C non I THE STUDY OF HIGHLAND PLACE- NAMES 2 3

r n sh N m s h s ma be scr b d Taylo on E gli Village a e . T i y a i e a r the r a difficult the sub c r v d as is p tly to g e t y of je t , agg a ate it by the comparative scantiness of ancient and reliable written rm s n m s r the w ss v s rs ss ss fo of a e , pa tly to fe ne of in e tigato po e in th c sar ualificati n h rshi and r uni g e ne es y q o s of sc ola p oppo t ty . mus be dm d h w v r h much the w r c u It t a itte , o e e , t at of o k a t ally attempted is sadly lacking in trustworthiness from no oth er r eason than defective method ; and the remarks that follow ar e intended mainly to set forth some principles that the wr r and h rs r r x r c h he can ite , ot e of g eate e pe ien e t an c im h v u d rus w r h and h u the s ud la , a e fo n t t o t y elpf l in t y of m s whi ch c cur d s r c s wh r c is s v r ul r na e o in i t i t e e Gaeli till e nac a . h r w h c r and r h m h ds is ss b T e e, it a e ig t et o , it po i le to attain a high degr ee of certainty in interpretation ; in districts where c has d d out and wh r cc rd our s Gaeli long ie , e e , a o ingly , ole d a a re old s s and m d r sh r u c ns at pelling o e n Engli p on n iatio , is d ff r the cas e i e ent . In dealing with the names of a Gaelic -speaking district the first duty of the investigator is to ascertain with accuracy v c r u c For sm r as h the nati e Gaeli p on n iation . all a e t is is a compar atively easy matter ; when one has to deal with the n m wh h d c u b c m s rm d b a es of a ole Hig lan o nty it e o e fo i a le . r can be d b c rr s d c u ss is Ve y little one y o e pon en e , nle one fortunate enough to have a s correspondent an expert in Gaelic spelling ; and though Gaelic spelling is not r eally t u h x r ar difficul s c s e be m et v r d s r c . , e pe t not to in e e y i t i t By far the most sa tisfactory way is to ver ify the names per sonally on the spot ; thus variations may be checked ; the — places themselves can be inspected always an advantage ; in add c s u m s r s u d the ition , one pi k p na e of inte e t not fo n on m s as w as c r the sh r hic r m s ap , ell lo al lo e in ape of topog ap al i e h r m Dinnse h d b and ot e ite s of nc as. Inci entally one ecomes ac u d w h l c cu r s d c wh ch is q ainte it o al pe lia itie of iale t, i not d m m r s m m r c is bv us h sel o a atte of o e i po tan e . It o io t at to deal with the whole of the Highlands in this manner is e d the c c man u ss he be d w d w h b yon apa ity of one , nle en o e it xc hus sm an ur v w h th v e e eptional ent ia d leis e . E en it e ad antag 2 4 THE CELTIC REVIEW o f generous assistance it took the present wr iter quite four y ears to verify the mainland names of his native county of ss a nd h r sur v the r u d w u d d ub ss Ro , anot e ey of g o n o l o tle r h h r r bring much new mate ial to lig t . T e e is the efore in o ur h d c u s m r m for m v s rs who Hig lan o ntie a ple oo any in e tigato , m ay render inestimable service to the study of topography by s imply writing down in or thodox Gaelic spelling the names h are h rd th s v is as t ey ea on e lip of nati es. It only after such a process of verification that we ar e in direct touch with the name itself as distinguished from Anglified corruptions o r r ma rm d x n lifi m e e p fo s . A goo e ample of an A g ed form is th w - w h rr u h r d A h e . s s m ell kno n Altna a a in S t e lan to t i na e , ’ u h mines tot sent ntia e has b x d ot o e . as r d q , It een e plaine Ha ol s

ur ur the h s of. rr s c na H ea r r adh B n B n of Heig t ( Ha i , in Gaeli ) ; Str eam with the pillar or rock ( ca r r agh) Stream of slaughter h nd n Bu ( ma r b a dh) a so o . t one and all carefully avoid the u c rm wh ch is Allt na h- Eir bhe v b the gen ine Gaeli fo , i (gi en y 1 A d rs s in1 8 34 as Aultnaharrou or Aultnaherve involvin n e on ) , g the ol w rd eir bhe a w ur and s r d c , s ; 0 . I . Gaeli o _ all of t f tone ‘ a ir be c r m r r bs In c the old w , a fen e (p i a ily i point of fa t all is h r w cr ss m r a nd h w r h the t e e ; a long all a o oo ill , o t atten v w h u c mm m m r tion of antiquaries . I gi e it o t o ent so e o e e xamples of Anglified names with their forms in modern Gaelic

T ard : o e Ca r i h o e. Towa d Po nt (Rot esay) . ll H l p fl h Lbhh na h -Uidh e Isthmus h Lo E E. Ro . : Loc c ye ( ss) . ’ n hberr In rn Innis a Bharaidh : Hur in M d I c ve ess ea . y ( ) . l g ’ ai an Ianlaith ird Stead Pi n llies Tain : . t e ( ) . B l B i ntl h C oi e Chunndainn : W ood o f the K lli ehu y (B adenoc ) . ll fl Con uence.

Rui heannan h Rhi na : t e S o es. ves ( Ross) . g l p Rhives th r an Rui h each : the ace of S o es ( Su e land) . g pl l p . Bo an t-Srath : Bo f h tr th Pook andraw a o t e S a . (Bl ck Isl e) . g g ’ Torris Trean Din a Torr a Phris D rai heann : K noll of ( gw ll) . g th Thorn C um e l p. Tr abhar nam Pr a h d Torna res Lo h arron e e s : us Stea . p s ( c c ) . B

’ 1 he hlands 18 34 Anderson s Guide to t Hig , .

26 THE CELTIC REVIEW

ssu of h As far as l c or i e t e Ordnance Survey . Gae i f ms of m s o the r s m s are m s dec v . na e g , p e ent ap o t epti e It will be legitimately asked : To what ex tent hav e the ! Gaelic form s them selves suffer ed corru ption All language ch s and is x m h r c . d s c w v ange , Gaeli not e e pt A i tin tion , o e e , m ust be drawn between the orderly phonetic changes that take place within the language itself in the co urse of its d v m and h s c rru wh ch are the r su e elop ent, t o e o ptions i e lt of transferring Gaelic names to a language so very different in its us as sh h v had geni Engli . N ow thr ough Gaelic we a e ha d d d w us hr d ff r c ss s m s c sh n e o n to t ee i e ent la e of na e , Pi ti , c d v d h an a c . is b ve s sa S an ina ian , G eli It , I elie , afe to y t at the changes undergone by names of purely Gaelic origin hav e b m i m s wh h s c d the een a nly , if not al o t olly , t o e in i ental to u s Th m su h b r the lang age it elf. e odern Gaelic forms of c ea m r u h c h r v old c w rds a k of a t enti ity on t ei faces . E en Gaeli o n w o bs e. o olete ar e r egularly found in per fect preservation g. eir bhe asa d l l h difficult h ei ea a ithir seo a id . Th e c , f , g, f , ief y — and it is not serious is in connection with unaccented s b s w refix ed d c v s u s and re ylla le follo ing on p a je ti e , no n , p s s wh r the s r cc the refixed r c us s po ition , e e t ong a ent on p pa t a e s urr the r s As x m the refix ed d c v l ing of e t . an e a ple of p a je ti e ma be ch Shanish d r the s rs and cur rs y taken Lo na , ea to kate le v r ss h 1 ch n S a nninnse ch the Old . s 8 Lo a of In e ne T i e , Lo of u h or d w refix ed u is s P lucair d Ha g Mea o . A p no n een in r o w r m Ploc air al um ca here a is sh r nea P ole e , f o , L p pe o t ened. A good example of the prefixed preposition at work is r d h Ea drf ais for Eada r dha Eas d c G . Ett i ge in Ba eno , , w two s h r 18 Ardroil l n w s for Eada r Bet een Fall . Anot e Le i dha Fha o rd The umber ha il w two s . g , Bet een Fo total n of such rm l h r s b fo ations is r elatively sma l . T e gene al ta ility of Gaelic names may of course be tested by comparison w h ch r r rms wh ch h su the b s k e . it a te fo , to i t ey pply e t y r old s s t u b b h ms v s ce Ve y pelling , of en nintelligi le y t e el e , at on light up when brought in contact with the modern Gaelic

- e. . K ennachrow 1 Uca nh a rui h d the e 3 62 G . g , , g , Hea of Hill

Nevoth 1 2 4 N mhidh hurch d u . G . ei Slope ; , 7 , , C lan (Ga l THE STUDY OF HIGHLAND PLACE- NAMES 27

N emeton C ld r re 1 6 1 uilt-ea m r a idh u e a 1 G. C ) ; , , , Nook of t h c etc . Pa ing, Norse names transmitted through Gaelic show great re ularit r a m as wh c mb d w h c cul g y of t e t ent a ole, o ine it lo al pe i a riti cc ed es. Gaelic regularly preserves the quantity of a ent s b s s v r r adv for the cc d ylla le , in it elf a e y g eat antage , a ente s b is the b u cc d ylla le us iness par t of the name . In na ente s l b s the u is 02— t r v r - m confluence s e. . m6 yl a le q antity lo t , g , i e eet , , becomes 11] Gaelic always Unaccented syllables are bl dr -skilci r v r s u m e . s rr and cur . lia e al o to l ing tail ent , g , i e s r b c m s a r ea i Arsc i v r sd h br d is t ip, e o e s g, a g In e a ale (a y i ) in a c I nbhir - scia i but as old rm s v v r-as edell we G eli a , fo gi e In e p ,

w h we are d w h rs as ida lr s d . kno t at ealing it No e p , A pen ale In this latter case witho ut the old forms we should have been

h ss but f r u e is xc . d elple , o t nat ly it an e eptional one Detaile consideration of Ga elic treatment of the Nors e v owels and c s s w u d ccu much s c and h v m d on onant o l o py too pa e , I a e atte pte 1 s d ub ss be im it el ewhere . The account there given will o tle r v h Am p o ed and extended in the light of further r esearc . ong b lsta c cul r s ma be d the r m é dt, lo al pe ia itie y note t eat ent of y

- f ~ ~ ~ tr wh ch b c m s Bosta and rm bol bost bus . Lin se i e o e , te inally , , , fiax-sh n b c m s u h rl d ia as d Linside in ieli g, e o e in S t e an L n ai , , ew s I/lseada r Lin had r x m s r ul r r m s e . L i , E a ple of eg a t eat ent are : s r G Ta nnu N Ha na/r -e v s . ra . ; I le Tane a , , f y, Ha en I le ’ T t sh Tr nda m a Thr nda r - nes Thrond s G . d is N . é m erm , , , Cape ; Ard -h lai - Raonasa es h l k h za G. N . es a m z Ba c R g, , Ha el y ; Lo an , ,

- - N . r e nisoi m k rr w R w r y N . é vi y , o an Wate Mia aig, j , Na o Ba S te r a b h 8 m mva r r G. n had N b . 6 y , 9 g , Stee age ’ Ba o N . 716i hi l l Sleitea da l N . S t d e G . y ; T ll , , ll ; at a a , , duh Eve d - lr h ms G. s da N . Zhém , n ale ; W , , T o The treatment of Pictish names in Gaelic is naturally a d ca e u b s he eli t q estion . One has to make up his mind as e t may as to what Pictish was in the view of the present writer was the c h r i . e u t e m c . it a Celti lang age of Cy i type , of P- r u h g o p . One of t e most indubitably Pictish names in c a d 18 r 1n tr r i h a wr S athconon G. P é a nn of. s S otl n Po in , Wel p , Q M 2 8 THE CELTIC REVIEW

h is the r h asture ria t s ur . s rs so p i p o zi , pa t age T i oot t at appea

- - form u e . i d o r . ur e the , f ur oft n in fl of f g Pit fo , Bal o , asp rate a n hlfuir h r is r h - e r a Q Q Q b I c — . G . B th —f “ B I -v-A f fl e , Q w Anot e St at p fifr . ' h h e r h r r eo hair of. s s a e s v r Fefier p j , Wel p f , park ling T e e e e al r m s d h h r d i r k m s c . s e d a b e a be t ea in S otlan Wit Wel fi ez , m a , y c m r d the um r u r h r m h h damna s u s , w c A n o pa e n e o UM y q a tt a na e i “ " , mg . v s as o an a ir ou b ds d the c is gi e Q harfl ; ( ; , y) ; Woo i e ; Gaeli Ui cha rf da in h . T e s m m rs K n ardine ( ) a e ele ent appea in i g ,

- G . Cinn ehar da in r c mm m s G rd , a fai ly o on na e ; al o in a en , r rd d and r b b Plu a d n h A lt i da h sc r e . A Ca en en , p o a ly Wit _ l a id and v r - r h l ra r — cf. s a s ow Gauh A . ) y M W m r ( y , in Contin In e. a it Wel qaf h s s x m s wh ch m h be x d d we h v In t e e afe e a ple , i ig t e ten e , a e h - t e advantage of being able to compar e with well known Welsh words they go to show that Gaelic preserves Pictish much a s has r s rv d r r s ma be bs rv d it p e e e No se . He e al o y o e e the ur d b s e . c dr u cc d s . nat al ten en y to op na ente ylla le , g um - g r t old Drumdafurde Drumdervate Dr umdar Qr g fi , of , , w ch is m d r c B r a ima -dia r w h whi ch m a e t, in o e n Gaeli , it y be c m r d th D r m r o pa e e name of the monastery of ee . Si ila ly ' r m r Cr umbaucht n 1 2 4 i G Cr omba b s d 6 s . C o a ty, y , , in , a e on

G. cr am sh crwm b , Wel , ent . The Pictish element in our Highland place- names is much s r r and m r r su s d t onge o e widespread than is gene ally ppo e . It is r b be v s d and is be eally only eginning to in e tigate , it to hoped that ere long we shall be able to speak more definitely b u its r r s h r are bu d a o t ep e entation in Gaelic . T e e a n ant r m s w e ain of it a aiting discussion . Reference ha s alr eady been made to the use of old written

rms. is c urs dv s b r cur h s wh h fo It , of o e, a i a le to p o e t e e en t ey are cc ss b r the S ea l the Exche uer e. r m h Re iste s ( . t e a e i le , g f o g f , q Roll s and the Retours now ub sh d c v rm . , , p li e in on enient fo Still older and far more valuable forms are to be met in the Chr onicles o the P icts a nd Scots the Ir ish Anna ls f , in ’ cc s Adamnan s Li e o Columba N ennius and (o a ionally) , in f f , in h r b h ot e s . Oldest of all are the few names preserved y t e r h r The v u geog ap er Ptolemy and the classical write s . al e of ch r r rms etc u d the c rd ubl c s and s a te fo , . , fo n in Re o P i ation el e THE STUDY OF HIGHLAND PLACE-NAMES 29 wh r is b s s d b c n r h m w h the m d r e e , e t te te y o f onting t e it o e n c cc s s c the c s rs m s Gaeli . O a ionally , e pe ially in a e of No e na e , h are r m r n as ru wh r v r the ui t ey eally i po ta t ; a le , e e e gen ne l c can be u d h are m r c r . A c s Gaeli fo n , t ey e ely an i la y a e is s : the R c rds are u d hus : 1 1 57 in point Pai ley e o q ote t , Passeleth 1 1 5 8 Paisleth but the m d r ic 1s P a isli ; , ; o e n Gael g, r h r n be d ub h known widely 1n Argyll . He e t e e ca no o t t at isl c m r r s Ir . ba e c is the r n 0 . . the Gaeli eal a e , ep e enting , Lat h h R c rds h r th w r ilica churc . t e as bas , a In e o eit e o iginally d t as v r h forch or c w as m sr as s . written , i ea , e y often appen Of the numerous minor points which experience has shown

m r few m a be d . to be i po tant , a y note In Gaelic names the qualifying part regularly follows the — h d c v ws th u u r c r t e e . gene i pa t a je ti e follo no n Q ite often , h w v r h r is met old us refixin the d c v o e e , t e e an age of p g a je ti e , h f D ubh- r a idh h ur D &a r a id or a . s cc s e . th . g g g T i o only in e c s m s b c d c v s r rr chiefl c ur a e of ono ylla i a je ti e efe ing y to olo , m s h sh s . rs t e u c m s first ape , ize In No e na e q alifying part o e , wh h h r 1 s xc a rule to ic t e e no e eption . In both Gaelic and Norse es the accent M ' “ W — — falls m e d noun or adjective whether M me names are always accented on the first syllable ; the accentuation of Gaelic compounds v r w h the s the u r a ies it po ition of q alifying pa t . Gaelic nu compounded names are always accented on the first syllable the same is tru e as a r ule of compounds wher e the fi rst part i obr C n ulli h s r s e. . o t c wh r can ha a p epo ition , g Con a , , e e s the h r m rc as c m . s . u a e fo e Lat , toget e Names of pure Gaelic origin are regularly used with the h r definite r c . xc s s a e r r and w define a ti le E eption to t i a e ell d . The presence of the article is usually a sure sign that the name with which it goes is either pur e Gaelic or borrowed n d rs into Gaelic a d naturalise . No e names are very rarely u d w h c r c xc w s wh r is fo n it Gaeli a ti le , e ept in Le i , e e it not so u c mm c sh m has b u d n o on . No Pi ti na e een fo n with the r c a ti le . In Celtic nomenclature the river regularly gives its name 30 THE CELTIC REVIEW

the ch wh c ssu s the s r h or c rr hr to lo en e it i e , t at , glen , o y t ough h ch fl ws and the c wh r ls t the sea r w i it o , pla e e e it fal in o . o m The ch is r rd another strea . lo ega ed as the r eservoir of the r iver ; thus Adamnan speaks of Loch Awe as S tagnum uminis A609 and ch ss as Sta num uminis Nesce fl , of Lo Ne g fl . ’ t c x m is the R v r v r m s abaros A ypi al e a ple i e Na e , Ptole y N , h v s ch v r r h v r v r r c v . his whi gi e Lo Na e , St at na e , In e na e T is r m r c d w h m s chs s r hs of g eat i po tan e in ealing it na e of lo , t at , d s wh ch are c sh and v r diffi cult an glen , i often Pi ti e y . The names of parishes ar e usually taken either fr om the the c r sh church or r m its x m name of an ient pa i f o site . E a ples of the former are the numerous parish names in Kil h as lmu r i m r c Kilmonivai the s c d r suc Ki i , K l o a k , g ; e on pa t here is the name of the saint commemorated in the dedica r m the m the s wh r the church wa tion . F o na e of pot e e s u d c m such r sh m s as c s s sit ate o e pa i na e Logi , Contin , Re oli ,

v . Nigg, Da iot In all districts where two o r more languages have been succ ss h br d m s are e r i e spoken in e ion , y i na e apt to app a , . . u d m s the c s u r s whi ch be compo n na e , on tit ent pa t of long to h h br ds r s different languages . T ese y i all a i e in much the nd sh w the s m ch r r cs In h m wa a c s . t e r h sa e y, o a e a a te i ti no t w s c d for s c the rs m and e t of S otlan , in tan e, No e en left a number of names which remained as a legacy to their Gaelic Th succ ss rs . e r s r the m speaking e o latte , oon fo getting ean n h s r m s or s m c s s r b b v r i g of t e e fo eign na e , in o e a e p o a ly ne e v w it dd d d scr v c t rms as h ha ing kno n , a e on e ipti e Gaeli e t ey d cc s the r su b u c sc us u foun o a ion , e lt eing often n on io ta tology . Hence names such as Loch Seaforth meaning Loch Sea-firth ’ i i h r Torn sh . e Cam rnish . 8 astrol Ardto , Cape , Cape T o i Cape ; w fi n a n c i n i Ba r - a t Trolva i . e B S vai Ba . athhalla al e g , y of g, y of T oll y r d , i e dib dal i . i e r h r h Glen e . d . . . St at Holy St at ; , Glen Deep ale h d ff r ar e such am Here we have tautology . Slig tly i e ent n es as Ardshieldai h d o r rr n Ba g , Cape of S iel aig, Cape of He i g y “ ’ d l rr A d and u h li c s r Ata a s c . Coi i , Co y of tta ale , ke In no a e nd r r c u r w u d do we fi a eal o gani nion between the pa ts . It o l be m ss b find rs silo ba e s d nes c i po i le to No e , y ; y, i lan ; , ape ; THE STUDY OF HIGHLAND PLACE-NAMES 3 1 da ir d or dr firth d r v r ualified b a li c , ale ; fi , ; , i e , q y a G e ss u h nk b w u d be old c m adjective . Le nt i a le o l an Celti na e ualified b rs d c ve but c h q y a No e a je ti , in point of fa t t is m ccur r h r are s m h h does not see to o . He e again t e e o e ig ly r s xc s cur us v v the s m inte e ting e eption , all io ly in ol ing a e f ll is c Gaoda bheinn N - m . C g at e . f ele ent i " in Gaeli , Geita j all , h 13151355 is Bldbheinn for 13131- 3111 u h Goat ill ; in Skye 5 , Bl e ill ; en A ss nt is Sailebheinn for Sulaf all l r cf M in y j , Pi la Fell . dha isbheinn r ch Ba . h s n G . s c s s al o W e , in Gai lo In t e e a e it rs h rs a il was r s d c beinn' appea t at No e fl t an late into Gaeli , m hi s r c edi s s u u . hill . T p o e ng ee niq e In dealing with a large collection of names from a wide area wher e different conditions have pr evailed in different c s c r br d cu r s or d s c s c m lo alitie , e tain oa pe lia itie i tin tion o e into m uch is th r h prominence . A ong s e geog ap ical distribution of c r r c rm s . R s s for s c ba ile s d e tain gene i te In o , in tan e, , a tea , ‘ ’ c sh o is x r m c mm the s c S otti t on , e t e ely o on on ea t oast ; on the w s h r is r c c s c m c rr e t t e e p a ti ally only one in tan e , Bal a a a . On th e h r h d w h a cha dh field x c the r v ot e an , it , , e a tly e erse is the cas : a cha dh a cha a chd a ch sw rm the w s e , , , , a on e t coast

R ss h are r r the s c s . Both b h hut of o ; t ey a e on ea t oa t , a oot , , a rs c w h c r ai ss : h appe only on e it e t nty in Ro Boat , G . na I fi Bothacha n the c s hs r d theB , pla e of Boot , pa allele in lack Isle P eit ha n the b 71 ea c c s s . u h r y a , pla e of Pit In S t e land no c bf both ccurs m But h instan e o to e. along t e south side of the Gr ea t Glen baths swarm from Bunachton near Inverness ’ t a h G . Bo h Ne c da in, N ectan s h Bo huntin r Boot , to in Glen oy , Bo h G . t h the Confluenc Boot of e. Epidemics t of ba hs will be found elsewhere also ; but not north of the

Great Glen . i It s but fitting to r eca ll that to the departed editor of the rm r S c tish Celtic Review we owe m fo e ot , a ong other s rv c s the first scientifi c r m c e i e , t eat ent of S ottish names of c s Ma our n eltic R . ew C eview now h n u ur d pla e y , appily i a g ate , c u dv c the w r wh ch Dr long ontin e to a an e o k in i . Cameron led t wa he y . 32 THE CELTIC REVIEW

CAOL REATHAINN

MA R A FH UA IR E AN T-AIN M

ALEXAN DER CA RMICH A EL

’ AIR a m air idh a ir do Feinn ti hinn dhachaidh bho , na g n t-seil do thai h Farbheil ai b Farbheinn g g , g onn ann an Ardnamurachan bha io hnadh m or rr mnathan a ca , g o a na ’ fhaotainn cho reamhar boidheach cir bha n t-seal fior , geal , , g ’ inn i huir F inn r m ghann air na Fe a g an am . C na e o pa gu m ’ bitheadh fios aca gu de a bha na mnathan aca faighi nn g an ’ deanadh mar so ; agus an nair a dh fhalbh iad a rithist gus ’ t-seil dh fha iad r diubh h a i tai h an g g Conan , fea f ein , g an g , a ’ chum so fhaotainn a mach . Rinn Conan fair e agus s e biadh bha aca b rr challtui nn air ~ bhruich us iad a a , a a a ag g ’ - h Tha air radhainn id h 0 1 t sui . cu eac d u n r bb iad an g e a , g o ’ ’ ’ ’ hui m n g an nigheadh fhein leis . T g na natha gu m b ann g am fair e fein a chaidh Conan fhagail aig an taigh agus bha fearg mor rr o a . An s oidhche na r h s s u c d n an , an i a laig Conan a io g a al ’ chean ail iad fhalt ri da s b chuir iad s talamh a ir g to a an , nn haidh mn h gach taobh de chea . C na at an an sin a mach ’ gu beul an taighe agus bhuail iad am basan agus dh eubh iad na creachan le guileag m or gus an do dhuisg iad um air ch s le cabhai mhoir ach Conan . Le Conan a oi g , ’ dh fhag e pairt de fhalt agus de sheic a chinn ceangailt ris i na stu b. An n r fhuair mnathan sti h chuir n ai a Conan na a g , e tei e ri fraoch rm us ri connadh s am b u h chum go ag gla e l an taig e , a agus na mnathan a mharbhadh leis an toit . Bha Feinn ai am so s S itheanach na g an ann an Eilean g , mu choinneamh tai h arbheil air taobh h Reathainn g F eile C aol , agus an nair a chunnaic iad an teine agus an toit ag eiridh suas ghlao dh iad gu h -ard a bualadh an lamb gbli air clar an ’ ’ d inn ir s e r Ru i d a sin u n ao a us suilean a u . h a , ag an an p it g

3 4 THE CELTIC REVIEW

Ardnamurchan h w r sur r s d find h r w v s so , t ey e e p i e to t ei i e fa t and r and c m for the ch s was v r sc fai o ely , a e e y ant at h inn The Feinn u that time with t e Fe . p t befor e them that they would know what their wives were getting to make h m hus and wh h w w the hu h t e t , en t ey ent a ay again to nt t ey an h ms v s the h us so h he m h left Con , one of t e el e , at o e t at ig t d h u fin s o t. w ch and the d h h t i Conan kept a at , foo t at t ey had was the h b d and h w r dr the azel top oile , t ey e e inking br . is s d h h us d w sh h ms v s w h ee It ai , too , t at t ey e to a t e el e it h Th m t is . e wo en understood that it was to watch themselves h had be h m and h r was r r t at Conan en left at o e , t e e g eat ange u h m h pon t e . In t e night when Conan lay down to sleep they tied his hair to two stakes which they put into the ground ch s d hi h the w m w ou the on ea i e of s head . T en o en ent t to front of the house and they struck their palms and cried the harryings with gr eat lamenting till they wakened i w h r h s but he . s r n h s Conan Conan p a g on feet it g eat a te , left par t of the hair a nd of the skin of his head fast to the h h h t fire s s . ot the w m w e se take W en Conan g o en it in , to r h h r and r s r the h us so h g een eat e g ey faggot in f ont of o e , t at h m h th w h sm e ig t kill e omen with t e oke . The Feinn w r h s m the s d s t e e at t i ti e in I lan of Skye , oppo i e the h use Farabheil the h r s d Reathainn to o of on ot e i e of Caol , and when they saw the fire and the smoke r ising up they c ll d out ud s r h r h ds the r s a e lo ly, t iking t ei left an on f ont of h their faces (foreheads) with their eyes on the sk y . T ey ran succ ur h r set w v s but the s r was to o t ei of i e , t ait between them ; but with their spear s they leaped the strait h i The son Reathainn but t e son Reatha nn . all one , of of th e s r and he was dr w d and r m h da fell in t ait , o ne , f o t at y ‘ ’ till this day the Strait of Reathainn has stuck as a name he r to t st ait .

a our sw ft for the women of the Feinn V l i ly , And each one ea t on the o nt of his s ear l p p i p , h stra t But they left the son of Reathainn in t e i .

By good fortune the women all came through it but one or CAOL REATHAINN 3 5

id h two h m for the Feinn m d m h ru a m . of t e , a e ig ty nning to t e The Feinn were in great wrath with Conan for what he had

d and h c u h him ut him d h . s d one , t ey a g t to p to eat Conan a ke as a favour that his head should be taken off him with Mac an-Luinn the sw rd ionn m ac Cumhail h w u d , o of F , t at o l not v shr d b h d it and h his own son Garabh sh u d lea e a e e in , t at o l m h as w d him but s him the h h . s w ite on t ig of Fionn T i allo e , first seven gr ey hides and seven faggots of firew ood and seven ’ i r d hi h t rinn of green turf we e lai on the top of Fionn s t g . Then the head of Conan was laid on that and Garabh his son

r - an-Luinn st uck the head off him with Mac .

The crosses in the palm were not more numerous Than the severed ve ns in h h i t e t igh of Fionn.

h Garabh s d h m wh r w r the Feinn fo r he had T en a ke t e e e e e , b c m mad and h s d him h h w r d w b w e o e , t ey ai to t at t ey e e o n elo him h h w d w he r ch d th a and he . e e se T en ent o n till ea e , d h lashed at the sea till he drowne imself in it.

— v r NOTE . The above e sion of thi s legend was taken down the s d s 1 8 60 h r v rs d w in I lan of I lay in anot e e ion , taken o n in the s d 1 8 6 1 has h Garabh was the man I lan of Skye in , it t at w h the w m but d s v the r s for his left it o en , oe not gi e ea on b cc rd h r being so left ehind . A o ing to t e Skye ve sion ’ Garabh s was h sc r the son ss sh u d petition t at O a , of O ian, o l ff h us b i h cut o is head . A certain pla i ility s given to t e I slay version by the charac ter commonly assigned to Conan b r h - r d Th s and cr ss m . e c s c d s of eing a o te pe e lo ing in i ent , the madness and the beating of the waves and finally being dr w d b h m are s r bu d uchu r o ne y t e , al o att i te to C lainn afte he had killed in single fight his only and unknown son Connla ch o .

The above tale ma be com ared w th the oem wh ch f — o ows ED . [ y p i p i ll . ] 36 THE CELTIC REVIEW

GAR ABH AGUS NA MNATHAN

MALCOLM MA C FARLAN E

r M h r sh of TH E Rev. c ac d m s r t e Pat i k Donal , ini te of Pa i m r and v u h r d m d c c io Kil o e, a nati e of S t e lan , a e a olle t n of 1 8 6 v c m d s the hl ds the r end the o al elo ie of Hig an , in latte of h r H r he w 1 8 t centu y . e g ouped the melodi es under t follo — in h ds r h h d rs 8 6 r hsh r r s 2 8 g ea No t Hig lan ai , ; Pe t i e ai , ; The r r shir rs 4 1 and s r s s rs 3 1 . A gyll e ai , We te n I le ai , p in ciple which he followed in allocating them is not apparent ; but it is very likely that he placed them according to the c l s whi ch he hims u d h m w h u lo a itie in elf fo n t e , it o t paying r rd W h r h — d m s ega to e e t e subject matter belonge to . I y elf h h wh m s the m d s m d r h h t ink t at, ile o t of elo ie na e No t Hig ’ d are r r so m d the h r hr r u s v r lan p ope ly na e , ot e t ee g o p o e lap h r v r m u h m h r r c c s one anot e e y c . In so e of t e ea lie olle tion ’ of Gaelic poetry the r eader is referr ed to Mac Donald s book for the rs few the s s v but dur the ai of a of ong gi en ; , ing ’ century throughout which Mac Donald s airs have been before the ub c m has r b m d fi nd p li , no atte pt , appa ently , een a e to h r s s ur t e wo ds of the ongs and adapt them to the m u ic . D ing th s few rs h w h and h v e v r Mr . r la t yea , o e e , Hen y W yte I a e succeeded in bringing together a number of songs and airs ’ r c rd d Mac d Mac d was fiddler e o e in Donal s book . Donal a , and v r r h v r d the m di s , e y likely afte a ing lea ne to play elo e wh ch he w d he r c rd d h m as he r m mb r d h m . i ante , e o e t e e e e e t e c r b b wh s s m d s r s rv d b him are Hen e, p o a ly , en et of elo ie p e e e y h tested by the words and by r ecently r ecorded sets of t e mus c h are u d umb r ca s s be s m wh i , t ey fo n in a n e of e to o e at But c s s m r d d for h for s . , fan y et , o e a apte playing t an inging ’ the wh Mac d s s o r w the s b s on ole , Donal note g fai ly ell to ylla le — d d b of the words very much better than those recor e y r s r K nockie m s wh s s s are Captain F a e of , o t of o e etting ur s rum and m d rn d p ely in t ental o e ise . Among the Argyllshire airs are given eight O ssianic GABABE AGUS NA MNATHAN 3 7 b d rs and h s h v b r for s m m b c alla ai , t e e I a e een t ying o e ti e a k fi h rd h first m d the to t to t eir respective wo s . W en I atte pte w r d r M difficult was find o k I gave it up in espai . y y to h r is much m d where the lines began and ended . T e e not elo y an the rs and the c d c s ar e c s u not in y of ai , a en e on eq ently w m r d s m cas s wh h ad as h u h u d ell a ke . In o e e , en I , I t o g t , fo n the c d c s and r c d d la h m out cc rdi the a en e , p o ee e to y t e a o ng to

s was w h umb r su erfluous b rs mus c . line , I left it a n e of p a of i ’ h s d is Garabh us Mnathan An instance of t i kin ag na . I ur h h r was r r and so m s be conject ed t at t e e a ef ain ; it see to . No hint of a refrain is given along with the word s in Lea bha r inn h r r m d r the r h na F e e. I t e efo e a e one afte patte n of t ose 1 9 8 h b for the ur s us r the at page of t at ook , p po e of ill t ating mu w s . This ballad is known under a variety of names Losgadh ’ ‘ ’ ’ Bruth Farbairn Ga rabh Los adh Farm ail Los adh , , g , g ” i bh Tigh Farela s gun an Fhéinn a g a aile . Mac Donald names ’ ’ Laoidh h r s nam ban the r mm r wh ch i s it G a a , g a a of i not ’ r m h s Sea mi D D . a na 1 b v sus c . 78 7 the a o e pi ion In S it , , L theme of this ballad 1 s made to serve as the groundwork of ’ r or so s h Losga Taura . Only a sco e of line of t e r eal ballad d r 1 are made use o f. The r emain e s a poetical elaboration ’ v d the c r s own cr b r h Mac e i ently of Do to eation , ette t an ’ h rs 8 w r but u r unl the b l d wh ch 1 8 m r p e on o k, tte ly ike al a , i e e rh m d rr v a w y e na ati e nd as wooden as can ell be . In dealing I w h the w rds h v dr w u the v r s can fi d it o , I a e a n pon all a iant I n , to make a connected whole ; but I have not gone minutely h s r the w r and the w v rs s are into t i pa t of o k , follo ing e e only to be regarded as a draft on which to make improvements as b r r d s su h ms v s ette ea ing ggest t e el e . d a w h the mus c h v v r s h In e ling it i , I a e taken e y lig t b r s w h it As th s ru c cc m li e tie it . e in t tion a o panying the ’ ‘ ’ mus c Mac d s b is v r s w h v m d i in Donal ook e y lo , I a e a e cr ch s his u v rs h v r s d th h . e c ot et of q a e I a e ai e pit one note , and have also had to di vide the notes ending the first and third lines into two notes to suit the words of the first

v rs . But r c c l ch n is m d the u The e e p a ti a ly no a ge a e in t ne . 3 8 THE CELTIC REVIEW versification is ru d and v r s re u r s its own gge , e e y tanza q i e d m ivision of the ti e .

La do chaidh F onn le Fhianntaibh Gu srath liath hlas Inn se Fal i g i ,

’ Shuidh ich is laimh Bheir mi sinn ar lomhainn ghasda Air feadh xi em beann a b fha ge .

r —— r - — r .r l z zs m n : r d n z r m d . r : t . z l l . l l I . ,

eann o a hao ho horo hao ; Bheir mi ho horo hao ; Bheir mi hoir .

1 Lado chaidh onn l Fhianntaibh . Fi e G11 sra th liath hlas Inuse a g F il, Shuidhich sinn ar lomhainn ghasda ’ mh Ai r feadh x1am beeuh a b fhaisge lai .

- S EIS D . Bheir mi hé horo hao ;

Bheir mi hé horo hao

ha r mi h i n a hao B i o rea n o .

2 Ri cath lei ear feadh nan leanntan . g g ’ Gu b nn labhrach ca ma bhad i , , l ’ S leag sinn air na learga glasa a Feidh nan glac g is nan ard .

’ 3 Dh {ha s nn Aodh nan corn buadhach . g i , Oigridh shuairce nan chl cam Le croinn-chihil a labhradh to-bhinn

Mar ebin air bharraibh nan crann .

’ 4 -D a . h ibag si nn Garabh mac Morn ‘ An taobh an talla an leabaidh 11 ir La dh sua n u trom air a ros aibh i i g g , ’ ’ hluimh . S a cheann air a bhrat chorcair, c GABABE AGUS NA MNATHAN 3 9

5 omhairle a nn air bh a céille . C ci e g Aig ban-treubhaich nam folt cam Cheangail iad air dealgaibh gasda n Folt an laoich an glacaibh chra n.

A s n a hunnai ma n 6 . c c c or a i li g M , ’ Air bhi dha na chodal foil ’ Gu n robh e féin an aite diomhair Gun i mradh air Fianntaibh a o F il.

An sin mhos ail ma c orna 7 . g M A caslaigeadh a chodal trom h ai hai D eal ch an to nn ris an ionc nn, ’ ’ fhuil na h b nmhuinn sios u bhonn S c io g .

’ 8 Dh éi h a n ais is mh ai . g g geach ls m g che r g Chlisg a dhochas dhbirt a chreuchd ’ Dh aithnich e co dhealbh a l eon ’ Bu t ua a a s l r h n o s bu mhor n eu . g g , g

i 9 . A r mhend sil raidh ban na Féinne g , ’ ’ Chaidh e n choille—s cha cheum deas Dhruid 11 a dorsan gu teann cruaidh u Th g crlonaich air a ghua ille leis.

Chuir e teine ris an c lgridh ’ Dh iomaradh ceol an tea ch nan duan Trath lasadh gu druim an talla ’ ’ Dh imich e ad d a ua mh gu gr i .

’ ’ Shil gu n d thug e thar a ghualainn Deagh mhac Cumhail nan gruaidh tlath Chunnaic e ceo talmhaidh dathte

’ Ti h Teamhra na lasair th rd g i .

1 2. Cumaibh oirbh a leé hanna esda , g g , ’ ’ Mend s a mhair dhibh ri m linn ; Gabhaibh sud mar chil is anma ’ Is fen h an teasair s bb ba ntrachd Ph nh c g i i .

’ 1 3 Do bh rl h an dochais h ai na laoich . g b g ’ A 111 th an cos—s cha bhreith chlaon Leum gach fear air bhart a shleagh ’ ’ S chaill dh ma Reath s a cha ea c ol . 4 0 THE CELTIC REVIEW

’ ’ 4 Mu n d raini iad am ba e 1 . g il ’ ’ S ann bha n talla air dol gu 0 111 ; ’ Chuir Fionn a dhruim ris a bhalla s i Is chaoineadh lei Garabh a r thus.

h ui ni h ann Eireann n 1 5 . Sin c r n c e , Fi il ’ S shuidh iad air tulaich nan d eur Gur mor an dith dhuinn ar talla ’ ’ ’ r m u S gun nl a 0 n lic ar e.

’ ’ eud s a chaidh los adh s an ta a 1 6 . M g ll ’ Innseam duibh ma s meamhair leam ’ Ni n r obh teach bu ntha ceud ann li , ’ S ach neach air dhea h éideadh ar m g g .

Bha ceud cu a ceud fanne seunta 1 7 . p , i , ’ Ceud clach bhuadhach s cend corn cam Ceud bratach uaine dathte

habhadh aoth an athaibh ch an G g g r n.

1 8 . end deacaid cend ceannbheart bhol ach C , g , ’ Cend sgiath le n comhdach feann Cend lhireach bu loinnireach ’ i n mhaillibh o bh idh a n Le n r u n .

’ Bha eud macan la n a h sl a 1 9 . c earr d od ; Bha cend ribhinn bu ghrinne meur ; Ceud mu me nan ceud macan i , ‘ Choisinn cli11 an teach nan treun .

’ ha ceud cuilean l m muin l 20 . B e ea airgid Anns an teaghlach bu doigh leinn ; end laoch a choidil le seuntachd C , ’ S ceud saor-bhean an teach Ph nu i .

Bha cend diollaid an déi h bradh n 21 . g a n ’ S cend leabaidh choir nan crann Cend sligneach a philleadh urchair end srian bul a h na a h C g c n e c ann.

’ d r a h l 22. en ea r d s m brollach air id C g , ’ La n léintibh sroil fingh eal barr Cend craosach ls Glaun Riridh u r Ce d tuagh mhilidh bu mhor a .

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3 hladhaich iad seachd troidhean 2. C toll ’ S an tulach ghorm ud os ar cionn ’ S thiodhlaic iad cas Righ Teamhra F0 fhoid hlais 11a talamh tru m g i .

3 Shin n h 3 . e eith a bhrag ad d ochar An éiric an 0 10 a rinn ; Chuit iad an ceann d e mhac Morna ’ Is seachd troidh ean d n talamh thr im e u .

’ Leig aiteal a chuilg nimhe ’ Fuil dhathte g a throidh ghil uir ’ S bu dlhithe na driuchd ar dearna

’ Cuislean eairrt os ci nn a hluin g o g .

Sin chruinnich anna aillidh Eireann Fi , G11 dubhach deurach ro thrua h , , g ; Eu bhea an dith leinn Garabh g , ’ Ach ar tr eth s ar ta a bhi na nu i ll i .

36 La ha . b ir mac Cumhail gu flor ghlic ’ ’ Cum a chainnt sin na tosd

’ Oir cha 11 fhiach ur gloir a h-athradh ’ ’ ’ a ai S lecir dhuibh 11a th g bh a dh 0 10 .

’ 37 ladhaichibh uai h do n fhear cha ma . C g l ’ S e mac Morna nan gnlomh truagh ’ Am fear a dh ibag sprochd air a chairdean ’ ’ l h air Cuireadh e san ta am fhu .

’ 3 n nna h o t a haraibh 8 . S daot a cea c r , G , ’ Ar mnathan s a r talla thoirt dhinn ’ Dh {ha thu onn un bhean un tearmunn g Fi g , g , ’ ’ ’ i h a chionn S cha do choisinn thu ta rb e g .

LITERAL TRANSLATION

d his Fians went 1 . A DAY that Finn an To the gr een straths of Inis-Fal W e set our fine leashed couples a st bens Among the ne re .

— e r mi hé horo hao CHORUS . V i Veir mi hé horo hao a ha Vei r mi hoireann o o . GARABH AGUS NA MNATHAN 4 3

To batt e we let them amon the ens 2. l g gl us ca no s reso ute the were M i l , i y, l y ; And we brought down on the green slopes

Th e deer of the hollows and the heights .

3 W e eft A odh of the overcom n horns . l i g And ent e ouths of cur ed ha r g l y l i , ith mus ca frames that s o e sweet W i l p k ly, - to s Like birds on the tree p .

4 W e eft Garabh son of orna . l , M , In char e of the ha on a fresh bed 1 g ll, ( ) eav s ee la on hi s e e ashes H y l p y y l , a And his head on the purple woollen m t.

5 ead- unse of tt e sense . H co l li l

The t ed on stron ns y i g pi , ’ ha r In the c utches of frames the warr or s . l , i i

n Mac am 6 . The saw om s a dre M , While in his soft sleep That he was in a lonely place th n w f th Fians of Fal Wi out k o ledge o e .

7 Then wo e u Mac orna . k p M , Startled fro m his heavy sleep ; The s n se arated from the s u ki p k ll, An f t d his gruesome blood ran to his ee .

8 Th w . e arrior roared in battle fury His hope staggered ; his wound pour ed He knew who devised his hurt : Pit fu th i d t t as h a i l e r ecei ; grea w t e t le.

9 . In s te of the b and shments of the Fianic women pi l i , — He went to the wood not ready the step He shut the d s har n f oor d a d ast,

He too brushwood on is sh d him k h oul er With .

1 He set fire to th 0 . e youths That played music in the house of songs ; h en the ha was in flames to its r d e W ll i g , He went hasti to his cave ly . 4 4 THE CELTIC REVIEW

1 1 a en n to ook over his shou der . H pp i g l l Good Mac- Cumhal of the warm cheeks He saw a coloured earthly mist : amhra house in h h fla Te ig me.

1 2 Sta ! m s end d ons . y y pl i li , A s man as have surv ved to m time y i y , ons der that as a fe matter C i li , ’ A nd tr to save the Fianic women y .

1 3 cau h . Be se of t e faith which the warriors had — In their power of foot not wrong their j udgment Every man l eapt on the point of his spear ; And Mac Reath was ost in the stra t l i .

1 4 . efore the reached the homestead B y , The hall had gone to ruin ; Finn set his back to the wall And w t f r Garabh first al ep o of l.

15 Then athered the Fians of Erin all . g And sat on the kno lls of tears Great loss to us our hall A nd n u h f fill it a a n o g t l e t to g i .

1 6 The sum of what was burned in the ha . ll L et me te ou if I can reca to m nd ll y , ll i There was never a h ouse had so man hundreds in it y ,

And every person well clad in it.

T a h d s and a h dre en 1 7 . here were undre cu un d chanted r n s p , i g ; A hundred charm n -stones a hundred curved horns i g , A hundred green-dyed banners That wo d catch the breez e o n the staff- o nts ul p i .

1 8 n d ac ets a hundr d u n h mets . A hu dre e b e j k , lgi g l , A hundred shields wi th their hide covering A hundr ed burnished suits of armour

With their coats o f mail resplendent.

T n a m nts 1 9 . here were a hundred lads with their silke g r e ; A hundr ed ma dens sha e fin ered i , p ly g 3 A hundred fo ster-mothers of the hundred ouths y ,

W ho had won fame in the house of the brave. GABABE AGUS NA MNATHAN 4 5

2 There were a hundred whe s w th the r s ver co ars 0. lp i i il ll In the family we loved best ; A hundred warr ors who s e t eacefu i l p p lly , h ndre free w men in the h use of nn A u d o o Fi .

21 There were a hundred saddles new ded . ly gil , ' A hundred sockets ( 2) for the banner stafi s A hundred sca ed coats that wou d re e shot l l p l , A hun r n ex br d es for the h rs s d ed co v i l o e .

22. A hundr ed arments w th s ver breasts g i il , A nd their shirts of gauz e and fine white bands A hundred spears by Clan Riri A hundred batt eaxes of reat s au l g l ghter .

23 Our o d and e u ment all . g l q ip W e l eft within the Brugh of Finn That was the house o f brilliant j ewels here we were wont to s n sweet mus c W i g i .

Finn put his finger under his knowl edge-tooth The others ac ted on the k now ed e he ot l g g . Leap quickly The obj ect of our feud ’ Ga rabh— ou w catch in the cave y ill .

‘ m u u now Garabh 25 . o e o o t C y , , ’ So n of orna of the t fu deeds M pi i l . Out o f this I will not now go ’ thout as in m s ec a etition from Wi k g y p i l p you.

‘ 26 You w et our s ec a et t on . ill g y p i l p i i In anything you may desire Exce t n our fe ask it not p i g y li ; , ’ S nce ou ha en to be of th e Fians i y pp .

‘ ’ 27 The son of Luinn to be put in Oscar s hand To cut off my head To shorten my neck ’ ’ Ou h h n nn s wh th t e t i o f Fi ite igh .

Garabh came out then 28 .

To suffer for his u t g il , S o that troth m ht be e t ig k p , d w all in hatred towards him An e . 4 6 THE CELTIC REVIEW

29 He to d ever th n as it ha ened . l y i g pp , A nd how the women wrought his hurt; And how he destroyed them all : That was to us a ta e of woe l .

W e athered the w rthies f th 30 . o o e Fians g , , Ou the no s of tears and sad we k ll re we. Too much we thought the pledge to Garabh After ta n from us our ord and ha ki g l ll .

It was O anu Pha f n - a 31 . l il o I is Te mhra W ho c ever re eved the ob at ons l ly li lig i , Got without asking from them : ’ A fact wh ch did not su nn s words i lly Fi .

32 The du a ho e seven feet dee . y g l p In the green knoll above us And they buried the leg of the King of Teamhra Under the reen sod of the heav and g y l .

3 He stretched from him his unbend n nec 3 . i g k In forfeit of the deed he did ; The to o the h ead 0 11 Mac Morna y k , And seven feet into th e heav round y g .

3 4 A nt of the venomous b ade . gli l Let the blood of his white pure foot; And closer than th e dew of our palms Poured th e cut ve ns above his ne ( ) i k e.

35 Then athered th e beaut fu Fians of Er n . g i l i , Sad tearfu and wo ebe one , l , g Litt e we th ou ht of os n Garabh l g l i g , to ose our ord and ha But l l ll .

36 Out s o e Mac umha fu w se . p k C l ll i ly, ee that s eech in s ence K p p il , For your talk is not worth repeating ’ h e u h Pl enty t evil yo ave.

37 Dig a grave for the brave one ’ Twas Mac Morna of pitiful deeds W ho l eft dej ection on his fri ends ; ’ Put him into the cold gr ound . CRITICAL STUDY OF GAELIC LITERATURE 4 7

he r e a d b th ee Garabh 38 . ear t c D p i p i y , , For the loss of our wives and our hall ; You have eft nn w thout w fe w thout refu e l Fi i i , i g , h ’ A nd you won no profit t ereby .

THE CRITICAL STUDY OF GAELIC LITERATURE INDISPENSABLE FOR THE HISTORY OF THE GAELIC RACE

ALF RED NUTT

d iv red [The following lec ture was el e to the N ational Literary So c et of Dub in November 1 902 and was r ted exact a i y lin, , p in , ly s ’ M z i de vered th e S oc et s a a e. A thou h s ec a addresse li , in i y g n l g p i lly d to th e ae of Ire a d it ma be fou d no t u i terest to the a G l l n , y n n n ing G el o f S co t a d S ave for a few o miss o s and v rba cha es I h ave l n i n e l ng , left it unaltered I was concerned with q uestions of primary interest ae c tera ture and these are th e sam e fo r all sec t o s of ae dom in G li li , i n G l . But I h ave appended som e remarks upon certain aspects of th ese uest ons wh ch m ore s ec a affect the S cott sh ae and I hav q i i p i lly i G l, e added a few expl anatory o r q ualifying foo tno tes ]

ISTO RY the a c r c c ccur and d a d A H of G eli a e , at on e a ate et ile , h v v d and s h possessing t at i i lifelike a pect w ich nearly always r su s r m u and ccur d c but be d s r d e lt f o f ll a ate etail , annot e i e by who c r for h r c wh h r h b or all a e t at a e , et e t ey elong to it no .

h r a re the m s h h s r be s u h an W e e ele ent of t at i to y to o g t , d wh is the v u ch m ! m s at al e of ea ele ent If I i take not , few would answer these questions by placing the rich and varied r omantic and poetic literature of the Gael on the same level i r as h s ch c s, s, and s u r m s oni le genealogie legal in tit tional e ain , r h ur l and rcha c m m a c itect a a eologi al onu ents ; nor would they r egard it as contributing aught of primary importance to the

- wished for picture of the evolution of the Gaelic race and its The r d x w h cu ur . s subm lt e pa a o I i to it to you is that saga ’ n d d a d s s , b and r m c v s and s r aint legen alla o an e , i ion ati e, d r m elegy an ly ic eulogiu of natur e (the chief categories of c r ur are the c r r m s - Gaeli lite at e) , on ont a y , ele ent of first rate 4 8 THE CELTIC REVIEW

importance for the realisation of s uch a story of the Gaelic r c as sh be r and w r d -w d and m a e all of gene al o l i e , not er ely i ifi an r c and r v c s n c ce. a ial p o in ial , g And succ d c v c ou h if I ee in on in ing y t at this seeming is r the b r paradox in eality so e statement of a neglected ru h w u d ur h r ask ur ss h t t , I o l f t e yo a ent to t e proposition m that these ele ents of your racial history only assume their ru v u d u h r u s cr wh h t e al e , only yiel p t ei f ll e et , en t ey are studied with all the resour ces that m odern critical scholarship

has cr d and b r d dur the s c ur eate ela o ate ing pa t ent y . h is the ss m r c h W at e ential i po t of Gaeli istory for humanity ! r is h the c d v rm bu at la ge It t at , like S an ina ian Ge an , like ( t in a far richer a nd fuller measure) the Brythonic Celt of s the has r s r v d the d r b rb r c w Wale , Gael p e e e ol e a a i orld of our Aryan and pre- Aryan for efathers almost uncontaminated - vili by Christian classic ci sation . Do not misundertand me ; I would not for one moment place on the same level the elements which modern European cultur e has derived from what may be called Aryan barbarism with those it has d r v d r m resc -R m c v s wh h r its e i e f o G o o an i ili ation , et e in Pagan r m difi d hr form or p ofoundly o e by C istianity . What I do asser t is that Humanity would be immensely the poor er if Rom e had been a s s uccessful in the north -west and north as she was in the south and centre of Europe ; if she had imposed her tongue and cultur e upon Ireland and Northern

r and c d v as she m s d u u B itain S an ina ia i po e it pon Spain , Ga l , d h i and u h r rm . But an s s m um So t e n Ge any , t i y point, H anity would be the poorer in the domain of what is imagined rather h wh is r s d v s and r s r r than in t at of at eali e , in i ion a ti t y ather r than in political and so cial o ganisation . Not that we need wh c d m h s r s c b rb r c as c m r d olly on e n t i latte a pe t of a a i , o pa e ur h v r d h v r with Roman cult e . We a e lea ne t at at e e y stage of his u w rd r r ss v the r s m an has d v s d p a p og e , e en ea lie t , e i e and elabor ated forms of so cial organisation which do not d s rv r sh wh ur h r h r r ss is in e e e to pe i olly ; f t e , t at p og e not fr equently unj ust towar ds the stage out of which it has mm d m r d and h t et r and m r i e iately e e ge , t a , in a y late o e

50 THE CELTIC REVIEW

c c r d s c d r m r c . d s w h s ec on e ne , of e on a y i po tan e It eal it an a p t his c v r c us so far as ds us c ur of a ti ity , p e io in it yiel a pi t e of h our r r h r was b r as et r c and w at A yan fo efat e , efo e y G ee e Rome were ; but negligible in so far as that activity was displayed through the medium of a social organisation r sh destined to pe i . is h rw s w h the d cum wh ch s d It ot e i e it o ent i , in tea of r c rd wh the did and how he r s d hi s s c e o ing at Gael , o gani e o ial r v s us how he m d the c c m an w h life , e eal to i agine onta t of it m an or man w h ur wh ch s s r h his u , of it Nat e , i et fo t o tlook on and d h wh ch d c s his dr m an u r or his life eat , i epi t ea of n eal , For wh c and denunciation of a real world . ile politi al social rms m a w h u d s dv r sh m s u r th r fo y , it o t i a antage , pe i al o t tte ly, ei c b b m r dv c d rm the r duc s pla e eing taken y a o e a an e fo , p o t of m and c m r wh s a cu ur i agination fan y , no atte at at t ge of lt e h r c v sh w h u v rr r b t ey o iginate , annot ani it o t lea ing an i epa a le v d The d ls rch c s c r ni s h v in oi . etai of a ai o ial o ga ation a e , ninety c s s o ut hu dr d wh m a be rm ed mus um nine a e of a n e , at y te a e ur and s m u b infinitel v u b as i r s . nte e t p e i ple Val a le, y al a le , h ma be the s ud s r c s ruc the s t ey y to t ent eeking to e on t t pa t, h are v u ss as ru for the r c c man sh t ey al ele , a le , p a ti al aping r ut h d r h the practical life of the p esent . B t e etail of a c aic m o r c as r s rv d us b rch c r s r is e otion fan y , p e e e to y a ai a ti t y, no d d and dr d m us um s cim v s hr bs and ea ie e pe en ; it li e , it t o , in creative hands it may assume new and more deeply significant m s u for of bea ty . I have argued hitherto a p r ior i for the intrinsic inferiority of the political to the artistic element in the history of Gaelic cu ur But w u d ask ou for m m c s d r lt e . I o l y one o ent to on i e the h s r c m b sh r m ur m ds such re i to i ele ent, ani ing f o yo in p ss ss s as m a m x s b c us is c s rs po e ion y legiti ately e i t , e a e it an e to ur own wh s c s we are c s d r b sh s of yo o e a tion on i e ing, ani ing al o h s ud h mus um r s Ga c h s r wh ch t at t ent , t at e inte e t in eli i to y , i h m h o ou ca n r d . none of y , I t ink , feel o e keenly t an I Con sider the historic r ecord purely on its own merits : Whether ’ ’

O N eill succ d v f or O D onnell r us r bu ee in le ying , in ef ing, t i te ’ ’ whether O Conor or O Brien make good his claim to pro CRITICAL STUDY OF GAELIC LITERATURE 5 1 vincial or head-kingship ; whether this or that branch of the c n ss r its s r r h s is b murd r or la , in a e tion of tani t y ig t , a le to e m utilate the representatives of the rival branch ; whether h rr bb and x the bb r sur s or bb king a y a ot anne a atial t ea e , a ot d i and b succ ss u r u d m him d h or efy k ng, , y e f l int ig e , oo to eat fli ht—all h s such ou as h v r d hr u h the ur g t i , of y a e ea t o g Fo s rs ma rh s be d s s d r w h me Ma te , y pe ap not in i po e to ag ee it r But h s war in finding desperately tedious afte a while . t i r and cr w us e the c hr s wh is it fa e of kite o , to Miltoni p a e , at , ' d hi or z ou m a sa but the s e r all m a v st . y y y , tapl of all ea ly , e i e al y can l r h the cas or r c I on y epeat t at in e of Spain F an e , of rm or rm c r the b d and dr r scufllin s Ge any Ge ani B itain , loo y ea y g v w h m r he h v ot the c s ha e a eig t , an i po t , t y a e not g in a e of h are fo r h m s d s th r d . t e r c e I elan T ey , o t pa t, in i ent in long conflict and us the two w r ds resc -R m and f ion of o l , G o o an arb r c out wh ch our m d r c vil s has m r d B a i , of i o e n i i ation e e ge , and as such h r ch s r s h ws v r d ml our t ei e o till ing , o oe e i y , in rs h r s m is s ll m r ss d m s b er d h u h ea , t ei ta p ti i p e e , al o t o lit ate t o g b the s ruc ur our ma r is hi e . it , on t t e of te ial life It not , I t nk you will agree if you turn afr esh to the mediaeval records of r a d and the h ds the c s ss r sc m r I el n Hig lan , fa t of le e ale , of a o e r s r c d sc c m r m r dr a ma tis er sona e t i te ene of a tion , a o e eag e p , that render them inferior to tho se of the remainder of mediaeval Europe ; it is be cause the one series of events is s r the h rs are r te ile, ot e p egnant . r is h the r c rd s c c r ur Ce tain it t at e o e tion of Gaeli lite at e , the cc u the c u d d or the c u man is as a o nt of a t al ee , a t al , , r ur b far the s t r s a nd c m r s nu lite at e , y lea t in e e ting, o pa e v ur b w sa w h such m s r c s his r c fa o a ly, I ill not y it a te pie e of to i al rr v as the c d c hi s r c s o r the r ch na ati e I elan i to i al Saga , F en crus d n chr c s but v w h the r a bu m d a v a i g oni le , e en it g e t lk of e i e al chronicles. The Welsh chronicle of the twelfth and thirteenth c ur s is for s c b su r r h the ent ie , in tan e, nota ly pe io to anyt ing of kind in Gaelic. You m ay admit this without being ready to follow me in m r r c the c u the r s c s c s y p efe en e of intelle t al , a ti ti , a pe t of a c c ul ur - v u v r the c the s c G eli t e e ol tion o e politi al , o ial . I 52 THE CELTIC REVIEW

c f ss b d the Olla mh who c mm m r s the eX loits on e it ol ly , , o e o ate p and ch m is m e the m r r s n the of king a pion , to o e inte e ti g of The r s and f r cu r sh of r s two . i e all of a pa ti la fa ion t an lating r hr u h the m d um r ur is m s eality t o g e i of lite at e , in y eye , a phenomenon of greater significance than the rise and fall of r h b f m The m r the cu m h s o e . c t i t at no l a ily e e gen e , l ination , the subs d c of m h c or h r c c c d is for i en e a yt i e oi y le of legen , me m r um m r r v h an sh f , o e ill inating, o e e ealing, t an y i ting of

w r r m r h w s or r m s s u h . w ut po e f o no t to e t, f o ea t to o t I ill p h v w th m s r ss v r s b ma be t e ie in e o t agg e i e fo m pos i le . It y 1 r m mber d how v r w v rs a o h z rd d the e e e , o e t el e yea g , I a a e conjecture that the emergence of the Finn or Ossianic heroic c c the v h- w h c ur s and the c s u y le in ele ent t elft ent ie , on eq ent d s the uchu or s r c c r m its c epo ition of C lainn, Ul te , y le f o pla e r d as the ch m s the s r h r c c c of p i e ief, if not al o t ole , g eat e oi y le the was c c d w h and d d u the of Gael , onne te it , epen ent pon , s ur the h d - n sh b r and his and the eiz e of ea ki g ip y B ian kin , consequent shifting of political pre -eminence from the north and he u h - W s v its s t s s . am r d ea t to o t e t I af ai no one , a e h r has v r h h h s s s r us u h fat e , e e taken t at ypot e i e io ly eno g to x d h b ur c ss v r d s r v it t e r r o . e pen la o ne e a y to p o e , to i p o e A w m e for m m c r r v d w h llo one o ent to onside it p o e . I ill t en sa ur h r h m s the ch the m s rm y f t e , t at , in y eye , ief, o t pe anent and pregnant r esult of the life -activity of the victor of Clontarf was that it facilitated the growth and spread hr u h u d m the h r - s wh ch d t o g o t all Gael o of e o tale i tol of Finn, d an r an s d sc . Oi in , O a But this view of the significance of literatur e as an index cu ur and as the m s h ul x the ch s of lt e , o t fait f e ponent of ange hr u h wh ch v r cu ur c ss r ss s is c s t o g i e e y lt e ne e a ily pa e , lo ely bound up with the recognition of the individual capacities h d and energies of which literature is the outcome . Be in v r b v r d v r b d v r ul the e e y ook , e e y legen , e e y alla , e e y e ogy of h r c d d or v r m c ur the b u or rr r e oi ee , e e y atte pt to pi t e ea ty te o ur h r is man and r u men—the m r of nat e t e e a , a g o p of one o e

1 ‘ ’ In m eve o ment of the Fen an or Oss an c Sa a W a i s and Stra s o y D l p i i i g , f y f Celtic a i l Tr dit on vo . 1 8 . 8 9 . , ii , CRITICAL STUDY OF GAELIC LITERATURE 53 h h d h his ws m r fitted m w rds ig ly gifte t an fello , o e to ake o x r ss wh he and h and dm r and d s but e p e at t ey feel , a i e , ete t , sh r w h h m c mm u d r d r a ing it t e a o on f n of t a itional lo e , a c mm c c and d h v and h . o on on eption of life eat , of lo e ate h we h v r s is h the wh h s r ur W at a e to eali e , t at ole of t i lite at e , sh d its v r rms b 1ndividuals won and fa ione in all a ying fo y , , ha d win cce c the h ds h r d v du s and to , a ptan e at an of ot e in i i al , c h s is r s d mus we a sk r c s the on e t i eali e t not , I , e ogni e in literary r ecord of Ireland a far truer guide in essaying to r c s ruc the m and m r s d m h is e on t t ental o al pa t of Gael o , t an furnished by the monotonous chr onicle of harried borders and b d d s s or the dr c succ ss s and lin e tani t , y notation of lan e e ! failur es Recognition of the individual element in the literature the s ! A but the cas c h r is of pa t y , in e of Gaeli t e e an — indispensable preliminary condition critical study of that r ur lite at e . m s an w r d w h r sh r ur and Open al o t y o k ealing it I i lite at e, ou w find r u r r c s the s r y ill pe pet al efe en e to Book of Lein te , o r the the Dun Cow the m or Book of , to Book of Bally ote c Yo u w ft r u r . e d h th c MS Le an ill o en s e it state t at e pa ti la . cited says this or that ; you will not infrequently find a tacit assumption that a statement made on the authority M mus b r the S . e r b the d wh h the MS of t efe a le to ate at ic . wa m l d r s c . c ces such as h s are u r u o pi e P a ti t e e , nfo t nately , as common with the most illustrious scholars as with the m s u m r o t nintelligent co pilers . Yet they cannot be too st ongly c d m ed bscur as h do the ac h c r on e n , o ing, t ey , f t t at Gaeli lite a ture consists of works separated from each other in date by hu dr d s rs r m d ff r s c s n e of yea , o iginating a ong i e ent e tion of d m sh d u d r d v rs c d s reflectin v r Gael o , fa ione n e i e e on ition , g a y h m d M br r r . e v i in t r and s c d s T a S . s g li e a y o ial i eal e i e al a li a y , Its c s are m r be um d h r not a book . ontent no o e to l pe toget e without discrimination than are the c ontents of the Br itish um r h dl Th e ru h s r r c u d Muse o t e Bo eian . t e i to y of Is ael o l be wr u the v r us s a s r ur ex not itten ntil a io t ge of a lite at e, d v r c ur s but rb r r b u d u w h the ten ing o e ent ie , a it a ily o n p it in 5 4 THE CELTIC REVIEW c v rs v um had b d scr m d and rr d o e of one ol e , een i i inate a ange chr c rd r and b r w e can ss the ru in onologi al o e , efo e e ay t e history of the Gaelic r ace we must classify and date the m um s wh ch has b u h d u literary on ent i it eq eat e to s . To see in ho w far this ideal has been r ealised will enable us to gauge the nature and extent of the task that still c m shm r ud as d d w s c . c s c a ait a o pli ent C iti al t y of Gaeli , in ee m d a v r ur r is u w b r the of e i e al , lite at e gene ally , nkno n efo e h r Th u d r d r d nineteent centu . e fo n ations we e lai in I elan y — by the two great native scholars of the mid- century by ’ u r i u v h h m r b O C r y in h s s r ey of t e c ief MS . ate ial ; y ’ O Donovan the rm us m ss h s r c rchae c in eno o a of i to i al , a ologi al , and topographical comment which he supplied to the many m fi - wh ch d d h r x s s rst r m r c he . te t , o e of ate i po tan e , i e ite T ei h b r and h h w r . s u s s r s t e W . M s la o , t o e of t ei follo e , late Henne y ’ d Dr d sh s O rad h v had c d r b and an . G s Stan i Haye y , a e on i e a le u b r su But h s r wh h h w r d the v s . t e c al a le e lt pi it in i t ey o ke , m h ds h d are u r r h r h h c et o t ey applie , antiq a ian at e t an p ilologi al , ’ ’ O rad s h s or s v Dr . G c s h s r ca h c w ha , a e in y a e, i to i l ; en e at chicfly profited by their work is the record section of Irish r ur the s —m d aev chr c the r h c lite at e , po t e i al oni le, topog ap i al h h th m t e c c or h s r c r c . r s e poe , lo al genealogi al i to i al t a t Pe ap su r m ch v m h s the v sch cr c sm p e e a ie e ent of t i , nati e ool of iti i , h ’ ’ is Dr . d s s O Grad s c u the r sh MSS Stan i Haye y atalog e of I i . ’ the r sh us um r h u h r s s rch and in B iti M e . He e t e a t o ea ing intimate familiarity with the character istics and circum stances of the texts described and analysed by him is pro iv m v b r s d duct e the s u h s r c su . c of o t al a le i to i al e lt In i entally, h ma sa c u the al r sh Ac d m MSS . I y y t at a atalog e of Roy I i a e y , c m d the s m and u r us sc o pile on a e plan , of eq ally gene o ope , ’ h h Dr O Grad w u d be s m b b w . it t at of y, o l an ine ti a le oon to students . The native school of criticism left almost untouched the most interesting and pregnant section of Gaelic literature h rcha c s or d and can h rdl be s d to t at of a i aga legen , a y ai h v m u r b ms v v a e atte pted the sol tion of the many p o le in ol ed. Thirty years ago an inquisitive student would have sought CRITICAL STUDY OF GAELIC LITERATURE 5 5

‘ in vain for an answer to questions such as these : What

- d u d is the nature of the pre Christian history of Irelan fo n the m di a v chr c s and its r the in e e al oni le , elation alike to romances of the mythological and to the sagas of the heroic cycle What is the r elation to each other of the var ious romances which make up the two great heroic cycles ! ’ What is the order of their development What is the ! place of either cycle in the evolution of Gaelic literatur e What is their app rox imate date What are the historical d c c d s wh ch h s and u d r wh ch an so ial on ition to i t ey te tify , n e i h ssum d h r x sh wh wa t ey a e t ei e tant ape In at y , again , are we to conceive the form al development of all this litera ’ ‘ ur ! h was its r and influence u the t e W at elation to , pon , i the m ss the wh wa did r l fe of a of people In at y it o iginate, and by what means was it fostered and perpetuated If we are in some measure able to answer questions such a s h s is chiefl h n s the b urs two r t e e , it y t a k to la o of fo eign sch rs r ss r r ch Z mm r r sw ld and ola , P ofe o Hein i i e , of G eif a , ’ d Arbois de Jubainville r Th wr s the M. s . e , of Pa i iting of r m r uc d r s m br d r surv ss latte , o e l i in p e ent ent , oa e in ey , le estranging a nd forbidding in method than those of the rm sch r h v b s m b s rv c m r Ge an ola , a e een of ine ti a le e i e in fa ilia ising Gaelic -Englis h students with the spirit and principles m r r m sh uld d c b of ode n c iticis . I o like to make it an in i ta le ' ’ offence to place O Curry s Ma nner s and Customs in the hands of any student who has not first worked through half a ’ dozen of the volumes of the Cour s de Litter a turf e Celtique ; he would then be able to profitably use the vast collection of ’ f c s br u h h r b O Curr wh ch h rw s w a t o g t toget e y y , i ot e i e , o ing the r d ca d c m h d the c m e bs c to a i l efe t of et o , to o plet a en e of cr c s r ch r c r s his w r is m r l h rm iti al pi it a a te i ing o k , o e ikely to a h h him confir m hi m bs u f s v w t an to elp , to in an a ol tely al e ie of Irish antiquity than to aid him in reali sing its tru e nature 1 and m i r . s h w v r the rm sch r h we i po t It , o e e , to Ge an ola t at

1 It is I trus t unnecess ar for me to d sc a m a n ntent to b e tt e the reat , , y i l i y i li l g modern scho ar to whom Ir sh stud es owe so much But his memor is best served l i i . y b frank reco n t on o f his m tat ons and b se arat n that wh ch is who l from y g i i li i i , y p i g i l y 5 6 THE CELTIC REVIEW owe the most pr egnant and illuminating work in the field of Irish literary history ; work often marred by prodigious d f c s but w r u the st m us the m r s e e t , ea ing pon it a p of geni , i p es h c d rm ss us s d w . of a pa ionate , ent ia ti , ete ine ill h ha s r d b cc m sh d is h w v r triflin W at al ea y een a o pli e , o e e , g m r s w h wh r m s be d c r r in co pa i on it at e ain to one . Gaeli lite a y h s r is as is the r r terr a inco nita but i to y not , Pola egion , a g ; it may be likened to the interior of the African continent s m r r a o an urm r u h th c r o e fo ty yea s g . We c s ise o g ly e ou se of the great stream s we can plot in loosely the position the ch m u r s and cu s r b s s r of ief o ntain ange la t ine a in . He e and there a daring exploring raid has r evealed the details as a the r u h u d r But w far w s s s c . e h v as ell o g o tline of a i t i t a e , as the earlier and more inter esting po rtion of Gaelic literature is c c r d ot fixed s ud or ud we on e ne , g no point of latit e longit e are destitute of even such rough surveys a s m ay be aecom h d b h d h m and d r plis e y t e sole ai of t e co pass ead eckoning. hus r v r th e s u r s dr w u b m T , to e e t to li t of q e ie a n p y y h h c s ud whi s we w h h r ypot eti al t ent, l t kno t at t at po tion the re- hr s n his r r d c mm rm d of p C i tia to y of I elan , o only te e ’ the Invasions or Immigrations period is only rationalised m h we are s the d r c c r the d and yt ology , till in a k on e ning ate h r s N or is r how nature of t e rationalising p oces . it at all clea it was affected by the two great external influences to which — early historic I reland was subj ected the introduction of Christianity in the fourth and fifth centuries ; the Norse

v s s the h and h c ur s . And its in a ion of nint tent ent ie , if in br d u s the m h c ch r c er the rs s oa o tline , yt ologi al a a t of pe onage the r his r c c c is r h r ss ur of p e to i y le appa ent , t ei e ential nat e , h r d m a r bu es the r wh ch h s d t ei o inant tt i t , elation in i t ey too to the men who fashioned the romances and annals by which h ar w us h s is s l dub u and bscur e s . t ey kno n to , all t i ti l io o e W ho can d w sa the sc h w eny , I ill not y fa ination (t at all ill

that w m l his rk n h t d h h is ess ad rab e in wo S ce t is ec ure was vered Dr. ic l i . ( i l eli . Robert Jo ec has ubl shed his S ocial H istor o A ncien t I r ela nd 2 vo s Lon mans y p i y f , l , g , ’ ’ 1 903 wh ch is far su er or to O Curr s work in the arran ement and cr t ca , i p i y g i i l ut sat on of th ma er al ili i e t i . )

58 THE CELTIC REVIEW determination of that relation would throw light upon the real relations subsisting between the various Irish provinces and r b s A the s r s s c h . r s t i e gain , not lea t inte e ting e tion of I i literatur e comprises a number of what m ay be called r eligious h r c s s the v d c wh ch m a or ma be e oi aga , e i en e of i y , y not , essential to the true history of the way in which Chr istianity was cc d b and infl u nc d r Finall e e the r sh. a epte y ea ly I i y , although we are fairly well informed concerning the status and methods of instr uction of the literary class in ancient — Ireland a class certainly older than the introduction of

— ‘ Christianity although we are awar e that from the eighth c n ur w rds v s the x r ur was e t y on a , at all e ent , e tant lite at e c mm d wr and has b r sm d chiefl b o itte to iting , een t an itte y y scr b s b the hr s c r c c ass we are i e elonging to C i tian le i al l , very much in the dark a s to the relation between the two — — classes Ollamhs and Scribes and a s to the influence which the latter may have exercised on the texts they c opied ; whilst the problem s of how far the culture depicted in the texts is ’ h the s r r s own er d how far is r h s r c t at of to ytelle p io , it p e i to i , how far ma be r rd d as u n h h d and it y ega e a gen i e , if eig tene s m wh d s d r nscr c u c di ns or the o e at i eali e , t a ipt of a t al on tio , , on h r h d c ur wh ch r v r m is due ot e an , a pi t e in i nea ly e e y ele ent -s d co v s sw r h r to long tan ing n ention , an e ing to not ing eal h r d t ese p oblems have been scarcely attacke . Knowledge of Gaelic is not an indispensable requisite for participation in the task of r econstru cting the development c r ur and h r b r c the d v m of Gaeli lite at e , t e e y t a ing e elop ent of h s h u u h has b t e e sential genius of t e Gael . Q ite eno g een r s d E sh r ch or rm b the t an late into ngli , F en , Ge an to ena le s ud who r ds w h d and cr c rc and t ent ea it iligent iti al pe eption , , b v w h the d s r et the ru h a o e all , it e i e to g at t t , not only to u d rs d the r b m s v v d but s c r bu sub n e tan p o le in ol e , al o to ont i te is m s r the stantially towar ds their solution . Yet it a te y of h language which alone can fully r eveal the secrets of t e r ur And h r ma h v r s a h lite at e . e e I y note t at at e e y t ge of t at literature the student who is willing to work is in the position of knowing that his work will not be in vain ; that he is labour CRITICAL STUDY OF GAELIC LITERATURE 59 in xh us d s but lm s v r r u d h he is g no e a te oil , a o t i gin g o n t at not r only increasing his own knowledge but knowledge gene ally . An almost uninterr upted chain of texts reaches from the oral

— - — literature folk tale or ballad of the living peasant to the M As we rac h s most archaic sagas of the oldest SS . t e t e e x s bac w rds we can r c the modification the te t k a , t a e of u inflections d s r s c c rms b c m lang age ; i appea , ynta ti al fo e o e s m r or m r c m x the v c bu r s s c r i ple o e o ple , o a la y lo e in e tain r s c s s h rs and u m b c m s m s e pe t , gain in ot e , lti ately e o e al o t rm d As the u ch o d s r r s . s s enti ely t an fo e lang age ange , too oe the sub c m er the r ur c c s r m c r s je t att of lite at e ; y le of o an e i e , and dw d and new m h ds c c v and re re in le , fall et o of on ei ing p senting the old themes come into fashion ; for eign influences m v s S o h make the sel e felt . t at when the alteration of the u c ss s the r w rd x nutr lang age ne e itate e o ing of a te t , it not e u h e s h dv a is r sh it q ently app n t at a ant ge taken to e ape , to adapt it to th e new fashions in social feeling and in literary x r h s c m x an u e p ession . All t i o ple d contin ous process of r s rm re cr as w as new cr can be t an fo ation , of eation ell eation , — traced and in so tracing it we must r ecollect that we are bringing to light the life -work of the countless men and ' — women by whom it was eflected but only at the cost r h rdu us and r d b u . the h s r of long, a o , often a i la o W en i to y of the Gaelic language has be en made so clear that we can with certa inty assign this or that grammatical form to a particular century or a particular dialect ; when we can c x b its v c bu r its s its cc pla e a te t y noting o a la y, tyle , a ept c hi s or h r r c v h and h an e of t t at lite a y on ention , t en , t en only , sh we be s es m its ru w r h the all in a po ition to ti ate at t e o t , evidence which that text yields towards the social and moral r r hi sto y of the ace . The first r equisite is exact knowledge of the texts as they h c u are. t e s ud an w r h MS so much a t ally If t ent c o k at t e S . the b r the v r s ec the wr w h its m a ette e y a p t of itten folio , it y be v r scr b h ds w h the ss r com a ying i al an , it glo ing of late mentators w h the r sur s and c rr c s r sch rs , it e a e o e tion of late ola , all this impresses the student with a sense of individual 60 THE CELTIC REVIEW

x s c d v dua ff r ch s him b its ss r e i ten e , in i i l e o t , allenge y a e tion of uch m r ss suc h ch l rs c v . is pe onal a ti ity S an i p e ion , a a lenge , h r d But th x s d m m d b t e . e be r d el o a e y p inte page if te t p inte , r duc the r w h its u m s fidelit let it rep o e o iginal it t o t y . Ortho r h c and r mm c cu r s s r m d s g ap i al g a ati al pe lia itie , t ange o e of w rd or hras r s c bs or d c c rms o ing p ing, p e en e of o olete iale ti al fo , h s are the f ss s h s wh ch the is is all t e e like o il , t ank to i geolog t d and c r cul r s r E m h m able to ate pla e pa ti a t ata . li inate t e in b d c d s r for u rm or c rr c ss and the o e ien e to a e i e nifo ity o e tne , literary critic is as helpless as would be the geologist if a s ection were submitted to him fr om which all the fossils had r h i been carefully r emoved . The c itic wants to go be ind h s x s but he c do so unl ss he h v b r him the te t , annot e a e efo e ’

c u x and d r s c u t r . a t al te t, no e ito o n e feit few c cr s c s w x m m m and A on ete in tan e ill e e plify y eaning, show the kind of results that may be expected to follow from r the in s d d The r i s essa r sh wo k on l e in icate . ea l e t y in I i literary history of the distinguished German scholar to whom h v r d ud d r ss r Z mm r is his A sis I a e al ea y all e , P ofe o i e , naly of he x s h th D un Co w H sh ws h t Saga Te t in t e Book of e . e o t at these texts are of a composite nature ; that they are made up r m r r and d sc rd v rs s and h the f o ea lie often i o ant e ion , t at one of versions thus used is r epresented by the texts found in the s r H e ur h r m s v r r b b h Book of Lein te . f t e ake it e y p o a le t at the harmonised version (a s it may be called) of the Book of the Dun Cow is due Manistrech who d d 1 1 54 to Flann , ie in , so h the s r v rs s h u h x t at Book of Lein te e ion , t o g e tant in a twelfth century MS must be at least as old as the early

v h c ur h s s is m r c c us . ele ent ent y . T i in it elf an i po tant on l ion ’ Bu is h ur s obit t it not t e point I wish to make. T n to Flann the ur s rs and ou r d in Fo Ma te , y ea Mainistr each c r s r-Buithe the Flann , le to of Maini ti , r the Gaeidhel wisd m r ur h s r pa agon of in o , lite at e , i to y , r and sc c d d the ur h the ds poet y , ien e, ie on fo teent of Calen ’ c mb r as is s d of De e e , ai

ann of the h ef hurch of me od ous Buithe Fl C i C l i , Slow the bright eye of his fine head CRITICAL STUDY OF GAELIC LITERATURE 6 1

n m at ve sa e is he who s ts w th us Co te pl i g i i , ’ ann Last sage of the three lands is fair Fl .

’ ow a s the h rm s r c ss the h N , in naly ing a oni ing p o e of ypo h c d or the the Dun Cow v rs r ss r t eti al e it of Book of e ion, P ofe o Z mm r has rf rc rm a c ce his m h ds i e , pe o e, to fo on ption of et o

w r the d s b wh ch he wa s m d . h r of o k , of i eal y i ani ate T e e mer s r m h s s s the c ur r m an r d e ge f o t i analy i pi t e of a eal , lea ne with all the learning of his day but somewhat narrow-minded nd d c v and cher sh the c s r s hi s a pe anti , lo ing i ing an ient to ie of ‘ race yet incapable of refraining from an o ccasional superior ’ rs ud u d b the m ld d scr c s the pe on attit e , p zzle y anifo i epan ie of v rs s he had b r him s cer x us r c c e ion efo e , in ely an io to e on ile them and thereby produce a text satisfying his conscience as h s r and sch lm s r et uc for us con an i to ian oo a te , y , l kily , too scientious or too unskilful to r ecast in a new and consistent fine w e r man h h rm . e t t e c t e s d fo In , g a eal in pla e of taine 1 u r glass effigy of the annalistic obit a y . Believe me there is hardly a section of Gaelic literature wh ch w r d w h the s m e h r u h ss and the s m i , if o ke at it a t o o g ne , a e r t m a be x c d d s m r cr c s r su s . iti al pi i , y not e pe te to yiel i ila e lt The Ollamhs Sha na chies and u r sch rs the s , , antiq a y ola of pa t , w s a r f as s ud h r w r r v s h r ill t t into li e , t y of t ei o k e eal t ei individuality . I must apologise for taking another instance from my own d e can nl d h if m s h s u s. s s ds t i I o y plea t at , al o t alone in t e e i lan , h v f w d u h s r s rch has b r m I a e ollo e p t i line of e ea , it een f o no failure on my part to urge upon other and better q ualified d its m r c and sc stu ents i po tan e fa ination . Many years ago I pointed out the marked difference in tone and sentiment between the mediaeval Ossianic literature repr esented by the Colloquy of the Elders and the post -mediaeval Ossianic ballad 2 r the fi rstwe find x u s r c c poet y . In an e q i ite e on iliation of pre

1 does not de end u The value of the result p pon the correctness of Professor ’ i n of the Lebor na h-Uidhri ed Z immer s identifi cat o itor ; thi s is disputed by other Th um e sen scho ars notabl b Professor . l , y y y 1 ‘ ’ o ment f th Fen an or Oss an In my D evel p o e i i ic Saga ( W aifs and Stra ys of C i ion vol eltic Trad t , . 62 THE CELTIC REVIEW

Christian and Christian elements ; hero and saint are on terms the m s ch rm and c rd mu u ff c and r s c of o t a ing o ial t al a e tion e pe t . In the latter all this is r eversed instead of m utual acceptance there is deep -seated antagonism ; in the place of a charming but b d ss d r c v u r the c s r d loo le i eal , e alling in ol nta ily loi te e life a s s een thr ough the tender eyes of early Umbrian or Flemish rs we h v ul -b d d v r ur sm d h painte , a e a f l loo e , i ile nat ali , a elig t in the o b and the r w d u d r the hu r j y of attle , f ee, il o t oo life of nte , fi r s r hi ch a e ce co n of the Opposing ecclesiastical ideal . W mood is best representative of your ancestors ; to whom do we owe the r r x r ss h r h s wh lite a y e p e ion of eit e , t ank to at combination of circum stances has the latter so entirely sup planted the former in Gaelic consciousness that alike in Ir eland and Gaelic Scotland the typical figur e of the cycle is the defiant s the b ds and Caoilte the Pagan , Oi in , of alla , not , c ur r h u o tly conve t of t e Colloq y . h s u s s u sw r d w u d l um All t e e q e tion , if f lly an e e , o l i l inate , as w h rch v s s r ch the s u -his r the c it a to , a a t t et of o l to y of Gaeli r c h h u an r a c d a e . T at t ese q estions c be answe ed I m convin e ; but rdu only after long and a ous dr udgery . M h rd s c sh ws how s h ms v s y t i in tan e o point , in t e el e r r v m a et be v for the s u appa ently t i ial , y y ital ol tion of definitel r r b ms the c sh e c y histo ical p o le . Look at S otti Ga li ’ - s m b s co c and o u c f to folk tale of Ca p ell lle tion , y annot ail be struck by the presence in the mor e archaic tales of what ’ are ch ca w as runs d scr v ss s te ni lly kno n , e ipti e pa age of a set c v ch r c r r curr r ul r v cir on entional a a te , e ing eg a ly in gi en cumstances v d c r u b the , e i ently an ient, la gely nintelligi le to r - h b m s ud c p esent day narrators . W en I egan y t y of Gaeli - r ur h u u r r a c ur a o h r folk lite at e , nig pon a q a te of ent y g , t e e — was nothing in the then ex tant Irish folk tale collections r — m r ur As r r and d of s . C oke , Ca leton , Kenne y a i ila nat e time went on the example of Campbell and his S cottish dis ci les r c d u r d Larminie ur and u s p ea te pon I elan ; , C tin, Do gla d s u h s r u d ss s Hy e i s ed t eir collection . He ein I fo n pa age s m r h u h d c w h h se the c ish i ila to , t o g not i enti al it , t o of S ott c s and s und m d a v and r s Gaeli tale , I al o fo in e i e al ea ly po t CRITICAL STUDY OF GAELIC LITERATURE 63

v x s s c h s the ss c c c the mediae al te t , e pe ially in t o e of O iani y le , ’

h s s r r s d v c . as appar ent beginnings of t i to ytelle e i e Finally , Dr d the wr - s u d r sh was sh w b . o n y Hy e , itten folk tale fo n in I i h h ur s ripts of the seventeenth and eig teent cent ie s ss s h s ch r c r but v r contain numberles pa age of t i a a te , e y lifi d greatly amp e . r d h d h the ru s the c sh c D . Hy e el t at n of S otti Gaeli narrators are the worn down representatives of the kindred r examples in the Irish manuscripts of the last th ee c enturies . To m e they seemed rather survivors of a stage out of which r d Jud h m r s wh the latter had eme ge . ge t en of y inte e t en in ’ Dottin s r c Fr ch r s r sh l ~ s M. e ent en t an lation of I i fo k tale , published during the las t ten years in the Gaelic Jcar na l r m r r c u d s v r r sh s arr rs f o o al e itation , I fo n e e al I i pea ant n ato , b h u s r and al us the d c rmul s ot in M n te Doneg , ing i enti al fo a d b the m b s MacInnes and MacDou all note y Ca p ell , , g , in r sh r and R ss-sh r and c rru d v rs ns A gyll i e o i e , not o pte e io of the formulas found in the written Irish tales of th e eighteenth ur s and earlier cent ie . was s d b c us m c was mm s I plea e , not e a e y ontention i en ely s r h d but b c us c u was ur sh d for determin t engt ene , e a e a l e f ni e ing some of the most vexed questions respecting the recent h s r the a c u and l r ur Misunder i to y of G eli lang age fo k lite at e . stood local patriotism (on both sides of the Channel) has done much to obscure true views of the development of Scottish Gaelic speech and its relation to Irish Gaelic ; similar obscurity besets the history of the form s which folk - litera tur e has assumed in either section of Gaeldom during the r ur h r r last fou cent ies . T e e is also considerable diffe ence of opinion as to the closeness and extent of the r elations between Ir ish and S cottish Gaeldom during the last two ur cent ies . The value of the preservation of identical archaic formulas in the extr eme north and the extreme south of Gaeldom lies hi s h r v d s the cr c w h definite cr r um in t , t at it p o i e iti it a ite i u h u s for j udging questions s ch as t ese . Ling istic analy is should be able to determine the date and assign the dialectal 64 THE CELTIC REVIEW

’ ha bita t the ru s and r m h s fixed b s s we c an r u of n , f o t i a i a g e c c r n the s and d v m the r ur and on e ni g tate e elop ent of lite at e , the relations of the m en by whom that literatur e has been and ch r sh d hus the h u lli b f sh d . m s a ione e i e T alf ninte gi le , al o t s s c rmu r s ma d th non en i al, fo la of an illite ate pea ant y yiel to e historical critic that convincing fact which he would seek in vain from the official record or the fashionable literature of m the ti e .

In conclusion let me forestall a possible objection . You aim ma be s d r r r c dr -as-dus d s , it y ai , at ea ing a a e of y t pe ant , to whom our beautiful old legends shall be only so much m r f r u s and h r Y ra w ate ial o ling i tic isto ical analysis . ou will kill all living and joyous inter est in these cherished remains our s and who ws wh b v d d s ma be of pa t , kno at elo e i eal y not shattered by the critics whom you are calling forth fr om the vas d the u ur w r m mb r how m ty eep of f t e I ell e e e , at a eet in the r sh r r c d was c g of I i Lite a y So iety in Lon on , I on e d ur d v the d r old ds as h w r h v a j e to lea e ea legen t ey e e . I a e generally found that when people talk like this they are r eally r eferring to the dear old legends as they ar e not m d r s d m scu d rett fied v rs s d s u to o e ni e , e a late , p y e ion , e tit te of value to those who seek to recover from the past an exact pictur e of what the men and women of that past really felt and h u h d s u s an s m r c and su es t o g t, e tit te al o of y e inal fo e gg tiveness for the artist who turns to the past for themes and v n w rms b u i c mm h moti es of e fo of ea ty . It s a o on belief t at w d s m wa d d r h ex act kno le ge in o e y ten s to est oy sympat y . i d d be ch m d w h u h h s s . e s c T i , in ee , to a Mani ean Let plea it a one that ex act and faithful knowledge of your early litera ur wi d s r s and d d d s and h wi t e ll only e t oy fal e ea i eal , t at it ll ub u for h m ru u c and v r d s stit te t e a t e, q i k , in igo ating i eal , whose power will be as beneficial to the artist as to the d d me s s is the c r s v s ud . t ent In ee , let in i t, it Gaeli a ti t e en more than the Gaelic student to whom truth in this con n c be m d h u now ection is vital . It annot aintaine t at p to r sh d r sh r m c h v d d the s m r s c I i legen , I i o an e, a e yiel e a e a ti ti r esults as have the legend and romance of Celtic or Teutonic

66 THE CELTIC REVIEW

Al h as the d s s b r m r r ike , t en , in i pen a le p eli ina y to a eal and living record of the evolution of the genius of your race throughout the ages ; as of vital impor t to the artists of the future destined to transform and recr eate the matter provided by the ar tists of the past ; as a means of mental and moral d sc r u r c its ss c b c us mus be i ipline, t ly pat ioti in e en e , e a e it t u d r r m v r c and d and w h h0 e n e gone f o lo e of a e lan , it no p of m r r w rd c mm d ou the cr c s ud the ate ial e a , I o en to y iti al t y of r ch and sc r ur sh d b ur r h rs i fa inating lite at e fa ione y yo fo efat e .

[Th e m ajor part o f what is said above would h ave been expressed in much th e same way h ad it been addressed to an audience in I ver ess or Oba or Edi bur h st o Dub I m h t n n n n g in ead of to ne in lin . ig perh aps have tak en m ore illustrations from th e special historic rec rd o f th e S co tt sh ae butm m a s ste ce w u d still have o i G l , y in in i n o l bee u o ael c h stor as it u fo ds tself Irela d and u o n p n G i i y n l i in n , p n Gaelic artistry as exemplified in Irish achi evement In so doing I sh ou d have acted of set ur ose to m ress u o m h earers fact l p p , i p p n y a wh ch if I m a ud e from the r ted a e is far to o much ver i , y j g p in p g , o lo ok ed b th e S cott sh ae th e esse t a u t of ae c cu ture y i G l , n i l ni y G li l and its h st r The as of h m st b stud ed a e Er i o y. p t t e Gael u e i lik in in and A ba b th e ae of th e rese t da wh ch ever d v s in l ; y G l p n y, in i i i ion o f ae d m h e ves the s ec al deve o m e t o f th e other d vis o G l o li , p i l p n i i n sh ould never be fel t as alien : really to kno w his own half h e must a so k ow th e o th r But th s is s ec a cumbe t u o the l n e . i p i lly in n p n S cott sh ae u th e H h a der b far the ar er art of th e i G l , pon ig l n ; y l g p ae c ut ut all forms o f ex ress o is due to Eri and Er h as G li o p in p i n n, in in nearly every case preserved th e m ost ch aracteristic m anifestations h r s f rm I o f the Gaelic spirit in their o ldest and m ost c aracte i tic o . cannot but think th at if this were more distinctly realised in th e ae c-s eak i d str cts of S cot a d th ere w uld be a far ar er G li p ng i i l n , o l g sh research m easure of support for specific Iri . A ba th a k s chiefl to th e e hbourh ood o f and co tact w th l , n y n ig n i th e S c ts k d m wh ch deve o ed u erma c and feudal o ing o , i l p pon G ni stead of u o C e t c l es is of ess accou t th a Eri th e in p n l i in , l n n n in a o and ex r s But th at e hb urh od form t e s o f C e t c deas. i n p ion l i i n ig o o , th at co tac t h osti e to a ar e exte t it is true but ess ersiste tl n , l l g n , , l p n y h o st le th a a ears fr m th e rd ar h stor es h ad c m e sati i n pp o o in y i i , o p n ng adv es fr m of v ew S cot a d antag even o th e strictly Gaelic point i . l n took th e l ead in the m anifestation and interpretation of the Celtic Spirit to the world at large because there was contact upon a certain SPIORAD NAN TIMEANNAN A TE ’ ANN 67

-Roma d v footing of equality between the Celtic and th e Germ ano n i i ara r f a S tr fe eve o f a ers ste t and feroc ous ch cte , s o s o S cot d . i n l n i , n p i n i wh at is fata is by no means precludes m utual and fruitful influence ; l i over re when one of two rival social and m aterial organisations s p Had th e A o - N orm a e eme t o dera t This h a e ed Er . p n n . pp n in in ngl n l n fre from de e de ce u o E a d it m ht cut itself entirely e p n n p n ngl n , ig

- m h ave developed a Germ ano feudal polity which mustneeds h ave co e to terms w th the at ve states and in so do h ave exerted and i n i , , ing, rece ved influence as it was th e A o -N orm a ver re o dera t i ; , ngl n, o p p n n Ir a d And wh e in th e Pa e was absorbed in th e rema der of e . l , in l n n the r a En sh con uest cam e the l 6th and 1 7 th ce turies th e e l gli q in n , conditions were too unequal ; it was simply impossible fo r th e Eliza beth a w th c e tur es of feuda -Rom a cu ture as th e bas s of his n, i n i l n l i te ectua o ut ook u o fe to reco ise wh at was va d what in ll l l p n li , gn li , excellent in th e Celtic system with which h e was brough t so vio lently I s ak w th some confid nce wh en I assert th at o t in conflict. pe i e S c ’ land s achievement in interpreting the Celtic to th e non- Cel tic world precedes th at of Irel and in merit as in time ; with more ditfidence do I urge th at S cottish development o f Gaelic literature in m o dern tim es h h bee fu er of rom h a h a o Ir a h as on t e w e se t t t f el d . The , ol , n ll p i n n hi or a s I thi is the sam And I wou d fa subm st c c n e e. t th at i , nk , l in i if th s is so the future of ae ic art str ca o t be furth ered na i , G l i y nn , y, w l be h dered b an att tude o f h ost e s at o to wards m o der il in , y i il i ol i n n culture and th e languages in which m odern cul ture h as found ex

ress o . If ael c is to be an instrum e t of fe it must art c ate p i n G i n li , p i ip l fe W ere it bedi e ce to o - . s m e adv sed e thus asts to in i , in o n ill i n i , m riso tse f in a Tor s a d access b e to th e stream in i p n i l y i l n , in i l ing fiuences of th e life being fashioned by the chief culture-peoples of m an d it wou d evitab s eed beco m e as the old m th kin , l in ly p ily , in y , the h ome of an u rea a fictitious a h a f fe n l , , l li ]

SPIORAD NAN TIMEANNAN A TH’ ANN

DOMH N ULL MAC EA CHA RN

’ ’ ’ ’ CHA n eil fhios agam fein ciod is ciall do n t-saoghal a th ’ ann tha h - uile ni air atharrachadh cho mor o n is cuimhne ’ ’ ’ ’ m . u r bha mi b bha hrian a éiri h s a mhaduinn lea N ai a g g g g , 68 THE CELTIC REVIEW

' ’ ’ s a luidhe s an fheasgar mar a bha e nadurra dhi dheanamh ’ ’ ’ ach s ann a their iad rium a nis nach eil a ghrian aona ’ huid éiri h luidhe us sin dh aindeoin liuthad c ag g no , ag a a ’ ’ ’ ’ nair s a chunnaic mi le m shililean fein i g éirigh as a ’ ’ ’ chuan Shear s a luidhe arms a chuan Shiar direach m ar rinn ’ ’

ri Oisein. Air a mhodh cheudna bha talamh ri m i linn an , ch ud chuimhne air acrachadh u d am buills ean e , g aingean g ’ doimhne mo r cho suidhichte s cho bu -sheasmhach na i e , an ’ ’ ’ ris a chbrr de dh ohair a chruthachaidh ; ach ma chr eideas ’ ’ ’ mi d lice tha n ar meas s ar m tha n talamh na aoine g g, a ’ ’ ’ cho gogaideach s ged a bhiodh seillean na chluais s an ’ ’ bhi shuidhe u socair ciallach m ar bha ri ait e na g , , a e linn ’ ’ ’ Iob s tha nis a cur ch r dheth mar u m b dh , ann a e a g io e ’ ’ ’ a a oirnea an us ai a cheart am a ruideis am g g fein , ag g , ’ ’ measg nan reul m ar gu m biodh iad ls cheil a damhsadh ui hl Thull hain chreideas miss so feumaidh mi R d e ac . Ma ’ ’ ’ chreidsinn gu m bheil mi fein a caitheamh dara leth m hine ’ ’ l mo hi nn s mo hron fodham Tha e m dhr o s c o s . so la an , ’ d u leoir ach s chuid as miosa dheth cho b earbsa ona g , e eag ’ ’ s a tha ri chur anns na faireachdainnean anns am b abhaist ’ earbsa bhi inn Bha ue r s bhi odh du le lan aga . i ine g chinntea ch as ui chitheadh le shhilean an a e fein , no a ’ ’ laimhsicheadh le lamhan ach fhir m o chridhe ! dh fhalbh e , ’ ’ latha sin Cha n il nis ni as mo mheallas tu an . e a ann a no ’ do dha hlo - shu fhein chi thu r h mu n healaich g g il . Ma ot g , ’ mar theireamaid sh bi cinnteach ch ann mu n a o ean , na ’ ’ h mu d shhil ean Th healaich d r tha n r h sin ac . a g i i a ot , fein ’ ’ ’ ’ ch ni eil air ch eart doi h Cha n mhain u m bheil do ga a g . e g ’ ’ ’ shhil a d mhealladh tha t fhair eachdainnean nil n comh g , e ’ ’ ’ bhann na t aghaidh air chor s gu m bheil e eu - comasach dhuit ’ radh ai am sam b h co dhiu tha thu d sheasamh air a g it , a na ’ do cheann air do ch s s lu ha tha de no a an , na g na aon na ’ ’ daoine glice sin an lathair a dh innseadh dhuit a cheart ’ ’ suidh a hadh s am bh il thu S de d lice so e c e . ann na aoine g ’ am M i h i - il ainn S un a amh d u fior a st r s o e a e. e te g g g , g g , ine ’ ’ fhiosrach a th ann ach thug mi fainear gu m bheil cnid de ’ ’ dhaoin thuair dea h l s ai am bheil c de a g oi ean , g an inn lan ’ SPIORAD NAN TIMBANNAN A TE ANN 69

' l h air nl dha air nithe cudthrom ach an lagha; gle aineo ac no

’ ’ ’ ir S mar sin am bheil daoine cumant eblach gu léo . ann a ’ ’ ’ n Mhai hstir -s oile ach tha cho dannara na dh eirich do g g , e ’ ’ ’ bheachd ceart ~ cearr am bi e s ch t um air fein , no g , na eil e ’ Bha seanachas b eadaruinn la-roimhe c ur a haidh . , . na g eag an ’ ’ h fhiach seanachas sin bhi a aithris thea amh s ged nac an a g , g ’ ’ ’ ill ir bh il mi gu n dean e beagan na s so e e an ni air am e g ’ ’ Bha mi a r ris ch r bb mo hoile deanamh iomradh . gea an na o g a dhleasnais mar a bu chbir dha ; nach mo r nach robb cho ’ ’ mh a bhi as eu mhais u e r s u n robh sin math dho g nile g l i , g ’ ’ ’ a deanamh neo -dhuine dhiom ; ach bho n a bha esan eblach ’ ir n dhiomhair eachd d mh thea amh u n rachadh a ile an o ain , g g ’ ‘ ’ ‘ h irt d mb A s i air lei heas t o . m bheil rs m s ni g g a o , a a i e, sam bith as fhios duibh a chuidichea dh leam mo chir a c hh amb ' ’ ’ ’ ‘ Ch a bhi cnamh cir ach brhidean ars s ach an na , e an , ’ ’ ’ ’ ma tha do hoile cur dra h ort cha n dhuit ach s lu ha g g , eil na g ’ ’ d e threams al ohur ann s thea amh u n cuidich sin s g a , g g lei a ’ ’ hn o hach dhea namh s fearr g t a na . ‘ ’ ’ chuireas m s s u b fodair rsa m s Ma i e na l g a ann , a i e , cha bhi rea mhadh an rathaid agam ; cha bhi sgrid annam ’ ’ a n taobh sti h ' de mhios dh h a g a ine . ’ ’ ‘ ’ i d ars s n leiths eul ch eocaire s Sin aga , e a , g ga g an ’ ’ dhthaich s tha iad a chreids inn ach c ll , fein g ; na h sea th u ’ ’ ’ brilidean na machrach cho beag dragh s a tha n goile cur

’ ’ ' rr direach chionn ach iad a an- luchdac hadh ed o a , o n eil g , g ’ ’ tha cothrom u b r a o a ir i a g le i s n a dheanamh . ’ ‘ Tha amharus m rs m s ch sibh cho fios aga , a a i e , na eil ’ rach anns na gnothai chean sin s a tha sibb ann an sgoil ’ earachd . Bha m r m dh r ai caraid dhomhsa s eile a t aol , o a g , ’ ’ thachair lath a de laithean u n d fhuair sti h do , na , g i g ’ hairc e chlobhair bha oireasach s thaitinn clobhar p a g , an ' ’ ’ ’ r h cho m h s u n d ith dh th us do s ain i it e at g i e g an g . ’ ’ Am c us sin le d shhil an fh in r fa a t a e e a s esan . ’ ’ ‘ Cha n hac rs m s ach bha air innseadh dhomh f , a a i e, e s du n cho r chaill am m r du cho f irinneach lei an i e i a a t ; ine , ’ ’ ’ ’ s cho creideasach s tha s ir hd a an sg eac . THE CELTIC REVIEW

‘ ’ ’ daidh sin bhith ars s ach ma heibh thusa Fao a , e an , g duine sam bith aig am bheil a bheag no mhor de thoinnisg a ’ h m f d ir m o mhealladh r id as sin n t a s a a . ch e e ait , i e ’ ’ ’ ’ Cha r ui sibh s rs m s bhi cur amharus s g a lea , a a i e, an

111 ; chunnaic mise creutairean as suaraiche na mart maol, ’ ’ h r a ith adh uillidh bh d i h d e t s a maith ha b . o a , g na ’ h ia d an a O s rs esan . ’ Is iomadh sin rs m s chunnaic mi beachann a , a a i e ; g ’ itheadh de dh ubhall ghrod a bha taobh an rathaid gus nach ’ ’ ’ b urrainn da éiri h air s iathan s am b ei in da s g a g , g nag a ’ ’ stigh fo n fheur ga fbalach gus an do thraoigh a mheud ’ hr nn b o .

‘ ’ ’ ‘ Tha sin ars s dir each mar bha am m r s ain , e an, a a t a g ’ ’ leis a chlobhar an creid thu nach d ith am beachann am mir ’ ’ a bu lugha de n ubhall sin ! Cha r obh e ach a deoghal an t sh h aisde us s ubhall bhi ai r brachadh bha tomhas ig , ag lei an a , ’ b de n t-sh h sin air tionndadh u s iorad mar h r eag g g p , no t ei ” ’ ’ Chemist Alcohol us s sin chuir tuaineal b na an , , ag e a eag ’ ’ ’ ’ - cheann s cha b e n t seid a ghabh e m ar a shaoil thuea . ’ ’ ’ d ann as rs m s cc - dh n dh ith dh 61 Sei no , a a i e , no i a no ’ ’ ’ de n mheas thoirmi s ha - rr B ithn te b hihl an measa a. a e e g , g ana ’ dhomh seana chriiban aig an robb fhaiche fo chloich s an ’ ’ trai h s mur am bu hebcaire s cha n ithne dhomhsa c g , g e an a iall ’ fha ail an c . ’ ’ Seadh ar i h crhban du t s sa . C amar dhearb , e n a an i ’ gu m bu ghebcair e ’ ’ ’ S ann nuair a bha mi m bhalach og a thachair dhomh ’ ’ ’ o s chur air a chruban rs m s bha mi s am sin e la a , a a i e ; an ’ fior dhéi heil air bhi seabhdaireachd feadh a chladaich u g a , g ’ sonruichte ri am reothair Bha ch dh fha adh na t. ga poll a g an Ian na dhéigh am measg nan sgeirean cho pailt an an ’ nithean annasach s nach robb e soirbh dhomhsa fanachd ’ ’ ’ uatha . S an am sin bhatar a gleidheadh na Sabaid na ’ ’ latha foise s sin ri radh bh r a abhail s o ch ; e , ata g foi ga ’ ’ ’ saothair bha ceadaicht air Iaithean s a cur seachad na a eile , ’ h -h si r dhiomhanas s r mheud s bha feumail ine an o , ao o a a chaitheadh o ibribh h - éi in u na ro air Sab i ann an na g ag s t c . a d SPIORAD NAN TIMEANNAN A TE ’ ANN 7 1

’ araidh latha boidheach rianach h - o bhea a cur ; , g ; na e in g dhiubh air iomadh leus br c -an -t-sil ai r bb d g ; ea , g an o a nea ’ aodann cr ei e cul h a r air rud-ei in an na g an tig e, gea an g a ’ ’ ’ bha cur dra h air a hi heid a r d ri cuidei in h -anail g ; p g t o g , a ’ ’ ’ ’ h -uchd s ru h tean aidh s ailea cléibh a toirt na it na g , g a ’ ’ ail n Bha m cluinntinn s am earradh fhac . s g an aipe i e , ’ inntinn a faicinn ch ni dheth so ach fhacal b fein ga , aon eag ’ ’ l abhar bha m lai i i de na bha s an e a na mh cha r obh m lé rsinn. ’ ’ hu mi s m ch air uinnei s chunnaic mi u n r bb T g uil a a an g, g o an traigh gu math iosal ; na sgeire dubha tioram an duileasg ’ ’ ’ ’ s fheamuinn chireanach a s reathadh ris a hréin s fhios an g g , ’ ’ agam gu n r obb gach poll an sin a cur thairis leis gach ni a ’ ’ bu mhiorbhuili che che Mu dh ireadh dhr uid mi n na ile . e ’ ’ ’ leabhar s chaidh mi s s do cheann n h Air a bhbrd io eile tig e . bha ceann muilt a dh easaich mo mh athair Di- Sathuirne an ceanna-coinneamh ris omhn ch Ghearr mi bharr an D a . sgonn ’ a mhuilt chean ail mi u teann r 1m 1 air c teanga ; g g , g e e l e eann ’ ’ ’ srein e s habh mi s s hu a chladaich s mi cur mar g , g io t n , ’ ’ ’ fhi achaibh orm fhein gu m b ann do dh obair na trbcair a ’ ’ bhuineadh ni bha mi mu thimchioll us b e sin a dol an a , ag ’ ’ ’ dh fhaicinn ciod am beo bh air t-s chr hban s a a an eana , a ’ ’ th oirt r em b a ionnsaidh s mi cinnteach ch r bb g i l in g , na o a ’ ’ th hd- an-tir ach taos ach u r raini mi n l eac g . N ai a g c adach ’ ’ ch a r obh trai h cho iosal s shaoil mi s bha mar sin an g a , ’ ’ t ch mo charaid fo n uis e ach chunnaic mi u n robh ai e g , g e fein ’ ’ h i mi i s a mhuilt iri ai . Le s o d uaith s thuirt g an tig g o teanga g , ’ mi ris dh itheadh b r ach un hbcachadh mir hu e a le i g e p . T g ’ urradh air thi hinn m ch ach bhuail amharus u n e g a g a a , e g ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ robh t- olc s a chaball s dh f han mar bh ai hu an e a ge . T g ’ ’ r s m ar sin a sm aointea chadh tuillidh bha r adh e g ei na e g , ’ gus am fac e sgimileir de phartan fad-chasach ag ealadh mu n ’ cuairt ; dhhisg so fhearg s a mach a ghabh e a chur cainnt ’ - i ha d fh air an t sea bhalta che so . C an am partan ri bheag de chonaltradh a dheanadh ris ; bha cabhag air a dhol taobh ’ ei in ach cha do bh sin do n t-s - h r dol c um g eile , ao ean f ea e an ’ r thad s direa ch thoir t coimhid achd dha a e . u r a lei , a N ai ’ hi e bho rua adh a hartain sheall air toitein fheola t ll g p , e an 7 2 THE CELTIC REVIEW

" ’ dh fheuch tui eadh ciod hne bhiadhtachd bh an g e a g a ann , ’ l i eadh u s air c rb no 0 arson a e g a n a e eann pa. Ged a bha an ’ ui cho oir easach us bharrachd air sin cho taitneach do n g , ag a , ’ " t-s b éi in da dol m u n cuairt air u faicilleach us uil , g g ag ’ s ealltainn air 0 gach taobh m u n d o chuir e fiacail air ; ach ’ ’ u r bhlais air cha r bb reir coltais c r ai e r a n ai a e , o , a , oi e g ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ a otainn da Dh ith is dh ith e s dh er ch r fh . e s s , , i i n t a t a ’ rithist air ch rr —b dhinneadh si s dh i e us a o a eaga a o na th , g mu dheireadh ch tiochdadh h c o tuillidh ch m na aona p i na o . ’ ’ S maointich u n tu adh s cé rr do n fhaiche ach cha e g g e lei an , ’ l i adh h ir in dh nam - e e tead a s s ea h . Bha n dr ob cas g an lei a e o , c ha r obb fhi os aige ciod a dheanadh e ris an fhuigheall a ’ ’ ’ dh fhag e ; ach cha robh e fada n im cheist ; thog e shuilean ’ ’ r is neoil dh hos ail hiallan s bhrhchd ni cs iochdar na ; f g e g , e a ’ ’ a hu m dh i h hu sin s aoth de dh ias a b a c i na t e . T g g g eag ’ m shealladh roimhe a thai i m u n cuairt nach robh a . Cia s a n g

’ ‘ iad ciam ar fhuair iad fios cho ealamh mu n chuirm , no a a ’ mhair h n fhi d dheasaich cruban f co c a os mb . Cha bu an an , o ’ ’ luaithe fhuair esan cuidhte s an luchd a bh air a ghiulan na thbisich a ir ath -luchdachadh A dheanadh mo s ehil e e fein . g ’ na s giorra dhiobhair an creutair m osach sin tri uairean ’ ’ m hu1r r c ch air a m il ni a ilidh u n do c c hu t. s s o e i teanga A , ’ ’ mi nach eil m oran teagamh r a chu r an gebcaireachd an ’ fhleas aich sin ach m a theid a aibhs air car chur adharc g , g a an ’ d imh u hlé h i h r chluinntinn iamar a b t o c . , g g lea n a ’ ‘ Cha rui mi s ars s car car fo hnaidh g lea , e an , , no ; g an ’ ’ ’ c ar tha innte Bha hus eas- umh al do d harantan u r a . t p n ai ’ shna thu m ch un cead iarr a idh s r thu dearmad a g a g an , a inn ’ ’ ’ ir a h h fha thu h a an dleasnas a dh ithneadh d uit. D g n tig ’ ’ ’ ls dhiseannan dubh ad chridhe s u r raini thu n a ann , n ai a g c ladach thachair spiorad breige o rt a chuir sgleo air do ’ ’ ’ ’ s hil ilean s m earachd a d bheachd s mar tha chair do , a na faidhean sh tha thu nis a aithris Il a bre chuir o ean , g ige a ’ ’ i d fhan hu s ai an sp orad na ceannairc ad bh eul . Nan t g ’ ’ ’ h a leu hadh Facal Pir s a méorachadh air the tig g na inn , ’ ’ bhiodh tu ni s a dol mu n cuairt le a leithid sin de bhathar ’ ’ bao halt air d hih n g o g la .

7 4 THE CELTIC REVIEW

’ cho mear s a bha e com asach do chreutair cho reamhar ris a ’ bhith Cha r bb m s de chom anach-cluiche a h ha . c e s b o aga a p , ’ s mar sin daonnan cbmhla cc -dhin b ri m h ri inn , a ann at no ’ ’ Latha de Iaithean s cuilean s mi a d cr . r on na , an fein an i ’ ’ ’ ’ ar lan - ai hir hu leabhar bharr a bhuird s mu n d hu g , t it t g m s fainear ciod thachair fhuair s r m air leabhar i e a , e an g ei an ’ us strbic lan chraois de dhuill a an as u r hu ag e a e g . N ai a t g ’ ’ ’ ’ mi uaith an leabhar s a chunnaic mi gu m b e m Biobull a ’ bh ed thuiteadh c b r -dr m h air mu ch ann , g a a a o a an tig e lla ’ mo h c inn cha b urrainn da tuillidh pa irilis a chur orm . ’ ’ ’ u r fhuair mi 111 th dh s mi do m sh N ai a na teanga, inni ean ’ ’ amhair ciod a thachair ; cha b urr ainn d ise bheag de ’ ’ chomhfhurtachd thoirt domh s u r thaini mo sheanair a , n ai g ’ ’ ’ dhachaidh s a fhuair e dhinneir chaidh innseadh dha mu n ’ mh - i in thoirt i fhortan a thachair . Cha dh binn a chuile a a ’ ’ ’ m ch air b s b sin bhathadh un mhi onaid dalach s a all, e , a g , ’ ’ air son mo chodach- sa de n hnothach s orm thaini g , ann a g ’ ’ ’ a bhinn sin thoirt u bu s sin ri r dh s domh a g il ; e a , ann ’ a b éigin m o chompanach beag boidheach a chur gu bas . ’ ’ h mi m am bhroilleach s m o chridh e n m s T og lea e ann , i pi ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ s aineadh s n bha n t-uis a sileadh u r m chomhd g , o a g g t o ’ ’ umail tioram u r aich mi e le sgiath m o pheiteig ga ch . N ai ’ ’ ’ a rainig mi n linne dhubh s am biodh iad a bathadh ’ ’ ch is ch bha amharc cho dorcha dhuaichnidh s on at , i g , , nach robb de chruas - cridhe agam na leigeadh dhomh a

’ ‘ ir m ais bhruaich thilgeil innte . Thill mi ceum a o na ’ ’ - i hn haidh mi ti h f hreas b seili ch s chrubain h a b e s c s g o p eag , ’ ’ mi n sin gus an r obb mi cho fiiuch s ged a bhithinn air mo ’ ’ h h fhad dh fhanainn mar sin thumad s an ab ainn . Cia a ’ maireadh s us latha cha n fhio s domh ach bha nis na ol , , e ’ ’ ’ a fas d rob s t-am a dlilthachadh s am b dh o a, an ann io ’ Bha bbcain buidsichean taibhsean a ealadh mu n cuairt. g , , ’ ’ ’ sithichean s gach ni de n t- sebrs air an cuala mi riamh ’ iomradh ti hi nn am chuimhne s mi lan chinntea ch ch a g , na ’ ll h F nch us b fh ad gus am biodh iad ann am shea ad . li g ’ craicionn air chrith s fhuachd s ach b as mo an , lei an , eag ’ chiall s ea al um mi air m o bhonn s habh mi r d lei an g , le , g oi SPIORAD N AN TIMEANNAN A TE ’ ANN 7 5

’ ’ ’ - chum bruach na h aibhne s thilg mi n dil ile bheag s an linne . ’ ’ Thug e aon sgal as nuair a thilg mi e ; cha d éisd mi ’ ’ tuillidh hlaodh is ch mi s theich mi cho u h s ; g aoin , l at a ’ bheir eadh mi Nua1 r raini mi n h chaidh mo chasan . a g tig ’ ’ mi direach do 11 chulaig shéomair s an robh m l cadal ; thilg ’ ’ ’ mi um mi l i h mi dhl om m a odach s le do m eaba dh . C aoin an ’ sin mi c m o ob Cha bu luaithe thi eadh gus an robb a all li . g ’ ’ neul cadail orm bha s al dheireannach a chuilein a h , na g tig ’ ’ ’ ’

m chluais s bha mi s a mhionaid em fhair eachadh . inn na , lan

- Mhair an gnothach mar sin fad fi nn foinneach na h oidhche . ' ’ ’ ’ S a mhaduinn bha mis e cho tinn s nach b urrainn domb mo cheann tho il h dh i Thoisich m o sh a ga b arr an a a rt. ean ’ amhair chaomh air m ir ach ha d thuirt facal o dhocta e d. C i ’ ’ mu n chuilein ach tha mi Ian chinnteach gu n robh fhios aice ’ ciod bha cearr Bha dithis s h latha sin ai a . an tig an g an ’ r bb ionndrainn l hoirt B ia ma hair us com é . d sin t o g g , ag ’ ’ ’ ’ ch a chuilein s bha iom adh latha dhei h sin mu n pana , na g ’ ’ ’ ’ deachaidh s al a chreutair hi i B bu a g b g a m chlua s. e il ’ hnothaich mbi-shealbhaich so orm sa u n do habh mi an g , g g ’ ’ tlachd do n Bhlobull ch robh d r r éir h-aithne s bha na i i a na , mi m othachail air spiorad eas -umhlachd a bhi nis air m o ’ hiillan ch r bb roimh in Thea amh u n b r g na o ann e s . g g a ai ’ ’ sibhse ch r obh so ach nothach faoin s ch b fhiach na an g , na ’ ’ n il hu m s a innseadh chaitheadh ris ach e ine t g i e g a , f ’ eumaidh sibh aideachadh gur ann agam sa s fhearr a tha fhios air an drhghadh a r inn e orm aig an am ; drughadh a ’ ’ chum ni b h an rail air clar na cuimhne gus an latha n ding . ’ ’ Tha thu air sin ars s n direach m ar bha thu air a , e a , , a ’ ’ ’ a hb r c r . hu thu n seadh cearr as ni s tha thu nis a T g an , ’ ’ ’ stri ri thu fhirinneachadh s a ch r chur air muinntir fein , oi e ’ eile airson spiorad na ceannairc sin air am bheil thu labhairt s iorad ma chreideas tu mis ch do chuireadh annad le p , e , na a chuid oh cat ach thaini chum t-sao hail ona no , a g leat an g , ’ ’ s a tha so -leirsinn annad mar earrann de n chaileachd a ’ ’ ru adh Th h i h l i h il s g leat . a t u mar s n a gab ail do e t sge fein ’ ’ ’ a coireachadh dh ao air F umaidh tu in eil son do chi onta . e ’ ’ aideachadh ch ni ro fhiachail sin ach cha n thusa mar na , eil 7 6 THE CELTIC REVIEW

’ ’ ’ ' d hinn - aonna Bh i sin ach mar tha n cbrr e n c e d . o n a dh th ’ ’ ar c nd harantan de n mheas thoirmis te the. n du e p g , ine ’ ghnath a stri ri e fein fhirinneachadh le bhi caradh uallach a ’ ’ ’ chionta air uaillean s us an s h - n- d n h a fein g eile , g l t a i g ’ ’ gnathachadh a cheart leithsgeil a ghnathaich e n Garadh Edein A bhean so hu thu u bhi ma rium hu ise , a t g g ille , t g ’ ’ dhomh de n chrao ibh us dh ith mi — m ar tha thusa ag no , a ’ r dh du so hu thu u bhi sheanair dhomh g a an ine a t g g na ,

‘ ’ thug esan orm beatha cuilein a ghiorrachadh s chruadhaich ’ ’ ’ sin m o chridhe sin d su m do s eoil s cha n feum aga i g , eil e ’ tuillidh r dh m dh idhi nn Tha n t-am dhomh bhi ail a a u e . ’ ’ ’ - falbh air a al u isi h hu air r l . e g s g n to c t o sgeul ei e . Slan leat

— - Sin agaibh a nis mar a gheibhear iad a h uile fear cho ’ ’ ’ bearraideach s h toir cu earr rba as air ha n nac g ea ll . C eil ’ ’ fhios m cc - dh n tha mi s s breu aiche daoin aga i a e na g , no eile ’ ’ ’ na s tiol aiche b abhaist ach tha mi toirt fainear u m p na , g ’ ’ bheil e na s doirbhe dhomh creideas fhaotainn do n ni a their ’ ’ mi nis bha ri m b dh innseas mi nis do na e linn ige . Ma charaid de s eulachdan b -lochdach sin ch aon na g eaga , neo na ’ chum m h cr b dh fi or breu ach feumaidh eil a at no on, io i no g , ’ caraid sin m o cheasnachadh is m ath-cheasnachadh air an , a ’ ’ h - nile lide s puinc de n sgeul sin gus am bi mi cho searbh ’ ’ ’ ’ - hli de n ghn othach s a bha n losgann de n chleith c ata . Th ea amh ur so ma r theirear s iorad nan timeannan g g e , a , p a ’ ’ th s ch ceadaich an s iorad in do s iorad br e sam ann , na p s p ige b h ach bheul fhos ladh Tha mar sin u buileach it e fein a g . e g

’ ' ’ ’ feumail do dhuine mu m fos ail bheul u m bi chomas g e , g e na ch facal tha mh iann air labhairt dheanamh seasmh ach ga a a , a ’ am b u dithis triuir de dh fhianuisean b dh teisteas nam e l no , io ’ ’ fi anuisean sin mar dh fhao das e tha dearbh -chi nnt ur s a , g e

’ ’ ‘ ' fearr t fhacal A h déi sin air fad m h n . c h s na fein an g , a t a S piorad so ag radh nach do sgain mart mo charaid leis na ’ ’ ’ ’ dh ith i de n chlbbhar agus nach d ith an cruban tuillidh s ’ na bh a feumail dha ; agus nach d thugadh orm sa gu h - an iochdmhor cuilean bhathadh tha c d um ti hinn an a , en te a g f dh ’ ’ o am a radh ri spiorad nan tim eannan a th ann gu m bheil breu ach e g . BOOK REVIEWS 7 7

BOOK REVIEWS

- - B J MES Influence of the Pre Reformation Chwmh on Scottish Plaee Names. y A S t author of Folk MURRAY MA K INLAY A . F A nd an co C M. S . Lo . d , , . . ( ) , e o tish Lochs and i s E n ur h and London : am Lor f Scot Spr ng . di b g Willi n 4 d n s 1 9 . 2 6 ac wood a d So 0 1 3 . Bl k , .

The Celtic and the Roman Churches have both left their mark broad - m s f S t an T k s n n and dee on the a ce na e o co d. he r a d the s umerous p pl l Ki Kil , thou h the names are that the he to form const tute but a sma art g y lp , i ll p an names such as St Andr ws St d of the who e. . e . o swe s an l M y , , B ll , ans ha e e th er ost or have never had attached to them the t ms St. v er Fill , i l A ns a numb r ar ass t und r n Kil or Kirk. co ider ble e e ocia ed e o e or o ther o f her des nat ons th the r n ar such as mu r ar cu ter ig i Wi Vi gi M y, Kil i , M y l , d bank and th w T ames of man ac s conta n h La o er e . he n e t e words y , M ll y pl i cha e cross hos ta or s tta tem ar or annat and have to be ta en p l, , pi l pi l , pl , , k a c nt Th e monaster th d c se an th ar sh w h h nto cou . e o e d e t t e r i y, i , p i , i i ossess ons urisd ct ons and officials have ven such names as A n p i , j i i , , gi ppi , Mon and Arnmannoch Abbotshill Arn rior sho ric Chanonr and kl , , , p , Bi p , y, n th Th ar a t a ma o ers . ere e so the re re ts caves sarts o r deserts of the y l , , Dy ’ ea r sa nts andsca e features i e Port atr ic Loch aree and Inchafira ly i , l p l k p k, M , y, ort ons of and i e Godscroft dwe in s e Balnes ick and stone seats p i l l k , ll g lik p , or standin stones with e c es astica as a n Th sub e t is e w g c l i l soci tio s . e j c r vie ed M ac in a by r. M k l y with a wealth and accura cy of enumerati on and detail in ll s b a a it ranches . Kirks nd Kils have seven of the thirty chapters of the boo devoted to them cro sses and the dioc ese have each two and monaster es k , i and andsca e featur s each th e ha E ff rt ev dent has been l p e re c pters. very e o i ly made to br n to ether all that bea s h s The st f wor s i g g r upon t e ubj ect. li o k referred to wh ch fills ten a es w thout e haust n the number shows how i p g i x i g , much has been accom shed and how pli little has been overlooked . Th e adm ss on of some th n s that are uest onab e and the om ss on of i i i g q i l , i i names worthy of noti ce are defects that are inevitable in a work that covers such an e tens ve area and that is bas ed u n n th r t e The cave x i po so ma y au o i i s. at eem in Perthsh re was the retreat of St uthbert of L nd sfarne to W i . C i i , who m the church of eem is dedi cated and not of the fifteenth centur W , y , ’ St. avid enz es as is shown in A Few Notes on the Parish o W eem b D M i , f , y

- h R . t e ev R. G unbar Th . D . e name of the old buryi ng ground in the arish is not 0 111 Daidh but 0111 Da-Bhl that is Kildavie w th the p , , , i accent on the ast s ab e and co mmemorates a S a nt Bl of whom there l yll l , i , ‘ ’ ‘ ’ were two with do th refixed nstead o f the more fre uent mo m , , y , p i q , y . Aberfe d means not the confluence of Palladius but mouth of the Peld l y y , ae c Peallaidh o der P ealldaidh n w ca l o ed Moness urn . Pea laidh in G li , l , ll B , th s instance the name of a str eam is fam ar in the fo ore of the d str ct i , ili lkl i i as the nam of a fam s u s i e brown e r - e ou ru . . o wat r . e e e s ec a i g, i , k lpi , p i lly 7 8 THE CELTIC REVIEW

urn The name a ears a so in en associated With Moness B . pp l Gl lyon in Eas ’ ’ Ph allai h Peld s waterfa and Rui h e Pheallaidh Peld s she n e d . In , y ll, g , y ili g Lew s Piullaidh wh ch is e a ct th e form that Peallaidh wou d ta e in h i , i x ly l k t e

d a c f th e s and is a name for the devi . i le t o i l , l d is n llamuir rr emu r we are to oca own as K e . Old s e Ki i i , l , l lly k p llings

are K erimure 1 229 Killiemuire or Killiemuir 1 632. If mar e wh ch , ; , Kil i , i is a so sa d to be a name for the ace is a enu ne form it has no con l i pl , g i , nec t on w th the other forms uoted and oo s e a ded cat on to Mae i i q , l k lik i i lrubha K llamui i s m a rru t n f r and not to ar . e r s co o o r emu r mean n M y i ply p i Ki i i , i g the i ar r The m dd e s ab e in K ellamuir roves that h b g qu te . i l yll l p t e name

d oes no t mean the church or of ar . more in the ar sh of S eat Kil M y Kil , p i l in S e is b its ae c ronunc ation shown not to have been named after ky , , y G li p i , the r n The ands around the church here had ev dent been Vi gi . l i ly divided at an ear date nto two une ua ort ons of wh ch the ar er has been ly i q l p i , i l g named more and the ess be m ean n res ect ve bi K and Kil l Kil g, i g p i ly g ill ‘ ’ ’ tt mor ban a so is in ae c A h Mhor h i e . e t e b church li l Kill Kil , O , l G li C ill , g . In th s case in wh ch be is want n the church tse f ma have been i , i Kil g i g, i l y d st n u shed b its s z or m ortance from ne hbourin churches i i g i y i e i p ig g . The designation of churches by terms of magnitude is quite as admissible a th n rms Of the atter ther ar un s eir desig atio n by colour te . l e e doubted nst n s Th an ent ar sh of Redk irk or Red atrick in umfri ssh a ce . e c e re i i p i p , D i , ‘ s c r Th i n u in r tn a r means e ed . e r s ow incl ded G e a . F lki k p kl ki k ea liest ’ hr t r in S t and f wh ch we now an th n as Mr st an s ructu e co o . ac C i i l i k y i g, M k inla sa s was the church of and da asa at h thorn in townshire y y , C i C W i Wig , bu t b St N n an the son of a hrist an r nce ru n over a distr ct il y . i i , C i p i li g i ’ m hwit rn an Old En sh trans bes de the S o wa . h thorn is fro ae at on i l y W i , gli l i of and da asa mean n wh te house and was so named as ede informs C i C , i g i , , B us because N n an bu t there a church of stone Wh ch was not usua amon , i i il , i l g h The church is th ou ht b some to have ot its name from the t e Britons. g y g whiteness of the stone and by others from the colour of the cement used . It may well have received the name because of the contrast between a bu d n of masonr and the fam ar wooden structures ust as in ae ic il i g y ili , j G l s eech at th s da the newer houses in the bu d n of wh ch me ta es the p i y , il i g i li k ‘ ace of c a or turf are ca ed wh te houses in contrast with the old b ac pl l y , ll i l k ’ r a n a ar h te ir h us s Two other nstances ment oned b M . c e o e . i i y M ki l y W i k k h r The ae c n in Perth in uchan and h te r in addin tons e. B , W i ki k H g i G li Killi ‘ ’ sh re has been e a ned as hurch of a oo wh ch is o nted out in the i xpl i C p l, i p i ’ R ver Locha and hurch or bur n ace of in a one of whose re uted i y, C yi g pl F g l, p Th former der vat on notwithstandin raves is found in the c n t . e g Vi i i y i i , g the ass t n th wr ter in the New Statistical A eeownt does not su t the er io of e i , i The other honet cs the atter does but is ob ect onab e on other rounds. p i l , j i l g ns have to be e t in m nd and the are not furn shed w th conven ent Killi k p i , y i i i oo s or s f n a The v ew that now finds acce tance is that the p l grave o Fi g l . i p name means wh te church and that the who e com ound -th mu is the i , l p , Cill i , ocat ve of Csall-ib onu l i i . BOOK REVIEWS 7 9

The correct The masonry of the early monks has left other traces. r vat on of Elachnav from eileaeh old aileaeh a stone structure is uoted de i i e , , , q And ust as eileaeh comes from ail roc and from Professor Mackinnon. j , k, ns someth n made of roc so the oft-recurr n achan comes from mea i g k, i g Cl a c the clach stone and means someth n made of stone. In Ir sh e , , i g i G li - n r n r u s th us word means monastic sto ne cells either si gly o i g o p . Wi

- an aces that are ca ed achan in nowadays it means kirk town. M y pl ll Cl k n in En sh hurches were aced Gaelic are called Kirktown or Kir to gli . C pl s de stand n stones or stone c rc es but the hr st an not infrequently be i i g i l , C i i th name of the Pa n r m ns Clachans were not an adoption of e ga e ai . of the t e of r andrews K r m chae and r atr c in Names yp Ki k , i k i l, Ki kp i k, which kir k precedes the name of the patron saint after the Gaelic idiom fo ow n it accord n to En sh usa e sho w a subst tut on of instead of ll i g i g gli g , i i ‘ m t m ’ M En sh term for the ae c . So e es as r. ack n a sa s the gli G li i , M i l y y , ’ ‘ was Icil first and afterwards kirk and he c tes Kirkmabreck a place , i domini ther nsta nces in his a es are Kirk cormack and the and Kirk e. O i p g m add d Kirk atri k uxta In thsda e r br de and to the ma be e c J . Ni l Ki k i , y p n t those cases the change is proved by the old records . I o hers it is — n sh r found concurr ently in present day Gaelic and E gli . Ki kmichael in es tat on betw n th a S trathardle is still Cill Mhlcheil to the Gael . H i i ee e G elic nd the En sh order a ears in the old name of Tra ua r ar sh wh ch a gli pp q i p i , i ’ n m St ride s r and in th fam r was st ed at o e t e r br de or . e a yl i Ki k i B Ki k, ili n or Maid n k In other cases as r de r in Ar man ar sh r ma de e kir . Ki k i B y ki k p i , and Mar ir and Laurence ir both in ncardinesh re the En sh order yk k k k, Ki i , gli finit l ad The ract ce of trans at n kil nto kirk had has been de e y opted . p i l i g i be un ev dent as ear as the twelfth centur and is the true e anat on g i ly ly y, xpl i o f the facts u on the m sco nce t on of wh ch the assert on is based that the , p i p i i i w d e th r th S axo sire r the N rs i k a Gael borro e i e e n o o e k r j . The more prominent names that we miss here are Priest Island in Loch

room in ae c An Cléireach the c er c eau and th e Ross- sh re ar sh B , G li , l i B ly i p i ’ of earn wh ch are both in ae c A Mhanachainn the monaster and F , i G li , y Pa s ae c Paisli as e a n b Mr W J e ed . . atson from La t n i l y, G li g, xpl i y W , i

The nde e tendin to fu fort a es with doub e co umns ves i x, x g lly y p g l l , gi some dea of the number of names not ced in the boo an na i i k . M y mes that are easily found by their natural association with others are omitted even rom th s n nd Th va f i exte ded i ex . e lue of such a comprehensive collection is obv ous to ever one nterest d e in the sub ect. The wor is however i y i j k , , no mere enumerat on of names All necessar e anat on i . y xpl i s of origins and of church or an sation are ven and wherever ht can be shed or nt r s g i gi , lig i e e t ent not on h stor and ha o o but ecc es o o and hi o o and l , ly i y gi l gy, l i l gy p l l gy, even fo - ore are a d under co ntr ut h um th n lk l l i ib ion. T e vol e us bri gs together in com a ct form much cur ous and nterest n and not eas access b e p i i i g, ily i l , nformat on concern n the man names w th ecc es ast ca associa n i i i g y i l i i l tio s. 8 0 THE CELTIC REVIEW

Keltic Researches Studies in the History and Distribution of the A ncient Goidelic

Lan ua eand Peo les. B EDW ARD LL AMS BYRON NICHOL A S ON M. . g g p y WI I , , ’ s L brar an in the Un vers t f Bodley i i i i y of Ox ord . London : Henry

1 904 . vi 21 2 P de . rice 2 Frow 13 . net. , x ii ! pp

Th s work is ded cated to the memor of enr radshaw ate br ar an i i y H y B , l li i of the Un vers t of ambr d e whose d scover of the oo of eer and i i y C i g , i y B k D , whose paleographical and critical genius have permanently enriched Keltic ’ ’ s It ev nces much z ea f r e stud s on the of Studie . i l o lik ie part Bodley s L brar an at ford whose boo is fu of recondite matter there n made i i Ox , k ll i

read access b e. It has a fine courteous and human tone throu hout ily i l , , g , and whether one can ado t its o nt of view in who e or in art or d ssent , p p i l p , i ’ r f om one eas i holson s wor fu of nt n the e r erce ves Mr . N c erest , ily p i k ll i i g st s and on th wh n ar n us r th v d f su e on e o e s u in e o . e e e e ence or gg i , l i g l ly g i W i J the so ut on of the uest ons he dea s w th ess scant and er lexin l i q i l i l y p p g, ’ M N cho son s n enu t wou d a arent unrave the an ua e wh ch the r . i l i g i y l pp ly l l g g i P cts s o e and rove the su osed con uest of the P cts b the S cots an i p k , p pp q i y Th h r ed s n no ro er roof is absurd myth . ose indeed w o are wea i i ce p p p forthcoming that Gaelic was spo ken in Eden may find consolation in ’ ‘ Mr Nicholson s ni ht attem t in rtue of wh ch as h e assures us it has . k g ly p , Vi i , , been shown that Pict sh was a an ua e v rtua dent ca w th Ir sh i l g g i lly i i l i i , differing from that far less than the dialects of some English counties differ h h d r as w ca him—the Albanach as he ca s from each other . T e an e e Hig l , ll , ll h mse f in his own ae c —is ndeed in the vast ma or t of cases s m i l G li , i , j i y i ply the modern P ct and his an ua e modern P ct sh . To su o se that the i , l g g i i pp gr eat free people from which he is descended were ever conquered by a bod of Ir sh co on sts and that the an ua e he s ea s is mere an Ir sh y i l i , l g g p k ly i o on a d a ect are de us ons wh ch I h0 e no one w re ret to see finall C l i l i l , l i i , p , ill g y d ’ di spelle . ost of us of course now that our ancestors were never con uered and M , , k q , certainly cannotbe c onquered no w and though we perhaps would be di sposed to uarr e with them for the va ueness in wh ch the eft the P ct sh ast q l g i y l i i p , “ w th no memor of man a or ous deed save too scant chron c es and too i y y gl i , i l shadow nscr t ons in the north and east—un ess in Gi ha absent in Ar y i ip i l g , gyll — Mr ichol we our ancestors were never con uered and we ronounce . N ll , q , p son if to some e tent a k n ht-errant in the e es of the foo sh a ood e t , x ig y li , g K l and a ood man n en ous in h o o in nter ret n the ver est fra ments g , i g i p il l gy , i p i g i g of e t nct ton ues and are tem ted to e c a m : a o errare cum P atone x i g , p x l i M l l quam cum istis vera sentire A tt e forethou ht I conce ve on the art of our e t c ancestors in li l g , i , p C l i in ear a es perpetuating their languages through various written monuments ly g h u d do its would have obviated much haz ardous inquiry now ; this book s o l own part in strengthening th e hands of those who wish the present language h hands of of the Highlands to be saved from artificial massacre at t e educat ona 2 ma nat s The uest on of conserv n the an ua e is i l ( ) g e . q i i g l g g

82 THE CELTIC REVIEW

h n Th the end let them rest and be t a fu . e P ct sh fever c a ms man a , k l i i l i y

victim. It is a moot o nt whether it the Gadelic- s ea in ra p i , p k g ces had not m rated from the Eur o ean ma n and to an s and home we shou d a ig p i l i l , l tod y be in possession of such searchlights as may guide us on our way or warn us from sett n out and it is certa n that but for the recross n f i g , i , i g o Celtic m ss onaries from anc ent S cot a to the ont nent we shou d not have h i i i i C i , l t e specimens of Gaelic speech a s in the glosses of W iirzburg and of Milan from about the end of the seventh centur nw d T h o ar s. rue t e were but y , y revisiting regions formerly occupied by ancestors ; the Gadelic element extended Mr N cho son wou d a . ow from the anube to the mouth of , i l l ll , D the Loire and from the Ta us and the P0 to the mouth o f the Rh ne , g i . th what de ree of cont nu t is matter of uest on as is a so the Wi g i i y q i , l resemb ance of ont nenta Gadelic d a e t t n h About th l C i l i l c s o o e anot er . e fifth centur the e t c forces smashed the Etruscans and thereafter y C l i , shoo Rome but whether the Em re-brea ers who have eft us far too tt e k , pi k , l li l of their an ua e at that t me to bu d u on ca ed themse ves in the r own l g g i il p , ll l i ‘ ’ an ua e e ts a word co nate w th erman Held hero or in a dia ect of l g g C l , g i G , , l the Ita an borders au s wh ch enab ed aesar to s ea of them as a li , G l , i l C p k G lli, ‘ ’ from a stem as in ae c al va our the but r evea ed the e tem era G li g , l , y l lik p ‘ ’ ment that meets us in the acc a m : Tir nam Beann nan eann s nan l i , Gl ’ ais ach G ge . hi h h Mr. Nicho son ub ished his stud of the Co n fra ments w c ere l p l y lig y g , forms A end IL under the t t e S e uan an - first ste s in the nvest a pp ix , i l q i p i ig ’ n a ua in Ma 1 9 8 t on of a new d scovered a c ent Euro ean n e 8 . i ly i i p l g g , y hether his nter retat on of rinni etioucc be finall re arded as at all W i p i p , p y g oss b e or otherw se and it mi ht be found best to ask whether ) be not p i l , i ( g 1 ’ r u s s th o n Ca endar i an Mr Ni holson f om in these ca e e s e t c d . c s g ) , C lig y l C l i , stud of it is nterest n thou h it is remature to ta e it as ent re y i i g, g p k i ly conc us He ver e h ts the mar in render n E uos the tem erate l ive. y lik ly i k i g g p ’ month as a so in ew n the S e uan as hav n m rated eastwards from , l Vi i g q i i g ig n s n h S e uana th re-Se uan an their former settleme t o t e q ( e S eine) . A p q i dialect or borrowing from neighbours will account for names like Epaman duodorum (Mandeure) and Loposagium (Luxiol) found within their t rrit r The r ver S e uana is r ht der ved b S to es from setké ush e o y . i q ig ly i y k , g ’ ’ ‘ our forth and r eaders f Mr N h s n wi than out S anscrit secana o . c o o , , p , i l ll k m a t m st hi f his a t uotat on fro St. rt n wh ch ets us see tha o m or p q i M i , i l e the r ver first ot its name at or above hat on-sur-Se ne be ow lik ly i g C ill i , l which its bed is never dry . What is offered as tentative suggestion o ught not in the final instance S met m s Mr h a e it count . o N c o s n is a t to m to be accepted for more i e . i l o p k ‘ = f r As to the month Edrini he sa s I su est that it the Lat. o more. , y , gg ’ e and that the stem dren to mount is found in the name wh ch ma gj , i y ’ ‘ n The wou d rather the month of outs r n . stem dre however p i gi g w} , , l ’ His ex ive dreim and it is wiser to re ard the mean n as un nown. g , g i g k BOOK REVIEWS 8 3

’ ‘ ’ ‘ anat on of ATENVX a s Furtherni ht er od of fifteen n hts seems pl i g , p i ig , strengthened by the fact that the Welsh numerals for 1 6 1 9 mean while he may be right 1n suggesting that the habit i n French of reckoning by the quinzaine or quinz e j aw s is a relic of the K eltic Calendar ; but seeing the Italians have their quindici giomi there remains a possibility of its not being merely a survival of a habit confined Above all the e ts counted b n hts not da s : a ae c ex e ts. to C l , C l y ig , y G li — pression has it that night holds precedence of day Thig an oidhche roimh ’ i The ustrat ons from r ttan in the notes to the effect that the n la ha . ill i B i y weath er of th e 1 2 months was thought to be foretold by that o f the first 1 2 days of January - the name given to these in Cornuaille being qawr ‘ ’— dezion ours eh lus ow s su lementaires are ara e ed b the h , j p , V pp p ll l y Hig nd 1 2 da s of hr stmas da latha dhia an Nollai wh ch as weather la y C i ( g g) i , forecasts ar e he d to ro nost cate that of the 1 2 unar months . Pennant , l p g i l ‘ records that whatever weather there is on the 1 2 days beginning with he ast of ecember the same w a r ee w th the weather of the corre t l D , ill g i ’ m nth S ome too them to be the 1 2 da s betw h l n spo nding o . k y een t e O d a d th e New Style seemingly they were intercalated to equate the lunar with s ar ear N t o andse onda in S as Dil in Taosda the o . o e to e aa r l y , , H l M y ky , from which are reckoned the 1 2 day s corresponding in weather to the 1 2 h f t a m n hs st are r c n a mont s o he ye r . The Gaelic o t ill e ko ed s corresponding ortn h s h m nth f wh ch La Bealltuinn is th m s b f t e. t e o o e dd ns st . e co y ig , g i i l i of the ast fortni ht of s r n and the first fortn ht of summer and th s l g p i g ig , i ves a er od of 1 5 n hts if we reco ect that with old h and eo e gi p i ig , ll Hig l p pl ht is f h the nig counted be ore t e day . The pages on Pictavian in the third appendix appeared already in the eits m t ar Celt Philolo ie the nscr t on on the eaden tab et found in Z ch f f . g i ip i l l

- w rs Mr h 88 in a we a t Rom south est of Poit e . N c o son r a d . 1 7 e r s as ll , i , i l g abounding in examples of Indo-European p and desti ned to revolutionise most curr ent be efs as to the h stor of the e t c an ua es and conc udes li i y C l i l g g , l that the inscriptions and proper names of the entire ancient K eltic- speak ’ in area re u re to be e am ned from a tota chan ed stand o nt He g q i x i lly g p i . finds that the name of the river P0 was ven to it b - reserv n e ts gi y p p i g C l , and that reservin e ts ved in erona wh ch he wou d confirm from p p g C l li V , i l a word used b re or of Tours in descr b n an nc dent at ermont in y G g y , i i g i i Cl ’ ’ Auver ne viz . ( max cf. Ir sh 8m a dr n n vesse from o to drin g , , , i , i ki g l, (p) k, n h x v 1 00 evide tly t e word used by Martial ( i . )

P anac a , Si no n igno ta est docti tibi terra Catulli po tasti testa Raetica Vina m ea

h t e panaca being the Celtic name of th e vessel used in the country of atul F r n m h off r C lus . o Mila (Medi olanu ) e e s a new derivation from Medi ‘ ’ ’ olwnon the we hin ace for wo woo - mart h o . T e wa , ig g pl l, l ll of Milan bore the re r f Mr h esentat on o a fleece and . Nic o son re ards p i , l g the river Olana 8 4 THE CELTIC REVIEW

on which an stands as s nco ated for an-o na from th Mil y p Ol , e shreds of wool nt The Racatae on th n floating d own its curre . e orth of the Danube are uer ed as e t c wh ch the e were the word surv v n in th q i C l i , i y lik ly , i i g e present da Cz eck an ua e as the name for enna and is no doubt f y l g g Vi , ound in the ‘ ’ ‘ ae c meaid a no se borrowed nto En sh as in hrase c n G li , i , i gli p ki ki g up a t ’ racke . '

Let me add anent . 38 that eshta is common in ae c as éuchd a f a p G li , e t ’ ’ f va our 1 7 1 bhithaidh shou d have iii not ai 29 St s s o . o e e uat on l ; p. l p k q i ’ ‘ ’ ‘ ’ of Adamnan s Scia s e of S e w th sciath w n hence the w n ed , i l ky , i , i g, i g ’ i m b Th - me N sha ed Is e of S e s oss e. e r ver na eth 3 . 7 n. p l ky , i p i l i y (p ) ’ ‘ ’ can have noth n to do w th naitheas harm misch ef wh ch is = neathas i g i , , i , i , ‘ ’ ‘ mans au hter in Shaw and is in Ir sh niadhas va our it is rather l g , i , l ‘ — from root in Nix e nik-sa a water s r t tha 71a neithiehean a ti hina i , , pi i g , ’ the n es are com n bein the hrase uttered when the Neth comes ixi i g, g p y nia 7 1 seems rather to b co na d wn at Hercu . 1 e t w th th o in s e. e o c p , p , g i G i ’ ’ ‘ ‘ h h This is on o f th air uni h are cwnia ca ne . e e cases where we f g ill, p , , ig

- have h for Indo European p .

h i h n GN S M H la ds B A U ACLEAN A . tu/r o t e . M M D . t e . s The Li era . o f g y , , i and S on L 3 d net ac e td . 7 . 6 Bl k , . .

’ ntains the th rd ear s e t s d r b D u This book co i y l c ure elive ed y r . Magn s Mac ean in the Universit of as ow under the aca um e ues l y Gl g M ll B q t. ‘ ’ avin dea t in the rev ous vo ume w th The L terature of the e ts H g l p i l i i C l , n n s h mse f to the terature of the h ands He is b t he now co fi e i l li Hig l . e ter ualified to write on th s sub ect than on the w der one of e t c terature q i j i C l i li , nt d out Perh yet many d efects might be poi e . aps one of the most striking ac of the sense of ro ort on a arent in both th is a curi ous l k p p i pp ese books . me not ceab e om ss ons To m Ther e are a so so . ent on o n one we m ss l i l i i i ly , i r ona d ac echn e one of th most th h f the name of M . e ou t u and cul D l M k i , g l tured of resent-da writers of ae c oetr as we as an e ce ent and p y G li p y, ll x ll But the auth racy writer of Gaelic prose. or probably does not aim at being com ete but rather at v n the outs der an dea on fa r w de nes of pl , gi i g i i , i ly i li , the characteristics and works of the chief Highland po ets during and since his boo dea s a m st th acob te eriod . For o ent re w th the bards e J i p k l l i ly i , n rha s there is e cuse for th s as a art from devot ona bo o s a nd a d pe p x i , , p i l k th t n s of Norman ac eod and a few others the terature roduced e wri i g M l , li p er od w th wh ch Dr n m st in Gaelic within the p i i i . Maclea d eals has been al o The ar er art of the boo is ta en u w th the reat entirely verse. l g p k k p i g acob te t mes and thou h no one w den the r ht of Mac poets of J i i , g ill y ig Mhai hstir Alasta r u a d uchanan Donnachadh Ban and Rob onn g i , D g l B , , D to th h ef attent on the are a owed to overshadow too much the man e c i i , y ll y h r own and oth r m ac ean ta es th s of t e e t es Dr . e other good composer i i . M l k very satisfactory method of dividing th e poets into chapters under the name of the ch ef re resentative of each ar t cu ar c ass so that under Donnachadh i p p i l l , BOOK REVIEWS 8 5

Ban for nstance we et oets of nature under uchanan re ous o ets , i , g p , B ligi p n s n rom th e ure terar stand o nt th s method has reat a d o o . F p ly li y p i i g ’ an A ha te is devoted to ss an ac herson and the o nts adv tages . c p r O i M p , p i Probab most which raised such bitter controversy are cited anew. ly f persons are content to believe tha t Macph erson got some po ems or pieces o ’ oems —the uestion is and w cont nue to be How much did he et 1 p q , ill i , g — nd t t h manufactured connect n n s of var n en ths and even a ha e i g li k yi g l g , the oems h did et Yet it seems hard credib e that he mod ernised p e g . ly l Dr Sm h actua and n nt ona assed 0 3 as that a man like the Rev. . it lly i te i lly p oems wh ch he new to be recent ii ndeed he had not h mse f antique p i k , , i , i l om o sed them and that such for er es were er etrated not b one erson c p , g i p p y p n n hi w n Th an but b severa each act n a are t o s o n t at ve. e ss c y l, i g pp ly i i i i O i i ’ t vers of ac herson s t me did much ood however for so much had con ro y M p i g , , the old literature of the Highlands been forgotten and neglected during the long y ears of strife and warfar e that no one was able to contradict definitely hns n that there w n the dogmatic statement of the imperi ous Dr . Jo o as ot in n ars The ta nt set all inte stenc a i MS o der tha 1 00 e . u rested exi e Gael c . l y to h tas f o t n MSS wh ch were in unnot ced and uncared for t e o c ec . k ll i g i ly g i , ’ and to th s we owe much of wha t is reserved b the Advocates L brar i p y i y, th h an S t an s It a so r ous d an nterest e d oc e d other bod e . e in Hig l i y, i l i e t c terature as a who e so that h anders owe some rat tude to C l i li l , Hig l g i ‘ ‘ the reat d t onar -ma r A ha ter on Prover s a nd one on Trave g ic i y ke . c p b l and stor conc ude a vo ume wh ch is easant and readab e and which Hi y l l i pl l , wi su the ae w th mu n nformat on ll pply G l i ch i nteresti g i i .

- E L h Connach GL L . D T n E n s o B D U AS YD . e Du m r The Love So t. O e g f y H , 6 i s 3 d. m . Pre s undrum c ub n. 1 0 . C . , D , D li

From the Dun Emer Press comes a dainty edition of the English of ’ d h Love-Son s o Connacht It is n of the beaut fu roductions r . s o e D Hy e Te g f . i l p wh ch ss eats is v n to bo o - overs Pr nted b hand on e uisit i Mi Y gi i g k l . i y xq e hand-made Ir sh a er in a t e su est ve of the old r nt of the be n i p p , yp gg i p i gi n n of ast centur but wh ch is neverthe ess uite c ear and readab e i g l y, i l q l l , th ese charming works of art are so greatly appreciated that they go out of r nt as fast as the are ssued and seem e to e ua in ub c esteem p i y i , lik ly q l p li the r nt n of am orr s in whose ste s ndeed ss eats and her p i i g Willi M i , p i Mi Y n at Dun Emer are fo ow n colo y ll i g. Dr d has been f r tuna Th Ir sh . e o te as a t r e ri s Hy collec o . i ly c he has o ected are of reat beaut and oss ss an n m tab e charm h a c e . T e h ve ll g y, p i i i l y the freshness of Nature in the s r n t me and the charm of d rectness p i g i , i n m t o those who hav f r d r i ss f a d si plici y . T e o me thei mpre ions o Irish song from the ord nar co ect ons th s bo o w be an ns rat on The abs n . e ce i y ll i , i k ill i pi i f c n nt on sm and artifi i l n s i f h n h s n s o o ve i ali c a co ceit s re res i g . T ese o g have come stra ht from the h a ts of th nn ht easantr Their a e r e o ac . uthors ig C p y , ‘ Dr . de te s us were not eo e who wrote for a st me or to see what Hy ll , p pl p i 8 6 THE CELTIC REVIEW f the cou d do in the wa o oetr . L e the b rds the s n because y l y p y ik i , y i g m t they us . If Dr de has been fortunate in his mater a h e has a so shown him . Hy i l , l wor man e trans ator M ats in hi h f e a W . B. e s s r ac se f to be . r . ort e l k lik l Y , p , ‘ contrasts him w th other eaners and trans ators who had an e hteenth i gl l , ig centur st e and too the sa and easure out of s m e thou ht and y yl , k p pl i pl g n The h r emotio . ir orses were always steeds and their cows D . de has not fa en nto th s error His s in draw n forth the sh Hy ll i i . kill i g y s rit of the or na is aston sh n th a ht and ract sed hand h e pi igi l i i g . Wi lig p i ves in fine En sh a render n that enera r eta ns much of the e usive gi , gli , i g g lly i l charm of the or na Th r s r n a n rha s the best thou h . e o e t a s t o s are e igi l p l i p p , g those in metre are a s txr m l But in read n them one fee s l o e e e y good . i g l somehow removed to a gr eater distance from the mind of the original writer hen D d a m rna assonance . e t u h inte W r. Hy te pts to r eprod ce t e l so comm n in a o fa r Inter o G elic p etry th e result is hardly so satis cto y . linear and terminal vowel rhymes can scarcely be regarded as characteristic En i t n da of sh in he ast and are certa n not natura to it at the rese t . gl p , i ly l p y Un ess ver s ar n used a sense of stra n is fe t and somet mes the mean l y p i gly , i l , i in is in dan er of be n obscur d Yet in Ir sh and S cott sh ae c o etr g g i g e . i i G li p y, es ec a in verses ntended for s n n the harm on of vowe assonance p i lly i i gi g, y l fu satisfies the ear and even the d ssonant term na consonants are lly , i i l n Th n but a scarce ot ced . e ch min of the vowe s is not a mere e ly i i g l ji gl , refin i d of a The e ld s n s ar a a uab e her ta e ed k n lliteration. s o o g e v l l i g

‘ A tune is more ast n than th e vo ce of the b rd l i g i i , ’ l h r d A word is more asting than the riches of t e wo l .

Thou h the ae c is om tted from the resent ed tion the reader can g G li i p i , ns at on S ome enj oy much of the original quality o f the songs from th e tra l i . of the son s are tender and ent e th an undercurrent of me ancho g g l , Wi l ly and of soft r e ret others are o ous and a few are defiant rebe ous out g , j y , , lli s a n t th s t sm f fa A m st all the ima es are ta en from cri e ag i s e de po i o ct. l o g k nd the t fe n for st i an of the meta hors Nature a e c e e s here. , C l i li g yl M y p are new and startling to English th e desolate heart is compared to a tree ’ in th e m dst of a mounta n and it without roots or heart sound . Or it is i i , ’ ‘ A nnacht ma d as a sun over an ab ss w thout s ee w thout r est. o y i l p, i C i who gave her love to a man who did not understand it uses thi s marvel lousl v v d ma e M heart is bru sed and bro en k e ice u on the t0 y i i i g , y i k li p p ’ of water A omm n and beaut fu ss on in these son s for the oved . c o i l expre i g l ’ one is star of n d —reult L v e a ts fee n and u c ens k owle ge eblais. o e x l li g q i k It n w n h n n nd n of the or perception. gives e i sig t a d a finer u dersta i g gl y and beaut of the wor d S one s n s y l . o i g

‘ 0 outh whom I h ave k ssed k e a star throu h the m st y , i li g i , ’ I have ven thee th s h eart a t ether gi i l og .

‘ ’ ‘ ’ And a a n 0 ove earned star ! The son I sha not die for thee g i , l ly, l g, ll , BOOK REVIEWS 8 7

‘ ’ ’ ‘ l are a curiously reminds one of Wi th er s Shall I wasting in despair few lines from a fine song

R n leted outh of m ove i g y y l , th th lo ck s bound loosel beh nd thee W i y y i , assed b the r oad above Y ou p y , u never came to hnd me But y o . as the h arm for ou W h ere w y , If you cam e for a little to see me ! Your k ss is a wak en n dew i i g , s l r d ream W ere I ever o i l o so y .

thou ht 0 m love ou were so I g , y y As th e moon is o r sun on a founta n , i , n hou ht after that ou were snow A d I t g y , The cold snow on to p of th e mountain ; A nd I though t after that you w ere more ’ L k e God s lam sh n n to fi nd me i p i i g , Or the br ht star of k now ed e before ig l g , ’ h nd me A nd the star of k nowledge be i .

How immeasurably superior is this tender song of a Connacht maid to the insane drivel o f city musi c halls W e are grateful to the gleaners who such treasur a h f m the death of ob v on And wh e so preserve es s t ese ro li i . il much has been done fo r the rev va o f the old let us ho e that someth n i l , p i g d n for h r a o h new hen r ead n such a wor as may be o e t e c e ti n of t e . W i g k th s one fee s that the nat ona t of th e e t c eo es so on reserved i , l i li y C l i p pl , l g p , is we worth ee n ntact and that the e ts w do the r best wor for ll k pi g i , C l ill i k n t m literature by bei g rue to the selves .

i tn EGO London : John Murra ds and h i ADY R RY . Go F Men. B L g g y G y,

1 904 . 63 . net. — In this book the third of a seri es uniform in—outward appearance though one of them differs in the form of literature Lady Gregory deals with the old ta es of Ire and w th the old characters round whose names has l l , i gathered such a wealth of tradition that it is impossibl e for even the most e ert to sa ust how much is enu ne ersona e how much is due to the xp y j g i p g , ma nat on and how much is sem -re ous m tho o or how much is i gi i , i ligi y l gy originally Celtic and how much is borrowed from o ther peoples with whom the e ts in the r wander n s came nto touch In a former o Lad C l i i g i . bo k y Gregory told us in sequence the stories of the Cuchullain cycle and here sh e te s us a so in chrono o ca order the stor es of the r m c c e from ll , l l gi l , i Fi y l , the comin of the Tuaths De anaan and their fi ht w th the irbo s g D g i F lg , down through the wonderful exploits of Fionn and his companions to the co ming of Patrick of the Bells a nd the lonely old age of the blind O ssian ’ aft i from th an f h Ev r- un W r er h s return e L d o t e e o . e ead Patric s y g of St. k — attempts to bring Ossian to the Christian faith the lengthy and some 8 8 THE CELTIC REVIEW

nts never ose th r in r s Our s m th n a times heated argume l ei te e t. y pa i es i vari bly o to the veteran warr or- oet who ossesses a nd in a h h de ree adm res g i p p , ig g i , the s m e v rtues and whose staunch o a t to his ch ef and father onn i pl i , l y l y i , Fi ,

ld- t me comrades touch n c a In h and t his o eve the ec es st c. t ese dia o ues o i , l i i l g the Paganism which Ossian represents is invariably made to appear more nob e m ore set with the e ementa v rtues and more des rab e in ever wa l , l l i , i l y y n is the ecc es ast ca hr st an t of his o n nt Yet Patr c is not tha l i i l C i i i y ppo e . i k without sympathy even for the tales which Ossian has to tell of the great ds of th Feinn In his chara fa r ats te s us that e ter st re ce M . e de e e. c i ic p Y ll this book is not meant for such as have retained and value their Gaelic b rthr ht but rather for those who whether of the ae c race or not have i ig , , G li , not had the ad vantage of hearing these tales by the turf fires and in the old traditional way in which they have lived and grown through the n ur To thos wh ha h nc w th them th w ce t ies. e o ve ad no acquainta e i ey ill be a reve at on in the r var et of ma nat on and ma er in the r artist c l i i i y i gi i i g y , i i r an n n i f th r d T fo m d e ress o a d n the fitness and a tness o e ction. o xp i , p i i — — some those who have heard them in their native glens they will bring memor es wh ch can never be unha To the a e of Scot and the w i i ppy . G l l y ill reca the too much for otten nk s of a common ast and the w ll g li p , y ill stren then his fee n of nsh w th the ae o f Ire and for much of what g li g ki ip i G l l , n ns i f h h ands this bo ok co tai s also embodied in the lore o t e Hig l . It is a great advantage to have the historical sequence o f the events iven in th s wa and is not the east of the e ce ences of a boo wh ch g i y, l x ll k i is one to read and to re-read and wh ch wi be found e ua fresh and , i ll q lly fasc nat n each t me for these ta es never ose the r charm and the En sh i i g i , l l i , gli words whi ch Lady Gr egory has given them are almost as delightful as their natural Gaelic.

The End o the Son B the COUNT SS or ROMART E. London f g. y E C I 1 9 4 63 h nd . 0 utc nson a Co . . H i ,

Lad romart e weaves ta es of her own nat ve h ands and she does y C i l i Hig l , it with a directness and a simplicity that make h er book very pleasant ” ad n Her fi st st r whi h d v des nto two sect ons is indeed r re . r o c ather i g y, i i i i , we rd and Blavatskian and erha s shou d not be chosen b a nervous i , p p l y ’ person to read when sitting alone on a wild winter s night ! For it begins as a stor of r m t ve e ts and of a har er the son of a chief who is on y p i i i C l p , , embass t a hos h f The har er and the ni ece of the host e ch ef y o tile c ie . p il i oved each other to the r undo n for her unc e and his eo e did not l i i g, l p pl esteem a member of an o os n tr be des rab e as a husband for her and pp i g i i l , har er and envo thou h he be he is treacherous ed and the r w p y g , ly kill , gi l ill not survive him In the second art of the stor we find them both re . p y ncarnated he as a h and a rd and she as a sweet and nte ent r both i , Hig l l i i llig gi l, stud ous f h S t there is i o t e Gaelic past and both again loving each other. ill ’ o os tion—this time from the r s aunt who has other v ews for the oun pp i gi l , i y g

9 0 THE CELTIC REVIEW

’ P a and Persona Names in Ar e mar ed b that modern scho arsh l ce l gyl , k y l ip which native Gaelic speakers so abundantly lack in dealing with such matters but unfortunate for the ub c he has never athered them nto , , ly p li , g i - Th re have a so been s boo form. e evera other com etent and at the same k l l p , , t me ae c-s ea in h o o sts who d ea t w th the ace-names of dif i , G li p k g p il l gi l i pl oca ties in a ers and art c es more or ess fu t v Mr n ferent e. . atso l li p p i l l gi i W , h owever is r ea the first ae in the field w th a wor wh ch can be , lly G l i k i honest ca ed scientific wh ch s stemat ses its resu ts in a wa he fu for ly ll , i y i l y lp l st ators in th s difficult sub e n inve ig i j ct. It has only been too pai fully — — evident of late years that only a learned native Gael or a German can rea dea with the e t c names of S c t and th rto the authors of lly l C l i o l . Hi e works on S cottish place-names have not taken the trouble to learn the ae c an ua e—and that too a an ua e wh ch ossesses a doub e set of G li l g g , , l g g i p l inflections in t a and as usua final not to ment on the fact of its difficult , i i l , , l, , i ontinenta ronunc ati n It is no wonder th n a na h wr ter on C l p i o . at o e S sse c i the sub ect on ettin from a i h ander the correct ae c formof a j , g g H g l G li certain combination whi ch he meant for the explanation (by app earance) of a certa n ace-name r e ected th s correct form as s oi n his der vat on i pl , j i p li g i i , and kept his own original wrong combination ! S uch a scientist as the ate ames Macdona d of unt who honest tr ed to ac u re the lan l J l H ly , ly i q i ua e never atta ned com ete correctness in re roduc n ae c names g g , i pl p i g G li n un d to him b the nat v s a h t a ar e caus n pro o ce y i e . Wh t wit he G elic ticl i g as rat on and ec s s bewi der n to a non- e t and the other honet c pi i lip i , l i g C l , p i and syntactic finesse of a language which has undergone more than ordinary

h o o ic chan e ae c is a an ua e wh ch on a ver we tra ned onto p il l g g , G li l g g i ly y ll i n h t d w th Th s train n our a -name hilolo~ sider can have a yt ing o o i . i i g pl ce p n r And th r are a s th h stor of the gists as yet refuse to u de go . e e l o e i y

- — language its changes through hundreds of years and the history of the m all n nt c n It ma tru countr dur n the same t e to be ta e o ac ou t. y i g i , k i y ly be said that the writer who undertakes to deal with the Celtic place-names n of S cotland must undergo no ordinary linguistic and historic traini g. Mr atson fulfils all the re u rements of th e h o o st we need to . W q i p il l gi

ida u e t a -nam s His Introdu t on of some hundred a es eluc te o r C l ic pl ce e . c i p g In dea n is a m ne of ract ca nformat on thorou h s stemat sed . i p i l i i , g ly y i li g with ae c names the student w be first struc w th th e ar e ace G li , ill k i l g pl wh ch he ves to suffixes To the ord nar h o o ist ever end n in i gi . i y p il l g y i g ‘ ’ h i f achadh fi eld M atson sh ws th s suffix to be old e t c a s s or r . o , W i C l i ’ ‘ - ~ deum denotin a ce oi such as arn-ach ace of ca rns or orn och , g pl , C , pl i , D , ‘ ’ ace of hand-stones He shows w th c earness how suffixes comb ne pl . i l i ’ - - ‘ Muc ar ’ n a ch ace of s where we have three suffix es ar an aeh . i , pl pig , ( , , ) One important point which he brings out is the undoubted existence of a d minut ve h ath or -idh at east in old P ct and He adduces lochaidh i i , l i l . , badaidh and la aidh a s utstandin am hese suffixes seem to be o e es. T , g g x pl

th e old ic end n in -io- o r f m ~ ia th a te ver common in river e t s e . e t r C l i g , , l y

names. The difficult here however is the modern ae c ronunc ation y , , G li p i BOOK REVIEWS 9 1

l -id - i s a a c The e sh however ronounce or in fina h not e as n u u e . , l G li W l , , p ,

~ - - wou d seem rather s e th s end n ia s in its modern form as dd. It p ll, i i g ( ) y l

- f P ct sh that in thi s diminutive ending aidh we have distinctive traces o i i f th -n m s W e have such d m nut ves or Brittonic pronunciation o ese place a e . i i i f r arr o-s in old ae c in certa n ersona names such as arre St. arr o , G li i p l , B ( B ) B i and th s a a n for arro-v ndos or Barrfhind wh ch we now to be the fu i g i B i , i k ll Those ac ua nted w th the old charter forms of ace name of the Saint. q i i pl

names now that -is th e S cott sh form of G ~ aiclh is cont nua nterchan ed k , i . , i lly i g w th -ih Th s ast wh ch does not usua e st in a ae c form must be i . i l , i lly xi G li , m- end n from -i6 en 4 k n wn we in S cott sh the old P ct sh ste . 7103 in 71 o i i i g ( , g ) , ll i ae c and iv n r se to the modern ae c ura ust e the wea G li , g i g i G li pl l , j lik k n h T uton c an ua es at n h s and ndred stems i t e e i l g g . M erial for pursui g t i ki ’ w be found in abundan e in m W e ma o nts c Mr atson s vo u e. p i ill . W l y also note his excellent tabulation of Norse vowels and consonants in Gaelic it shou d be ver usefu to stud n es not l y l e ts of N or thern names. But do omer nod in e a n n S ars as S aur- Mud-ba the honet cs of H xpl i i g ig Vik ( y) , p i wh ch b the tab e resu t in Sbrai 2 om are S oroba S orb and En sh i y l l g C p , y, gli

The main body of the work deals sa i atim with the twenty-nine mainland arishes of Ross and w th Lew s in en ra E h ar sh forms as it were e . ac p i i g l p i , , a cha ter b tse f the ace-names are dea t w th in se arate art c es p y i l pl l i p i l , ‘ ’ vocabu ar -w se but not in a ha a Th En sh or ma bet c order . e l y i , lp i l gli p name is ven first then the old forms from charters documents or gi ; , , h stor es then the ae c form where such is e stent and a st the i i ; G li , xi ; , l ly, mean n or der vat M r on. r atson ha ar all th ronunc at ons e i g i i . W s he d e p i i p sonall and he has v s ted ra t f th un On th s c ca v n r e co t . y, i i p i lly e ery cor e o y i head the wor is most thorou hl done and the der vat on offered su ts k g y , i i i the charac f h ter st cs o t e ace if it be named after an character st cs . i i pl , y i i The county name Ross he is inclined to derive from Brittonic or Pi ctish ‘ ’ sources corres ond n to e sh rhos a wo d rather than from ae c roe , p i g W l , l , G li , ’ a romontor but the words ar n d u t m t he sam r mart e o b u t a e t e. o p y , o l i ly C y ‘ ’ contains the ad ect ve cram bent but the old forms are uz z n and the j i , , p li g, ’ ‘ ’ modern ae c Cromba nts n - o o a Mr . atson to crom bath curved se . G li p i ly , W ‘ restores the old name as rom-b—s ehd an the I) be n a deve o ment of C , i g l p ( ‘ ’ P ct sh t mes 1 and the rest mere suffi h t n n Ba P xes t e ota mea ace. i i i ) , l i g y l P ct sh Norse and ae c names o one another all over the count but i i , , G li j g y, , as the author we sh ows there is a mark ed d fference between Easter Ross ll , i na mes and those of ester Ross the atter be n more a e c and more W , l i g G li modern rea The Norse e em nt st s a t h lly . l e op t e B eauly with Tarradale and Es ada e Ashd a e ate e a ned as Uis d ai P h names ar e l l . ct s e k l ( l , l ly xpl i g ) i i

m n f th s - com o in East Ross . One o e e we have in Bal e th doubt ess for k i , l o der Pit—e th ae c a e-na- o e a trans a n h h as M ats n t o w c r. o l k i ; G li , B il C ill , l i i , W ’ o nts out seems to rove that e th means wood from a word a ed to p i , p K i , lli ‘ ’ e sh coed wood au sh ceto a ed to En s a h Dal- th h he t . e is W l , G li lli gli k i ‘ ’ therefore ritton c in both e ements P ateau of the wood e sh dol B i l , l (W l , 9 2 THE CELTIC REVIEW

n a w us f w Mr atson i l S ace does ot o to o o . further n P ct sh dul da . i i , ) p ll ll W nterest n der va t ons but we must ment on some old or quoting his i i g i i , i he has n nab d to r n se or r scu St peculiar words which bee e le ecog i e e. rikingly ‘ h appy is his derivation of the place-names Nonak il ( church N ew ‘ more Dalnavie and Navit from the old ae c nemed neimhidh now a , , y, G li ( ) , ’ ’ i bhe ‘ sacred ace wh ch we have a so in Rosneath . Eirbhe or a r a wa pl , i l , ll,

ltnaharri r / ind f u rush saothair a ne is found in A e etc . abhan a o b c , ; , k l , k that o ns a dr - s and to the shore a romontor covered at h h t de j i y i l , p y ig i ; aithir the stee face of an old ra sed beach eodhail a s de form of aod f , p i f , i f ‘ ’ ‘ ’ hail a ford from Norse eadhill sha ow water slea hach a r fted or , , , ll g , i ’ u ed s o e or hi from the same rootas sli hs ‘ at tera a cuttin g lli l p ll, g , p h, li lly g ‘ ’ ‘ ’ root sle hit Ou the west co ast cathair means a fair no ( g, , y k ll , while sithean means a considerable hill with no notions o f fairies attached h ret Mr a n h s druineach s uid the meanin is t e o . tso r t uer e a r . W ig ly q i D ; g ’ ifi r h s dm ineach Irish dmine means t a t s Mr arm ae o . art s r ce u tor . c i , , c lp ( C i l ) ‘ ’ ’ ’ t n ‘ d r W d mur to Mr atson s der vat on of K ar eve nee ewo . e e . , l k W i i ill

- earnan True the ae c is Iurnain wh ch m ht o nt to a St. . G li Cill , i ig p i Iturnan on the name Iturnan is a m sread n for Itarnan a true P ctish , ly i i g , i ’ nam and a a nt s nam a so Ernin or Ferre lus was a favourite sa nt e s i e l . o i ’ and a favour te sa nt s name and to a root-inflected form of Bruin or i i , Iarnan w must r f rn n e e er Iu a .

Mr atson has added a va uab e nde to his wor conta n n over . W l l i x k, i i g three thousand words and show n b a device with the fu sto where , i g y ll p the ma n a en ts M n of th s w s n tura b on to districts i cc t res . a y e e ord a lly el g outs de ss Ind d h um a a i m rocosm o f Ro . ee t e vo e s a re d sa d s a c i l , l y i , i S cottish ace- names th e An c Loth ans and the erse bein eft out of pl , gli i M g l account It a s a sound bas s for h f r s d of S cottish lace . l y i t e urthe tu y p names on modern h o o c nes p il l gi li .

’ ' L abhar an t-a thar h r l Vol e B AGNES e Eo an The O Growne Memo ia um . g . g/ y ’

tt. FARREL Y M. A n n n av d Nu O L . ub i a d S s London D : o . : , D li G ll i Lar t b r d n r ha f 4 o a er a ds 5 . ar n 6 . a t a e o 3 t en 7s. o r e g , p p , li , p p , l f 2 6d. ca 1 s. l ,

’ ’ Eight years was the space which Father Eug ene O Growney s public life occu ed and robab no man in so short a t me ach eved a more ast n pi , p ly , i , i l i g ace in the ves and affect ons of his countr m n Th s boo is the stor pl li i y e . i k y of his fe and of his wor for the ae c an ua e and es ecia erha s li k G li l g g , p lly p p of that wonderful funeral which began in California and ended in Maynooth ’ ’ four ears after ather O Growne s d h or c nsum tion—that scour e y F y eat . F o p g of r ests and nuns— had driven him from his nat ve and and he d ed far p i i l , i from the Ire and of his h art The c L a h ae c l e . Gaeli e gue in America and t e G li L eague in Ireland united to do solemn honour to one who had done so much for the r an ua e and thousands of Ir sh men and women met to show i l g g , i the r ovin reveren e f him n aw f o i l g c or . No e who s that great mass o pe ple NOTES 9 3

h e n d ms pr obably the largest funeral procession ever seen in the t re ki g o f h eco ect on o it. could forget the sight or fail to be moved by t e r ll i w h ath r No person could have even the most casual acquaintance it F e ’ f n his nd influence modest ent e he fu O Growney without eeli g ki ly ; , g l , lp l , h we bur ed him so n humorous he won all to fr endsh . And thou a d , i ip g i in a nooth where as student a nd rofessor he had s ent so sorrowfully M y , p p Ir and much of his fe et his ace is th those wh o never die. S o on as e li , y pl Wi l g l is Irish and so on as her eo e cher sh her rand old ton ue so on wi , l g p pl i g g , l g ll an t-athait Eoghan be an honoured name and his memory live in the land

he loved so well . ’ ss Farr ell herse f a t re ess wor er for ae c has done e ce ent Mi O y, l i l k G li , x ll ly have nvo ved much abour and care and the resu t shows that what must i l l , l b n an th w r It is in har her heart as well as her rai d hand shared in e o k . mon with the subj ect that the book should be entirely made in Ireland and y — of Irish material and workmanship evidently th e first illustrated book so ’ ’ h f ather O Growne s own wr t n —essa s art c es and made. uc o M F y i i g y , i l , trans at ons as we as a summar of his o u ar rammar and a co ect on l i , ll y p p l G ll i of Aran and Meath words—is ven and th e boo is handsome and ver gi , k ly y ful ustrated All nterested in the ae c movement must be ad of ly ill . i G li gl h r t s ss s h a nt r s n m m a t e Oppo tuni y to po s e uc n i e e ti g e ori l .

NOTES

’ ‘ ’ ' Ptolemy s Ripa A lta and Tamia

‘ ’ ’ The name Ripa Al ta is plac ed in Ptolemy s Geography of Scotland The I between the mouth of the River Ila and the estuary of Varar . la

has been identified w th the e msda e river ca ed in a e c the Ilidh . i H l l , ll G li This name w th its short n t a vowe must be d st n u shed from Ile wh ch i i i i l l i i g i , i wi th long initi al vowel is the Gaelic na me of the River Isla in Forfar and Perth and of the s and of Is a thou h both names ma we be from the i l l y, g y ll sam u t ma is h n n an e l i te root. The estuary of Varar t e I ver ess d Beauly Firth the name still exists in a Gaelicised form in the River Farrar and Glenstrathfarrar etwe n th w nts one de r from Ila and tw . B e ose t o po i g ee o fr om arar es R a A ta S ene identifi es the ace w th the h s north V li ip l . k pl i ill o f the ornoch r h h it is th hn D Fi th. Most writers old t at e 0 rd of Cait ess m s aced and some have even advanced the con ecture that one of the i pl , j rivers to the north o f the 0 rd erha s the err eda e ater ma have , p p B i l W , y been a ed of old the Ila N o n ms to have not d th obv us c ll . o e see ice e i o correspondence both as to po sition and meaning of Ripa Alta with Ekk jals ’ ba as the Norsemen ca d O k ll s ban or k e s d The R v r e e e. e kki, ll y k Oy ll i i e flows throu h Stratho k ell ex ands nto the sin u ar e of Oyk ll g y , p i g l Kyl 9 4 THE CELTIC REVIEW

Suther and and then O ens out nto the ornoch rth . e which l , p i D Fi Oyk ll, h is a P ct sh form of au sh uzello in U e odunum sh means h etc . e ig , i i G li x ll , , W l rachel ae c nasal and has ven a number of S cott sh names such as the , G li , gi i ch s ch tree en in orfar en e in Perth Achilt O il Hill , O il , Gl Ogil F , Gl Ogl , y wa and others P m ment ns Uxellum as one of th n ar n . to e o e four e Di g ll, l y i of the tr be of the S el o a towns i g v e. ‘ One of the towns of th e Vacoma i is ca ed Tam a b Pto em and is g ll i y l y, tified w th Incht thill The roo t of the na iden u be ow un e d b S ene. me i , l D k l , y k , wh ch is tam mean n dar a ears in S ans rit tama s dar ness in Lat n i , i g k, pp k , k , i rash and in i n in r ver nam s temere En sh d m and is often fou d e . A , ly, gli , i tributar of the Ettr is a i the river which fa s nto y ick called the Tem . O ll i ‘ th Ta about sev m h R v ames MLa an f e y en iles above Dunkeld t e e . J g o ‘ a r Atho sa s Tumme Taivil shadow obscure from its wood and Bl i ll y , l ( ) , y, , y ban s Old Stat c un Th is near r ht Th roc A co t v l s . e . o . . ky k ( , ii . p i ly ig name wh ch is Teimheil in ae c is the same as the word teamha l or teim , i G li , al ld Ir sh temel dar n h ot t Th in he O ess and is a so from t e ro m . e , i , k , l f r nce is at on e mm If th s b e e c obvious that Tamia was on the Tu el . i e correct the ace ma further be confidentl identified with the e t c i ttik , pl y y C l i or stron ho d wh ch is commemorated in th e name Lo era t the tt e g l , i gi i , li l h f th a f L o ow o e Rat or Bath and the site of the ater st e o o era t. ll , l C l gi i The cast e stood on the e evated ateau between the Ta and the Tumme l l pl y l , and over oo ed the att r r A monument to the ate Du e of Atho l k l e rive . l k ll now mar s the s te and is a cons icuous ob ect from the h and rai wa k i , p j Hig l l y TS M BER N . at a n stat HARLES . RO O B lli luig ion. C

The stem k amb in Go delic : Cambus Cambron. i ,

’ Und r - i kelt S raehschatr e amb f m a mm Sto es in h s Ur . o s e . mba ru K , k k , k p , ‘ — . 78 ves ir mm m s here of course the second . ca m d r l luscu w ca e c . p , gi , (g ) 171 re resents ass m ated b—but no Ir sh ae c or an camb p i il i , G li , M x Macbain in hi 60 ves ‘ cam s Et molo ical d e he Gaelic lan ua e . i t. o t y g f g g , p , gi , ’ ‘ ’ croo ed w th der va mas ba But he too ives no t ves cama c ub ca . k , i i i g, l , , y g camb stem in ae i G l c. The camb stem however is found in end ess ae c ace-names in eambus , , l G li pl , — a ba of the sea or a bend of a r ver o i which camas is on a ater form . y , i ly l ’ It is ew se found in Q Ir a ‘ Adamnan in his Li e o . . s cambas ba For lik i , y . f f Colwnba sa s that a rate return n to his sh from the under of a y pi , i g ip pl ‘ house was fo owed b o umba into the sea at a ortus in the ace ui , ll y C l p pl q ’ Scot ca uo citatur Aithchambas Ar ui l Aithchambas means i t M rcho (ii . ’ shar b n p e d. Th b m e . e same stem is a so found in the name Caimbeul En . a l , g C p ll acha d ambe n . 337 ves the ear forms as ambe 1 266 etc. an C M i (p ) gi ly C ll ( , ) l ‘ and der ves it from cambel wr -mouthed cam and but has i , y ( not explained why the second element in the compound lacks the normal NOTES 9 5

‘ ’ ‘ on The name does ndeed mean e ther wr -mouthed or w th aspirati . i i y i a bél The b in the atter word too arched lips but it arises from camb nd . l k coast the w as rat on so common re resent n bh and mh on the W . of pi i , ly p i g ’ Scot and and th s 10 was e ded as it is in ie= mhic P ct sh we d i in l , i li , ( i i , g) , ’ ’ ’ = 0rm ear acha n and in A Mhor oich= A Mhormhoich Macbain m0irear m h (M i ) , ( , ’ - - S o that the format on of the name is not Cam bel but amb cl. p. i C a camb becam e chm th com ensator en then n of the In later G elic , Wi p y l g i g f vowe and a oss b e var ant Cam el ma have been the or n of the l, p i l i y igi ’ t on Gam l popular Lowland pronuncia i . ’ ‘ ameron ae c Camshron is of course r ht e a ned b Macbain C , G li , ig ly xpl i y ‘ ’ ‘ ’ 1 35 as mean n wr -nose or sha we sa hoo -nosed 2 from cam (p. 7) i g y ( ll y k ) ‘ and 37 011 nose th e as rat on of 3 wr tten as sh be n ronounced as h , ( pi i , i , i g p , a But an ear er Camb 3h ron is h and disa pearing medi lly) . li ( ) suggested by t e p — stor of the fe ace-name ameron doubt ess ca ed more Celtico after hi y Fi pl C l ll , , That a ears in 1 200 as Cambroun hn lace a n anc ent occu er . o ston P i pi pp (J , N ames o Scotland and we find in the r nted transcr ts of the old S cots f ) , p i ip re sters of state a crowd of ro er names such as de Cambroun de gi p p , and ambron n de ambron Cambrun . Cambru , C , C E W B . N . . ICHOLSON .

Avotis

i ue 3rd seri s l i héolo e vo . x In 1 88 8 in the Revue A rc . . 1 55 our , g q ( , pp earned co ea ue M ron de Villfosse first drew attent on to the au sh l ll g , . Hé , i G li word wr tten AVVOT AVO T AVO AV A wh ch one finds fo ow n the name i , , , , , i ll i g of the maker on much of the Gaulish pottery

REXTV-GENOS SVLLIAS AVVOT SACRILLOS AVOT

FLAV AVO

RVTENVS AV

TOGOS A

AVOT also follows the personal name be VDILLVS on the triumphal arch of ran O ge. ’ A s in the Lat n nscr t ons the mak er s name in the nom nat ve is , i i ip i , i i a wa s fo owed b the word FEC T it was natura to conc ude that th l y ll y I , l l e au sh word AVVOT AVOT was the tera trans at on of the Lat n ecit that G li , , li l l i i f , is to sa the th rd erson s n u ar of a au sh erfect act v At h a y i p i g l G li p i e. t e s me time it seemed strange that in Gaulish one found in the singular perfect t ve a th rd erson s n u ar nd n in at ac i i p i g l e i g . But AVVOT AVOT is on th e be nn n f h w o t e ord. It has , ly gi i g two letters more of wh ch the first a ears in the e end BOLLO AVOTI ns , i pp l g i cribed o n a

1 Th r M Joass confirms th s con ectur e v D J . e as Re . . i j to the real meaning of the e thet b te n me that a hook ed nose was a mark ed char ter pi , y lli g ac istic of the old Camer n mil s o fa ie . 9 6 THE CELTIC REVIEW

m s AVOT Gaulish pot in the museu of Treve . I is also probably the correct read n of the second word of an nscr t on in the museum of Nimé u i g i ip i g e. h s f und th tw final e Last M. ohn a o e o tters in the nscr t ly , B l i ip ion BVCCOS AVOTIS on a sma ceram c s ecimen reserved in the museum of h n , ll i p p G e t. A votis seems to be a mascu ne noun in the nom nat ve s n u ar a ree n li i i i g l , g i g ‘ ’ with the name of the potter and meaning maker or something similar it is a derivative in -ti~ from a stem avo which has furnished the first part of the ace-name A vo-bri a in S a n and wh ch a ears a so in the comm pl g p i , i pp l on ‘ ’ Lat n noun CWOS avas randf th m th s root is deri ed AV a er . ro v OTA a i , , g F i , au sh ersona name ns r nd at u a n AV G li p l i c ibed on a vase fou J bl i s. OTA is the readi n of our scho ar f C r Inscrit iend w o . . Lat r Mr at l. . Mo vo xii g l ly , ( p , i . part A eo is the stem of the ae c verb m oi he rotects = eoma uet Cutt n G li , p i g off the refix com con we r eco nise the Sanscr t verb of wh ch the th rd p , g i , i i erson s n u ar resent ndi cat ve is a so avati = aueti = he causes to advance p i g l p i i , l , hasten rotect command , p , .

’ The suffi x -h for the most art used to form abstract nouns is a so em p , l ‘ ’ o ed for act ve nouns as for exam e 1 Lat n hos-ti-s enem but pl y i , pl , ( ) i , , y, ‘ ’ ’ or na stran er dent ca w th the oth c as- t- s host both of them igi lly g , i i l i G i g , , ‘ su os n a rim t ve hos-ti s 2 ae c tai d th ef pp i g p i i g ( ) G li , , i ’ ‘ Thus avotis means ‘ he who caus made he who orders in the es to be , ’ h Th n at n cit but ecitis wor s o . e e era mean n corr s onds to the L e k p g l i g e p i f , f not a itera trans at on of the w d The tera trans at on wou d l l l i Celtic or . li l l i l ’ be rather actor or ossib even dominus avos avus randfather in f , p ly , , g , ‘ ’ ’ Roman law th ma JUBAINVILLE e ster . H B ARBO S DE . I ,

’ i ua zr s d Fr a n i t d es A nt e e ce. Recueil de Mémo r es, S ocié é q

The Celtic Family

’

th v ume xx of h Revue Celti ue M. d Arbois de uba nvi e Wi ol v. t e q J i ll Th Sen hus mor h t be ins a ser es of artic es on the e t c am . e e e e s g i l C l i F ily , ll us r eco n sed four d fferent rou s of re at ves who were answerab e in , g i i g p l i l n m m r f th fam Th varyi g degrees of liability for the crimes of a e be o e ily . ese ‘ were the el ne the derb me the iai ine and the ind ine in all seventeen t es g fi , fi , y , / , yp f re at s E h ne on a n the one reced n it in re at onsh and o ve . a c c t ed l i fi i p i g l i ip, all were finall n i h nd ne The el ne conta ned onl the y umbered n t e i fi . g fi i y father and his d r d s nd nts The der bine conta ned the randfather i ect e ce a . j i g and his ma e descendants to th e fifth enerat on nc ud n the unc e l g i , i l i g l , n hew and h - h w e t e rand ne e . p , g p In Ir e and the ro ert of an ext nct el ne was red vided and th s was l p p y i g fi i , i the h and ract ce a so Land nher ted b a woman cou d not be Hig l p i l . i i y l

transm tted b h er but returned at her death to the c an or fami . In i y , l ly a es on one ne seems to have e sted name the el ne and there the W l ly fi xi , ly g fi , ro ert f n r p p y o a extinct gelfine reverted to the c own.

The Beauties of Gaelic Poet (Sar Ohair 11am Bar d Gaelach) and Lives of the i h h 15 ton ! a nd C ritical o tes a nd G o ss H and Bard s. t H s ar b O H N M K E N Z l Wi N , l , y J C IE . Acc ount g . y A f M e Ancxent C aled o mans b A MES OG N . ew E t o th e anners o f th N d io n . H ands m , y J L A i o e Roya l 8 vo . 85 . 6d . net. I n Me P r ess. W zll 6 r a d [ c e y s hortly .

R li Texts Pa ers and S tudies in i L e ae Celtica e. Gae c iterature and P i g , p , l h l o l o gy .

g A D A M O . . Ed ted b X Rev. X N C N D A N D MA C BA IN D N . . a nd R ev H y ALE ER ER , LL i y ALE ER , LL , . JO

2 v s. 8vo . 5 . 6d . 1 8 2 . K ENNED Y . ol 7 9

T Hi hl d r of Scotland . B W . F . S K E E L he an e s L. D . Ed ted with Ex g y N , i cursus and

MA BA IN v . o tes b XA N D C . D 8 o 1 0 5 . 6d 6 . s . 0 2 N y ALE ER , LL ( ) 1 9 .

i A isto o ae i i erature fro m Th e L ter ature of th e Highlanders. H ry f G l c L t th e Earliest Times to the r a n P esent D . B IG M A C I . D . Bou d with H i h and S e stitl ons y y N EL NE LL , LL g l co nn h D ri - ec t d w M . e it ru ds Fai es itchcra t S eco nd Si ht etc. B R ev. A. A C GREGO R A . In i , , W f , g , y ,

o ne vo l. Cr w 8v 2 5. d . 1 o n o . 6 1 89 .

Th e Pr o h ecie of Br an S r C inn Odh ar B AL EXA D ER MAC K EN Z E p s the ah ee ( o each ) . y N I . ith n W trod uc tio b N . wn v . 1 6d. 1 8 . I n y AND REW LA G Cro 8 o 5 . 99 Biblio r h a of Inv n . N ews a ers and Period ca s. ustrated. 8vo 1 5 6d . g p y er ess p p i l Ill . . 1 90 3 .

Gaeli -En l - c g ish and English Gaelic Names of Beasts, Birds, Fishes, Insects, and e e W t s. lth En sh L re. B F B v 1 . 6d . t subscr rs . o A . R. R ES . 8 25 o be R p il gli y O o. i l [ Ta be r ea dy sho r ty .

- unve an Castle Sk e . Beautifu rinted o n hand made a er C e t c Borders and D g ( y ) lly p p p , l i

a ta s . itch . 1 . . Fu f E n r a m L K H E t . 1 5 . 6d . 5 . 6d uar 0 0 C o v s b O C A T BO YL etc. o pi l ll g g y R , 4 ( 3 ) 7 Q 9 Cal oni rth Britain fr ed a, or a. Historical a nd Topogr aphical Account of No , om th e M R o st A nc ient to th e Pre se nt me th a D ic tio nar o f P aces . B GE O RG E C H LME S . N ew Ti s. Wi y l y A

E t . 5 . d o n W th v s . to . . 1 8 0 nde o ume . ec ent ub shed . 8 o £ i i i I x V l R ly p li l 4 3 , 3 9 — The Gesto Sk e Coll t on of i hland Music Pianoforte Yiolin and Ba i e . ( y ) ec i H g , , gp p

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With istor o f ea l 2 . 5 . 6d H y ch C an .

Th e R vi E M r co i t. 65 . 1 0 2 . e sed di tion of th e Gaeli c Pulpit Bible. Full o o c G l 3 9

T th r c ies h e 1 826 Edition of th e Gaelic Pul it B ble. Fu Calf. 1 0 5 . O e o p i ll 3, p 1 11 sto r ck f om 2 1 5 .

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‘ ’ ‘ Th e Caled onian sa s z— A mo st interestin a nd vm i i n o f the mo de o f i e y g d d escr pt o l f , ’ ma nners a nd custo ms o f the nh ab ta nt f brid , i i s o th e ch a in o f i sl and s k no wn as the H e es . Th e Glasg ow Herald says A po pul ar edition o f the best bo ok written fo r many a d ay o n ’ H ebn d ean S c o t and . Th e vo ume 15 a h and so me ibrar o ctavo l l l y .

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An us tr ted u rter Rev ew o f Th e A n c e s to r . Ill a Q a ly i o unt and Fam H sto r H r r n n E ted e a d a d A t u t es. d b C y ily i y, l y, iq i i i y W A LD B P A O S O . S . . Lar s e Su er Ro a in a er bo ard . 5 . net ARR N , g p y l, p p 5 ,

uarter . Pub shed in anuaI A r u and cto ber o f each Q ly li J y, p il, Jly, O

ear. S ubs r t o n 2 1 5 . c net er an num o st free . y ip i p , p ‘ ’ Th e Outlook sa s S tate o f a s ect rinted in nob e t e and W ith numero us u - a e y ly p , p l yp , f ll p g ' a tes a ver ta b e mine o f count and am i h isto r i i s n imi re hera dr a nt u t e a d S ar o . pl , i l y f ly y , l y , iq , l l ‘ ’ Th e Book man sa s t The contents are extreme varied the writin 15 o o d the y ly . g g , ’ i ustra tio ns are extreme interestm ll ly g .

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Th e S c otsman The a uth o r has been at rea t a i ns m co ecti n ma teri a s ro m the b est . g p ll g l f so urces and she h as sho wn ta ste ud ment and iterar sk i i n th ei r arra n ement S h e h as , , J g , l y ll g the art o f k no wm wh a t to ut i n and wh a t to eave o ut and o ne c o u d no t ea 5 1 find fo r g p l , l ly po pul a r use a m o re a ttra c ti ve a nd be tter pro po rtio ned repo sno ry o f the fa cts o f S co tti sh to po ra h tha n th l The o o o se ece o f b o o k - mak m fo r th e a musement o f th e assm g p y S . boo k 15 n l pi g p g ’ to urist but a substa nt1a l a nd fa scma tm wo rk wh ch sh o u d run thro u h m o re ed tio ns . , g , i l g i Th e G as ow H era d Its s e0 1a ur o se 15 to ind cate th a t co nnec ti o n o f the resent l g l . p l p p i p with th e ast th a t a d ds so rea t a c h arm to sc enes o f h sto r ca i nterest and to ve so me p g i i l , gi account o f anc ient castl es a nd eccl esi asti ca l buildings ro und whi ch C ircle so much h isto ry and ro manc Th l ha u i n a th o ro u h s stemat c wa th e wh o e c ountr n e. S s been wo rk ed o t i bei g ly y y , l y g o ne o ver c ount b c o unt S uch a n hi sto ri ca u1 d e- bo o k 1 5 o ne to wh ch o c casmnal and sult g y y y . l g i ab e re erence W 111 ver co ns d erab a d d to th e en o m ent o f ever m telh ent to uri st wheth er l f y i ly j y y g , v m 5 nat e o r o re n . S o far as we h ave been ab e to test th e vo u e i t 1 bo th c o m ete and trust i f ig l l , pl wo rth In th e case o f so m e ei h t o r ten ac es ch o sen a s tests we h ave not o nce ai ed to fi nd y. g pl f l a ver sa ti s ac to r sk etch o f all that wa s m o rtant o r interestin c o ncern n th em and wh at y f y i p g i g , ’ th re 1 v i n a d c e a th u t th e sco f th e b o o k e 5 is gi en ire t a nd S impl w y a t s i s pe o . Th e D und e A dvertis r MISS L a nsd a e evmces th e rea enius o f th e h isto ria n an e e . l l g d anti ua r a nd sh e wri tes W l th an mat o n a nd c o o ur vm dl sk etch n a resent-da scene and q y i i l , y i g p y , , ’ W ith e ua e ect ca n to e th e fi ures and C ircumsta nces o f some b o ne event q l ff , lli g lif g yg . O L I P H A N T A N D E R S O N A N D F E R R I E R 0 T A Y EE ED B M R TR T I URGH. 3 S . S . N ’ nd H lls Pu li Chapman a a b cations. T B K N A T TO P A VI AL O O O VI AL IC .

T B D r. EMIL REICH . em 8 vo SUCCESS AMONG NA IONS . y D y ,

d . net. 1 0 5 . 6

This hi h su estive and ori ina o r is not an aca demic trea tise for the historica student a one but g ly gg g l W k l l , a vita se a rc hin ece o f nationa critic ism o intin o ut flaws and e r s o f th e utmost conse uence to e ver l , g p i l , p g p il q y in r e na nt i u s ra ti n r m ancient a nd mo de rn histo r a nd co nsid ers th e itiz en. I t a bounds t o s o ositio n o f c p g ll f y , p - wer o f the a n t fo r uture r s eri I r a m every first c la ss Po ge a d i ts pro spec s f p o p ty . t may fai ly c l i to be o ne of the en and illu in t t ts tune mo st pl a inspo k m a mg s udies o f 1 .

Pa rticu ar we come a t th e resent unc ture D r. eich s rea ds his net wide a nd tha t to o in a fie l l l l p j R p , , , d yat to ve an th n e a m e e e aminati n f all h is h s w u d be m et W d er so t co t o o c a ter o ossib e . y i , gi y i g lik pl x p l i p l ma e a se a th a n W e can but ec tio n nd here we a re con ro nted W th e e mb rr a ssm e t o f rich es. W e W k l , f i ill '

nc ude b commendin D r . eich s boo ver c ord1a ll to the rea der fo r th e su estiveness o f the views c o l y g R k y y —, gg he e resses which ive o ne som e thin to thmk over o n ever a e P a ll Ma ll Ga z ette. xp , g g y p g ‘ T TO Y A D D T D ’ P W T S BY . D AN F CE S N S U BE . O S HUM OU O RK A . V D RAN RAN I R I R AM. D MA NE B A BE T D A N RS OF E TH EP B L . MEN N TH IRD R U LIC. y R ’ VA D A M Auth o r f A h En i m n in r m v o sh a Paris W ith Po traits. e 8 o 1 2 5 . net N , gl . D y , .

O f th e o wer o f th s bo there ca n be no uestio n nor o f its rea dab e ness . Th e wr ter was a t Tours in p i ok q , l i th e ea r d a s o f the rov15 1o nal overnment and ves mo st V vid a nd e e descr t o ns o f th e chao s a nd ly y p g , gi i lif lik ip i d so rder a n c hO e d es a ir wh ch fi lled the G o vernment and its a dh erents in the hour o f the co a se f i , p i , p , p , i ll p o ’— ’ r untr D a zl w s . th ei c o y . y N e The wo r is a n interestin o ne to the student o f h sto r a nd the enera rea der wi derive much benefit k i , l ll g y ’ g ’ d rom the chatt st e wh 1 t — zn n m . from i t a f y yl ich is wn tten Mom g P os t. ‘ BE UT FUL PEAC E FUL RURAL F CE A I , , RAN HE FIELDS OF FRANCE : Li t Ess s in D s ri iv ci l T t le ay e c pt e So o ogy . A R D Ma B Madame M Y UC L A UX A . r F Robin 8v . so n . ro wn o 5 . net. y ( y ) C , 5 M a da me D uclaux is in o ve W th h er S ll b €Ct a nd brin s to it a mi d f s m a 1 inati n ) , n u o th a n ma o l i g f ll y p y , g uick ened b k no wle d e a nd te nder a sso c iatio n a nd a sense o f bea ut a t o nce c a th o hc enetra tm a nd q y , y , p minute o bservant. S e is a so ec o no m c in a a r e and bera s ense d ee versed i n th e h isto r 0 rura ly l i l g li l , ply y l i a n France a nd we s i ed n i its teach n s to th e stud o f mo dern co nd tions . But S ocio o is a ver . ll k ll pply g i g y i l gy y to ive to essa s so 1 nst1nc t with e movement a nd oetr M a u a u re ffi ni id tit e . dame D c l x h a s mo a t a r l g y lif , , p y y with o rd swo rth 1 11 h i s better mo od s than w1th a S oc ia S cience Co n r ess . It is 1 ts va riet its uno b W l g y , trusive sch o arshi its W de ran e o f k nowled e the ea s rac e a nd bl1th e mo du a tio n o f xts h rasin th e l p, i g , y g l p g , entle ind te n ar shr ewd 1 n5 1 ht a nd ive sensibi it o f the writer th at contrive to ma e i t a boo to , k ly r , g , l y l y , k k h d eh t and stud ed w1th fit Tzm es he read W 1t g i pro .

' D L F D R LFRED S E W LL E N EW BO OK . THIR AR GE ED ITI O N O . A RUS L A AC S ’ LA HE UNI ERSE A S ud of th e R su s of MAN S P CE IN T V . t y e lt r d s Scientifi c Resear ch in Relation to th e Unity or Plur ality of W o l . ‘ LL A E L D . f N atura B A L FRED R SSEL W A C L . Auth or o y U , , l ’ ‘ ’ S e ec tio n arwinism etc . etc . W i th ia rams. D em 8 vo 1 2 5 . 6d . net. l , D , D g Y , ‘ w a nn t o mma nd a ttentio n E ver bo d w 1ll wish t no w what D r. Wa ac e o A boo k hich c o t fa il o c . y y k ll has t a Th ere wi be mu t tud es wh o wi be ascinated with th e uni ue and dra ma t1c o sition which h e o s y . ll l i ll f q p ' - m a T 13: B H P O F R 1 PO N . ass1 g ns to n. 11 IS O A i h c ou d o n have been written b one who was far m ore th an a s ecia ist remar ab e bo o a bo o wh c k l k , k l ly y p l in a n iven science . O n such a o int no o ne W th th e o ss1ble e ce tio n o f D arwin cou d have s o en y p , i p p , l p k g ’ x ’ — th r ater a h or t B u zl N ews. wi g e ut i y . y W R THIRD LAR GE ED ITI O N N O EADY . ‘ W E S u r n c B H . G . LL A tho o f A t E MAKIN . MANKIND IN TH G y , i i ’ t r wn vo 5 6d . etio ns, e c . C o 8 , 7 . ‘ a Even if the ro s thin in unu a and di ffi l f r the A ook which ever o ne sh o uld re d . p ce s o f k is su l cu t o y ’ g — l T l r a l W ma e him thin D a z e e z . d er Mr e s wi rea . , ll ll k k y p ‘ ’g ’ t e Ma in d raws r m us 15 o ne o f sincer r es ec t. Mr W ells s The fi rst tribute that M ankind in h k g f o e p . ’— r uc i this br ant revo uti na r b D a z N ews . duty as a thinker and a writer lay in the p od ng illi l o y oo k. ly A T DY F A R Y E S U O C L L . ’

Y E OUNTR . W i h ud of rl Lif B THE CARL L C Y t a St y Ca yle s e . y W i h a Ph o to r vure o f th e W h ist er Po rtrait o f ar e 2 o ther M LO A N . t C . a J . S g l lyl ,

- Pho to ravures and about 1 0 0 Po rtra ts fu a e and o ther ustratio ns. C ro wn to g , i , ll p g Ill 4 ,

1 0 5 . 6d . net.

Th is new Ca r e boo d ea s with the C a r es in all their mu ti o rm re a tio ns to the Ca r e Countr and lyl k l lyl l f l lyl y , ' ts mu h v a e i ht u o n th e c o m e ro b ems raised b C ar e s ear er and ater i e cas c al u bl l g p pl x p l y lyl li l l f . I t o r ms a mo st u se u and instruc tive Guide to the Car e Co untr a nd W 111 a ea to o ld Car ean readers f f l lyl y , pp l lyl e s r re i 1 en 1fi d by 1ts c are ful g ro uping o f bio graph 1c al vent a o und th e plac es W 1 th wh ich th ey a nextric ably d t e .

A r 1 ll be a ended t eth er with a n nde a nd Ma . va uab e Car e Ch o no o w o l l lyl l gy p p , g I x p THE EDINB DITION E THE ORKS OF THOMAS CARLYLE URGH E D W .

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L N D H O O N : C A P M A N A N D H A L L, L I M IT E D .

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11 1 1 9 ' Prévident lns urances 51 .

. ' ' A”th a ve A rances are ent tle to rti i te P e bo ssu i d pa c pa in iofits.

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