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Download a Roadmap for Systems and Industries to Prevent And On-Ramps, Intersections, and Exit Routes: A Roadmap for Systems and Industries to Prevent and Disrupt Human Trafficking On-Ramps, Intersections, and Exit Routes: A Roadmap for Systems and Industries to Prevent and Disrupt Human Trafficking July 2018 Acknowledgements Lead Researcher and Author: Hutt and Lydia Sharp of the National Disability Rights Brittany Anthony, Network, Duncan Jepson of Liberty Asia, John Byrne Manager of Strategic Research at Polaris of AML Rightsource and ACAMS Special Advisor, Rick Small of BB&T, and Frederick Reynolds. Contributing Survivor Authors: Survey and Focus Group Assistance: Special thanks A’ishah H. Amatullah Ronny Marty to Dr. Danielle Johnson, Dr. Meredith Dank, and Lara Julia Anderson Tajuan McCarty Powers who provided their consulting expertise to the Efraín Freddy Pérez Arias Moninda Polaris focus groups, and to Jenny Sandra Sell, Edward N.M.B. Audrey Morrissey Lynch, and Lenna Jawdat for their tireless note-taking Jessa Dillow Crisp Ranela P. Placides and transcribing efforts. Thank you to Julia Cordua, Laurin Crosson Caroline Pugh-Roberts Kelbi Ervin, Laurie Bolthouse, Tanise Dixon, Sulan Harold D’Souza Jamie Rosseland Chang, Bill Bernstein, Kirsten Williams, and Allison Hazel Fasthorse Ella Smillie Ausband, for their gracious meeting space coordina- Jo Hollis Tanya Street tion and donations contributing to the focus groups. Danielle John Victoria Thompson Thanks to ACAMS for their ongoing support and work Nancy Johnson Sawan Vaden to convene financial services industry experts whose Tiffany Liles Courtney Wendell vast knowledge significantly contributed to the con- Fainess Lipenga Shandra Woworuntu tent of this report. Many thanks to Chris Seewald, Nick Megan Lundstrom Montgomery, and Bob Vasey for their help with the Additional contributing survivor authors who chose data analysis efforts. Polaris would also like to extend to remain anonymous. sincere gratitude to the many NGO partners who recruited participants for our survivor survey by shar- Other Key Contributing Researchers ing the opportunity with their vast survivor networks. & Authors: We are also grateful to Google, Delta Air Lines, and Of Polaris: Sara Crowe, Caren Benjamin, Therese Palantir Technologies whose generous financial sup- Couture, Elaine McCartin, Elizabeth Gerrior, Lillian port made the survivor survey, focus groups, and data Agbeyegbe, and Mary Kate Kosciusko. analysis possible. Of Truckers Against Trafficking: Lyn Leeburg Finally, and most importantly, our utmost thanks and Of HEAL Trafficking: Dr. Hanni Stoklosa honor to the contributing survivors can never be over- stated. The poignant quotes and experiences, dedi- Additional thanks to Polaris staff: Sydney Boone, cated time and travel, and thoughtful recommenda- Veronica Buckley, Heidi Cooper, Avery Kennedy, tions from the 26 survivors who attended the focus Rochelle Keyhan, Nancy McGuire Choi, Erin Marsh, groups or sat for interviews, the 127 survivors who David Medina, Bradley Myles, Karen Romero, and took the survey, and the 9,500+ survivors who have Keeli Sorenson. bravely shared their stories with the National Human Thank you to our stakeholder partners for their Trafficking Hotline and public outlets made this report thoughtful reviews: Kendis Paris of Truckers Against what it is. Their words and experiences will not just be Trafficking, Yiota Souras at the National Center for documented in this report, but will be the driving cata- Missing & Exploited Children (NCMEC), David T. lyst for any change that comes out of it. Polaris 2018 1 Table of Contents 49 Financial Patterns of Un-Networked 4 Introduction Sex Traffickers 6 The Typology of Modern Slavery: A Summary 52 Financial Patterns of Multi-Victim 8 Systemic Change Matrix Labor Trafficking Types 9 Methodology 53 Financial Patterns of Labor Trafficking 9 Hotline Data for Domestic Work 10 Survivor Survey 55 Corporate Secrecy Laws In Trafficking 13 Survivor Focus Groups Operations 56 How Finances may be Used as a Means 15 Social Media of Control 19 How Social Media may be Used in Recruitment 58 How the Financial Services Industry 20 Online “relationship” recruitment may be Used by Victims & Survivors 20 Online fake or deceptive job recruitment 58 Restoring Financial Freedom 23 How Social Media may be Used in Trafficking 59 Remittance Services Operations 60 Survivor Contact with Customer-Facing Staff 23 Advertising and sales via social media 61 Financial Services Industry: 25 Online Behaviors of Traveling Sales Crews Recommendations & Opportunities 26 How Social Media may be Used as a Means of Control 65 Hotels & Motels 28 How Social Media may be Used by Victims 68 How Hotels & Motels may be Used in & Survivors Recruitment 28 Connecting with Support Systems 69 How Hotels & Motels may be Used in 30 Getting and Staying Safe Trafficking Operations 32 Healing, Speaking Out, and Helping Others 69 Hotels used in Escort Services 34 Social Media: Recommendations 70 Hotels used in Other Types of Sex Trafficking & Opportunities 72 Hotels used in Traveling Sales Crews 72 Labor Trafficking within the Hotel Supply Chain 37 Financial Services Industry 74 How Hotels & Motels may be Used by 41 How the Financial Services Industry may be Victims & Survivors Used in Recruitment 74 Victim Interactions with Hotel Staff 41 The Use of Financial Institutions in the 75 Survivors Utilizing Hotels for Shelter Recruitment Process: Labor Trafficking 77 Victim Identification in Hotels 44 The Use of Financial Institutions in the 78 Hotel & Motel Industry: Recruitment Process: Sex Trafficking Recommendations & Opportunities 45 How the Financial Services Industry may be Used in Trafficking Operations 81 Transportation Industry 48 Financial Patterns of Illicit Massage Businesses 48 Financial Patterns of Cantinas 86 How the Transportation Industry 49 Financial Patterns of Organized may be Used in Recruitment 86 Informal Bus Systems Residential Brothels 87 Bus & Train Stations as Recruitment Grounds On-Ramps, Intersections, and Exit Routes: 2 A Roadmap for Systems and Industries to Prevent and Disrupt Human Trafficking 88 Buses Used to Transport Victims 122 How Victims & Survivor may Use & Experience to their Trafficker Health Care 89 Airlines used in Recruitment 123 Survivor Use of Emergency Medicine 90 How the Transportation Industry 127 Reproductive Health & Sex Trafficking Victims may be Used in Trafficking Operations 129 Injuries and Illnesses in Labor Trafficking and 90 Personal, Business, and Rental Vehicles Labor Exploitation 93 Taxis & Ridesharing Services 132 Substances Used as Coping Mechanisms 95 Buses and Trains 132 Other Survivor Mental Health Issues 96 Airlines 133 Health Care Experiences Post-Trafficking 98 Trucking, Shipping and Freight 135 Health Care Industry: 99 How the Transportation Industry Recommendations & Opportunities may be Used by Victims & Survivors 99 Survivors Using Buses During Exits 143 Housing & Homelessness 100 Survivors Using Rideshares During Exits 145 How Housing & Homelessness Systems 101 Buses in Victim Identification in may be Used in Recruitment Domestic Work 147 Homelessness, Sex Trafficking, & Survival Sex 102 Trucking, Shipping, & Freight in 148 Homelessness and Labor Trafficking Victim Identification 148 Sex Trafficking Recruitment at Shelters 103 Transportation Industry: 150 How Housing & Homelessness Systems Recommendations & Opportunities may be Used in Trafficking Operations 150 Formal Residential Brothels 105 Health Care 152 Vacation Rentals 111 How Health Care, Health Conditions, & 152 Sex and Labor Trafficking occurring Disabilities may be Used in Recruitment in Residential Facilities 111 Health Conditions and Disabilities as 152 Worker Housing in Labor Trafficking Vulnerabilities to Trafficking 153 How Housing & Homelessness Systems 112 Traffickers Offering Therapeutic or may be Used by Victims & Survivors Residential Care 153 Housing Needed in Survivor Aftercare 114 Substance Use & Recruitment 154 Landlords, Property Managers, and 115 Recruitment at Health Care Facilities Neighbors as Agents of Identification 116 How Health Care and Substances 157 Housing & Homelessness Systems: may be Used in Trafficking Operations Recommendations & Opportunities 116 Labor Trafficking in Health Care Industry 117 Sex & Labor Trafficking in the Illicit 161 Glossary Drug Economy 164 119 How Health Care and Substances may be Used References as a Means of Control 119 Monitoring During Health Care Visits 120 Limiting or Denying Health Care 120 Using Substances as a Means of Control 121 Reproductive Coercion Polaris 2018 3 Introduction Harold D’Souza hardly seemed like an obvious candi- about the business plans of human trafficking, the more date for a five-figure bank loan. He had only just arrived possible it becomes to prevent and disrupt the crime and from India, with a wife, two young boys, and a job offer help survivors find freedom. The insights here are gleaned that turned out to be fraudulent. Yet somehow, with from those in a position to understand the nuances of just a few signatures on a few dotted lines, Harold each business intersection point – the survivors who lived walked out the door of a bank with what would have the experience. They are not definitive scientific conclu- been a small fortune had he been allowed to access it. sions but rather valuable baseline narratives that can spark Of course, he wasn’t. Every dime of that money went further exploration and collaboration from other sectors. to the man who actually arranged for the loan – the trafficker. This was the same man
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