DISCE LATĪNAM!
An Elementary Latin Course for College and University Students
CAPITA XXXI-XXXV
Kenneth F. Kitchell, Jr. University of Massachusetts Amherst and Thomas J. Sienkewicz Monmouth College
Historical Consultant: Gregory Daugherty Randolph Macon College
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Cover: Lūdī Magister Orolauni (Arlon) in Museō Archæologicō
© 2008 Kenneth J. Kitchell, Jr., and Thomas J. Sienkewicz
DISCE LATĪNAM!
Table of Contents
Caput XXXI Fīat ...... 653 Caput XXXII Mementō Morī ...... 675 Caput XXXIII Post Mortem...... 697 Caput XXXIV Patrōnus et Cliēns ...... 717 Caput XXXV Lūdī Incipiant! ...... 739 Verba Omnia ...... 760
Caput XXXVI Ad Graeciam ...... Caput XXXVII Petītiō Praetōris ...... Caput XXXVIII Nūptiae ...... Caput XXXIX Nūntia Bona Malaque ...... Caput XL Fīnēsque Incipiaque ......
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CAPUT XXXI Fīat
ARGUMENTUM FĀBULAE In this chapter Caecilia goes shopping to prepare for Servilia’s wedding and the lives of our two families begin to intersect when Caecilia stops at Valeria’s shop for a snack.
GRAMMATICA Mood Consolidation Concept of Subjunctive Mood Present Subjunctives, Active and Passive Present Subjunctive, Irregular Verbs The Independent Subjunctive Purpose Clauses
RŌMĀNĪ IPSĪ Waking Up On the Farm
MUNDUS RŌMĀNUS Salūtātiō http://www.gutenberg.org/files/12254/12254-h/images/illus017.jpg
http://www.gutenberg.org/files/12254/12254-h/12254-h.htm LATĪNA HODIERNA Latin in the Periodic Table of the Elements
ORBIS TERRĀRUM RŌMĀNUS Pompēiī et Vesuvius
ANGULUS GRAMMATICUS Is That Subjunctive Jussive or Hortatory?
LECTIŌ PRĪMA
ANTEQUAM LEGIS
This narrative takes place the morning after Servilius’ conversation with Cordus. Servilius tells his wife that the wedding plans are fixed and Caecilia decides to go shopping for wedding presents for her daughter. This scene once again illustrates the two- tiered organization of an upper-class Roman household as the slaves rush to prepare breakfast for the master and his family.
Are You in the Right Mood?
In this chapter you will learn to recognize and use one more grammatical mood, called subjunctive. While indicative verbs “indicate” an action which actually happens
DISCE LATĪNAM!
and an imperative verb is an order or command, a subjunctive verb generally refers to an action which is not as “real” as an indicative verb. That is, the subjunctive (its name means something like “subordinate”) indicates not so much facts as things like potentiality, possibility, or probability. First you will see the present subjunctive and some of its uses. You will learn names for these uses later, but for now just concentrate on recognizing subjunctives and how to translate them. Here are some examples:
Person and Number Form Translation
1st person singular Nōlim I would not want Quid faciam? What should I do? What might I do? 1st person plural Eāmus! Let’s go! Laborēmus! Let’s work! Nē loquāmur Let’s not talk! 3rd person singular or plural Fīat! Let it be done! Inveniatur! Let it be found!
Notice how the personal endings on these verbs are familiar but the connecting vowels are not. Now compare these subjunctive forms to their indicative equivalents:
Conjugation Mood Form Translation 1st Indicative Nōn labōrāmus. We do not work. Subjunctive Nē labōrēmus! Let’s not work! 2nd Indicative Vidēmus. We are seeing. Subjunctive Videāmus! Let’s see! 3rd Indicative Loquimur. We talk. Subjunctive Loquāmur Let’s talk! 3rd -iō Indicative Facimus. We are doing. Subjunctive Faciamus! Let’s do! 4th Indicative Dormit She is sleeping Subjunctive Dormiat! Don’t let her sleep. Irregular fīō Indicative Fit. It is done. Subjunctive Fīat! Let it be done! eō Indicative Īmus. We are going. Subjunctive Eāmus! Let’s go! nōlō Indicative Nōlō I do not want Subjunctive Nōlim I would not want
You can remember the vowel changes between indicative and subjunctive by this time honored acronym: We clean a dial.
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CAPUT XXXI Fīat
We Æ 1st conjugation Æ a/o changes to -e clean Æ 2nd conjugation Æ -e changes to -ea a Æ 3rd (reg.) conjugation Æ vowels change to -a dial Æ 3rd –io and 4th conjugation Æ vowels change to -ia
All you need to do right now, as you read Lectiō Prīma, is pay attention to the connecting vowels and remember that the indicative refers to a fact and the subjunctive to a possibility. All the present subjunctives in this lectiō are marked in bold.
EXERCEĀMUS! XXXI.A Subjunctives vs. Indicatives Directions: All of the present subjunctive forms you will see marked in bold in Lectiō Prīma are listed here along with their indicative equivalents. As you read the lectiō, find these subjunctives line by line. Indicate the line number in the chart and use “We Clean a Dial” to determine the conjugation of the subjunctive form. Then translate the words both the indicative and subjunctive forms into English. We have done some for you to get you started.
LINE Mood Form Subjunctive Conjugation Translation Pattern Indicative servītur it is saved -ia- 4th 11 Subjunctive serviātur Let it be saved! Indicative dormīmus we sleep -ia- 13 Subjunctive dormiāmus Indicative laborāmus 1st Subjunctive laborēmus Let’s work. Indicative impōnuntur Subjunctive impōnantur -a- Let them be placed (on) Indicative feruntur Subjunctive ferantur Indicative pōnitur Subjunctive pōnātur Indicative effunduntur they are poured out Subjunctive effundantur Indicative facimus Subjunctive faciāmus Indicative iuvant Subjunctive iuvent Indicative est
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Subjunctive sit he may be, let him be Indicative abit Subjunctive abeat Let him go away! Indicative regnat he rules Subjunctive regnet Indicative fit it happens Subjunctive fīat Let it be done! Indicative fabricantur Subjunctive fabricentur Indicative nōlō Subjunctive nōlim Indicative edunt they eat Subjunctive edant Indicative possunt Subjunctive possint
Māne
Māne est sed iam diēs aestuōsus est. Mox ad Forum Servīliō progrediendum est sed GEMMA Progrediendum est priusquam abit, clientēs suī recipiendī sunt prō Progrediendum est is an ianuā domī. Rōmae cōtīdiē māne quisquis example of an impersonal use of the gerundive. Forum is the patrōnus clientēs suōs recipit et eīs aut pecūniam direct object, not the subject of aut sportulam dat. Post hanc “salūtātiōn em” progrediendum est. patrōnus ad Forum ad rēs suās agendās abit. The expression is literally translated as “there must be a Dum Servilius et clientēs salūtātiōnem going to the Forum by agunt, Caecilia expergīscitur, sē lavat et Servilius,” but we would say “Servilius must go to the iēntāculum exspectat. Ancillae cuidam imperat Forum.” “Iēntāculum appōnātur! Iēiūna sum! Celerrimē!” 10 In culīnā Sicō ancillīs imperāns, īrātus fit. “Anna! Pallas! Scybalē! iēntāculum non iam parātum est. Nē dormiāmus. Celerius laborēmus omnēs! Ligna focō impōnantur. Fīcī ferantur! Pānis in mensā pōnātur! Mel et vīnum effundantur!” Pallas, “Sicō,” inquit, “ubique explōrāvī sed nullum mel invenīre 15 possum! Vēnitne herī mel dē apiāriīs?” Sicō, dēspērāns, clāmat: “Quid faciāmus? Mel inveniendum est! Dī mē iuvent!” Tālibus clāmātīs, Sicō ē culīnā currit. Scybalē dē Annā “Quō,” rogat, “Sicō vādit?” Anna respondet: “Sentiō coquum sollicatātum nostrum ad mel 20 inveniendum abīre! Utinam aequiōris animī sit. Abeat! Cum reveniet, 656
CAPUT XXXI Fīat
tranquillior sit! Interim, tranquillitās in culīnā regnet!” Caecilia, dum iēntāculum exspectat, ad coniugem vocat. “Servīlī,” inquit, “Quid dē Cordō herī accidit? Generne noster fīet?” “Ita, vērō,” respondit Servīlius, “generum novum habēmus! Et, ut 25 opīnor, haec rēs Servīliae valde placitūra erit Sed nunc mihi in Forō multae rēs agendae sunt. Quid tū, cāra uxor, in animō hodiē agere habēs?” “Vōlō quāsdam rēs īnspectāre. Dōna fīliae nostrae nūptūrae apta invenienda sunt! Sī rēs aptās invēnerō, licetne eās fabricārī?” “Ita, vērō,” respondet marītus. “Sed tempus fugit. Fīat! Sī rēs aptās 30 invēneris, fabricentur! Nōlim nostram fīliam nuptūram esse sine rēbus optimīs pulcherrimīsque.” Tālibus dictīs, Servīlius domum relinquit. Tunc, mele inventō, Sicō, cibum portans, cubiculum dominae intrat. “Domina,” inquit, “tempus est iēntāculī edendī. Ecce, mel novum habēmus!” 35 Caecilia, “Servī meī,” inquit, “cibum meum edant! Nunc mihi abeundum est! Nullum tempus edendō habeō! Eāmus!” Valdē irātus Sicō erat! Sed coquus nihil dīcens in culīnam abit. Sicō prūdēntissimus servus est et numquam id quod in mente habet dīcit. Quid aliud servī facere possint!? Interim domina celeriter domō abit et lectīcam 40 suam ascendit. Tunc statim ā servīs ad dōna fīliae emenda lāta est.
Verba Ūtenda aequus, -a, -um level, even lavō, lavāre, lāvī, lautum / reveniō, revenīre, revēnī, aestuōsus, -a, um hot lavātum / lōtum wash reventum come back, apiārius, -iī m. beekeeper lignum, -ī m. wood, return appōno, -ere, apposuī, appositum, firewood salūtātiō, -ōnis f. greeting, to serve (food) mel, mellis m. honey formal morning visit by a aptus, -a, -um suitable, fit mēns, mentis f. mind client to a patron cliēns, clientis m. client nē not, in order that not, Scybalē, -ēs f. a woman’s coniūnx, coniungis m./f. spouse lest name dēspērō (1) despair nūbō, nūbere, nūpsī, Sicō, Sicōnis m. Sico, a man’s dī m. nom. pl. “gods” (= deī) nūptum marry name effundō, effundere, effūdī, effūsum pānis, pānis m. bread sollicitō (1) upset, shake up pour out prudēns, prūdentis prudent sportula, -ae f. gift of money expergīscor, expergīscī, quisquis, quodquod or food from patron to experrēctus sum wake up whoever, whatever client, lit. “little basket” explōrō (1) test, try recipiō, recipere, recēpī, tranquillus, -a, -um calm, still fīcus, -ī f. fig receptum take back; se tranquillitās, -tātis f. focus, -ī m. fireplace, hearth recipere to take oneself calmness, stillness; fair iēntāculum, -ī n. breakfast somewhere, “to retreat weather impōno, impōnere, imposuī, or retire to someplace” utinam would that, how I wish impositum put on regnō (1) reign, hold power that! interim meanwhile over vādō (1) go, advance
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POSTQUAM LĒGISTĪ 1. What obligation does Servilius have at home every morning before he goes to the Forum? 2. The cook Sico gets angry twice in this narrative. What are the two things which upset him? 3. Why does Sico leave the kitchen? 4. How does Anna feel the mood will be while Sico is absent? 5. How does Servilius think his daughter will react to the news of her engagement to Cordus? 6. What does Caecilia ask her husband’s permission to do?
GRAMMATICA A Mood Consolidation
As you have already learned, every Latin verb form has tense, voice and mood. There are five moods in Latin:
Mood Examples Characteristics Indicative amat, amābit, amāvit fact Imperative amā! amāte! Nōlī amāre! command, order Infinitive amāre, amāvisse, amātum esse verbal noun Participle amāns, amātus, amātūrus verbal adjective Subjunctive amem, amēmus!, ament! wish, possibility, polite command
Mood indicates the manner in which the action is expressed: as fact, as command, as wish, etc.
The Present Subjunctive
As you saw in Lectiō Prīma, the subjunctive forms of the verb use familiar personal endings but distinctive connecting vowels. Compare here the present active indicative and present active subjunctive forms of vocō:
Indicative Subjunctive vocō vocem vocās vocēs vocat vocet vocāmus vocēmus vocātis vocētis vocant vocent
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CAPUT XXXI Fīat
Notā Bene: • The first person singular active ending in the subjunctive is always –m instead of –ō. • In the first conjugation the connecting vowel changes from –a– in the indicative to –e– in the subjunctive. • In all of the other conjugations the connecting vowel in the present subjunctive follows the pattern in the sentence We clean a dial.
2nd conjugation 3rd conjugation 3rd conjugation –iō 4th conjugation Indicative Subjunctive Indicative Subjunctive Indicative Subjunctive Indicative Subjunctive moneō moneam ducō ducam capiō capiam audiō audiam monēs moneās ducis ducās capis capiās audīs audiās monet moneat ducit ducat capit capiat audit audiat monēmus moneāmus ducimus ducāmus capimus capiāmus audīmus audiāmus monētis moneātis ducitis ducātis capitis capiātis audītis audiātis monent moneant ducunt ducant capiunt capiant audiunt audiant
Notā Bene: • The present passive subjunctive is easily formed by changing the active personal endings to passive; e.g., monear, moneāris, moneātur, moneāmur, moneāminī, moneantur. • Remember that the 2nd person singular passive ending is sometimes –re instead of –ris, This is true in the subjunctive as well as the indicative: moneāre, dūcāre, capiāre, audiāre. • False Friends: The 1st person future indicative and subjunctive forms are identical in the 3rd and 4th conjugations; e.g., dūcam is either future indicative or present subjunctive. Don’t worry too much about this. The form is usually clear in context.
The Present Subjective of Irregular Verbs
Latin verbs which are irregular in the present indicative are typically irregular in the present subjunctive as well. These forms require special attention and study:
sum possum Eō fīō volō nōlō mālō sim possim Eam fīam Velim nōlim mālim sīs possīs Eās fīās Velīs nōlīs mālīs sit possit Eat fīat Velit nōlit mālit sīmus possīmus Eāmus fīāmus velīmus nōlīmus mālīmus sītis possītis Eātis fīātis Velītis nōlītis mālītis sint possint Eant fīant Velint nōlint mālint
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Meanings and Uses of the Subjunctive
There are no hard and fast rules as to how you should translate a Latin subjunctive into English outside of context, but it may help you to study it this way to distinguish indicative, imperative and subjunctive in English:
Indicative Subjunctive I praise my students I may praise my students
Imperative Subjunctive Don’t praise the lazy. You ought not to praise the lazy. etc. etc.
However, there are many situations in which the subjunctive will have a very different meaning. You will learn these as you go along. The subjunctive mood is occasionally used as the main verb in the sentence. This is called an independent use of the subjunctive. In this part of the chapter we introduce you to several uses of the independent subjunctive. More frequently, subjunctive forms are found in dependent clauses, so called because they depend on and further elucidate the action of a main verb in the indicative mood.In Lectiō Secunda you will see a dependent use of the subjunctive.
The Independent Subjunctive
In Lectiō Prīma all the subjunctives you saw were independent, i.e., they were used as main verbs in the sentence. You can put these independent subjunctives into three groups:
• Commands (in the 1st or 3rd Persons only)
Eāmus! Let’s go! Nē dormiāmus! Let’s not sleep! Abeat! Let him go away! Ne abeāt! Let him not go away! Fīat! Let it happen! Nē fīat! Let it not happen!
Tranquillior sit. Nē tranqillior sit. Let him be calmer. Let him not be calmer. (but see below)
• Possibility or Wish
Utinam aequiōris animī sit. Nē aequioris animī sit. Would that he were of calmer mind. Would that he were not of calmer mind. Velim Nōlim I would want I would not want Tranquillior sit. Nē tranqillior sit. May he be calmer! May he not be calmer!
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CAPUT XXXI Fīat
• Deliberation (in the 1st person only)
Quid faciam? What should I do? Quid non faciam? What should I not do?
Notā bene: • Independent subjunctives expressing commands, possibilities or wishes use the negative nē instead of nōn. • The deliberative subjunctive uses the negative nōn. • Utinam is optional: Utinam aequioris animī sit and Aequioris animī sit both mean “Would that he were of calmer mind.” • You can usually translate an independent subjunctive by using one of the “magic words”: should, would, could, might, may.
Don’t worry too much about distinguishing among commands, possibilities, wishes and deliberation. Just keep these possibilities in mind and see which one fits best in context.
EXERCEĀMUS! XXXI.B Translating Independent Subjunctives Directions: Here is a list of some the independent subjunctives used in Lectiō Prīma. Translate each of them using the following key English words you might find in a subjunctive expression: should /would /could /might / may / let We have done the first one for you.
1. servētur He might be served He should be served. He may be served. Let him be served. He would be served. 2. dormiāmus 3. laborēmus 4. impōnantur 5. ferantur 6. pōnātur 7. effundantur 8. faciāmus 9. iuvent
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GEMMA Imprimātur and R.I.P Several independent Latin subjunctives have been borrowed into English. You have already seen fīat (“Let it be done.”) A second, imprimātur (“Let it be printed.”), is sometimes found in the front of religious books requiring permission from a church official to be published. Note that both fīat and imprimātur are usually used as nouns rather than verbs in English as in, “He ruled by fiat.” or “The author was unable to obtain an imprimatur to publish the book.” Then there is the common requiescat in pace (“Let him/her rest in peace.”), often abbreviated as R.I.P.
LECTIŌ SECUNDA
ANTEQUAM LEGIS
In Lectiō Secunda Valeria and her family meet Caecilia while she is out shopping in preparation for the upcoming wedding of Servilia and Cordus. Caecilia is so impressed with Aelius’ craftsmanship that she suggests that he meet her husband. This will lead to a formal patron-client relationship between the two families. Such alliances were a common type of interaction in the ancient Roman world. More on this as we go along.
Ut (So That)
You have aleady seen ut used to mean “as” in phrases like ut opīnor, in line 26-27 of Lectiō Prīma (and watch for another example of ut meaning “as” in the next lectiō). The following reading introduces you to a new meaning for ut (“so that,” “in order to”) in what is called the Latin Purpose Clause. As its name implies, it shows the purpose of the subject’s action. Earlier you saw purpose constructions using the gerund(ive) plus causā, gratiā, or ad. The purpose clauses in this chapter translate about the same, but a purpose clause with ut uses the subjunctive. For now, these pattern sentences will give you all you need to know to translate purpose clauses. Note the ut+ subjunctive verb put in bold for you below.
Veniō ut pōtum emam I come in order that I may buy a drink. I come so that I may buy a drink. I come (in order) to buy a drink.
Adsum ut dona inveniam. I am here in order that I may find gifts. I am here so that I may find gifts. I am here (in order) to find gifts.
Exibō ut dona inveniam. I will go out in order that I may find gifts. I will go out that that I may find gifts. 662
CAPUT XXXI Fīat
I will go out (in order) to find gifts.
Hominēs cibum habēre necesse est, nē moriantur. It is necessary for humans to have food lest they die. It is necessary for humans to have food so that they do not die. It is necessary for humans to have food (in order) not to die.
We have translated each sentence three different ways so that you can think about the wide range of options we have to express purpose in English.
EXERCEĀMUS! XXXI.C Translating Purpose Clauses Directions: Match the purpose clauses in Col. A with the appropriate English translation in Col. B. You will see all of these purpose clauses in Lectiō Secunda marked in bold. We have done one for you.
Col A Col. B ______1. ut inveniam A. in order to seek ______2. nē moriar B. in order to chat ______3. ut poscat C. in order to use ______4. ut arcessat D. in order not to die _____B____5. ut sermōcinētur E. in order to look at ______6. ut ūtar F. in order to see ______7. ut īnspectet G. in order to find ______8. ut videam H. in order to procure ______9. ut petat I. in order to ask for
Caecilia et Valeria
Caecilia, in lectīcā ā servīs lātā sedēns, dōnōrum Servīliae emendōrum causā ad multās tabernās multōrum fabricatōrum GEMMA adīvit, sed nulla dōna idōnea videntur. Alia dōna sī placet vs. sī placeat nōn satis pulchra sunt, alia nimium ostentātiōnis Watch for two versions of 5 habent. Haec dōna turpia sunt, illa parum artis “please” in this reading. Sī placet, which you have seen exhibent. Quid faciat? Ubi dōna idōnea before, is indicative and is a invenienda sunt? simple “please”. Sī placeat is subjunctive and is more polite. Nunc quīnta hora est—et Caecilia et servī “If it is pleasing” vs. “if it lectīcam portantēs in umerīs lātīs iēiūnī sitientēsque should be pleasing.” sunt. Caecilia servīs imperat: “Servī, sistite prope illam tabernam! Dēscendam ut pōtum cibumque inveniam. Mālim tabernam mundiorem sed haec tolerānda est. Mē aliquid edere pōtāreque necesse est nē fame sitīque
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moriar!” 5 Lectīcā in terrā depositā, Caecilia dēscendit et tabernae Valeriae appropinquat ut aliquid ad pōtandum poscat. Caecilia Liciniam videt et “Salvē,” inquit. “Maximē sitiō. Dā mihi vīnum, panem, et mel. Sed, manē! Nōn vīnum, sed calidam vōlō, sī tibi placeat!” 10 Licinia “Certe, domina,” inquit. “Aliquid aliud vīs? Fortasse servī tuī quoque sitientēs sunt? Licetne eīs aquam dare?” Caecilā assentiente, Licinia, ut aquam arcessat urnam portāns ad fontem abit. Valeria, quae īnfantem Maximum portat, Caeciliae appropinquat ut cum eā sermōcinētur. 15 Valeria, “Salvē,” inquit, “Calidamne tibi placet? Nostra calida optima est. Vīnum Falernum est et hoc mel apiariī optimī rūsticī quī mel suum mihi solī vendit ut eō in tabernā meā vendam.” Caecilia, “Rectē habes,” inquit. “Haec calida est optima quam pōtāvī et hodiē mihi vīnum necesse est! Tam fatīgāta sum! Sed, dīc mihi, dē 20 speculō quod in mūrō videō. Hoc speculum idem est quod Aelius Liciniae fabricāvit et Valeria, rīdens, speculum dē murō tollit et Caeciliae, ut illa id īnspectet, dat. “Aelius,” inquit, “gener meus hoc fabricāvit uxōrī et huic īnfantī suō quem vidēs. Quoque hās inaurēs fabricāvit.” 25 Caecilia, “Ut vidēs, ars magna in ambābus rēbus est. Hodiē frūstrā multās horās circumiens ut dōna nūptiālia fīliae videam nihil idōneum vīdī. Velim fīliae aliquid simile dare. Hic Aelius hās rēs argenteās quoque fabricāre potest?” Valeria, “Fortasse,” inquit, “sed argentum nōn habēmūs. Egēnī sumus 30 et pecūniam argentō Aelius nōn habet. Quid faciāmus?” Caecilia: “Maritus meus vir dives et in Urbe nōtus est. Senātor est et opīnor eum praetōrem mox futūrum esse. Tālēs GEMMA virī semper clientēs multōs habent sed clientēs māne vs. manē magnī ingeniī paucōs. Aelius ad marītum meum Another case where the macron makes all the difference: māne 35 crās māne advenīre debet ut ab eō auxilium petat. “in the morning” vs. manē Sī maritō placuerit, argentum Aelius habēbit. Tum “Wait!” fortasse Aelius faber argentārius fīet. Certē artificēs plus pecūniae quam fabrī habent! Cōnsentīsne?” “Faciam quod vīs, domina.” respondet Valeria. “Gener meus ad 40 senātōrem crās adveniet.”
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Verba Ūtenda alia….alia dēscendō, -ere, -cendī,- nimium too, too much, “some….others” scensum go down, descend excessively ambō, ambae, ambō both (of egēnus, -a, -um in need of, in nōtus, -a, -um known two). Note the irregular want of, destitute nūptiālis, -e nuptial, for a dative/ablative plural, exhibeō, -ēre, -hibuī, -hibitum wedding ambābus. show, exhibit ostentātiō, -ōnis f. display, apiārius, -ī m. beekeeper Falernus, -a, -um Falernian, flashiness arcessō, arcessere, arcessīvī / referring to a region in Italy parum little, too little, not arcessī, arcessītum fetch producing a particularly enough argentārius, -a, -um of silver, good kind of wine pōtō (1) drink pertaining to silver; faber famēs, famis f. hunger praetor, -ōris m. praetor, judge argentārius silversmith fatīgō (1) weary, tire quīntus, -a, -um fifth argenteus, -a, -um silvery, of fōns, fontis m. spring, fountain rūsticus, -a, -um rural, rustic silver. frūstrā in vain sermōcinor, sermōcinārī, argentum, -ī n. silver; money idōneus, -a, -um fit, suitable sermōcinātus sum artifex, artificis m. artist, inaurēs, inaurium m. pl. converse, talk, chat artisan, maker earrings similis, -e like, similar to assentior, assentīrī, assensus ingenium, -iī n. talent sitiō, sitīre, sitīvī / sitīī be sum approve lātus, -a, -um wide, broad thirsty circumeō, circumīre, lectīca, -ae f. litter sitis, sitis f. thirst. sitī Note the circumīvī / circumiī, mel, mellis n. honey alternative abl. sing. i-stem circumitum go around morior, morī, mortuus sum die ending. cliēns, clientis m. client mundus, -a, -um clean, refined, tolerō (1) bear, endure consentiō, consentīre, elegant turpis, -e ugly, foul, loathsome consensī, consensum nē not, that not, in order that umerus, -ī m. shoulder consent, agree not, lest urna, -ae f.large water jar ut in order that, so that
POSTQUAM LĒGISTĪ 1. How does Caecilia travel around the city? 2. Why doesn’t she buy anything? 3. What is Caecilia’s first impression of Valeria’s shop? 4. What does Caecilia order from the menu? 5. What does Caecilia think about the mirror and earrings that Aelius made? 6. What does she suggest Aelius do in the morning? 7. Can you find the ut in this lectiō which does not introduce a purpose clause? What does this ut mean?
GRAMMATICA B Purpose Clauses
Earlier you saw subjunctives used independently, as the main verbs in the sentence. Subjunctives in purpose clauses are dependent, that is they appear in subordinate clauses which depend or hang from the main clause in the sentence. For example, in the following sentence
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Veniō ut pōtum emam veniō is the verb in the main clause and ut pōtum emam is the subordinate clause. To put it another way, “buying food” depends upon the “coming.” So the basic structure of a Latin sentence with a purpose clause is
Main clause + ut / nē + verb in the subjunctive vēniō ut pōtum emam.
If the verb after ut is not subjunctive, then the clause is not a purpose clause and expresses time (“when/as”) rather than purpose (“in order that”).
Compare:
Veniō ut pōtum emam. I come in order that I buy a drink. PURPOSE Rideō ut pōtum emō. I smile when/as I buy a drink. TIME
The subjunctive form emam makes all the difference here.
The main verb must be in the present or future tense in order to use a present subjunctive. In the next chapter you will see what happens when the main verb is in a past tense.
Notā bene: You now know four ways to express purpose in Latin. • ut + subjunctive: ut pōtum emam • gerund(ive) in the genitive + causā: pōtī emendī causā • gerund(ive) in the genitive + gratiā: pōtī emendī gratiā • ad + acc. gerundive: ad pōtum emendum
All of these phrases can be translated “to buy a drink.”
EXERCEĀMUS! XXX.D Ut + Subjunctive Purpose Clauses Directions: Change each of the following future passive periphrastic phrases into purpose clause using ut + subjunctive. In order to do this make the dative of person the subject of a present active subjunctive verb formed from the gerundive. Then translate the purpose clause into English at least two different ways.
Familia nova mihi movenda est. → ut familiam novam movēam in order that I move my new family to move my new family.
1. Opus novum Aeliō accipiendum est.
2. Novāe rēs vīrīs faciendae sunt.
3. Novāe rēs feminīs vendendae sunt. 666
CAPUT XXXI Fīat
4. Speculum tibi mīrandum est!
5. Exemplum vōbīs mōnstrandum est.
6. Specula plūra nōbīs fabricanda sunt.
7. Speculum meum tibi nōn monstrandum est.
8. Sed speculum Valeriae nōn vendendum est.
RŌMĀNĪ IPSĪ Waking Up On the Farm
The Servilius household is quite busy at it prepares for another day. In a little poem called Morētum (“The Salad”), traditionally attributed to Vergil, a similar morning is described, not in a rich household but in the home of a poor farmer named Symilus (“Snub-nosed” in Greek) and his female companion/slave Scybale (“refuse” or “trash” in Greek). Morētum is actually a cheese pate of garlic and herbs like parsley and coriander (cilantro) which Symilus will take with him into the fields for lunch. Before they can eat their breakfast, Symilus and Scybale must light the fire and get the household started again. Vergil describes how Symilus calls to Scybale while doing his own morning chores. The poet then stops to note the woman’s physical appearance. This is probably one of the earliest Roman descriptions of an African woman. One of the servants in the Servilian household is named after her and you can image her looking like this. As you read this paraphrase from Vergil’s poem, try to decide whether the author is simply describing Scybale or is making fun of her appearance in a derogatory fashion. Our idea of ancient attitudes towards minorities are largely based on evidence like this.
Interdum Symilus clāmat Scybalen ūnicam custōdem. Tōta figūra fēminae patriam Āfram testātur. Coma torta est. Color fuscus et labra tumentia sunt. Pectus lātum est, iacentibus mammīs, et alvus compressior est. Exīlia crura habet et prōdiga plantīs spatiōsīs est. Symilus hanc vocat atque eī ligna arsūra focīs 5 impōnere et liquorēs gelidōs flammā adolēre imperat.
Verba Ūtenda adoleō, adolēre, adoluī, exīlis, -e small, thin liquor,-ōris m. fluid, liquid adultum burn flamma, -ae f. flame mamma, -ae f. breast Āfrus, -a, -um African focus, -ī m. hearth, fireplace pectus, -oris n. breast, chest. alvus, -ī m. belly, stomach fuscus, -a, -um dark planta, -ae f. sole of the foot ardeō, ardēre, arsi, arsum burn gelidus, -a, -um icy, cold prodigus, -a, -um ample clāmō + acc. call someone by iacentibus mammīs Translate spatiōsus, -a, -um wide name “with breasts lying flat” testor, testārī, testātus sum color, -ōris m. color, impōnō,impōnere, imposuī, bear witness to, testify to complexion impositum put upon tortus, -a, -um twisted, coma, -ae f. hair labrum, -ī n. lip crooked 667
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compressus, -a, um squeezed lātus, -a, -um wide, broad tumeō, tumēre swell together. Translate lignum, -ī n. firewood ūnicus, -a, -um one and only, compressior as “rather sole narrow” crūs, crūris n. leg
MUNDUS RŌMĀNUS Salūtātiō
Before Servilius leaves for the Forum in the morning, he must greet his clients at home in a ceremony called salūtātiō, -iōnis f. The salūtātiō is a formal greeting ceremony or morning call by a Roman client (cliēns, clientis m. client) to his patron (patrōnus, -ī m.). The patron-client relationship formed the heart of Roman political and commercial enterprise. The wealthy and ambitious sought to have as many clients as possible. A Roman like Cicero would have boasted hundreds. These clients were expected to come to the home of the patron every day to greet him “good morning.” The homes of many wealthy Romans had benches along the outside wall of the house where clients could wait until the patron was ready to receive them in the atrium (atrium, -iī n.), the formal greeting room. The patron would strive to greet each client individually, ask about the client’s family and situation. If the client needed help, this was the time to ask. Often, like Servilius does, the patron might give his clients sportula, -ae, f., little gifts of money or food. The sportula Servilius gave his clients that morning might have consisted of food left over from the big banquet. If private matters needed to be discussed, the patron might ask the client to step into the office (tab(u)līnum, -ī n.) behind the atrium. In return for these favors and patronage, clients were expected to support their patron’s http://karenswhimsy.com/public- commercial and political activities. Often, if a patron domain-images/ancient- were running for political office, clients would escort pompeii/images/ancient-pompeii- him as he campaigned. Clients were also expected to 3.jpg vote as the patron wished at the public assemblies and to campaign for him as well. The system was complicated. Most Romans were both clients and patrons. The wealthiest and most powerful Romans were only patrons, not clients, and the poorest citizens, like Aelius, were lucky to have any patron at all.
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LATĪNA HODIERNA Latin in the Periodic Table of the Elements
In the readings you encountered argentum, the Latin word for silver. This leads us to the Periodic Table of the Elements. For centuries following the fall of the Roman Empire, Latin continued to be the language of communication among scientists. The Periodic Table of Elements reflects the influence of Latin. Several elements use the actual Latin name for the element:
Abbreviation Latin name English name English Derivatives Au aurum, -ī n. gold auriferous, aurous, aureate, aureole Ag argentum, -ī n. silver argent, argentiferous, Argentina Pb plumbum, -ī n. lead plumber, plumbiferous Fe ferrum, -ī n. iron ferric, ferrite, ferriferous
Some elements bear the names of Roman religion and Greco-Roman mythology: Ir iridium from Iris –idis f. , goddess of the rainbow Ur uranium from Uranus, -ī m., first god of the sky, father of the Titans Pm promethium from Prometheus, Promēthei m., Titan inventor of fire Np neptunium from Neptunus, -ī m., god of the sea Pu plutonium from Plutō, -ōnis m., god of the underworld Ta tantalium from Tantalus, -ī, m. great sinner
Many other elements were given Latinized names based upon the name of its discover, the home of the discoverer, the place of its discovery or the names famous scientists. These are just a few.
Sc scandium from Scandinavia Am americium from America Es einsteinium from (Albert) Einstein
Note how all these elements are neuter 2nd declension nouns.
ORBIS TERRĀRUM RŌMĀNUS Pompēiī et Vesuvius
In the first-century B.C. the city of Pompeii was a small but prosperous town in southern Italy. It is only famous today because the eruption of Mt. Vesuvius on August 24, 79 A.D. preserved the city under piles of volcanic ash. We know a lot more about everyday Roman life because of what was found in the excavation of Pompeii (as well as Herculaneum, her sister city in destruction). If you compare the photo of Vesuvius in the background of Pompeii today at left with the ancient wall painting of Vesuvius at right you can see how much of the mountain fell on Pompeii in the eruption. Also notice Bacchus, the Roman god of wine, in the wall 669
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painting, Bacchus is wearing a bunch of grapes and if you look closely you can see that Vesuvius is covered with vineyards. The rich volcanic soil of the mountain was (and still is) an excellent agricultural area.
http://www.imagesofanthropology.com/images/Pompeii_with_Vesuvius_in_background. bmp (left)
http://www.interviu.it/cards/maggio4/maggio85.jpg (right)
Mt. St. Helens before and after the 1980 eruption http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2005/30 45/images/fig1.jpg
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CAPUT XXXI Fīat
QUID PUTĀS? 1. How accurate do you think modern anthropologists would consider Vergil’s description of Scybale? What does this poem suggest about racial attitudes in ancient Rome? 2. Use the names of elements in the periodic table to create names for a new elements named after you or people you admire. 3. How does the Roman patron-client relationship compare to the way that politics and commerce are practiced in the United States today? 4. Compare the pictures of Vesuvius before and after the eruption with photos of Mt. St. Helens before and after the eruption of 1980. What do these photos suggest about the force of the eruption?
XXXI.E SCRIBĀMUS! Directions: Use the word pool to fill in the blanks with appropriate purpose clauses. Hint: You will have to make the infinitives in the word pool subjunctive. We have done the first one for you.
multam pecūniam habēre pōtum cibumque invenīre laetus esse artem īnspectāre difficultātem fugere auxilium petere bene edere vītā fruī vīnum bibere mel emere
1. Labōrō strenuē ut multam pecūniam habeam. I work hard to have much money.
2. Epistulam scrībit ut
3. In Ītaliā habitāmus ut
4. Caecilia dē lecticā dēscendit ut
5. Licinia Caeciliae speculum dat ut
6. Aelius ad Servīlium advenīre debet ut
7. Sicō abit ut
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XXXI.F LOQUĀMUR! Directions: Now ask a classmate one of the following questions. Your classmate can use the sentences from Exercise XXXI.E to reply.
1. Cūr strenuē laborās? Labōrō strenuē ut multam pecuniam habeam.
2. Cūr epistulam scrībit?
3. Cūr in Ītaliā habitātis?
4. Cūr Caecilia dē lecticā dēscendit?
5. Cūr Licinia Caeciliae speculum dat?
6. Cūr Aelius ad Servīlium advenīre debet?
7. Cūr Sicō abit?
XXXI.G Vēnātiō Verbōrum Directions: Use the following hints to identify words in the Verba Discenda. A word can be used only once. We have done one for you.
______1. “Ineptitude” is a derivative of this word. ______2. Bibō is a synonym for this word. ______3. This is a parisyllabic i-stem of the 3rd declension. ______4. This word has irregularly-formed dative and ablative plurals. ______5. This a neuter word of the third declension. ______6. This word is deponent. _argentum__7. This word is a metal. ______8. Calidus, -a, -um is a synonym for this word. ______9. This is a feminine word of the second declension. ______10. This word is used instead of ut in a negative purpose clause. ______11. A tranquillus homo experiences this. ______12. This word is a meal. ______13. This word describes what you do to dirty dishes. ______14. This word is a fourth conjugation verb. ______15. This word refers to a metal. ______16. This word describes what Servilia will do soon.
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______17. This word is the antonym of patrōnus. ______18. This word could describe a bright sunny day. ______19. This word is related to the Latin word which means “Hi!” or “Hello!”
Verba Discenda aequus, -a, -um even, iēntāculum, -ī n. a light reveniō, revenīre, equal; fair, just; patient, meal; breakfast; lunch revēnī, reventum calm lātus, -a, -um wide, come back, return aestuōsus, -a, -um hot broad salūtātiō, -ōnis f. alius…alius lavō, lavāre, lāvī, lautum greeting, formal one…another; in pl. / lavātum / lōtum wash morning visit by a some….others mel, mellis n. honey client to a patron ambō, ambae, ambō both mēns, mentis f. mind; sermōcinor, (of two). Note the reason; mental sermōcinārī, irregular disposition sermōcinātus sum dative/ablative plural, nē not, that not, in order converse, talk, chat ambābus. that not, lest serviō servīre, servīvī / aptus, -a, -um attached to, nimium too, too much, serviī, servītum connected to; suitable, excessively serve, be a slave to fit nūbō, nūbere, nūpsī, sitiō, sitīre, sitīvī / sitīī argentārius, -a, -um of nūptum marry be thirsty silver, pertaining to pānis, pānis m. bread tranquillus, -a, -um silver; faber pōtō (1) drink calm, still, peaceful argentārius silversmith recipiō, recipere, recēpī, tranquillitās, -tātis f. argentum, -ī n. silver; receptum take back; se calmness, stillness; money recipere to take fair weather cliēns, clientis m. client oneself somewhere, ut in order that, so dēscendō, dēscendere, “to retreat or retire to that; how dēscendī, dēscēnsum go someplace” down, descend
ANGULUS GRAMMATICUS Is that Subjunctive Jussive or Hortatory?
The independent uses of the subjunctive are sometimes divided into the following four categories:
Volitive (willed, from vōlō)
Eāmus! Let’s go! Nē eāmus! Let’s not go! Eat! Let him go! Nē eat! Let him not go!
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Notā Bene: • Volitive subjunctives are the equivalent of imperatives, but in the first or third person. • The first person volitive is sometimes called hortatory (from hortor), because it urges “us” to do something. You can think of it as a “salad” subjunctive because it has “lettuce,” in it, as in “Let us not go!”. • The third person volitive is sometimes called jussive (from iussus) because it is a polite order. • The volitive subjunctive uses the negative nē instead of nōn.
Optative (wished for, from optō)
(Utinam) eāmus! Would that we were going Nē eāmus! Would that we were not going!
Notā Bene: • The optative subjunctive can be introduced by the word utinam (“would that”). • The optative subjunctive uses the negative nē instead of nōn. • Eāmus (“Let’s go!”) can equally be translated “Let’s go!” or “Would that we were going!”
Potential (possible, from possum)
Velim. I should wish. Nōlim. I should not wish
Notā Bene: • The potential subjunctive uses the negative nōn.
Deliberative (deliberating, from dēlīberō)
Quid faciam? What should I do? Quid non faciam? What should I not do?
Notā Bene: • The deliberative subjunctive is only used in the first person. • The deliberative subjunctive uses the negative nōn.
LEGENDA Fitzgerald, William. “Labor and Laborer in Latin Poetry: The Case of the Moretum.” Arethusa 29 (1996) 389-418. Fitzgerald studies the Moretum in the context of ancient poetic attitudes towards laborers, nature, slavery and urban alienation. His focus is more on Symilus than on Scybale. Snowden, Frank M. Blacks in Antiquity. 1970. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. This major study of Blacks in the Greco-Roman world includes a discussion of Vergil’s description of Scybale. 674
CAPUT XXXII Mementō Morī
ARGUMENTUM FĀBULAE While the Servilian family worries about their avus dying, Cordus’ worst fears about fires are realized and the family of Valeria is put into dire straits.
GRAMMATICA Result Clauses Subordinate Clauses: Temporal, Purpose and Result Imperfect Subjunctives, Active and Passive Concept of Sequence Noun Clauses with fac ut
RŌMĀNĪ IPSĪ Incendium in Bithyniā
MUNDUS RŌMĀNUS
Prōvinciae Rōmānae Mementō Morī “Remember that you die” LATĪNA HODIERNA a mosaic from Pompeii Latin Mottoes in the Modern World http://altreligion.about.com/library/gra phics/memento5.jpg ORBIS TERRĀRUM RŌMĀNUS Bithynia-et-Pontus
ANGULUS GRAMMATICUS Confusing Pairs: Latin Homonyms and Heteronyms
LECTIŌ PRĪMA
ANTEQUAM LEGIS Rome at Night
The city of Rome was noisy and dangerous, especially at night. There were no street lights and only the bravest or most desperate went out at night without protection. Wheeled traffic was prohibited in the city center in Rome during the day so much of this commercial traffic took place at night. The noise from this traffic could be deafening and ancient Romans often complained about the noise. The night on which Lectiō Prīma takes place proves to be a fatal one for many inhabitants.
DISCE LĀTINAM!
Result Clauses
Result clauses tell just that – a result. Consider these English sentences
• Charley is so tall that he ducks when he comes into a room. • Martha is so smart that her teachers always love her. • Brutus is so troublesome that no teachers want to teach him.
In Latin, the main clause (underlined) is in the indicative because it states the most obvious fact --- Charley is tall, Martha is smart. The result (here in italics) is dependent upon the first, factual clause, and is therefore in the subjunctive mood.
• Carolus tam longus est ut, in cameram intrans, caput declinet. • Martha tam intelligens est ut magistrī eam semper ament. • Brutus tam molestus est ut nullī magistrī eum docēre velint.
A Latin result clause is often (but not always) introduced by one of these vocabulary markers. You can call these “So” words:
ita so, thus; yes sīc so, thus, in this way tam so, so much (as) tantus, -a, -um so great, so much
It is that simple! All result clauses follow this formula:
Any main verb + “so word” → ut/ut nōn + subjunctive
Notandum: The negative result clause can have a variety of “nōn” words, such as nullus, numquam, nēmō, etc.
We will explain more about result clauses after you read Lectiō Prīma, but for now you should be able to translate them easily enough.
EXERCEĀMUS! XXXII.A Recognizing Result Clauses Directions: Do this exercise as you translate Lectiō Prīma. You can find all of the sentences with result clauses line by line in Lectiō Prīma by looking for the “so” word, the ut, and the verb in the result clause marked in bold. For each sentence fill in the form as directed. We have done the first one for you:
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Lines 2-4 Tanta est tranquillitās ut omnēs dīvitēs in cubiculīs suīs bene dormiant. Main Clause Result Clause Main verb “So” Word ut Subjunctive est Tanta ut Dormiant Translation: He/she/it is so great that they sleep.
Lines 14-15 Tanta est paupertās in Subūra ut hominēs interdiū noctūque semper cibum quaerant. Main Clause Result Clause Main verb “So” Word ut Subjunctive
Translation:
Lines Main Clause Result Clause Main verb “So” Word ut Subjunctive
Translation:
Incendium!
Sērō est et paucī in viīs Rōmae sunt. In Colle Viminālī, prope domum Servīliōrum, viae dēsertae sunt et tanta est tranquillitās ut omnēs dīvitēs in cubiculīs bene GEMMA dormiant. Servī molliter labōrant dum dominī The Artorius of this story 5 dormiunt. Familia Servīliana autem non quiescit quod is based on a real Artorius, a Greek physician-friend of avus aeger est. Multī medicī, inter quōs quīdam Augustus early in his Artorius est, avum palpant, urīnam īnspectant, pannōs career. He died c.30 B.C. madidōs applicant, et multa alia temptant ut avum sānent. Dum aliī medicī inter sē disputant, Servīlius Artorium ad sē vocat et 10 eum rogat: “Quid dē patre meō? Opīnāris eum mortuūrum esse?” Et ille: “Nōn,” inquit, “tē dēcipiam. Pater tuus aegrōtissimus est. Opīnor hanc noctem eī ultimam esse. Febris saevissima eum tenet et cum febrēs senēs tenent, rēs perīculōsa est. Nihil agendum, solum precandum est.” In Subūrā, autem, viae numquam omnīnō dēsertae sunt. Tanta est 15 paupertās in Subūra ut hominēs interdiū noctūque semper cibum quaerant. Plaustra quoque per viās urbis progrediuntur noctū sed interdiū et tantum clāmōrem faciunt ut multī incolae īnsulārum frequenter nōn dormīre possint.
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In ūnā īnsulā Subūrae trēs nōn 20 dormiunt. Infāns Liciniae tam fortiter flet ut Licinia expergīscātur et nunc sedet, infantem nūtriens. Mox, infante nūtrītō, fortasse Licinia iterum dormiet. Infrā Fēlīx, Mendācis fēlēs, quoque difficultātem dormiendī habet, 25 Mendācis stertendī causā. Mendāx hodiē tantam multam pecūniam ā transeuntibus postulāvit ut multum vīnum emere posset. Lucerna Rōmāna Vīnō cōnsūmptō, Mendāx nunc sicut mortuus Most Romans used simple oil lamps dormit et tam fortiter stertit ut Fēlix dormīre like this one. The cavity was filled with oil and a lighted wick was 30 nōn possit. inserted in the lip. Fēlīx valdē īrātus prīmō sē paulum http://www.bgst.edu.sg/realia/l16.ht lavat sed tunc, unō pede faciem Mendācis m tangit ut eum excitet et sonitum sistat. Mendāx autem nōn expergīscitur! Fēlīx īrātior fit et nunc faciem Mendācis ambōbus pedibus haud leniter 35 pulsat! Mendāx mussitāns, manū fēlem removēre conātur sed manus lucernam, quae nōndum extīncta est, pulsat. Ignis lucernae pannōs, qui Mendācī lectō sunt, incendunt. Fēlīx ignem metuens Mendācem iterum excitāre conātur sed ignis tam celeriter crēscit ut fēlī fugiendum sit. Suprā, Licinia, adhūc infantem 40 Maximum nūtriēns, dormit. Sōcratēs, autem, quī in angulō dormit, fūmum sensit et nunc fortiter clāmāre incipit. Subitō Licinia expergīscitur et fūmum sentiēns perterrita est. Perīculum adest! Ignis in īnsulīs Rōmae semper rēs gravissima est! “Aelī!” clāmat. “Aelī! Expergīscere! Incendium!”
Verba Ūtenda aeger, aegra, aegrum sick haud not, by no means palpō (1) stroke, caresss angulus, -ī m. corner incendium, -iī n. fire, pannus, -ī m. cloth, garment, applicō, applicāre, applicāvī / conflagration rags applicuī, applicātum / incendō, incendere, incendī, paupertās, -tātis f. poverty applicitum apply incēnsum set fire to, plaustrum, -ī n. cart, wagon Artorius, -iī m. Artorius, a inflame, burn postulō (1) beg man’s name incola, -ae m./f. inhabitant precor, precārī, precātus sum collis, collis m. hill īnfrā below, underneath, pray cōnsūmō, cōnsūmere, under prīmō at first cōnsūmpsī, cōsūmptum interdiū by day removeō, remōvēre, remōvī, consume lucerna, -ae f. (oil) lamp remōtum remove crēscō, crēscere, crēvī, madidus, -a, -um moist, wet Rōmae at Rome crētum grow, arise, medicus, -ī m. physician, doctor saevus, -a, -um raging, violent appear, increase metuō, metuere, metuī, metūtum sānō (1) restore to health dēcipiō, dēcipere, dēcēpī, fear, be afraid of sērō late
678 CAPUT XXXII Mementō Morī dēceptum cheat mollis, molle soft Servīlianus, -a, -um Servilian, dēserō, dēserere, dēseruī, mortuus, -a, um dead of the Servilii dēsertum desert mussitō (1) mutter stertō, sterteren sertuī snore disputō (1) argue Nihil agendum, solum suprā above; + acc. over, on excitō (1) awaken, excite, precandum est. Literally, top of raise “nothing can be done; there tangō, tangere, tetigī, tāctum expergīscōr, expergīscī, must only be praying.” But touch; reach; affect, move, experrēctus sum awake, we would say “There is mention wake up nothing to do except pray.” temptō (1) feel; try; test extinguō, estinguere, extīnxī, noctū at night transeō, transīre, transīvī / extīnctum extinguish nōndum not yet transīī, transitum go over, febris, febris f. fever nūtrīō, nūtrīre, nūtrīvī / nūtriī, go across fēlēs, fēlis f. cat nūtritum nurse, nourish, raise urīna, -ae f. urine frequenter frequently omnīnō utterly, altogether, Vīminālis, -is m. Viminal fūmus, -ī m. smoke completely (hill), one of the seven hills of Rome
POSTQUAM LĒGISTĪ 1. Why are the wealthy people able to sleep so well on the Viminal Hill? 2. Why are the members of the Servilian family not sleeping? 3. What medical techniques are used by the physician Artorius? How do these compare to modern medical practices? 4. Why do the poorer families in the Subura not sleep as well as those on the Viminal? 5. What is keeping Valeria’s family awake? 6. Why is Mendax sleeping so soundly despite the noise? 7. How does Felix the cat cause a fire? 8. Who is the first to smell fire in Valeria’s household?
GRAMMATICA A Subordinate Clauses: Temporal, Purpose and Result
The concept of a result clause is more important grammatically in Latin than it is in English. Looking at Latin temporal, purpose and result clauses will help you understand why this is the case. Compare the relationship between the main and subordinate clauses in each of the following sentences:
TEMPORAL
Indicative (or imperative) main verb + conjunction+ indicative subordinate verb
Servī molliter labōrant dum omnēs dīvitēs in cubiculīs bene dormiunt. The servants work softly while all the rich people sleep well in their bedrooms.
Here the relationship between the main and subordinate clauses is temporal, i.e., based upon time. The two actions happen simultaneously. In this case, Latin uses indicative
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PURPOSE
Indicative (or imperative) main verb + ut + subjunctive subordinate verb
Servī molliter labōrant ut omnēs dīvitēs in cubiculīs bene dormiant. The servants work softly so that all the rich people sleep well in their bedrooms.
Here the action of the main clause is performed with the intent or purpose that the action of the subordinate clause will happen. In this case Latin puts the verb in the main clause in the indicative mood because this action actually happens but the verb of the subordinate clause is subjunctive because this action is contingent upon the action of the main verb.
RESULT
Indicative main verb + “so” word + ut + subjunctive subordinate verb
Tanta est tranquillitās ut omnēs dīvitēs in cubiculīs bene dormiant. There is so great tranquility that all the rich people sleep well in their bedrooms.
Here the action of the main clause leads to or results in the action of the subordinate clause. In this case, as with purpose clauses, Latin puts the verb in the main clause in the indicative mood because this action actually happens but the verb of the subordinate clause is subjunctive because this action is contingent upon the action of the main verb.
The distinction between purpose and result is not as clear in English sentences:
PURPOSE The servants work softly so that all the rich people sleep well in their bedrooms. RESULT The night is so tranquil that all the rich people sleep well in their bedrooms.
Notice that English uses some form of “so. . . that” to express either purpose or result.
At first glance the distinction between purpose and result appears equally vague in Latin because Latin uses ut + subjunctive in both cases:
PURPOSE Servī molliter labōrant ut omnēs dīvitēs in cubiculīs bene dormiant. RESULT Tanta est tranquillitās ut omnēs dīvitēs in cubiculīs bene dormiant.
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There are, however, several ways to distinguish purpose from result in Latin:
• The presence of a “so” word like tam or tantus in the main clause often leads to a subordinate result clause.
• Negative purpose clauses are introduced by nē while negative result clauses are introduced by ut + nōn (or other negatives like nēmō, nūllus, etc.) Servī molliter labōrant nē omnēs dīvitēs in cubiculīs suīs bene vigilent. Tantus est clāmor ut omnēs dīvitēs in cubiculīs nōn bene dormiant. Tantus est clāmor ut nūllus dīvēs in cubiculīs bene dormiat. Tantus est clāmor ut nēmō in cubiculīs dormiat.
XXXII.C Distinguishing Temporal, Purpose and Result Clauses Directions: The subordinate clauses in each of the following sentences are marked in bold. Identify each as temporal, purpose or result.
_result_____1. Tanta est tranquillitās ut omnēs dīvitēs in cubiculīs suīs bene dormiant. _temporal__2. Servī molliter labōrant dum omnēs dīvitēs in cubiculīs bene dormiunt. _purpose___3. Servī molliter labōrant ut omnēs dīvitēs in cubiculīs bene dormiant. ______4. Pauperēs in Subūrā noctū nōn dormiunt ut cibum quaerant. ______5. Tanta est paupertās in Subūra ut hominēs interdiū noctūque semper cibum quaerant. ______6. Dum nox cadit, pauperēs in Subūrā cibum quaerunt. ______7. Fēlēs celeriter currit ut incendium fugiat. ______8. Ignis tam celeriter crēscit ut fēlī fugiendum sit. ______9. Fēlī fugiendum est nē igne moriātur. ______10. Fēlēs tam celeriter currit ut nōn igne moriātur. ______11. Fēlēs celeriter currit dum ignis crēscit. ______12. Dum Mendax stertit, fēlēs dormit.
LECTIŌ SECUNDA ANTEQUAM LEGIS
Larēs
As the family of Valeria escapes from the fire, watch for a literary allusion to a famous scene in Vergil’s Aeneid when the hero Aeneas escapes from burning Troy with his father Anchises on his shoulder and his son Ascanius (Iulus) at his side. Anchises holds in his hands the larēs or household gods of the family. Even the poorest family, like that of Valeria would have its own household gods to protect them. The larēs of Valeria’s family have a major challenge on this particular night.
Notā bene: If you look carefully, you will also find the mottoes of several U.S. states used in Lectiō Secunda.
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Aenēas Fugiens Aeneas Fleeing Troy by Gianlorenzo Bernini 1619 Galleria Borghese, Rome http://clipper.jbhs.wi.k12.md.us/~jrobins/Latin/dc- aeneas-bernini.gif
Imperfect Subjunctive
In this reading you are introduced to the imperfect subjunctive, which is very easy to recognize and form:
Present Active Infinitive + Personal Endings, Active/Passive Æ Imperfect Subjunctive
Examples: clamāre+m Æ clamarem vidēre + s Æ vidērēs capere + t Æ caperet audīre + mus Æ audīrēmus conāre + mini Æ conārēmini sequere + ntur Æ sequerentur
Notandum; Deponent verbs do not really have a present active infinitive, but one is “invented” from which to make the imperfect subjunctive.
Look for imperfect subjunctives in Lectiō Secunda marked in bold, and for now, just translate them as you would present subjunctives, i.e., with a “magic” word like “may,” “might,” “should,” “would,” etc. For now, you will only see imperfect subjunctives in subordinate clauses. After you read, we will explain in more detail how an imperfect subjunctive works.
Fac ut…
Also watch out in this reading for commands beginning with fac ut or facite ut, followed by the subjunctive. Translate these as “see to it that.”
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EXERCEĀMUS! XXXII.C Recognizing the Imperfect Subjunctive Directions: As you read Lectiō Prima write down every imperfect subjunctive you see line by line and then also write down the main verb in that sentence in the following grid. We have done the first one for you.
Line # Imperfect Subjunctive Main Verb 2 Faceret cucurrit
Effugium!
Vōce Liciniae audītō, Aelius statim experrēctus est. Tunicam induēns cucurrit ad uxōrem ut dē nātūrā difficultātis sē certiōrem faceret et uxōrem adiuvāret. Fūmum sensit et īnfrā vōcēs civium flentium audīvit, “Aelī,” infrā sē inquit, “nunc est agendum!” 5 Aelius tōtam familiam excitāvit et vōce fortissimā eīs imperāvit: “Valeria,” inquit, “tū et Flāvia pannōs madefacite et facite ut pannī super ōra omnium sint! Celeriter! Licinia, tū fac ut pannōs madefactōs super 10 totum corpus Maximī ponās! Ego Plōtiam Larēsque arcessam! Et Valeria, mementō pecuniae!” Per fūmum Aelius Plōtiam arcessīvit et Aenēas anum in lectō plōrantem invēnit. Tempus erat Julius Caesar issued this coin agendī, nōn loquendī, et Aelius ergo anum in depicting Aeneas’ flight from 15 umerīs posuit ut salūtem eī ferret. Tunc familiā Troy with his father Anchises on his shoulder and the Lares in his sequente exīre incipiēbat. right hand. Compare this scene to “Dīrigō. Mē sequiminī,” Aelius clāmāvit Aelius’ flight from the burning building. et, Aeliō dūce, familia, quae propter fūmum male http://www.livius.org/a/1/romane vidēre potuit, scālās timidē descendit. Aelius mpire/coin_caesar_aeneas.jpg 20 Plōtiam atque Larēs portat, Valeria omnem familiae pecūniam, Licinia Maximum, et Flavia Sōcratem. Āēr in insulā
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incendentī tam calidus erat ut vix spīrārent. Tandem salūtem viārum pervēnērunt et āerem pūriōrem spīrāre incipiēbant. In viā multī accurrēbant ut familiās iuvārent et fortasse incendium 25 exstinguerent. Sed aestus incendiī tantus erat ut adiuvantēs nihil efficere possent et mox non solum haec īnsula sed etiam duae aliae comburentur. Tam celeriter ignis per īnsulam extendit ut sēdecim, inter quōs Mendāx, perīrent. Paulō post, sedēns in viā, familia Valeriae GEMMA insulā incendentī: remember that 30 diū nihil dīxit. Quid dicendum erat? Dēnique when a present active participle Valeria “Vōs cōnsōlēminī!” inquit. “Saltem acts like an adjective, the abl. neque mortuī neque vulnerātī sumus. Sīmia sing. often ends in –ī, not –e. servātor noster profectō est! Dum spīrāmus, spērāmus!” Valeriā haec dīcente Fēlīx, nunc fūmōsus et leniter ustus, familiae 35 appropinquāvit et sē in crūre Liciniae fricābat. Licinia, fēlem intuēns, eum mulsit et “Vivis!” inquit. “Nōmen aptum habes, fēlēs—verē ‘fēlix’ es. Opīnor tē nōbīs ōminī bonō esse! Dīs gratiam habēamus.” Tunc Valeria stetit et pronuntiāvit: “Aelī, GEMMA Licinia! Nōn hīc in viā nunc manēre possumus! Valeria’s words of consolation 40 Multa agenda sunt! Surgite omnēs! Viam are based upon Aeneas’ advice to his men after they are inveniēmus! Lābor omnia vincit. Hāc nocte in shipwrecked in Vergil’s Aeneid tabernā et in officīnā Aeliī dormiēmus. Et crās I.203: forsan et haec ōlim meminisse iuvābit (“Perhaps faciēmus ut novam vītam incipiāmus. Fortasse someday it will be pleasing to ōlim et haec meminisse nōs iuvābit!” remember even these things.”). 45 Tālia dīcēns et Fēlicem tollēns, Valeria Liciniam et Maximum ad tabernam dūxit, Aelius Plōtiam Flaviamque cum sīmiā ad officīnam.
Verba Ūtenda accurrō, accurrere, accurrī / fēlēs, fēlis f. cat nātūra, -ae f. nature, accucurrī, accursum run, fleō, flēre, flēvī, flētum weep, character hasten to cry officīna, -ae f. workshop āēr, āēris m. air, atmosphere fricō, fricāre, fricuī, frictum rub ōmen, ōminis n. sign, omen aestus, -ūs m. heat fūmōsus, -a, um smokey pannus, -ī m. cloth, garment, arcessō, arcessere, arcessīvī / fūmus, -ī m. smoke rags arcessī, arcessītum call incendium, -iī n. fire, pereō, perīre, perīvī / periī, for; summon; procure conflagration peritum perish, vanish cōnsōlor, cōnsōlārī, incendō, incendere, incendī, plōrō (1) weep cōnsōlātus sum console incensum set fire to, profectō without question, crūs, crūris n. leg, shin inflame, burn undoubtedly dēnique finally, at last induō, induere, induī, indūtum prōnūntiō (1) proclaim, dīrigō, dīrigere, dīrēxī, put on announce, say, recite, report dīrēctum direct, guide īnfrā below, underneath, pūrus, -a, -um pure, plain efficiō, efficere, effēcī, under saltem at least
684 CAPUT XXXII Mementō Morī effectum execute, lar, laris m. household god salūs, salūtis f. health, safety accomplish, do madefaciō, madefacere, scālae, -ārum f. pl. stairs, effugium, -iī n. flight, escape madefēcī, madefactum make staircase excitō (1) awaken, excite, moist, soak servātor, -tōris n. savior raise meminī, meminisse remember. spīrō (1) breathe expergīscōr, expergīscī, Mementō (imperative) surgō, surgere, surrēxī, experrēctus sum awake, Remember! surrēctum get up, rise up wake up mortuus, -a, -um dead timidus, -a, -um afraid, timid exstinguō, eestinguere, mulceō, mulcēre, mulsī, mulsum tunica, -ae f. tunic exstīnxī, exstīnctum stroke, pet ūrō, ūrere, ūssī, ūstum burn extinguish vix scarcely, hardly extendō, extendere, extendī, extentum / extensum stretch out, extend
POSTQUAM LĒGISTĪ 1. How does Valeria’s family try to protect themselves from smoke and flames as they escape from the burning building? How does this compare with what modern fire fighters would recommend? 2. What item(s) does each of the following family members carry out of the building: Aelius, Licinia, Valeria, Flavia? What does this suggest about what is important to them? What would you take under a similar situation? 3. Which family member takes the lead in getting the family to safety? How effective are these plans? 4. How much damage does this fire cause? 5. To whom does Licinia attribute the family’s safety? Why? 6. What addition does the family gain as a result of this fire? 7. What plan does Valeria propose for getting the family through the night?
GRAMMATICA B Forming the Imperfect Subjunctive
As you have already seen, the imperfect subjunctive is easily formed and recognized by putting active or passive personal endings on the present active infinitive of any verb. This process is completely regular. The only trick is to pay attention to macrons. Here is the full conjugation of vocō in the imperfect subjunctive:
PERSON ACTIVE PASSIVE singular 1st vocārem vocārer 2nd vocārēs vocārēris (or vocārēre) 3rd vocāret vocārētur Plural 1st vocārēmus vocārēmur 2nd vocārētis vocārēminī
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3rd vocārent vocārentur
Notā bene: The macrons of the imperfect subjunctive are not hard if you remember two rules. • Vowels long in the infinitive are long in the imperfect subjunctive. So, for vocāre, the –ā– is long throughout the imperfect subjunctive. • The final –e– of the present active infinitive becomes long, regardless of conjugation, in the 2nd person singular (active and passive), in the third person singular passive, and in the first and second person plural (active and passive).
So, based on these rules, you can easily form the imperfect subjunctive of any verb, no matter the conjugation. In fact, the imperfect subjunctives of irregular verbs follow the regular pattern:
essem, essēs, esset, etc. (sum) possem, possēs, posset, etc. (possum) vellem, vellēs vellet, etc. (volō) nōllem, nōllēs, nōllet, etc. (nōlō) māllem, māllēs, māllet, etc. (mālō) īrem, īrēs, īret (eō) fierem, fierēs, fieret (fīō)
Why the Imperfect Subjunctive?: The Concept of Sequence
Why does Latin need an imperfect subjunctive? The answer lies in something grammarians call the Sequence of Tenses. What does this mean? You will see the answer to this grow as you learn more subjunctive forms, but for now you only need to know that the tense of the main verb of the sentence determines which tense of the subjunctive will follow it in a subordinate clause. For now, if the main verb is in a primary tense (present, future or future perfect), then the subjunctive in the subordinate (purpose or result) clause, goes in the present subjunctive. If the main verb is in a secondary tense (imperfect, perfect, or pluperfect), then the subjunctive in the subordinate (purpose or result) clause goes in the imperfect subjunctive.
SEQUENCE OF TENSES Verb in Main Clause (Subjunctive) Verb in Subordinate Clause PRIMARY PRESENT subjunctive (present, future, future perfect tenses) SECONDARY IMPERFECT subjunctive (imperfect, perfect, pluperfect tenses)
Now compare these sentences. As you do, compare the tenses of the main and subordinate verbs.
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PRIMARY SECONDARY PURPOSE Omnēs celeriter currunt ut Omnēs celeriter cucurrērunt incendium fugiant. ut incendium fugerent. RESULT Incendium tam forte est ut Incendium tam forte erat ut omnēs fugiant. omnēs fugerent.
EXERCEĀMUS! XXXII.D Recognizing the Imperfect Subjunctive Directions: Here are some imperfect subjunctive forms. Identify the person, number, voice (active, passive, deponent or irregular), and first principal part of each. We have done some for you to get you started.
Person Number Voice 1st Principal Part Vocārem 1st singular active vocō Monērēs Duceret Caperēmus Audīrētis Vocārēmur passive monērētur ducerēris caperentur audīrēminī cōnārer deponent pollicērēmur sequerētur paterēminī mentīrentur essem irregular possentur vellēs fieret īrēmus
RŌMĀNĪ IPSĪ Incendium in Bithyniā
While governor of the province of Bithynia-and-Pontus (in modern Turkey) in 109-111 A.D., Pliny the Younger maintained a correspondence with the emperor Trajan. In the following simplified excerpt from one of these letters, Pliny describes a fire in the city of Nicomedia, tells the emperor about precautions he has taken, and asks the emperor’s
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PLINIUS TRAIANŌ IMPERĀTŌRI Liber X. Epistula 33
Cum dīversam partem prōvinciae circumīrem, in Nicomediā vastissimum incendium multās prīvātōrum domōs et, quamquam viā interiacente, duo pūblica opera (Gerusian et Īsēon) absūmpsit. (2) [Incendium] est autem latius sparsum prīmum violentiā ventī, deinde inertiā hominum quōs spectātōres tantī malī ōtiōsōs et immōbiles perstitisse satis constat; et aliōquī in pūblicō nullus sīpō usquam, nulla hama, nullum dēnique īnstrūmentum ad incendia compescenda. Et, ut iam praecēpī, haec quidem parābuntur; (3) tū, domine, dispice an putēs collēgium fabrōrum (dumtaxat hominum CL) instituendum esse. . . . .
Verba Ūtenda aliōquī besides dumtaxat only up to “only praecipiō, praecipere, an whether up to 150” praecēpī, praeceptum order circumeō, circumīre, circumīvī faber, fabrī m. workman perstō, perstāre, perstitī, / circumiī, circumitum go Gerūsia, -ae f. Senior perstātum stand around around Citizens’ building prīvātus, -a, -um private collēgium, -iī n. club, group hama, -ae f. fire bucket (citizen) compescō, compescere, interiaceō, interiacēre lie pūblicus, -a, -um public, compescuī confine, restrain between common cōnstat Impersonal verb: “it is immōbilis, -e immovable, quidem certainly known (that)” unmoving sīp(h)ō,-ōnis m. water hose cum when (introducing a inertia, -ae f. idleness spargō, spargere, sparsī, subordinate clause with an Īsēon, -ēī n. temple of the sparsum spread, scatter imperfect subjunctive— goddess Isis ut as more on this later!) opus, operis n. structure, vastus, -a, -um huge dispiciō, dispicere, dispexī, building ventus, -ī m. wind dispectum consider ōtiōsus, -a, -um useless, violentia, -ae f. force, violence dīversus, -a, -um different unoccupied
In his response, which survives in Pliny’s correspondence (X.34), the emperor reminds Pliny about the dangers of setting up an official corporation of firefighters. Such organizations, the emperor warns, have sometimes become dangerous political organizations in Pliny’s province and have disturbed the peace. Trajan advises Pliny instead to make available the equipment needed for fighting fires but to encourage the inhabitants themselves to serve as volunteer firefighters when needed.
MUNDUS RŌMĀNUS Prōvinciae Rōmānae
Rome’s first province was the island of Sicily which became Roman territory at the end of the First Punic War in 241 B.C. Most provinces were acquired by conquest; some by bequest, like Bithynia, which became a Roman province in the will of its last king, Nicomedes IV in 74 B.C.
688 CAPUT XXXII Mementō Morī Originally a province was managed by a governor (prōpraetor, -ōris m.) appointed by the senate. Becoming a governor was usually considered an important step in advancing one’s political career. Julius Caesar, for example, conquered Gallia (France) while governor of Gallia Cisalpīna (northern Italy). Cicero was governor of Cilicia (modern Turkey). In the Imperial period, some provinces, especially ones in which large armies were stationed, were under direct control of the emperor, who sent a deputy (legatus, -ī m.) to represent him in the province. These were called imperial provinces while senatorial provinces were still governed by propraetors appointed by the senate. Here is a short list of some important provinces, their years of acquisition and status as imperial or senatorial provinces. Consult the map of the Roman Empire on pg. ### as you look at this list. The countries in parentheses are the approximate modern equivalents:
Sicilia (Sicily) 241 B.C. Senatorial Hispania (Spain) 197 B.C. Imperial Macedonia (northern Greece) 148 B.C. Senatorial Āfrica (Tunisia) 146 B.C. Senatorial Āsia (western Turkey) 133 B.C. Senatorial Gallia Transalpīna or Narbonensis 121 B.C. Senatorial (southern France) Bithynia-et-Pontus 75/74 B.C. Senatorial Gallia (France) 59 B.C. Aquitania Imperial Belgica Imperial Celtica Imperial Aegyptus (Egypt) 30 B.C. Imperial Achaea (Greece) 27 B.C. Senatorial Britannia (England) 43 A.D. Imperial
Pliny served as governor of Bithynia-and-Pontus as lēgātus Augustī prō praetore consulārī potestāte ex senātūscōnsultō missus. Usually a lēgātus Augustī prō praetore (“deputy of the Augustus instead of a praetor”) was sent to govern an imperial province, but Bithynia-Pontus was a senatorial province. That is why Pliny’s title also included the phrase ex senātūscōnsultō missus (sent by decree of the senate). He also governed with consular power (consulārī potestāte).
LATĪNA HODIERNA Latin Mottoes in the Modern World
Many modern organizations have Latin mottoes, including these fire departments:
Ad serviendum dedicātus Springfield, PA Ut aliī vīvant Buffalo, NY Nōn sibi sed omnibus Cottage Grove, MN
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Semper parātus Long Beach, CA Vēnī, vīdī, vīcī Douglas, MA Vēritās ex cineribus New York City, Bureau of Fire Investigation Audāx et prōmptus Metropolitan Fire and Emergency Services Board, Melbourne, Australia
Here is a small sample of Latin mottoes of colleges and universities:
Vēritās Harvard University In Hoc Signō Vincēs College of the Holy Cross Lūx Monmouth College Lūx et Vēritās Yale University Nūmen Lūmen University of Wisconsin, Madison Ense Petit Placidam Sub Libertāte Quietem University of Massachusetts, Amherst Vēritās et Ūtilitās Howard University Quaecumque Sunt Vēra Northwestern University Deī Sub Numine Viget Princeton University Mēns et Manus Massachusetts Institute of Technology In Lūmine Tuō Vidēbimus Lūmen Columbia University
Did you find the four state mottoes hiding in Lectiō Secunda?
ORBIS TERRĀRUM RŌMĀNUS Bithynia-et-Pontus
Pliny the Younger was governor of the province of Bithynia-and-Pontus from 109 through 111 A.D. This region, now part of northern Turkey, was first organized as a Roman senatorial province by Pompey the Great after 74 B.C. The area was settled by many veterans of armies led by several generals or emperors, including Julius Caesar and Augustus. The south coast of the Black Sea was a prosperous area during the Roman Empire and dotted by Roman and/or Greek cities, including Amasia and Zela in Pontus, and Sinope, Nicaea and Nicomedia in Bithynia. Nicomedia (modern Izmit) became a major imperial city under the emperor Diocletian (284-313 A.D.). Bithynia is also associated with the poet Catullus, who served there on the staff of the governor Memmius in 57 B.C. Catullus’ poem #46 is a farewell to Bithynia, which the poet is eager to leave as springtime approaches and better weather makes traveling safer. Here is a simplified version of the poem:
Iam uēr ēgelidum tepōrēm refert, Iam caelī furor aequinoctiālis aurīs iucundīs Zephyrī silēscit. Phrygiī campī et ager ūber Nicaeae aestuōsae linquantur, ō Catulle., ad urbēs clārās Āsiae volēmus.. Iam mens praetrepidans uagārī auet,
690 CAPUT XXXII Mementō Morī Iam pedēs laetī studiō uigēscunt. Ō dulcēs coetūs comitum, quī longe simul ā domō profectī sunt et quōs uiae dīuersae uariē reportant, ualēte.
Note the independent subjunctives (linquantur and volēmus) marked in bold. Also notice how the poet addresses himself. This figure of speech is called apostrophe. Later in the poem the poet addresses his companions instead of himself. The repetition of iam at the beginning of several phrases is a figure of speech called anaphora.
Verba Ūtenda aequinoctiālis, -e equinoctal, coetus, -ūs m. assembly, band silēscō, silēscere, silēscuī grow of the equinox (in this comes, comitis m. / f. quiet case, March 20). It was a companion tepor, tepōris m. warmth, heat time of storms that made dīversus, -a, -um differing, ūber, ūberis rich sailing difficult. varied vagor, vagārī, vagātus sum aestuosus, -a, -um (boiling) ēgilidus, -a, -um warm wander hot furor, -ōris m. fury, rage variē in different directions ager, agrī m. field iūcundus, -a, -um pleasant, vēr, vēris n. springtime Āsia, -ae f. Asia, Roman agreeable vigēscō, vigēscere become province in western linquō, -ere, līquī leave behind strong Turkey Nicaea, -ae f. the city of Nicaea volō (1) fly aura, -ae f. breeze Phrygius, -a, -um Phrygian, Zephyrus, -ī m. the West aveō, avēre be eager related to Phrygia Wind, which brings mild caelum, -ī n. sky praetrepidō (1) be nervous in weather campus, -ī m. field anticipation clārus, -a, -um clear, famous reportō (1) bring home
http://z.about.com/d/ancienthistory/1/0/d/5/asiaminor2.gif
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Palace of Diocletian at Nicomedia http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/I mage:Palace_of_Diocletian_in_Nicom edia.jpg
QUID PUTĀS? 1. Does your college or university have a Latin motto? If so, find out what it means. Why you do you think this motto was chosen? If your school does not have a Latin motto, create one for it and explain why you consider this motto appropriate. 2. What is the motto of your state? If it is a Latin motto, translate it into English. If the motto is in English, try translating it into Latin. 3. Based upon his letter to Trajan, how would you evaluate Pliny’s performance as governor of Bithynia? 4. Why do you think that the Romans developed a double system of government for their provinces? How efficient does this system sound? Great Seal of the State of Maine 5. How does Catullus show is eagerness to leave Note the Latin motto: Dīrigō. Bithynia in Poem #46? Why do you think he is eager http://mainegov- to leave? How would you feel in a similar situation? images.informe.org/sos/sealcol2.jpg
EXERCEĀMUS! XXXII.E SCRIBĀMUS Directions: Use the first paragraph in Lectiō Prīma to answer each of the following questions in a complete Latin sentence. We have done the first one for you.
1. Quī bene dormiunt in cubiculīs quod tanta est tranquillitās in viīs? Omnēs dīvitēs bene dormiunt.
2. Cur familia Servīliana non quiescit?
3. Quis avum palpat?
4. Quid nōmen est ūnī medicōrum?
5. Quid alius medicus inspectat?
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6. Quid alius medicus applicat?
7. Quem Servīlius ad sē vocat?
8. Quis nōn Servīlius dēcipit?
9. Quis aegrotissimus est?
10. Quem febris saevissima tenet?
11. Quid agendum est?
XXXII.F LOQUĀMUR Directions: Practice asking and answering the questions in Exerice XXXII.E with a partner.
Verba Discenda āēr, āēris m. air, incendō, incendere, removeō, remōvēre, atmosphere incendī, incensum set remōvī, remōtum move arcessō, arcessere, fire to, inflame, burn back; remove arcessīvī / arcessī, īnfrā below, salūs, salūtis f. health, arcessītum call for; underneath, under safety summon; procure meminī, meminisse spīrō (1) breathe collis, collis m. hill remember. Mementō suprā above; + acc. crēscō, crēscere, crēvī, (imperative) over, on top of crētum grow, arise, Remember! surgō, surgere, surrēxī, appear, increase nātūra, -ae f. nature, surrēctum get up, rise dēnique finally, at last character up efficiō, efficere, effēcī, nōndum not yet tangō, tangere, tetigī, effectum execute, omnīnō utterly, tāctum touch; reach; accomplish, do altogether, completely affect, move, mention expergīscōr, expergīscī, pereō, perīre, perīvī / temptō (1) feel; try; test experrēctus sum perīī, peritum perish, transeō, transīre, transīvī awake, wake up vanish / transīī, transitum go excitō (1) awaken, prīmō at first over, go across excite, raise profectō without vix scarcely, hardly incendium, -iī n. fire, question, undoubtedly conflagration
XXXII.G Verba Discenda Directions: Identify the verbum discendum from which each of the following English words is derived. Then use the meaning of the Latin word to define the English word. If
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1. aerodynamics: From āēr, āēris m. air, atmosphere (actually a Latin word borrowed from Greek). “Dynamics related to air or gases.” 2. excitant:
3. incendiary:
4. incense:
5. increase:
6. infrared:
7. inspiration:
8. insurrection:
9. memento:
10. remote:
11. salutatory:
12. supernatural:
13. supraorbital:
14. tactile:
15. temptation:
16. transitory:
ANGULUS GRAMMATICUS Confusing Pairs: Latin Homonyms and Heteronymns
As you may remember from Caput XIV, words that are spelled and pronounced the same are often called homonyms. For example, in English, we have two words “bark” (spelled and pronounced the same): the “bark of a dog” and the “bark of a tree.” If words have the same spelling but different pronunciation and meaning, they are sometimes called heteronyms; for example, in English we have two words “row” spelled the same but pronounced differently: to “row” a boat” and to have a “row” (argument). In Latin there are many examples of such confusing pairs which require special
694 CAPUT XXXII Mementō Morī attention. Here are some confusing pairs you have seen earlier in this book. Keep in mind that Romans did not use macrons to distinguish long vowels. They only “heard” the difference between these words:
anus ānus hic hīc est ēst (from edō) liber līber liberī līberī malum mālum
If you do not remember how the macrons change the meanings of these words, look them up in a dictionary. Especially important in Latin are homonyms and heteronyms created by verb tense change . Such words can often cause confusion. For example, the word “read” in the sentence “I read the book.” can be understood as either present or past tense. Notice how English changes the pronunciation to indicate the tense change, rather like the difference between venit and vēnit.
Homonyms are especially common in 3rd conjugation verbs with the same stem in present and perfect active:
Present Perfect vertit vertit accendit accendit dēfendit dēfendit contendit contendit metuit metuit solvit solvit occīdit occīdit etc.
While some might argue that these pairs are not different words, but rather different tense forms of the same word, it is certainly true that they have very different meanings.
And some third conjugation verbs have present and perfect stems which create heteronyms:
Present Perfect venit vēnit edit ēdit emit ēmit legit lēgit fugit fūgit
And there are a variety of other confusing pairs in other parts of speech; for example, the
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Finally, try to read this sentence with a triple play of heteronyms!
Eō eō nē ab eō inveniar. I go there lest I be found by him..
LEGENDA Hussey, George B. “Latin Verbs Which Can be Formed from Two Stems.” The New York Latin Leaflet I (1901): 1-3. Hussey, George B. A Hanbook of Latin Homonyms. Boston: Sanborn, 1905. Sherwin-White, A.N. Pliny’s Letters. A Social and Historical Commentary. 1966. Oxford: Sherwin-White, A.N. “Pliny, the Man and his Letters.” Greece & Rome 16 (1969): 76-89.
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CAPUT XXXIII Post Mortem
ARGUMENTUM FĀBULAE The family of Valeria deals with the aftermath of the fire while the family of Servilius mourns the death of avus. The bodies of avus, Mendax and Hephaestus are prepared for burial.
GRAMMATICA Indirect Commands: (Iubeō + infinitive Iussive Noun Clauses) Future Imperative Indicative Temporal Clauses Command Consolidation
RŌMĀNĪ IPSĪ Vestis Virum Facit
MUNDUS RŌMĀNUS Vestīmenta Rōmāna
LATĪNA HODIERNA Vested in English Augustus Togātus ORBIS TERRĀRUM RŌMĀNUS Augustus wearing a toga Via Appia (Louvre) http://content.answers.com/mai ANGULUS GRAMMATICUS n/content/wp/en/thumb/5/5b/18 0px-Caesar_augustus.jpg Command Performance
LECTIŌ PRĪMA
ANTEQUAM LEGIS
Lectiō Prīma takes place the morning after the fire. The family of Valeria meets at the taberna to discuss their situation. Their home is destroyed. Aelius’ assistant Hephaestus is dead and the shop severely damaged. Under these circumstances Caecilia’s suggestion that Aelius pay a visit to her husband, Servilius, becomes even more imperative.
More Commands
In this lectiō you will encounter several more ways to express commands in Latin. Besides the regular imperative, hortatory subjunctive and fac ut clauses, which you have already seen, here are several other ways to give orders in Latin:
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Indirect Command
Orders or requests introduced by words like imperō (“I command”), hortor (“I urge”) and orō (“I pray”). These phrases work like purpose clauses so look for a commanding verb + ut or nē + subjunctive and be on the lookout for the case a given verb governs. You will see this in the dictionary entry for the verb.
Imperō tibi ut sedeās. Imperō tibi nē sedeās. I command that you sit. I command that you not sit. I command you to sit. I command you not to sit.
Hortor tē ut sedeās. Hortor tē nē sedeās. I urge you to sit. I urge you not to sit.
Notice that imperō orders someone in the dative case while hortor urges someone in the accusative.
BUT not all verbs of commanding take an indirect command:
Iubeō/ Vetō + Infinitive
Iubeō (“I order”) + accusative-infinitive construction
Tē sedēre iubeō. I order you to sit.
To give a negative order, use vetō (1)
Vetō (“I forbid”) + accusative-infinitive construction
Tē sedēre vetō. I forbid you to sit.
Cavē(te) + subjunctive
Cavē nē id faciās! Do not do this! Cavēte nē id faciātis! Do not do this!
Notā bene: The literal translation of Cavē! is “ Beware!” and the literal translation of the sentences above would be “Beware lest you should do this!” A bit formal for today’s diction!
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CAPUT XXXIII Post Mortem Future Imperatives
• These are used in Latin to emphasize that the event will take place sometime in the future or that the event will occur repeatedly. Watch for these imperatives with the endings –tō in the singlular and –tōte in the plural:
Sedētō! Sit! Keep on sitting! Sedētōte! Sit! Keep on sitting (all of you)! • The most common instances of this imperative are with certain verbs such as:
Estō bonus! Be good! Mementōte id facere! Remember to do this! Mementō morī Be mindful of death.
The last one was repeated by a slave to a Roman emperor celebrating a triumph through the streets of Rome. The injunction was meant to keep them from getting a big head. One rather odd literal translation would be “Remember to die!”
Watch for imperatives of all these types in Lectiō Prīma. After you read we will look more closely at these commands and later in the chapter we will give you a chance to consolidate what you have learned about giving orders in Latin.
EXERCEĀMUS! XXXIII.A Commands Directions: Before you read Lectiō Prīma look line by line for all the verbs introducing either ut / nē + subjunctive or an infinitive + subject accusative. We have helped you by marking them in bold. Make a list of all these words and the commands or requests they introduce. Then try to translate the phrase you wrote. We have done the first one for you.
Line 5-6 imperō ut expergīscātur et aquam arcessat I command that he/she wake up and get water
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Consilia Nova
Posterō diē Valeria in tabernā suā experrecta est et longē hiāvit quārē nōn bene in pavīmentō sine lēctō dormīverat. Praetereā per totam noctem vigilāns iacēbat cogitāns dē futūrīs. Nunc, sōle GEMMA oriente, consilium cēperat et adventum Aeliī sōle oriente = “when the sun 5 exspectābat. was rising.” Since the sun rises Liciniae appropinquat et fīliam pede leniter in the East, the Latin participle led to the English “Orient,” a fodicans, eī imperat ut expergīscātur et aquam traditional name for the “East.” arcessat. sōle occidente = “when the sun was setting.” So “Occident” “Ego,” inquit “exibō ut panem emam. means “the West” in English. 10 Licinia, tē orō ut ignem accendās. Cavē nē diūtius dormiās! Et, cum Aelius adveniet, iubē eum hīc manēre donec redībō.” Sērius, Aeliō adveniente et ienctāculō confectō, familia dē futūrīs cogitābat dum Licinia, ut semper, īnfantem nūtrit. Valeria, “Quamdiū,” inquit, “in tabernā aut in officīnā habitāre possumus? Aliud domicilium 15 nōbīs inveniendum est.” Aelius “Rēs,” inquit, “gravior est quam opināris. Officīna igne graviter laesa et lāpsūra stat et Hephaestus servus meus fūmō necātus est. Proximā superiōre nocte in officīnā dormīvī ut īnstrūmenta custodīrem. Hodiē Flaviam et Plōtiam illīc manēre et omnia custōdīre iussī. Vetuī eās 20 officīnam dēserere hodiē. Sed mox mihi officīna in spatium tūtius movenda est. Quid faciāmus?” Valeria: “Omnēs mē audīte! Nōlīte dēspērāre! Spēm habētōte! Rēs nōn tōta perdīta est. Habēmus adhūc tabernam et aliquid pecuniae quam hūc dē īnsulā tulī. Praetereā, Aelī, mementō nostrae dominae dīvitis. Mementō 25 herī uxorem M. Serviliī Severī ad tabernam advēnissse et speculum ā tē fabricātum vīdisse et diū admirātam esse. Plūrēs talēs rēs–sed argenteās!– dēsīderābat. Cum eī dixī nōs nullum argentum ēmere posse, illa hortāta est ut tū ad marītum eius advenīres et cliēns eius fieres. Sī cliēns eius fiēs pecūniam habēbis ad officīnam novam condendam et ad argentum 30 emendum–postea mox faber argentārius eris! Nunc tibi persuādēre ut ad Servīlium adveniās vōlō. Moneō nē occāsiōnem optimam abīre sinās. Estō bonae spēī! Fortūna fortēs iuvat!” Aelius, “Certe,” respondet, “hoc facere vēlim, sed togam nōn habeō et credō cliēntem togātum ad salūtātiōnem adīre debēre. Nōn autem hodiē aut 35 crās īre possum, corpus Hephaestī ad libitīnārium trādendum est. Praetereā, māne audīvī dē morte patris illius Servīliī.” Licinia, quae nunc pannōs īnfantis mūtat, “Marīte,” inquit, “togam ā fullōne in diem condūcere potes. Abī nunc ut togam ab eō postulēs.” 700
CAPUT XXXIII Post Mortem Aelius ad fullōnicam festīnāvit et postulāvit ut fullō eī togam in diem 40 locāret. Pecūniā acceptā, fullō, strenuē Aeliō imperāns nē togam amitteret aut eam laederet, vestem trādidit.
Verba Ūtenda accendō, accendere, accendī, hiō (1) yawn perdītus, -a, -um ruined, lost accensum light, burn hortor, hortārī, hotātus sum persuādeō, persuādēre, argenteus, -a, -um silver, of urge persuāsī, persuāsum + dat. silver hūc here, to this place persuade caveō, cavēre, cāvī, cautum lābor, lābī, lāpsus sum fall posterus, -a, -um following, take care, beware down next condō, condere, condidī, laedō, laedere, laesī, laesum postulō (1) ask for, beg, conditum build, found hurt, damage demand, require, request condūcō, condūcere, condūxī, libitīnārius, -ī m. undertaker praetereā besides, moreover conductum rent locō (1) contract for, rent quamdiū how long dēserō, dēserere, dēseruī, moneō, monēre, monuī, sinō, sinere, sīvī / siī, situm dēsertum desert, abandon monitum warn, advise allow, permit dēspērō (1) despair (of) mūtō (1) alter, change sōl, sōlis m. sun; day dēsīderō (1) wish for nūtriō, nūtrīre, nūtrīvī / nūtriī, spēs, spēī, f. hope, expectation domicilium, -iī n. home nūtrītum nourish, nurse toga, -ae f. toga fodicō (1) nudge, prod occāsiō, -iōnis f. opportunity togātus, -a, -um dressed in a fortūna, -ae f. luck, chance, officīna, -ae f. workshop toga fortune orior, orīrī, ortus sum rise, trādō, trādere, trādidī, trāditum fullō, -ōnis m. dry cleaner get up, be born hand down, entrust, deliver fullōnica, -ae f. dry cleaner ōrō (1) pray vestis, vestis f. clothing shop pannus, -ī m. cloth, garment vetō, vetāre, vetuī, vetitum fūmus, -ī m. smoke pavīmentum, -ī n. floor, forbid, prohibit pavement vigilō (1) stay awake, watch
POSTQUAM LĒGISTĪ 1. Why did Valeria not sleep well? 2. How do Valeria’s actions this morning indicate that she is the dominant member of her family? 3. Why does Aelius say the situation is worse that Valeria and Licinia imagine? 4. What hope does Valeria offer to improve the family’s circumstances? 5. What reasons keep Aelius from visiting Servilius today? 6. What is Licinia doing while talking to her husband and mother? 7. Where can Aelius find a toga?
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GRAMMATICA A Commands
Infinitive + Accusative
Think back to the way indirect statements work in English and in Latin. You will remember the Latin formula for an indirect statement:
Head Verb + infinitive with subject accusative.
Direct Statement: Sedēs. You sit. Indirect Statement: Tē sedēre sciō. I know (that) you sit.
Certain Latin “head verbs” expressing commands work the same way. These include iubeō (“I order”) and vetō (“I forbid”):
Imperative: Sedē! Sit! With iubeō: Tē sedēre iubeō. I order you to sit. With vetō: Tē sedēre vetō. I forbid you to sit.
Ut/nē + subjunctive. Indirect Command
Other verbs of commanding or ordering take a subjunctive construction which works almost exactly like a Latin purpose clause. Compare the following:
Direct Statement: Sedēs. You sit.” Purpose Clause: Sedem inveniam ut sedeās. I will find a seat so that you can sit.”
Direct Command: Sedē Sit! Indirect Command: Imperō ut sedeās. I order you to sit. Imperō nē sedeās. I order you not to sit.
Notice how the purpose clause and the indirect command look identical in form:
ut + subjunctive
but they are different in function. A purpose clause answers the question “why?”:
Why do I find a chair? So that you can sit.
while an indirect command (iussive noun clause) answers the question “What?”:
What do I order? I order you to sit.
Negative purpose clauses and negative Indirect Commands also usually look alike:
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CAPUT XXXIII Post Mortem Sedem removēam nē sedeās. Imperō nē sedeās.
The rules for sequence of tenses also apply to iussive noun clauses:
Imperō ut sedēas. present command → ut + present subjunctive I order you to sit.
Imperāvī ut sedērēs. past command → ut + imperfect subjunctive I ordered you to sit.
Here is a list of verbs which express commands (urges, requests, etc.) with infinitives or subjunctives:
Verbs of Commanding, Ordering, Urging, Etc. Objective Infinitive Iussive Noun Clause infinitive with subject accusative ut + subjunctive iubeō, iubēre, iussī, iussum order hortor, hortārī, hotātus sum urge mālō, mālle, māluī prefer, rather imperō (1) + dat. command nōlō, nōlle, nōluī wish not moneō, monēre, monuī, monitum warn, sinō, sinere, sīvī / siī, situm allow, permit advise vetō, vetāre, vetuī, vetitum forbid, prohibit ōrō (1) pray volō, velle, voluī wish persuādeō, persuādēre, persuāsī, persuāsum + dat. persuade petō, petere, petīvī / petiī, petītum seek to, ask for, beg postulō (1) demand, require, request quaerō, quaerere, quaesīvi / quaesiī, quaesītum seek, request to rogō (1) ask to
All of these verbs are already verba discenda or become verba discenda in this chapter.
The Future Imperative
All imperatives technically refer to the present or immediate future time. If someone tells you to stand up, they mean to have you do it after they have spoken. But Latin has a special imperative that stresses the future nature of the act (e.g. with the word cras) or which stresses that the action is one that should keep on going. For example, when a mother tells her children “Be good!” as they go off for a visit, she does not mean “just once.” The endings for this future imperative are:
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Future Imperative Person Active Singular Plural 2nd -tō -tōte
Future Imperative of sum Person Active Singular Plural 2nd Estō estōtē
Notā Bene: • A handful of verbs regularly use the future imperative over the regular forms: Mementō meī! Habētōte spēm! Scītō parentēs tē amāre! Estōte bonī! • There is a 3rd person future imperative but it is rather rare. • The negative of the future imperative is nē; e.g. nē estōte malī! “Don’t be bad. Don’t misbehave!”
EXERCEĀMUS! XXXIII.B Commands Directions: Use the chart of Verbs of Commanding, Ordering, Urging, Etc. in Chapter 33 to decide whether each of the following verbs is likely to be followed by an infinitive with subject accusative or ut + subjunctive. Then complete the sentence in Latin, telling the “you” addressed (either singular or plural) to “guard everything.” infinitive with subject accusative: vōs omnia custōdīre ut + subjunctive: ut omnia custōdiātis We have done the first two for you:
1. iubeō (vōs) Iubeō vōs omnia custōdīre “I order you to guard everything.” 2. imperō (tū) Imperō tibi ut omnia custōdiās “I command you to guard everything.” 3. persuādeō (vōs) 4. vetō (tū) 5. moneō (vōs) 6. ōrō (tū) 7. rogō (vōs) 8. sinō (tū) 9. volō (vōs) 10. petō (tū) 11. hortor (vōs) 12. mālō (tū)
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CAPUT XXXIII Post Mortem
LECTIŌ SECUNDA
ANTEQUAM LEGIS FUNERALS IN ROME
Funeral rites in ancient Rome varied every bit as much as they do today. The city’s poor received hasty nighttime burials, and the poorest or most despised were often simply dumped into public pits outside of the city gate on the Esquiline Hill. Such a common burial, or fūnus plēbēium, went on all the time and probably evoked little notice amid the busy Roman streets. But when a former senator passed away, and when that senator was of a politically ambitious family, a more public display was called for and Servilius, as much as he loved his father, understood the political leverage a lavish public funeral could bring. Thus we hear about the funeral procession (pompa fūnebris) through town and the public funeral oration given in the Forum. First, the grandfather’s body would lie in state at home for a few days, surrounded by flowers, lamps and the masks of his ancestors, but, lacking true embalming, there was a limit to such niceties. Bodies were both interred and cremated. After cremation the ashes would Via Appia Hodiē probably be interred in a family tomb located outside the city walls. http://www-personal.umich.edu/~bkh/epi- You will hear about the imaginēs maiōrum in this reading. These are the death masks of ancestors that adorned the walls of the atriums of noble Roman houses. This tribute to one’s ancestors demonstrated the importance of family among the patricians at all times, but especially at a time of death.
Cum: The Conjunction
You have seen “cum the preposition” (+ abl. meaning “with”) used very frequently in previous readings. In this lectiō you are introduced to another cum, a conjunction meaning “when, whenever.” These two look-alikes are easy to distinguish: If the cum is not immediately preceded or followed by an ablative, suspect cum the conjunction instead of the preposition. Cum the conjunction appears in Lectiō Secunda along with several other conjunctions which deal with time:
dum while, as long as antequam before postquam after ubi when ut as
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simul ac at the same time as, as soon as priusquam before
All of these conjunctions introduce indicative temporal clauses. Watch for them in Lēctīo Secunda marked in bold along with the indicative verbs which they introduce.
EXERCEĀMUS! XXXIII.C Cum the Preposition vs. Cum the Conjunction Directions: Indicate whether the cum in each of the following sentences is a preposition or a conjunction. Then translate the sentence. Hint: Look for an ablative with cum the preposition. We have done the first one for you.
1. Cum avus mortuus est, fēminae flent. Conjunction: When the grandfather dies, the women weep.
2. Fēminae flent magnā cum clāmōre.
3. Servīlia et mater flent cum servīs.
4. Canēs cum fēlibus ululant.
5. Fēlēs cum sīmiīs currunt.
6. Sīmiae cum celeritāte currunt.
7. Cum sīmiae currunt, puerī rident.
8. Sīmiae mēcum currunt.
Fūnera
Cum Marcus Servilius Avus mortuus est, tōta familia–līberī atque servī–plorāvērunt. Corpus senis in terrā positum est et Servīlius, nōmen patris vocāns, magnā cum dolore oculōs parentis carī clausit. Fēminae domūs, quārum hoc opus est, corpus lavērunt, et, dum ululant, libitīnārius 5 nummum sub linguā senis posuit ut umbra senis pecūniam Charōnī, flūminis
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CAPUT XXXIII Post Mortem Stygis transeundī causā, dare posset. Tunc corpus, togā praetextā vestītum, in atriō ubi imāginēs maiōrum in murō erant, positum est. In illō locō, 10 māioribus intuentibus, corpus avī in lectō fūnebrī iacuit. Priusquam corpus combūstum est et cinerēs in sepulcrō positī sunt, multa agenda erant. Servīlius libitīnāriō 15 imperāvit ut, trēs post diēs, fūnus ageret et eum orāvit nē pecūniae parceret. “Fūnus,” inquit, “optimum patrī meō Charōn necessārium est. Orō tē ut fūnus http://www.mlahanas.de/Greeks/Mythology/Im sēnatōrī idōneum agās et rogō ut semper omnēs Rōmanī dē hōc fūnere 20 loquantur!” Simul ac Servīlius abiit, libitīnārius servīs imperāvit ut rāmus cupressī in foribus domī ponātur et rogāvit ut tībīcinēs, cornicinēs, et praeficae invenīrentur. Fēcit ut per viās Rōmae nuntius clamāret, “Ollus Servīlius Quirīs lētō datus est! Ollus Servīlius lētō datus est!” 25 Tālibus factīs Servīlius, nunc togam pullam gerēns, ad sē fīlium Marcum vocāvit. “Fīlī,” inquit, “nomen GEMMA Servīliōrum tibi tuendum est. Cum pompa Ollus Servīlius Quirīs lētō datus est!” fūnebris fīet, rogō ut tū in Forō oratiōnem An archaic and traditional formula for such occasions. Ollus = ille Quiris = fūnebrem habeās. Fac ut dē omnibus avī cārī “citizen” and lētō = “to death.” 30 honōribus dīcas et familiam laudēs.” In aliā urbis partē fūnera alia fīēbant. Cum pauperēs moriuntur, Rōmānī nullam pompam, nullōs tībīcinēs aut praeficās habent. Tālia dīvitum sunt. Proximā diē, postquam incendium exstīnctum est, plaustrum sordidum, mūlīs tractum, per viās Subūrae lentē progrediēbātur. Cum 35 plaustrum ad īnsulam combustam vēnit, servī mortuōs, inter quōs erat Mendāx, in plaustrō deposuērunt. Aelius, corpus Hephaestī ferēns, ad plaustrum advēnit et nummō sub linguā servī fidēlis positō, cadāver in plaustrum posuit “Valē!” inquit, “Valē, serve fidēlis! Dormitō bene. Orō ut dī tē benignē recipiant!” 40 Plaustrum ad collem Esquilīnum progrēdiebatur et per Portam Esquilīnam ad Campōs Esquilīnōs iter fēcit. Paulō post, ubi plaustrum cōnstitit, cadāvera in puteō ā servīs iacta sunt. Hīc, in perpetuum, nūllīs plōrantibus, Mendāx Hephaestusque tandem dormient.
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Verba Ūtenda ac and, and besides fidēlis, -e faithful, trustworthy praefica, -ae f. hired female atrium, -iī n. atrium, public flūmen, -inis n. river mourner greeting room of a foris, foris f. door, gate praetextus, -a, um bordered. Roman house fūnebris, -e funereal toga praetexta a toga cadāver, cadāveris n. dead fūnus, fūneris n. burial, funeral bordered with a purple body, corpse imāgō, imāginis f. image, stripe campus, -ī m. field likeness pullus, -a, -um dingy, somber. Charōn, Charōnīs m. Charon, lētum, -ī n. death Toga pulla a dark grey toga the ferryman of the libitīnārius, -iī m. undertaker worn in mourning Underworld lingua, -ae f. tongue, speech puteus, -ī m. pit cinis, cineris m. ashes mortuus, -a, -um dead Quirīs, Quirītis m. Archaic claudō, claudere, clausī, mūla, -ae f. mule form of civis. citizen clausum shut, close necessārius, -a, -um necessary, rāmus, -ī m. branch cōnsistō, cōnsistere, cōnstitī, indispensable sepulcrum, -ī n. tomb cōnstitum stop, halt nuntius, -iī n. messenger, news Styx, Stygis f. river Styx, river cornicen, -cinis m. horn Ollus Archaic form of ille. That bordering the Underworld blower (man) tībīcen, -cinis m. piper cupressus, -ī f. cypress tree orātiōnem habēre give / deliver toga, -ae f. toga. See dī nom. pl. gods = deī a speech praetextus and pulla. dolor, dolōris m. pain, grief ōrō (1) pray ululō (1) wail, weep Esquilīnus, -a, -um Esquiline, perpetuus, -a, -um umbra, -ae f. shade, soul one of the seven hills of uninterrupted vestiō, vestīre, vestīvī / vestīī, Rome plaustrum, -ī n. cart, wagon vestītum dress, clothe exstinguō, exstinguere plōrō (1) weep, cry exstīnxī, exstīnctum pompa, -ae f. ceremonial quench, extinguish procession līberī, -ōrum m. pl. children
POSTQUAM LĒGISTĪ 1. What is the duty of each of the following after avus Servilius dies? His son? The women of the household? The libitīnārius (undertaker)? 2. What instructions does the younger Servilius (the son) give the libitīnārius? What instructions does he give his son? 3. What motivations do you think Servilius has for giving his father an extravagant funeral? 4. How does this funeral compare to modern funeral practices in the United States? 5. Describe how the bodies of Mendax and Hephaestus are disposed of? 6. How does Aelius show his affection for his deceased slave?
GRAMMATICA B Indicative Temporal Clauses
This little grammar section serves only to remind you of things you have already seen. Later you will learn how to translate cum and dum with the subjunctive. For now, here is a chart to help you translate indicative temporal clauses:
CAPUT XXXIII Post Mortem
Cum Temporal + indicative any tense, Describes the actual when although perfect time something and present are occurred most common Cum + indicative any tense Describes the whenever Conditional or situation Frequentive Dum + indicative present Describes while simultaneous action Postquam, ubi, + indicative usually perfect Tells the time when ut, simul ac (indicative) something happened Antequam, + indicative present, perfect “Before” action before priusquam or future perfect
EXERCEĀMUS! XXXIII.D Indicative Temporal Clauses Directions: All of the temporal conjunctions and the verbs they are marked in bold introduce in Lectiō Secunda. Make a list line by line of these conjunctions and verbs and translate them into English. We have done the first one for you.
Line Connunction Verb Translation 1 cum mortuus est when he died
RŌMĀNĪ IPSĪ Vestis Virum Facit
Aelius’ need for a toga before he can pay a call on Sevilius illustrates the importance of proper dress in Roman society, where only a male Roman citizen could wear a toga.
Since a Roman male who was not in the army could be called togātus (i.e.. wearing a toga), this garment became a symbol of peace. So in In Pisōnem 30 Cicero says
cedant arma togae i.e., let the military give way to civilian life, war to peace. (Cedant arma togae is, today, the motto of the State of Wyoming.) The toga was also considered a peculiarly Roman garment, one which distinguished Romans from other peoples. Vergil, in fact, proudly describes Romans in this way at Aeneid I.232:
Rōmānōs, rērum dominōs, gentemque togātam
In his Nātūrālēs Historiae (VII.30,117) Pliny the Elder uses the toga to describe Cicero as a man of peace, as a man who received a triumph in peacetime, as he praised
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the great statesman in the following passage: All the words marked in bold are nominatives or vocatives addressed to Cicero:
Salve, prīmus omnium parēns patriae appellāte, prīmus in togā triumphum linguaeque lauream merite, et fācundiae Latiārumque litterārum pārens aequē (ut dictātor Caesar, hostis quondam tuus, dē tē scrīpsit
The poet Martial (II.90) addressed the famed grammarian Quintilian by using the toga as the garment of a great public speaker: ii. 90. Again all the words in bold are vocatives, this time addressed to Quintilian.
Quintiliāne, summe moderātor iuuentae uagae, glōria Rōmānae togae
And in I. 55 Martial uses toga as a garment of peace as he speaks to his friend Fronto and tells him his prayer for a simple life. Note how Martial speaks of himself in the third person and refers to himself as Marcus.
Ō Fronto, decus clārum mīlitiae togaeque, sī breviter vōtum tuī Marcī cognoscere vis, hoc petit, esse suī nōn magnī ruris arātor, et otia sordida in parvīs rebus amat.
Much later this concept is summed up in saying #III i 60 in the Adagia (Adages) of Desiderius Erasmus (1466-1536), a Dutch humanist:
Vestis virum facit. Erasmus http://www.studiolum.com/img/eras This adage is still heard in its English translation today. For more of Erasmus’ adages, see the exercises.
Verba Ūtenda appellō (1) address laurea, -ae f. laurel wreath quondam once, formerly arātor, -ōris m. plougher, lingua, -ae f. language, speech terminus, -ī m. boundary farmer litterae, -ārum f. pl. letters, togātus, -a, -um wearing a toga decus, decoris n. glory literature triumphus, -ī m. triumphal dictātor, -ōris m. dictator meritus, -a, -um deserved procession fācundia, -ae f. eloquence moderātor, -ōris m. master, ut as imperium, -iī n. command, governor, one who holds vagus, -a, -um wandering, order, rule, empire, something in check scattered supreme command prōmoveō, prōmovēre, prōmōvī, vōtum, -ī n. prayer iuventa, -ae f. youth prōmōtum move forward, Latius, -a, um = Latinus, -a, - advance um
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CAPUT XXXIII Post Mortem
MUNDUS RŌMĀNUS Vestīmenta Rōmāna
The Romans were very dress conscious. Indeed, it was usually easy to determine the status and power of a Roman by the kind of clothing he or she wore. The basic garment for both men and women of all ranks and classes was a tunic (tunica, -ae f.) consisting of two rectangular pieces of cloth sewn together. Men wore tunics down to the knee. Women’s tunics were longer. Even these tunics sometimes indicated rank or honor. For example, a wide purple stripe (clāvus, -ī m.) on a tunic indicated that the wearer was a senator while a narrower stripe, that the wearer was equestrian. A victorious general celebrating a triumph would wear a tunica palmāta, i.e, a tunic embroidered with palm leaves. The toga (toga, -ae f.), consisting of a broad half oval of woolen cloth (with one straight edge), was worn only by male Roman citizens. Originally the toga was worn over a naked body but by classical times it was usually worn over a tunic. A toga was not everyday attire. It was worn only on formal occasions. Its design was such that it limited the mobility of the wearer. For this reason it was usually considered by Romans to be a garment of peace rather than war. There were even different kinds of togas. Young boys and Āra Pacis Augustae certain public officials wore a toga praetexta, which had a purple stripe at its http://www.moyak.com/researcher/resume/papers/p edge. In a special ceremony at the age of sixteen a Roman boy put on an unstriped, off-white toga cīvīlis (also called toga virīlis or toga pūra) and entered the world of adult manhood. When running for office, a Roman would wear a special whitened toga called the toga candida (“white toga”) from which the English word “candidate” is derived. Finally, a Roman male mourning the loss of a family member would wear a dark-colored toga called the toga pulla (“dingy toga”). Notice how Servilius puts one of these on in Lectiō Secunda. On their marriage day Roman women would begin wearing a stola, a long rectangular cloak considered the female equivalent of a toga. The procession of members of the Augustan family depicted in the Ara Pacis Augustae (Altar of Augustan Peace) is important evidence for Roman clothing customs and their social significance. This is why Aelius is reluctant to visit Servilius without a toga. This garment is a mark of Aelius’ status as a Roman citizen, but it is expensive enough that he does not own one.
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LATĪNA HODIERNA Vested in English
English has borrowed the Latin word for clothing (vestis, vestis f.) in a variety of words, including the following divest invest investment investiture vest vestee vestiary vestibule vestment vestry
ORBIS TERRĀRUM RŌMĀNUS Via Appia
The Via Appia is the main road from Rome south down to Naples and east to Brindisium on the Adriatic. It was the first major road built by the Romans. Its construction began under the censor Appius Claudius Caecus in 312 B.C. The modern Via Appia runs parallel to the ancient road, which still exists. For hygienic and cultural reasons burials inside the city walls were discouraged in Roman cities. For this reason, many tombs were located just outside the walls of Roman cities. Wealthy families chose locations for their tombs where travelers into and out of the city would see them. Many such tombs were built along the Via Appia, where they can still be seen today. You should imagine the tomb of the Servīliī to be located here. One of the largest tombs along the Via Appia is the Tomb of Caecilia Metella, perhaps an ancestor of Servilius’ wife. This Caecilia was daughter of Quintus Caecilius Metellus Creticus and the daughter-in-law of the triumvir Crassus. She died c.80 B.C.
http://www.turislazio.it/var/turismo/storage/images/la_storia/le_vie_consolari/via_appia/48682-6-ita-
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CAPUT XXXIII Post Mortem IT/via_appia.jpg
Sepulcrum Caeciliae Metellae http://www.lamp.ac.uk/noy/caecilia.gif
Sepulcrum Familiae Rabiriānae in Viā Appiā http://www.romeartlover.it/Appia2d.jpg
QUID PUTĀS? 1. Do you agree or disagree with Erasmus’ adage vestis virum facit. To what extent is this true today? By what classes or ages of people does it seem to be most believed? 2. Can you think of ways that clothing serves the same symbolic value in American society as the toga did in the Roman world. What would the American equivalent of a toga be? 3. How do Roman attitudes towards clothing compare to modern American ones? Are there any kinds of clothes which indicate a person’s rank or profession today? To what extent can the wealth and status of Americans be indicated by the clothes they wear? 4. Compare tombs on the Appian Way with modern American cemeteries. Compare the style and the location of monuments. 5. The English words “vestment” and “investment” suggest a parallel between clothing and financial or personal interest in something. Can you explain how an “investment” is like a piece of clothing?
EXERCEĀMUS! XXXIII.E SCRĪBĀMUS Directions: Retell these events in the present instead of the past. In order to do this, you need to change all the verbs marked in boldttu to the present tense. We have started the process for you. Plaustra sordida, mūlīs tractum, per viās Subūrae lentē progrediēbāntur. Cum plaustrum ad īnsulam combustam vēnit, servī mortuōs, inter quōs erat Mendāx, in plaustrō deposuērunt. Aelius quoque corpus Hephaestī ferēns ad plaustrum advēnit et nummō sub linguā servī fidēlis positō, cadāver in plaustrum posuit.
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Plaustrum ad collem Esquilīnum progrēdiebātur et per Portam Esquilīnam ad Campōs Esquilīnōs iter fēcit. Paulō post, ubi plaustrum cōnstitit, cadāvera in puteō ā servīs iacta sunt.
Plaustra sordida, mūlīs tractum, per viās Subūrae lentē progrediuntur.
XXXIII.E COLLOQUĀMUR Directions: Use the verb induō, induere, induī, indūtum (“put on”) and the clothing vocabulary in the MUNDUS RŌMĀNUS to describe Roman clothing to a classmate. Here is a sample sentence to get you started:
Et virī Rōmānī et fēminae Rōmānae tunicās induērunt sed virī solī togās induērunt.
Verba Discenda ac and, and besides lingua, -ae f. tongue, spēs, spēī, f. hope, atrium, -iī n. atrium, speech expectation public greeting room moneō, monēre, monuī, toga, -ae f. toga of a Roman house monitum warn, advise togātus, -a, -um dressed campus, -ī m. field nuntius, -iī m. messenger, in a toga caveō, cavēre, cāvī, news trādō, trādere, trādidī, cautum take care, orior, orīrī, ortus sum rise, trāditum hand down, beware get up, be born entrust, deliver fidēlis, -e faithful, ōrō (1) pray vestiō, vestīre, vestīvī / trustworthy persuādeō, persuādēre, vestiī, vestītum dress, flūmen, -inis n. river persuāsī, persuāsum + clothe fortūna, -ae f. luck, dat. persuade vestis, vestis f. garments chance, fortune postulō (1) ask for, beg, clothing hortor, hortārī, hotātus demand, require, vetō, vetāre, vetuī, sum urge request vetitum forbid, līberī, -ōrum m. pl. sinō, sinere, sīvī / siī, prohibit children situm allow, permit sōl, sōlis m. sun; day
XXXIII.E VerbA Discenda Multiple Choice Directions: Choose the verbum discendum which represents something the opposite of each of the following definitions. We have done the first one for you.
_____b____ 1. senior citizens: a.) lingua b.) līberī c.) sōl d.) atrium ______2. vacillate: a.) cōnstituō b.) sinō c.) trādō d.) moneō ______3. not want: a.) orior b.) caveō c.) ōrō d.) moneō ______4. one who gets a message: a.) atrium b.) sōl c.) flūmen d.) nūntius ______5. let one do as one pleases: a.) moneō b.) caveō c.) orior d.) sinō ______6. hold onto: a.) tradō b.) vetō c.) persuādeō d.) sinō ______7. ask politely: a.) moneō b.) postulō c.) caveo d.) orior 714
CAPUT XXXIII Post Mortem ______8. despair: a.) flūmen b.) spēs c.) nuntius d.) vestis ______9. rush in: a.) caveō b.) sinō c.) postulō d.) trādō ______11. allow : a.) caveō b.) vetō c.) moneō d.) sinō ______12. forbid: a.) caveō b.) vetō c.) moneō d.) sinō ______13. city block: a.) flūmen b.) campus c.) lingua d.) spēs ______14. untrustworthy: a.) atrium b.) orō c.) fidēlis d.) fortūna ______15. sink: a.) ōrō b.) orior c.) sinō d.) vetō ______16. dissuade: a.) orior b.) ōrō c.) hortor d.) cōnstituō ______17. desert: a.) lingua b.) flūmen c.) atrium d.) fidēlis ______19. except for: a.) ōrō b.) ac c.) spēs d.) trādō ______20. moon: a.) sōl b.) lingua c.) campus d.) atrium
ANGULUS GRAMMATICUS Command Performances
Perhaps you are still wondering why Latin has a future imperative when English does not. The future imperative (sometimes called the second imperative) is used in Latin to refer to commands which are general rules or permanent laws. For example, • Salūs populī suprēma lēx estō. “Let the welfare of the people be the supreme law.” This precept, the motto of the state of Missouri, is based upon the following quote from Cicero's Dē Lēgibus (book III, part III, sub. VIII), Ollis salūs populī suprēma lēx estō. (Note how Cicero modifies salūs with the archaic demonstrative ollis (= illa) which you saw in the traditional formula used to announce the death of Servilius Avus in Lectiō Secunda.) • Boreā flante, nē arātō sēmen nē iacitō (“When the north wind is blowing, do not plough or sow seed.” from Pliny’s Historiae Nātūrālēs (xviii.334)
Latin also uses a future imperative with words or phrases which refer to some point in the (distant) future; for example, with crās: crās labōrātō; or with a temporal clause clearly indicating future time, especially with the future perfect tense: Cum bene dormīveris, labōrātō. (“When you will have slept well, work.”) Latin, like English, uses a number of adverbs to strengthen the force of a command. Here are some examples:
modo (“only”) Modo manē! (“Only wait!”) statim (“at once”) Ī statim! (“Go at once!”) proinde (“well, then”) Proinde curre! (“Then run!”) sānē (“certainly”) Sānē sequere! (“Certainly follow!”)
Note also the enclitic dum, used in classical Latin only with age or agite as in agedum or agitedum to mean “Come, then!” Latin and English can both accompany imperatives, for the sake of politeness, with words like amābō (“please), obsecrō (“I beg”), quaesō (“I ask”) and sīs (“if you wish”, from sī vīs). Mē manē, amābō! “Wait for me, please!” The imperative expressions fac ut, cūrā ut, cavē nē which you have already seen,
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are actually examples of imperative periphrasis or circumlocution; i.e., they represent a sort of round-about command: Instead of saying Nōlī tangere! (“Don’t touch!”), you can beat around the bush, so to speak, and say Cavē nē tangās! (“Beware lest you touch!”). When do you think such a periphrasis would be preferable to a direct command? And here are some other ways Latin (and English) can express commands: • Sometimes a question can be an imperative: Nōn dīcis? “You aren’t speaking?” (or “Aren’t you speaking?”; (i.e, Dīc!) • So can a simple future indicative: Dīcēs. “You will speak!”
Indirect commands, i.e., ut/ne + subjunctive are sometimes called Iussive noun clauses. “Iussive” is derived from the PPP of iubeō.
LEGENDA Erasmus, Desiderius, Adages. Translated by Margaret Mann Phillips. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1982. Sebesta, Judith Lynn, and Larissa Bonfante, editors. The World of Roman Costume. Madison, Wisc.: University of Wisconsin Press. 1994.
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CAPUT XXXIV Patrōnus et Cliēns
ARGUMENTUM FĀBULAE Aelius attends sālūtatiō/petitiō at the house of Servilius. The city is filled with rumors of Tiberius’ victory in Germany. Aelius pledges fealty and help in the election. The new patron and client exchange gifts.
GRAMMATICA
Sequence of Tenses Perfect and Pluperfect Subjunctives, Active and Passive Indirect Questions Consolidation of Subjunctive Forms Consolidation of Interrogative Words Dum “until” Domus G. Luciī Secundī https://oncourse.iu.edu/access/content/user/leach/ RŌMĀNĪ IPSĪ www/c409/net_id/secundus/facade1.gif Martialis Cliēns
MUNDUS RŌMĀNUS Commercium Rōmānum
LATĪNA HODIERNA Latin Interrogatives in English
ORBIS TERRĀRUM RŌMĀNUS Germānia
ANGULUS GRAMMATICUS Macron or No Macron?
LECTIŌ PRĪMA
ANTEQUAM LEGIS
In this lectiō Aelius anxiously prepares to attend the sālūtatiō at the house of Servilius. He puts on his rented toga and debates with his family about an appropriate gift to bring Servilius. Once he reaches Servilius’ house, his anxiety continues as he worries about following the appropriate procedure in greeting his prospective patron. As you read about Aelius’s concerns, you will see a new tense of the subjunctive (perfect) which indicates an action which occurs before the main verb. You will especially see this tense used in indirect questions.
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Direct and Indirect Questions
A direct question is a sentence which seeks information. These are called interrogative sentences in English and we mark them with question marks and with interrogative words like “who?,” “what?,” “where?,” “when?,” and “why?” You have already seen interrogatives such as –ne, num, nonne, quis, quid, ubi, quandō, and cūr. In English we change a direct question into an indirect one by putting a head verb in front of the question. Compare the following direct and indirect questions in English.
How can Hermes catch the monkey? I know how Hermes can catch the monkey.
Now look at how these same sentences are expressed in Latin:
Quōmodo Hermēs sīmiam capere potest? Sciō quōmodo Hermēs sīmiam capere possit.
Notice how both sentences use the interrogative cūr but differ in significant ways: • The indirect question is introduced with a head verb (sciō). • The verb expressing the question (potest) is put into the subjunctive mood (possit).
Since the knowing is happening in the present and capturing the monkey is happening at approximately the same time as or after the knowing, Latin uses the present subjunctive. As you might expect from what you know already about purpose and result clauses, the imperfect subjunctive is used if the knowing happened in the past:
Scīvit quōmodo Hermēs sīmiam capere posset. I knew why Hermes was able to catch the monkey.
Here the imperfect subjunctive shows that the action of the indirect question happened (in the past) at the same time or after the knowing.
Time Before
What if Hermes caught the monkey BEFORE I learned why? In English we can do this simply by changing the tense of the verb in the indirect question:
DIRECT: How did Hermes catch the monkey?
INDIRECT: I know how Hermes (has) caught the monkey. I knew how Hermes had caught the monkey.
718 CAPUT XXXIV Patrōnus et Cliēns Like English, Latin also changes the tense of the verb in the indirect question to indicate time before the main verb. After primary sequence main verbs Latin uses the perfect subjunctive to show time before. Here is how:
Quōmodo Hermēs sīmiam capere potest? Sciō quōmodo Hermēs sīmiam capere possit. SAME TIME Sciō quōmodo Hermēs sīmiam capere potuerit. TIME BEFORE I know how Hermes was able to catch the monkey.
Formula: So, in Latin an indirect question consists of:
Verb of the Head + question word + subjunctive sciō + quōmodo + id faciās. (present subjunctive) SAME TIME I know why you do that
sciō + quōmodo + id fēceris. (perfect subjunctive) TIME BEFORE I know why you did that
The Perfect Subjunctive
How can you recognize these perfect subjunctive forms? Here are some tips:
• The perfect active subjunctive = Perfect Stem + -erim, -eris, etc.
Examples: vocāverim, vocāveris, etc. I called habuerim, habueris, etc. I had potuerim, potueris, etc. I was able to
Notā bene: The Latin perfect indicative and perfect subjunctives are usually translated into English in the same way: vocāvīt and vocāverit = he/she/it (has) called
• The perfect passive subjunctive = P3 + present subjunctive of sum. Thus:
vocātus, -a, -um sim vocātī, -ae, -a sīmus vocātus, -a, -um sīs vocātī, -ae, -a sītis vocātus, -a, -um sit vocātī, -ae, -a sint
• The perfect subjunctive is used after primary tense indicative verbs to show time before the main verb. Just adjust your English accordingly.
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EXERCEĀMUS! XXXIV.A Recognizing Indirect Questions Directions: In each of the following sentences identify 1.) the head verb and its tense; 2.) the interrogative word; and 3.) the subjunctive in indirect question and its tense. Then translate these words. You will see variations of these sentences in Lectiō Prīma. We have done the first one for you.
1. Sciō auōmodo Hermēs sīmiam capere possit. 2. Sciō quōmodo Hermēs sīmiam capere potuerit. 3. Scīvit quōmodo Hermēs sīmiam capere posset. 4. Nēmō scit quandō ignis urbem dēstruit. 5. Nēmō scīvit quandō ignis urbem dēstrueret. 6. Nēmō scit quandō ignis urbe dēstrūxerit. 7. Omnēs sciunt quid imperātor agat. 8. Omnēs scīvērunt quid imperātor ageret.
Head Verb Tense Interrogative word Subjunctive Tense 1. sciō present quōmodo possit present I know why he can
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
In Lectiō Prīma you will see a number of subjunctives marked in bold. Look for indirect questions with each of these subjunctives.
Salūtātiō
Paucōs post diēs, ante ortum sōlis, Aelius surgit, et togam, quam ā fullonē condūxit, induēns, sē praeparat ut salūtātiōnem apud Servīlium faciat. Valeria, “Aelī,” inquit, “scīsne quod dōnum Serviliō des?” 5 Respondet: “Nesciō aut quid dem aut quid aliī clientēs Servīliō
720 CAPUT XXXIV Patrōnus et Cliēns dederint. Porrō post incendium pauca habeō. Neque sciō quid aut quōmodo dīcam! Dīc mihi quid dīcere debeam et quid aliī antē mē dīxerint.” Valeria “Nesciō,” inquit, “qualibus verbīs aliī usī sint sed hoc sciō– urbānus estō! Plānē loquere et tota rēs bona erit.” 10 Aelius “Sed quid dē dōnō? Incertus sum quale dōnum aliī obtulerint aut quale offeram. Qualem opīniōnem tenēs?” Valeria respondet: “Incerta sum quod dōnum optimum sit et nesciō qualia aut quanta tibi post ignem relicta sint. Meministīne ānulum quod mihi ante duōs annōs dedistī? Hoc patrōnō novō da et eī dīc tē alium 15 meliōrem ac argenteum fabricāre posse. Nunc, abī, et mementō–fortūna fortēs iuvat!!” Aelius sōlus per viās obscūrās GEMMA in novissimō ōrdine / in mediō ōrdine Subūrae ambulat facem in manū tenēns, et We would say “at the end of the line / in ad domum Serviliī sōle oriente advenit. the middle of the line.” Notice how 20 Longam ōrdinem clientium pro foribus Latin uses novus (“new, recent”) rather than “last.” Also where English uses an domūs stantium videt et, sē in novissimō “of” phrase, Latin uses an adjective. ōrdine pōnēns, ūnum ē clientibus salūtat. Here is another example: in summō Aelius: “Salvē.” mōnte (“at the top of the mountain”). Ille “Salvē,” inquit. “Faciēs tua mihi ignōta est. Dīc mihi, sī tibi 25 placeat, quid nōmen tibi sit. Nōmen mihi Tītus est et lībertus sum.” Aelius “Salvē, Tīte!” inquit. “Nōmen mihi Aelius est. Cīvis sum– faber. Officīnam in Subūrā habeō–aut, ut vērius dīcam, habuī.” Tītus: “Ah, cīvis es et ergō prō mē 30 in ōrdine stāre debēs. Nōlī timēre, sed sē in medium ōrdinem movē!” Aelius, sē movēns, iānitōrem Servīliī appropinquantem videt. Iānitor, togā Aeliī visā, eī dīcit: “Salvē, cīvis. Tē 35 nōn cognōvī. Dīc mihi cūr vēnerīs.” Aelius ianitōrī dīcit quid Servīliī uxor eī dīxerit et imperāverit. Iānitor “Manē hīc” inquit, et per Domus Loreiī Tibutīnī forēs intrat. Note the benches outside the front door of this house from Pompeii. Such benches were 40 Aelium, reditum iānitōris especially useful as clients waited to visit exspectantem, alius salūtat. “Nōvus es? their patrons. Trepidus vidēris. Scīsne quōmodo nōs http://www.indiana.edu/~class2/c102/net_id/i mages/L076.JPG omnēs cōtidie salūtātiōnem agāmus? Scīsne quid agendum sit?” 45 Aelius “Nihil” inquit “sciō et ergo paulō trepidus sum. Dīc mihi vērē
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quōmodo vōs omnēs salūtatiōnem agātis.” Ille: “Fac ut tranquillus sīs! Age sīcut agō. Sed, dīc mihi, audīvistīne dē Tiberiō?” Aelius: “Nesciō. Quid audīvistī?” 50 Ille: “Ut scīs, Tiberius in Germāniā est. Sed scīsne quot Germānōs vīcerit? Heri audīvimus, magnō proeliō factō, dūcēs Germānōrum sē Tiberiō tradidisse. Omnēs in urbe……. sed ecce, forēs aperiunt.”
Verba Ūtenda ac = atque and, and also, and induō, induere, induī, plānus, -a, -um plane, flat; besides indūtum put on even; obvious. plānē ānulus, -ī m. ring lībertus, -ī m. freedman clearly argenteus, -a, -um of silver, fortūna, -ae f. fortune, porrō and besides, further silvery chance, luck; wealth, praeparō (1) prepare condūcō, condūcere, condūxī, prosperity proelium, -iī n. battle conductum rent nesciō, nescīre, nescīvī / qualis, quale? what kind of? fax, facis f. torch nesciī, nescītum not know what sort of? foris, foris (forēs ,-um pl.) f. obscūrus, -a, -um dark quot? indeclin. how many? door, gate. forīs out of officīna, -ae f. workshop Tiberius, -iī m. Tiberius, doors, outside; abroad opīniō, -iōnis f. opinion, stepson, son-in-law and Germānia, -ae f. Germany belief; reputation successor of Augustus Germānus, -a, -um German ordō, -inis m. row, line, trepidus, -a, -um alarmed, iānitor, -ōris m. doorman, order; rank; class of anxious porter citizens urbānus, -a, -um polished, ignōtus, -a, -um unknown refined; witty
POSTQUAM LĒGISTĪ 1. In what ways does Aelius prepare himself on the morning of the salūtātiō? How would someone prepare himself today for a similar interview? 2. What does Aelius hold in his hand while he walks through the streets? Why? 3. What does he find at Servilius’ house upon his arrival? 4. Why does Titus let Aelius go in front of him? 5. What news does Aelius hear while he is waiting? Why might he and his family especially interested in and concerned about this news?
GRAMMATICA A The Perfect Subjunctive
Before you read Lectiō Prīma you learned that the perfect active subjunctive is formed by taking the Perfect Stem and adding the endings -erim, -eris, etc. Examples: dūxerim, dūxeris, etc. I led audīverim, audīveris, etc. I heard fuerim, fuueris, etc. I have been voluerim, volueris, etc. I wished
722 CAPUT XXXIV Patrōnus et Cliēns
The perfect passive subjunctive is formed by taking the P3 and using it with the present subjunctive of sum. Thus: ductus, -a, -um sim ductī, -ae, -a sīmus ductus, -a, -um sīs ductī, -ae, -a sītis ductus, -a, -um sit ductī, -ae, -a sint
Perfect subjunctives are formed regularly for all verbs. Did you notice any similarities between perfect subjunctives and other verb forms you have learned? Compare the perfect active and passive subjunctives of capiō with the future perfect active indicative and perfect passive indicative forms:
Perfect Active Future Perfect Perfect Passive Perfect Passive Subjunctive Active Indicative Subjunctive Indicative cēperim cēperō captus sim captus sum cēperis cēperis captus sīs captus es cēperit cēperit captus sit captus est cēperimus cēperimus captī sīmus captī sumus cēperitis cēperitis captī sītis captī estis cēperint cēperint captī sint captī sunt
Notice that all the forms marked in bold are identical. Study these forms carefully and note the differences between the words. But don’t panic. Remember that Latin perfect subjunctives are accompanied by lots of other word clues to warn you of their presence (in indirect questions, for example). And in the ANGULUS GRAMMATICUS to this chapter you can read how some grammarians distinguish these forms.
Time Before the Main Verb
So far you have learned two tenses of the subjunctive–the present and the imperfect. And you have learned that each one shows a time that is relatively close to the main verb of the sentence–either same time as the main verb or time in the immediate future.
Purpose clause: Ambulō ad amphitheatrum ut mūnera videam. Ambulāvī ad amphiteatrum ut mūnera vidērem.
In each of these sentences the seeing is expected to happen immediately after the main verb of walking. Consider the same relationship in a result clause:
Result Clause: Socrātēs tam celer est ut Hermēs eum capere nōn possit. Socrātēs tam celer erat ut Hermēs eum capere nōn posset.
Here too the result (not being able to catch the monkey) is seen as either existing at the same time or shortly after the main verb of the sentence (“is” or “was”). In order to express time before the main verb Latin makes use of two other tenses of the subjunctive, not only the Perfect (introduced here) but also Pluperfect (introduced later in
723 DISCE LĀTINAM!
this chapter). As you have seen these tenses are most often used in Indirect Questions. In Latin, indirect questions are much like indirect statements, but they use subjunctives instead of infinitives. Moreover, their structure allows the subjunctive to express any sort of time relative to the main verb. Take these English examples, where the Indirect Question is in italics. I know what you are doing. (same time as or immediately after the main verb) I know what you did last summer. (time before main verb) I know what you are going to do next summer. (time after main verb) Latin has subjunctive constructions to accommodate all these options, which are called the sequence of tenses. See how the perfect subjunctive fits into this chart.
S If the main verb (indicative) is…. Use this subjunctive in clause to show time E P Q R Present 1. Present shows same time U I Future 2. Perfect shows time before E M A Future Perfect 3. ? shows time after N (Present Perfect) C R Y (Imperative) E
O S F E C T O Imperfect 1. Imperfect shows same time E N Perfect (simple past) 2. ? shows time before N D Pluperfect 3. ? shows time after S A R E Y S
EXERCEĀMUS! XXXIV.B Changing Perfect Active Indicatives to Perfect Active Subjunctives Directions: Change each of the following perfect active indicative forms to subjunctive without changing person and number. We have done the first one for you.
1. vocāvī → vōcāverim 2. vocāvērunt → 3. dūxēris → 4. audīvī → 5. cēpērunt → 6. fuistī → 7. monuimus →
724 CAPUT XXXIV Patrōnus et Cliēns 8. fēcit → 9. dīxi → 10. vēnistis →
LECTIŌ SECUNDA ANTEQUAM LEGIS
In this lectiō Aelius meets Servilius, gives him his gift and becomes his client. As you read about this meeting you will see the pluperfect subjunctive in use.
Using the Pluperfect Subjunctive
Like the perfect subjunctive, the pluperfect subjunctive shows time before the main verb. It is only used after main verbs that in the secondary sequence. Consider these English examples of indirect questions:
Primary Sequence He knows what you are doing. (IQ, present subjunctive, same time) He knows what you did last summer. (IQ, perfect subjunctive, time before)
Secondary Sequence He knew what you were doing. (IQ, imperfect subjunctive, same time) He knew what you had done the previous summer. (IQ, pluperfect subjunctive, time before)
Forming the Pluperfect Subjunctive
As with all the other subjunctive tenses, these forms follow a predictable pattern:
Active: Perfect stem + -issem, -isses, -isset, etc. vocāv- + -issem = vocāvissem “I had called” habu- + -issem = habuissem “I had had” fu- + -issem = fuissem “I had been”
The distinctive –iss- syllable makes this form easy to pick out.
Passive: P3 + -essem, -essēs, -esset, etc vocātus + -essem = vocātus essem “I had been called” pollicitus + -essem = pollicitus essem “I had promised”
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EXERCEĀMUS! XXXIV.C Pluperfect Subjunctive Directions: Here is a list of the pluperfect subjunctive forms you will see marked in bold in Lectiō Secunda. Identify the person, number, voice and first principal part of each form. Then translate the word into English. We have done the first one for you.
Line Word Person Number Voice 1st PP English Meaning 5 habuissētis 2 pl. active habeō you had 6 fēcissētis 7 advēnissent 8 cēpissent 9-10 mortuus esset 12 advenisset 20 fabricāvisses 33 prōmīsisset 34 pollicitus esset
Interrogative Words
As you read Lectio Secunda also look for interrogative words marked in bold italics. We will review these words after you read.
Dum “until”
Earlier you learned that dum + indicative is translated as “while.” In this reading you will see dum used with the indicative meaning “while” or the subjunctive meaning “until.” As you read Lectiō Secunda look out for two uses of dum and decide whether you would translate them as “while” or “until.” We will explain more about this after you read.
Patrōnus
Foribus aperientibus, Servīlius ōrdinem inspectāvit et clientēs suōs salūtāvit, ūnī sportulam aliī nummōs dans. Dē morbō uxōris alicuius rogat, dē negotiō aliōrum. “Dīcite mihi,” inquit, “dē negotiō vestrō. Trepidus eram postquam 5 revēnistis et nemō mē certiōrem fēcit quot equōs ēmissētis et quantum lucrī dē illīs equīs fēcissētis.” Et alium interrogāvit quandō navēs ab Āfricā Ostiam advēnissent et qualēs mercēs cēpissent. Nonullī clientēs dīxērunt sē mortis avī paenitere et ūnus, haud venustus equēs, Servīlium rogāvit quā dē causā avus mortuus 10 esset. Mox Servīlius Aeliō appropinquāvit et, manum eius tenēns, rogāvit quā dē causā advenisset. Aelius, vocē tremente, “Domine,” inquit, “fortasse
726 CAPUT XXXIV Patrōnus et Cliēns iam intellegis cūr adsim. Ante paucōs diēs uxor tua ad tabernam Valeriae, socrūs meae, advēnit, et ab eā postulāvit ut hūc advenīrem. Audīvī dē morte 15 Servīliī avī et dum tempus idoneum esset, manēbam. Nōmen mihi Marcus Aelius est et faber sum. Domina Servīlia pauca ex operibus meīs, quae in tabernā Valeriae exposita erant, vīdit et ea illī placuērunt. Voluit me alia, sed argentea, fabricāre, sed nōn potuī. Uxor tua mē ut ad salūtātiōnem tuam advenīrem hortāta est et nunc adsum.” 20 Servīlius “Ita” inquit, “uxor mihi omnia haec narrāvit. Sed mihi nōn dīxit cūr rēs argenteās nōn fabricāvisses.” Aelius “Domine” inquit, “pauper sum et recenter incendium officīnam meam et īnsulam in quā habitābāmus dēstrūxit. Paene omnia perdita sunt, sed mēcum hunc ānulum tulī tibi dōnō.” 25 Servīlius, ānulum recipiēns, dīxit: “Aelī, nōn audīvī incendium officinam tuam dēstrūxisse et uxor, tuam artem admirāns, mē imperāvit ut tē et familiam adiuvārem. Praetereā ars tua manifesta est. Tibi patrōnō erō et tū cliēns meus eris. Quid plūra? Intrā et manē in atriō dum omnēs aliōs salūtaverō. Mox omnia necessaria habēbis--argentum, novam officinam et 30 novam īnsulam in quā familia tua habitēt. Simul disserāmus quōmodo mihi auxilium dare possis.” Salūtatiōne confectā clientēs–aliī ad Forum aliī ad patrōnum alium— abiērunt. Servīlius, revertēns intrā, multa cum Aeliō dē rēbus negotiī fabrī disseruērunt. Antequam Aelius abiit, Servīlius et Aelius bene intellexērunt 35 quantum lucrī Aelius Servīliō prōmisisset et quantam pecūniam Servīlius Aeliō pollicitus esset. Servīlius Aeliō abeuntī dīxit: “Fac ut officīnam novam celeriter inveniās, Aelī, et strēnuē laborā! Pecūnia mea quoque prō mē semper strēnuē laborāre debet!”
727
Verba Ūtenda Āfrica, -ae f. Africa, Roman interrogō (1) ask, question; prōmittō, prōmittere, prōmīsī, province in modern Tunisia examine prōmissum send forth; antequam before lucrum, -ī n. profit promise ānulus, -ī m. ring manifestus, -a, -um clear, quā dē causā? for what argenteus, -a, -um of silver, evident reason? why? silvery merx, mercis f. a commodity; qualis, quale? what kind of? cēpissent In reference to ships, (pl.) goods, merchandise what sort of? capiō means “contain, hold.” morbus. –ī m. illness, Quid plūra? “Why say more?” dēstruō, dēstruere, dēstrūxī, sickness quot? indeclin. how many? dēstrūctum destroy navis, navis f. ship recenter recently disserō, disserere, disseruī, necessarius, -a, -um socrus, -ūs f. mother-in-law dissertum discuss necessary sportula, -ae f. little basket; dum until, while nummus, -ī m. coin, money gift of money or food from equēs, equitis m. horseman, officīna, -ae f. workshop patron to client knight; pl. cavalry; order of ordō, -inis m. row, line, tibi dōnō Note the double knights order; rank; class of dative. “To you as a gift.” equus, -ī m. horse citizens tremō, tremere, tremuī expōnō, expōnere, exposuī, Ostiam “to Ostia” (the port of tremble expositum set out; exhibit Rome) trepidus, -a, -um alarmed, habitet Note subjunctive and perditus, -a, -um ruined, lost anxious translate as “might live.” praetereā besides, moreover venustus, -a, -um charming, attractive
POSTQUAM LĒGISTĪ 1. What does Servilius do and say as he greets his clients? 2. How does Aelius’ speech to Servilius suggest his deference to the great man and his fear of failure? 3. What part of Aelius’ story did Servilius need more details about? 4. What evidence of Aelius’ craftsmanship does Servilius have and what is Servilius’ opinion of Aelius’ work? 5. What does Servilius offer Aelius? 6. What motivation does Servilius express for helping Aelius? 7. Compare the way the Romans conduct this business deal with modern American practices.
GRAMMATICA B Consolidation of Subjunctive Forms
With the addition of the pluperfect subjunctive forms, you now seen all four subjunctive tenses. Here is the chart for dūcō. Pay particular attention to the pluperfect subjunctive forms which were introduced in this chapter.
CAPUT XXXIV Patrōnus et Cliēns ACTIVE Present Imperfect Perfect Pluperfect dūcam dūcerem dūxerim dūxissem dūcās dūcerēs dūxeris dūxissēs dūcat dūceret dūxerit dūxisset dūcāmus dūcerēmus dūxerimus dūxissēmus dūcātis dūcerētis dūxeritis dūxissētis dūcant dūcerent dūxerint dūxissent PASSIVE dūcar dūcerer ductus sim ductus essem dūcāris dūcerēris ductus sīs ductus essēs dūcātur dūcerētur ductus sit ductus esset dūcāmur dūcerēmur ductī sīmus ductī essēmus dūcāminī dūcerēminī ductī sītis ductī essētis dūcantur dūcerentur ductī sint ductī essent
Notā bene: • The vowel in the pluperfect active ending is always long in the 1st person plural and the 2nd person singular and plural. • One easy way to remember how to make the imperfect and pluperfect active subjunctives is to remember that both forms are spelled like infinitives plus personal endings.
Imperfect Subjunctive = present active infinitive + personal endings dūcerem = dūcere + m
Pluperfect Subjunctive = perfect active infinitive + personal endings dūxissem = dūxisse + m
Building the Sequence of Tenses
The pluperfect subjunctive allows one more possibility in the sequence of tenses: time before a main verb in secondary sequence. These four sentences illustrate the four possibilities you have learned. Use the chart to determine what sort of time they indicate:
Rogant cūr adveniat. They ask why he is coming. Rogant cūr advenīret. They ask why he came. Rogāvērunt cūr advēnerit. They asked why he came. Rogāvērunt cūr advēnisset. They asked why he had come.
Now see how the pluperfect subjunctive fits into the chart:
729 DISCE LĀTINAM!
S If the main verb (indicative) is…. Use this subjunctive in clause to show time E P Q R Present 1. Present shows same time U I Future 2. Perfect shows time before E M A Future Perfect 3. ? shows time after N (Present Perfect) C R Y (Imperative) E
O S F E C T O Imperfect 1. Imperfect shows same time E N Perfect (usual) 2. Pluperfect shows time before N D Pluperfect 3. ? shows time after S A R E Y S
Consolidation of Interrogative Words
At the beginning of this chapter we reminded you of interrogative words like quis?, quid?, ubi?, quandō? and cūr? (who?, what?, where?, when? and why?). Here are several other interrogatives you saw marked in bold italics in Lectiō Secunda:
quantus, -a, -um? how much? (X) qualis, quale? what kind of? what sort of? (XXXIV) quā dē causā? for what reason? why? (XXXIV) quōmodo? how? (XVII) quot? how many? (XXXIV)
All of these words are now Verba Memoranda. Now go back to Lēctīo Prīma and see how many of these words you can find.
Dum “until”
Earlier you learned that dum + indicative is translated as “while.” Dum can also be translated as “until” and can be used with either the indicative or the subjunctive. When it is used with the indicative, it is stating a fact that happened or will happen. Manē hīc dum redibō. Wait here until I return.
When it is used with the subjunctive it is also translated as “until” but it indicates more
730 CAPUT XXXIV Patrōnus et Cliēns that the anticipated event is a possibility than a fact.
Manē hīc dum redeās. Wait here until I should return.
Compare this use of dum in Lectiō Secunda:
....dum tempus idoneum esset, manēbam (line 15)
This dum used with a subjunctive and states more of a potential than a fact --- “I was waiting until the time might be right.”
And here is another use of dum from the reading:
Manē in atriō dum omnēs aliōs salūtaverō. (lines 27-28)
This dum clause indicates an event which is a fact and is therefore uses the indicative.
EXERCEĀMUS! XXXIV.D Sequence of Tenses Directions: In each of the following sentences identify the subjunctive verb and its tense. Then indicate whether this verb shows same time or time before the main verb. We have done the first one for you.
Verb Tense Time Sequence 1. Scīsne quod dōnum Serviliō dēs? des present same time
2. Nesciō quid dem.
3. Nesciō quid aliī clientēs Servīliō dederint.
4. Nescīvimus quid dīcerent!
5. Nesciō quōmodo dīcam!
6. Dīc mihi quid dīcere debeam.
7. Dīc quid aliī antē mē dīxerint.
8. Nescīvi qualibus verbīs aliī usī essent.
9. Incertus sum quale dōnum aliī obtulerint.
10. Incertus sum quale dōnum offeram
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RŌMĀNĪ IPSĪ Martiālis Cliēns
In a famous poem Martial suggests that he left Rome for his native Spain because he did not enjoy the early morning salutation in his patron’s atrium. Here is how he explains his position to a more ambitious fellow client who obviously enjoys the custom more than Martial does. Martial does not like practicing law and would much rather sleep late and write poetry in Spain than get up early for a salūtātiō in Rome. As usual, we provide a simplified version.
Ō mātūtīne cliēns, quī mihi es causa urbis reliquendae, sī sapiās, ātria ambitiōsa colās. Ego nōn sum causidicus. Nec amārīs lītibus aptus sum. Sed piger et senior comes Musārum sum. Ōtia somnusque, quae magna Rōma mē negāvit, mē iuvant. Rōmam redibō sī et hīc in Hispaniā dormīre nōn possum. Epigrammata XII.58
Verba Ūtenda amārus, -a, -um bitter līs, lītis f. lawsuit piger, pigra, pigurm low, causidicus, -ī m. lawyer mātūtīnus, -a, -um of or sluggish, lazy colō, colere, coluī, cultum honor, belonging to the early Rōmam to Rome pay court to, worship morning sapiō, sapere, sapīvī / sapiī comes, comitis m. / f. companion negō (1) deny show good sense et here, “even” or “also” ōtium, -iī n. leisure somnus, -ī m. sleep, rest
MUNDUS RŌMĀNUS Commercium Rōmānum
Roman society was hierarchical and plutocratic. By the time of the empire, the ancient division between patrician (aristocratic) and plebian families had broken down, but even in the empire citizens were grouped by census into six classes (ōrdinēs) according to wealth. The major public offices, such as the consulship, were only open to the wealthiest group or senatorial class, of which Servilius Severus was a member. The next wealthiest group were the knights (equitēs, -um m. pl.). Cordus is an equēs. Traditionally the wealth of the senatorial class was based on large agricultural estates called latifundia, (-ōrum n. pl.) and members of this class were not allowed to participate directly in commercial activity. The equitēs, however, were a wealthy business class. As part of our “back story” on Cordus, we imagine that his father Mercurius made money by helping Crassus, one of the triumvirate The Roman god of messengers consisting of Pompey, Caesar, and Crassus. Crassus used and commerce. Note his trademark winged helment and to go to fires and buy the houses at increasingly low sandals. prices as the fire progressed. Perhaps Cordus is trying to http://www.vroma.org/images/ mcmanus_images/mercury_bro nze.jpg 732 CAPUT XXXIV Patrōnus et Cliēns become more respectable by starting a fire brigade at Rome. At the bottom of this social structure were citizens called prōlētāriī, who owned little or no property. Aelius and his family were of this class. This social structure, however, was very mobile and it was possible for a prōlētārius to rise quickly to the status of equēs through the accumulation of great wealth. While men of Servilius’ status could not, themselves, act as merchants or traders (mercatōrēs) or bankers (argentāriī), they could, as Servilius does, seek commercial profit indirectly, by working through freedmen, clients or agents. A skilled craftsman like Aelius was a very attractive client for a patron like Servilius because Aelius could make money for Servilius as well as provide Servilius with valuable support in political elections. There were great opportunities for financial gain (lucrum, -ī n. gain, profit) in the export of Italian wines and olive oil and the importation of grain and slaves into Italy. The luxury trade of items like silk and spices from the East and even amber from the Baltic were also potentially lucrative. But the danger of severe financial loss through shipwreck, theft, and natural disaster was also very real. Expansion of the Roman Empire was also encouraged by Roman commercial interests. The establishment of new areas of Roman influence meant more markets open to Roman merchants and new sources of imports to the capital city.
LATĪNA HODIERNA Latin Interrogatives in English
Use the meaning of each of the following Latin interrogatives to define their English derivatives. Consult an English dictionary if you need help.
quaerō, quaerere, quaesīvī / quaesiī, quaesītum query, quest, querist question, questionnaire rogō (1) abrogate, derogate, derogatory, interrogative, prerogative, rogatory quantus, -a, -um? quantity, quantify, quantum quantitative qualis, quale? qualify, qualification, qualitative, quality quid? quiddity, quid prō quō quot? quotient
733 DISCE LĀTINAM!
Imperium Rōmānum et Magna Germānia The Roman Empire and Magna Germā nia in 116 A.D.
ORBIS TERRĀRUM RŌMĀNUS Germānia
The Romans used the word Germānia to refer to a wide geographic area in north central Europe inhabited not only by German-speaking tribes but also Celtics and others. There were two Roman provinces called Germānia west of the Rhine river. Germānia Inferior consisted approximately of what is now Belgium and the Netherlands. Germānia Superior included modern Switzerland and the French province of Alsace. Under the Emperor Augustus the Romans tried to push across the Rhine river further into Magna Germānia. The successful expedition of Tiberius in 9-7 B.C. was one of these efforts, and, for a while the Romans controlled territory as far east as the Elbe River. However, after the disastrous defeat of three legions under the general Varus by the German leader Arminius in the Teutenburg Forest in 9 A.D., Augustus settled the boundaries of the empire along the defendable lines of the rivers Rhine and Danube. In was in response to this defeat that the emperor is said to have cried Quinctilī Vare, legiōnēs redde! Two of the most important cities in Roman Germany were Colōnia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium (the modern Cologne) and Augusta Trevirōrum (modern Trier). Augusta Trevirōrum
734 CAPUT XXXIV Patrōnus et Cliēns
Līmitēs Rōmānī in Germania Porta Rōmāna in Augustā Trevirōrum Roman Frontier Defenses in Germany at the Roman Gate in Trier, Germany time of Tiberius’ campaigns http://www.kaystone.de/ Trier%2031%20 http://worldheritage.heindorffhus.dk/ Germany- March%202005%205%20Porta%20Nigre.jpg RomanFrontiers-LimesChart.gif
QUID PUTĀS? 1. Do you share Martial’s preference for leisure and sleep? Would you move away from a big city, as he did, to gain such peace and quiet? 2. How does the attitude of upper class Romans towards commerce compare to those of upper class Americans today? How does upward mobility in ancient Rome compare to that in the United States today? 3. Are there any modern parallels to the Roman client-patron relationship? 4. Why do you think the Romans were so eager to advance into Germany? Why do you think they found this so difficult to do? 5. Can you give an example of a quid prō quō?
EXERCEĀMUS! XXXIV.E SCRIBĀMUS Interrogative Review Directions: Find the Latin words in Lectiō Prīma which best answer each of these Latin questions. Then answer the question in Latin. We have done the first one for you.
1. Quandō Aelius surgit? ante ortum sōlis (line 1): Aelius ante ortum sōlis surgit.
2. Quid Aelius ā fullōnē condūxit?
3. Quā dē causā Aelius sē praeparāvit ut salūtātiōnem apud Servīlium faceret?
735 DISCE LĀTINAM!
4. Quāle dōnum Aelius Serviliō dare debet?
5. Cūr Aelius pauca dōna habet?
6. Scitne Valeria qualibus verbīs Aelius in salūtātiōne utātur?
7. Quid dē salūtātiōne Valeria scit?
8. Quōmodo Aelius in salūtātiōne loquī debet?
9. Qualem opīniōnem de dōnō Valeria tenēt?”
10. Quandō Aelius Valeriae ānulum dedit?
11. Cui Aelius ānulum dabit?
XXXIV.F LOQUĀMUR Directions: Practicing asking and answering in Latin the questions in Exercise XXXIV.E.
XXXIV.G Vēnātiō Verbōrum Discendōrum Directions: Find the verbum discendum which best fits each of the following statements. Hint: Some statements can have more than one answer and a word can sbe used more than once.
1. The opposite of sciō: nesciō 2. A third declension i-stem noun: 3. An indeclinable adjective: 4. An ēques belongs to one of these divisions: 5. This Latin word comes to mean a maintenance person in a building in English: 6. A synonym for iānua: 7. A subordinate conjunction: 8. Equus, -a, -um is a synonym for this word: 9. A third conjugation verb: 10. A third declension noun which is not i-stem:
736 CAPUT XXXIV Patrōnus et Cliēns 11. An interrogative word: 12. A fourth conjugation verb: 13. An animal: 14. Refers to a metal: 15. This Latin word refers to a place where crafts were made: 16. A synonym for clarus, -a, -um: 17. Quaerō is a synonym for this word: 18. This verb does not have a PPP: 19. The English word “disorder” is derived from this word: 20. A neuter noun of the second declension: 21. Refers to traveling in a foreign country:
Verba Discenda antequam before iānitor, -ōris m. doorman, plānus, -a, -um plane, argenteus, -a, -um of porter flat; even; obvious. silver, silvery interrogō (1) ask, plānē clearly dēstruō, dēstruere, question; examine praetereā besides, dēstrūxī, dēstrūctum morbus. –ī m. illness, moreover destroy sickness proelium, -iī n. battle dum until, while navis, navis f. ship prōmittō, prōmittere, equēs, equitis m. necessarius, -a, -um prōmīsī, prōmissum horseman, knight; pl. necessary send forth; promise cavalry; order of nesciō, nescīre, nescīvī / quā dē causā? for what knights nesciī, nescītum not reason? why? equus, -ī m. horse know qualis, quale? what kind foris, foris (forēs ,-um officīna, -ae f. workshop of? what sort of? pl.) f. door, gate. forīs opīniō, -iōnis f. opinion, quot? indeclin. how adv. out of doors, belief; reputation many? outside; abroad ordō, -inis m. row, line, tremō, tremere, tremuī order; rank; class of tremble citizens
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ANGULUS GRAMMATICUS Macron or No Macron?
When we compared the perfect active subjunctive and future perfect active indicative forms earlier in this chapter, we did so this way.
Perfect Active Future Perfect Subjunctive Active Indicative cēperō cēperim cēperis cēperis cēperit cēperit cēperimus cēperimus cēperitis cēperitis cēperint cēperint
The situation, however, is actually a bit more complex. In some grammar books you will find that the 2nd singular and plural, and the 1st plural have a macron over the –i of the ending.
Perfect Active Future Perfect Subjunctive Active Indicative cēperim cēperō cēperīs cēperis cēperit cēperit cēperīmus cēperimus cēperītis cēperitis cēperint cēperint
The reasons for this is that Roman poets used either a long or a short –i in these endings and it seems that there was confusion even at the time as to which was more corrrect. Such things are not uncommon. Consider how different parts of America pronounce the word “aunt.”
LEGENDA D'Arms, John H. Commerce and Social Standing in Ancient Rome. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1981.
738
CAPUT XXXV Lūdī Incipiant!
ARGUMENTUM FĀBULAE
Marcus and his friends go to the chariot races in the Circus Maximus. They are here as much for the games as to interact with their friends. In the process we learn some tips in this regard from Ovid, the famous poet- guide of love.
GRAMMATICA Indirect Questions with “time after” Future active participle + sim//essem Complete sequence chart Present Perfect as Primary Sequence Historical Present Consolidation of the Latin Present Tense The Supine
R Ō M Ā N Ī IPS Ī Russus Victor http://amaust.romanrepublic.org/RomanChariotBig.jpg Circensēs
MUNDUS RŌMĀNUS Colors, Dyes and Fabrics in the Roman Empire
LATĪNA HODIERNA Colōrēs in Latīnā
ORBIS TERRĀRUM RŌMĀNUS Circus Maximus
ANGULUS GRAMMATICUS Is There Really Any More to Say about Questions?: Consolidation of Questions
LECTIŌ PRĪMA
ANTEQUAM LEGIS Setting the Scene
Several months have passed since the fire and life is easier for Valeria and her family. They have moved into a better section of town and now inhabit an insula at the base of the Viminal Hill, upon which, you will recall, lives their patron, Servilius. Their apartment has more rooms and Aelius has a new workshop nearby with two slaves who help him produce silver articles of high quality. Business is good both at his shop and at Valeria’s taberna.
DISCE LĀTINAM!
Higher on the Viminal, life is also changing. Marcus is getting ready to go to Greece to continue his studies of rhetoric and Servilia and her mother are involved in planning the upcoming wedding with Cordus. Servilius himself is well into the elections for praetor and, when he is able, Aelius, as a good cliēns helps with the election. But today is a day of festivities and not a day for work or politics. News of Tiberius’ victories in Germany has spread and the city is offering chariot races as a celebration. All are eager to attend. You will get most of what you need to know about the chariot races from the story itself, but you should know that a driver (agitator) of a chariot (quadrīgae) belonged to a team (factiō) and that there were four factiōnēs, named after colors. These teams were the Greens (Prasinī, prasina factiō), the Reds (Russātī, russāta factiō), the Whites (Albī, alba factiō) and the Blues (Venetī, veneta factiō). Loyalty to one’s favorite teams was every bit as “fanatical” as in today’s world. As you read about these races, consider a little more about indirect questions and the sequence of tenses.
Indirect Questions: Time After the Main Verb
So far you have learned how to use the sequence of tenses to show Time close to that of the main verb (Present or Imperfect Subj) Time before the main verb (Perfect or Pluperfect Subjunctive) You have probably guessed that there is a third option–time after the main verb. Consider these IQ-style sentence in English: I know what you are going to do tomorrow. Latin expresses this option after primary verbs with a form which is very easy to recognize:
FAP + sim, sis, sit, etc Sciō quid crās factūrus sīs.
The form marked in bold is very easy to translate by reversing the order of FAP and the present subjunctive form of the verb sum.
Sciō quid crās sīs factūrus. I know what tomorrow you are going to do.
EXERCEĀMUS! XXXV.A Directions: A number of these FAP + sim, sis, sit, etc. appear in Lectiō Prīma marked in bold. Make a list of them line by line and then translate them.
Line FAP subjunctive of sum Translation 4 adventūrī sint they are about to go
740 CAPUT XXXV Lūdī Incipiant!
Lūdī Circēnsēs
Paucōs post mēnsēs Romae lūdī circensēs fient et multī Rōmānī ad Circum Maximum venient ut lūdōs spectent. Ē familiā Valeriae Aelius veniet et ē familiā Servīliī Marcus, Lūcius, et Servīlia advenient. Et Severus cum Corneliā adveniet. Rogāsne fortasse cūr adventūri sint? GEMMA Panem et circēnsēs! Aelius, quī praesertim Albīs favet veniet ut This phrase from the late first- 5 spōnsiōnem faciat et, fortasse, plurimōs nummōs century A.D. satirist Juvenal domum ferat. Lūcius quadrīgārum spectandārum (X.81) mocks the imperial practice of placating the Roman causā veniet. Cum “naufragia” fiunt, et agitātōrēs populace with free food (panem) equīque in acervum cadunt, magnus est clāmor and entertainments (cicēnsēs). spectatōrum et maior est Lūciī laetitia. 10 Neque Severus neque Cornelia lūdīs fruuntur, sed tempori cessērunt et advenient quod Severus praetōrem petit et ā suffrāgātōribus spectārī cupit. Quamquam certāmina eīs placent, Marcus et amīcī Fabius, Gaius, et Sextus, praesertim puellārum spectandārum causā venient. Servīlia item sperat sē Cordum in Circō sedentem conspicere. 15 Prīdiē lūdōrum Marcus et amīcī inter sē colloquēbantur. Fabius: “Amīcī, intelligitisne quae puellae crās ad Circum adventūrae sint? Valdē puellās spectāre vōlō! Puellā fōrmōsās…..et multās!” Marcus: “Nōn cūrō quis illic futūra sit dummodo Aemiliam videam!” 20 Sextus: “Ah, dīc nōbīs plūs dē hāc Aemiliā! Estne fōrmōsa? Fabius: “Estne iūcunda?” Gaius: “Estne gracilis? Habetne sorōrem? Dīc nōbīs omnia!” Marcus: “Nōlī nūgās loquī! Aemilia tota pulchra est et intellegēns. Sperō cum eā colloquī priusquam ad Graeciam navigāverō. Sī nōn….” 25 Gaius interpellit: “Graecia?! Graecia!? Nemō mihi dīxit tē ad Graeciam abitūrum esse! Dīc mihi quandō abitūrus sīs.” Marcus: “Incertus sum quandō abitūrus sim, sed abeundum est. Abeō ut rhetoricae in terrā Dēmosthenis studeam. Sed priusquam abeō, sperō mē Aemiliam spectāre et ab eā spectārī.” GEMMA 30 Sextus, qui maior nātū quam aliī est et Ovidiī Spectātum venimus, venimus Nasōnis amīcus est, cacchinat. “Ita verō!,” inquit, ut spectēmur! (lines 30-31). This statement is based on “Sīcut amicus meus, ille poeta dē rebus amātōriīs Ovid’s Ars Amatoria l. 98: dīxit, “Spectātum venimus, venimus ut spectēmur!” spectatum veniunt, veniunt spectentur ut ipsae. (“They Gaius: “Ita verō. Ovidius bene dīxit cūr nōs come to see; they come so that 35 adulēscentēs ad Circum veniāmus! they themselves will be seen.”
741 DISCE LĀTINAM!
Postrīdiē eius noctis, autem, dum amīcī Circō appropinquant, Lūcius, agitātus, multās quaestiōnēs habet. “Dīc mihi quantōs agitātōrēs mox visūrus sim! Et dīc mihi quis, omnibus certāminibus peractīs, victūrus sit!” Marcus, “Tace,” inquit, “fratercule! Mihi magnae rēs hodie agendae 40 sunt! Aemilia invenienda est!” Sextus: “Venus,” inquit, “tibi faveat! Et tū, Servīlia, Cordum tuum cōnspexistī?” Servīlia nihil dīcit, sed ērubēscēns turbam exāminat ut Cordum inveniāt. 45 Postquam Marcus abiit ut Aemiliam quaereret, Fabius Sextum rogat: “Ovidius tuus nōs docuit quōmodo puellīs placēre possimus?” Sextus, “Ita,” inquit, “multa intellegit Ovidius de hīs rēbus. Et libenter tē docēbō. Sed ecce….tubās audiō. Lūdī incipiunt.”
Verba Ūtenda acervus, -ī m. heap exāminō (1) examine nāvigō (1) sail agitātor, -ōris m. driver, faveō, favēre, fāvī, fautum + nūgae, -um f. nonsense charioteer dat. favor, support, cheer for peragō, peragere, perēgī, albus, -a, -um white fōrmōsus, -a, -um beautiful, perāctum finish, complete amātōrius, -a, -um loving, handsome, pretty postrīdiē the next day pertaining to love, amatory fraterculus, -ī m. little brother, praetor.-tōris m. praetor, judge cacchinō (1) laugh loudly gracilis, -e thin, slender prīdiē on the day before (+ cēdō, cēdere, cessī, cessum incertus, -a, -um uncetain gen.) go, walk; + dat. yield to, intellegēns, intellegentis quadrīgae, -ārum f. pl. chariot give way to; succeed; intelligent with four horses allow, grant interpellō (1) interrupt quaestiō, -iōnis f. question certāmen, certāminis n. item similarly, likewise Rōmae at Rome contest, race iūcundus, -a, -um pleasant, spectātum in order to see circēnsēs, circēnsium m. pl. agreeable spōnsiō, -iōnis f. bet, wager: games in the circus laetitia, -ae f. happiness spōnsiōnem facere to make circus, circī m. circle, circus libēns, libentis willing, a bet Dēmosthenes, -is m. cheerful suffrāgātiō, -iōnis f. public Demonsthenes, a famous mēnsis, mēnsis m. month espression of support Greek orator of the fourth- nāscor, nāscī, nātus sum be tempori cēdunt “they yield to century B.C . born circumstances” dummodo provided that, as Nasō, Nasōnis m. Naso, Ovid’s tuba, -ae f. horn, trumpet long as cognomen turba, -ae f. disorder, ērubēscō, ērubēscere, ērubuī nātū by birth confusion; crowd blush naufragium, -iī n. crash, wreck (literally “shipwreck’)
POSTQUAM LĒGISTĪ 1. Why does Aelius go to the races? What team does he support? 2. What does Lucius want to see at the races? What does his brother want to see? 3. Why to Severus and his wife go to the races? Why does Servilia go? 4. Who is Aemilia and what does Marcus say about her?
742 CAPUT XXXV Lūdī Incipiant! 5. What news does Marcus’ friend Gaius learn the night before the races? 6. What poet is Sextus friends with? What observation does this poet make about the races?
GRAMMATICA A Sequence of Tenses: Time After the Main Verb
As you read Lectiō Prīma you saw how Latin can use FAP + present subjunctive forms of sum in indirect questions in order to express time after the main verb in primary sequence: FAP + sim, sis, sit, etc Fortasse rogās cūr adventūri sint? (line 4) Perhaps you might ask why they are going to go.
You would think there would be a special future subjunctive for such cases, but none exists. Instead, Latin resorts once more to periphrasis or “around speak” to get “around” the problem. (For more information on periphrasis, see the ANGULUS GRAMMATICUS to Caput XXX.) All of the examples in Lectiō Prīma were in primary sequence. You can probably guess what happens in secondary sequence: FAP + essem, essēs, esset, etc. Fortasse rogāvit cūr adventūrī essent. Perhaps you might have asked why they were going to go.
You will see examples of FAP + essem, essēs, esset, etc. in Lectiō Secunda. With these two forms of FAP + the subjunctive forms of sum you now know the entire sequence of tenses:
S If the main verb (indicative) is…. Use this subjunctive in clause to show time E P Q R Present 1. Present shows same time U I Future 2. Perfect shows time before E M A Future Perfect 3. FAP + sim, shows time after N (Present Perfect) C R sīs, sit etc. Y (Imperative) E
O S F E Imperfect 1. Imperfect shows same time C T O Perfect (usual) 2. Pluperfect shows time before E N Pluperfect 3. FAP + essem, shows time after
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N D esses, esset etc. S A E R Y S
The Present Perfect as Primary Sequence
But perhaps you also noticed in Lectiō Prīma the following two indirect questions where a perfect verb (secondary sequence) was followed by a present subjunctive:
Ovidius bene dīxit cūr nōs adulēscentēs ad Circum veniāmus! (line 32-33) Ovidius tuus nōs docuit quōmodo puellīs placēre possimus. (line 46)
These present subjunctives would seem to break the rules of sequence until you know about the so-called present perfect. This is, simply put, a verb in the past tense which really stresses the present result of its action. First consider these English examples:
I have killed Caesar! = Caesar is dead. I have passed all my exams. = They are now done! I have come to save you. = I am here to help you.
Thus, the third example above would use primary sequence in the purpose clause: Advēnī ut te adiuvem. Compare Advēnī ut tē adiuvārem, which you should translate “I came to save you.” Use of secondary sequence tells the reader that this is over and done with. In the sentence Advēnī ut te adiuvem (“I came to save you now.”), the primary sequence makes it clear that the saving is not over with. Yet another case of how precise Latin can be!
EXERCEĀMUS! XXXV.C From Primary to Secondary Sequence Directions: The following indirect questions in primary sequence appeared in Lectiō Prima. Change them all to secondary sequence. In all but one case this entails changi the main (head) verb to perfect tense and using FAP + essem, essēs, esset, etc. instead of FAP + sim, sis, sit etc. We have done the first one for you.
1. Fortasse rogās cūr adventūri sint? Fortasse rogāvisti cūr adventūrī essent?
2. intelligitisne quae puellae crās ad Circum adventūrae sint?
3. Nōn curō quis illic futūra sit dummodo Aemiliam videam!
4. Dīc mihi quandō abitūrus sīs.
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5. Incertus sum quandō abitūrus sim.
LECTIŌ SECUNDA ANTEQUAM LEGIS
In order to follow the race that occurs in this reading, you should know the parts of a race track. The chariots started in the starting gates (carceres, literally “prisons”) at the squared end of the track. They did six and one half laps around the central barrier (spīna), coming as close to the turning posts (mētae) as they could. Each lap was counted by hoisting a dolphin and an egg at the appropriate end of the spīna and the chalk finish line (calx) was near the rounded end of the track where there was also the victor’s gate (porta triumphalis) by which the winning chariot left. As you read about the race, remember that the charioteers tied the reins around their waists and steered by leaning, leaving their hands free for other things such as a whip. A significant amount of skill was required for this.
Circus
Maximus http://www.geocities.com/bwduncan/circus.html
A. porta triumphalis, B. mēta prīma, C. obeliscus D. cavea (seating area for spectators) E. spīna (upon which were the ova and delphīnēs, among other things), F. mēta secunda, G. linea alba, H. harēna, I. tower, J. box above the porta pompae for the ēditor lūdōrum, K. an arrow drawn through the porta pompae, and L. three of the carcerēs.
The names of both the drivers and the horses from this chapter are based on real historical evidence, although taken from a rather broad span of time.
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• Diocles who drove for the Reds, was a Spaniard of the 2nd century AD who, an inscription tells us, won 1,462 times in his 4,257 starts before his death at age 42. • A Scorpus who drove for the Greens is mentioned in an epigram of Martial (10.53) as having died aged 30. It could be a dangerous life. The Scorpus in our story is a member of the alba factiō. • The epitaph of Fuscus tells us he won his very first race driving for the Greens and claims he was the first charioteer ever to be victorius in his first race. Yet he died ca. 35 A.D. at age 24. We have taken the liberty of making this race his first victory. • Crescens was from Mauretania and had a 9-year career driving for the Blues, ending in his death at age 22–meaning he had begun when he was thirteen years old.
Here is a chart to help you keep straight the drivers, the teams and their horses. We know the names of hundreds of Roman race horses. See if you can translate the names of Fuscus’ horses into appropriate modern sounding equivalents.
Agitātor Factiō Equī Scorpus Albī (Whites) Crescens Venetī (Blues) Diocles Russātī (Reds) Fuscus Prasinī (Greens) Candidus, Celer, Cursor, Incitātus
As you read about the race, in addition to FAP + essem, essēs, esset (which are marked in bold) watch out for two other new grammar features:
Historical Present
Latin, like English, will often slip into the present tense in the middle of a narrative set in the past. This is done for stylistic vividness and immediacy. As you translate, be aware of these tense shifts and be sure to translate the tenses accurately.
Supines
The supine is a verbal noun which looks like the PPP of the verb but is only used in the accusative and ablative singular with fourth declension endings. Here is how the supine forms of clāmō are formed and translated: clāmātum to shout, in order to shout clāmātū to shout Both forms have special uses grammatically but, for now, if you remember to translate them like infinitives, you will do fine. We will explain the difference between the two forms later.
746 CAPUT XXXV Lūdī Incipiant! EXERCEĀMUS! XXXV.C Directions: There are the five supine phases used in Lectiō Secunda. See how well you can translate them. 1. horrible vīsū (line 17) 2. Servī et medicī adiuvātum ruērunt. (lines 20-21) 3. mīrābile dīctū (lines 28-29) 4. Omnēs hī iuvenēs spectātum vēnērant. (lines 34-35)
Naufragium
Omnibus spectantibus, decem quadrīgae carcerēs intravērunt. Aliī equī tranquillī sunt, aliī agitātī. Inter decem agitātōrēs quattuor praeclārī sunt–Diocles Russātae Factiōnis, Fuscus Prasinae, Crescēns Venetae, et Scorpus Albae. Ille Fuscus iuvenis est–et hoc eī prīmum certāmen est. 5 Tubae fortiter flēvērunt et nuntius in medium Circī processit ut clāmāret: “Attendite omnēs. Augustus noster hōs lūdōs nōbīs dedit ut urbs omnis Tiberium, legatum et prīvignum Augustī, laudēt. Lūdī incipiant!” Tuba fremuit et quisque spectātor victōriam sperāns, agitātōrem et equōs suōs hortātus est. 10 Tunc ēditor ludōrum stetit et, mappam in āere tollēns, eam dīmīsit ut certāmen inciperet. Decem quadrīgae celeriter trans harēnam volāvērunt et Scorpus nunc prīmus est et Aelius, quī Albīs favet, fortiter clāmāvit. Per quīnque spatia Scorpus prīmus est sed aliī prope eum sunt. Nēmō, neque agitātor GEMMA 15 neque spectātor, scīvit quis victor futūrus esset. Scorpus nunc prīmus est (line Tunc, quadrīgīs mētam praetereuntibus, rotae 11). Note the use of the present tense (est) to describe a past event. Fuscī tam fortiter spīnam tetigērunt ut quadriga This is called the historical cursum amittere inciperet. present. Roman historians were very fond of using the present Lūcius, hunc ēventum intuēns, Marcum tense in this way. to convey 20 rogāvit quid ēventūrum esset, sed, priusquam excitement. Marcus respondēre potuit,—horribile visū!— naufragium factum est et duae quadrīgae frāctae iacuērunt dum aliae quadrīgae prōrsus ruunt.” Servī et medicī ad quadrīgās frāctās, inter quās Crescentis quadriga 25 erat, adiuvātum ruērunt, nescientēs utrum agitātōrēs vivī aut mortuī futūrī essent. Trepidus Aelius, gemēns et pecūniam suam amissam aestimāns, nescīvit quid Liciniae dictūrus esset. Intereā octō quadrīgae supersunt et equī quam celerrimē currunt. Mox, sex ova et sex delphīnēs in spīnā stant. Fuscus, equōs suōs hortāns,
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30 clāmat: “Currite, amīcī! Currite! Age, Candide, agite Celer et Cursor! Nōlīte cēdere! Age mī Incitāte!” Equī volentēs atque volantēs, strēnuē labōravērunt et—mīrābile dīctū—prīmī ad calcem vēnērunt. Fuscus, iuvenis, victor in prīmo certāmine suō factus est et, palmā receptā, per portam triumphālem quadrīgam ēgit. 35 Sed Fuscus nōn hōc diē solus victor est. Marcus Aemiliam invēnit et Fabius, quem Sextus benē docuerat, duās puellās iūcundās et pulcherrimās cognoverat. Servilia quoque victrix erat quod Cordum suum cōnspexerat. Ut Vergilius dīcit: “Amor vincit omnia; et nōs cēdāmus amōri.” Omnēs hī iuvenēs spectātum vēnērant et venērant ut spectātī essent et in lūdīs, rē vērā, 40 spectāverant et spectātī erant! Vīsō naufragiō, Lūcius laetus domum progrēdiēbātur. Severus et Cornelia, spectāti ā cīvibus multīs, laetī fīlium sequēbantur sed māiōre cum dignitāte. Miser Aelius, autem, Albīs vīctīs, et multīs nummīs amissīs, domum lentē ambulābat.
Verba Ūtenda aestimō (1) consider; estimate ēditor, ēditōris m. organizer; naufragium, -iī n. shipwreck, agitāto, -tātis m. driver; publisher. Ēditor ludōrum crash (of chariots), wreck charioteer “the giver of the games,” ōrnō (1) adorn albus, -a, -um white i.e., the public official in palma, -ae f. palm (of victory) attendō, attendere, attendī, charge of the games praetereō, praeterīre, attentum listen carefully ēveniō, ēvenīre, ēvēnī, praeterīvī / prateriī, augustus, -a, -um revered. ēventum come about; praeterītum go past; escape Augustus, “the revered one,” happen notice of; neglect a cognomen of Octavius. Fabius, -iī m. Fabius, a praetor, praetōris m. judge, calx, calcis f. goal, chalkline Roman praenomen praetor candidus, -a, -um dazzling factiō, -tiōnis f. party, faction, prasinus, -a, -um green white; bright group of supporters prīvignus, -ī m. stepson carcer, carceris m. prison; faveō, favēre, fāvī, fautum + prōrsus straight ahead; starting gate dat. favor, support, cheer forward cēdō, cēdere, cessī, cessum go, for rota, -ae f. wheel walk; + dat. yield to, give fleō, flēre, flēvī, flētum weep, russātus, ,a- um way to; succeed; allow, cry Scorpus, -ī m. Scorpus, a grant frangō, frangere, frēgī, man’s name certāmen, certāminis n. frāctum break, crush; Sextus, -ī m. Sextus, a male contest, race conquer praenomen circus, circī m. circle, circus fremō, fremere, fremuī, spatium, -iī n. space. Translate cognoverat “He had gotten to fremitum groan as “lap” here. know.” Remember that fuscus, -a, -um dark. Fuscus a spīna, -ae f. thorn; spine; spine perfect form cognōvī = man’s name of the circus present and cognōveram = gemō, gemere, gemuī, supersum, superesse, superfuī simple past. gemitum moan, groan be left over; survive; have Crescēns, -entis m. Crescens, a horribilis, -e horrible strength (for) man’s name in prīmo certāmine suō i.e., Tiberius, -ī m. Tiberius, cursor, cursōris m. runner this is the very first race he Augustus’ step-son, adopted cursum amittere to go off course has ever won! son and successor cursus, -ūs m. course; voyage; incertus, -a, -um uncertain trepidus, -a, -um alarmed, journey; race; march; incitō (1) incite; spur on anxious
748 CAPUT XXXV Lūdī Incipiant! career intereā meanwhile triumphālis, -e triumphal delphīn, delphīnis m. dolphin iūcundus, -a, -um pleasant, tuba, -ae f. horn, trumpet dignitās, -tātis f. worthiness, agreeable utrum whether merit; dignity; office; honor laus, laudis f. praise venetus, -a, -um blue dīmittō, dīmittere, dīmīsī, legatus, -ī m. lieutenant; Vergilius, -iī Vergil, the poet dīmissum send out; dismiss; legate victor, victōris m. victor, release; divorce. Translate mappa, -ae f. table napkin; conqueror here as “let drop (the starting flag victōria, -ae f. victory reins)” medicus, -ī m. doctor, victrix, victrīcis f. female Diocles, Dioclis m. Diocles, a physician conquerer man’s name mēta, -ae f. turning post vivus, -a, -um alive, living doceō, docēre, docuī, doctum mīrābilis, -e wonderous volō (1) fly teach; show miser, misera, miserum wretched, miserable
Figure I Venetus Vīctor http://www.vroma.org/~bmcmanus/circus.html Blue wins the race. Piazza del Castale, Amerina, Sicily
POSTQUAM LĒGISTĪ 1. How many chariots ran the race? Which agitātor died in the race? Which one won? 2. Describe the pre-game ceremony. Who speaks and what is the topic? 3. How does the race begin? 4. How does the crash (naufragium) happen? 5. Describe how the victorious agitātor is honored at the end of the race. 6. How can Marcus, Fabius and Servilia all be considered victors in this race? 7. Why did Lucius and his parents leave the race happy? Why was Aelius unhappy?
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GRAMMATICA B The Supine
Like the infinitive, the Latin supine is a verbal noun. While there is no equivalent to a supine in English, the Latin supine is easy to recognize and to translate. Here are a few tips about forming supines:
• The supine is based upon the PPP of any verb. • The supine belongs to the fourth declension. • The supine appears only in the accusative and ablative cases.
Here, then are the supines of our model verbs: clāmātum, clāmātū to shout cōnātum, cōnātū to try habitum, habitū to have pollicitum, pollicitū to promise ductum, ductū to lead secutum, secutū to follow captum, captū to seize passum, passū to suffer auditum, auditū to hear mentitum, mentitū to lie
Now here are some tips about translating supines: • The supine translated into English looks like an infinitive: clāmātum “to shout” • The ablative supine is only used to modify an adjective: mīrābile dictū “wonderous to say” horribile visū “horrible to see” • The accusative supine is only used after a verb of motion to express purpose: Servī et medicī adiuvātum ruērunt. “The slaves and medics rushed to help.” Omnēs hī iuvenēs spectātum vēnērant. “All these young people had come to look.”
Notandum: The accusative supine is the fourth way you have learned to express purpose in Latin. SUPINE Omnēs hī iuvenēs spectātum vēnērant. PURPOSE CLAUSE Omnēs hī iuvenēs vēnērant ut spectārent. AD + GERUND(IVE) Omnēs hī iuvenēs vēnēant ad spectāndum. CAUSĀ+ GERUND(IVE) Omnēs hī iuvenēs vēnēant spectāndī causā. All four of these sentences say exactly the same thing: “All these young people had come (in order) to look.”
Consolidation of the Latin Present Tense
The historical present and the perfect present tenses should come as no surprise to you because you have seen the present tense translated a number of ways into English from early in your study of Latin. Here is a summary of the possibilities:
750 CAPUT XXXV Lūdī Incipiant!
Dūcunt. They lead. (simple present) They are leading. (progressive present) They do lead. (emphatic present) They led. (historical present) They have led. (perfect present)
EXERCEĀMUS! XXXV.D Making Supines Directions: Insert supines for each of the verbs listed below into this Latin sentence. Servī ______ruērunt. Then translate the sentences you have made into English. We have done the first one for you.
1. adiuvō: Servī adiūtum ruērunt. The slaves rushed to help. 2. vincō: 3. spectō: 4. audiō: 5. respondeō: 6. finiō:
RŌMĀNĪ IPSĪ Circēnsēs
Here is the epigram Martial wrote in memory of the charioteer Scorpus upon whom the Scorpus in the story is based. The poem is written as an epitaph. Here is a prose version of the poem. Notice how the dead Scorpus talks directly to the city of Rome (apostrophe) and explains how envious Fate counted his victories (palmās) instead of his years and decided it was time to take him at the age of 27!
Ego sum ille Scorpus, gloria clāmōsī Circī, et, Ō Rōma, ego fuī tuī plausūs et tuae dēliciae brevēs. Ego sum ille Scorpus quem invida Lachesis credēns esse senem, rapuit annō vīcēnsimō septimō, dum Lachesis numerat palmās [victōriae].
And here are a few lines from Ovid’s Ars Amātōria (finished ca. 1 B.C.) in which the poet offers advice about how to flirt at the circus. There are so many people and so much noise at the circus that there is no need for silent signals and nods. And the place is so crowded that you can sit real close!
Nōlī fugere certāmen equōrum nōbilium! Circus, plēnus populī, commoda multa habet. Nihil opus est digitīs per quōs arcāna loquāris; nec nota tibi accipienda est per nūtūs. Sedēto proximus ā dominā, nullō prohibente. Iunge tuum latus lateri eius usque quā potes.
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Verba Ūtenda arcānus, -a, -um secret dum while. The idea is that nota, -ae f. sign, word certāmen¸-minis n. contest, while Lachesis was nūtus, nūtūs m. nod race totaling up Scorpus’ palma, -ae f. palm (of victory) clāmōsus, -a, -um noisy victories, she thought he plausus, -ūs applause, recipient commodus, -a, -um convenient must be old. of applause dēliciae, -ārum f. pl. delight, invidus, -a, -um envious quā where, in so far as pleasure Lachesis, -is f. The Fate who usque as far as digitus, -ī m. finger cut off one’s life thread, causing death
MUNDUS RŌMĀNUS Colors, Dyes and Fabrics in the Roman Empire
Most clothing in the Roman Empire was made of wool. As traditional garments, togas were always made of this material. Flax, grown throughout the empire, was another important fabric source. Cotton (from India) and silk (from China) were also available, especially for the wealthier classes. The chariot teams of ancient Rome introduced you to four Latin color words (prasinus, albus, russus and venetus), and you had already encountered a few others, like niger and candidus. Tyrian purple, made from a type of sea snail (mūrex, mūricis m.), was so expensive to manufacture that it became the color of kings. It is also, as you may remember the color used on the toga praetexta. Brightly colored clothing was often a sign of a luxury in the ancient world. The average person wore plainer clothing colored Mūrex with vegetable dyes. (Bolinus brandaris) There were a wide range of colors and Source of purple dye in the ancient hues available for dyeing but it is often difficult Mediterranean. to determine the exact hue of the Latin words http://www.dkimages.com/discover/previe for various colors. ws/808/25713.JPG
LATĪNA HODIERNA Colōrēs in Latīnā
“Purple” is the only English color word derived directly from Latin but many colors appear in various Egnlish words, especially in technical, scientific contexts. We have listed only the Latin adjective forms (rather than other parts of speech). If you don’t know the meaning of an English word, look it up in the dictionary.
752 CAPUT XXXV Lūdī Incipiant!
Latin Color Word English Derivatives purpureus, -a, -um purple
BLACK HUES āter, ātra, ātrum atrabilious niger, nigra, nigrum negritude, Negroid, Niger,
WHITE HUES albus, -a, -um alb, albescent, albino, album. albumen candidus, -a, -um candid, candidate
BLUE HUES caeruleus, caerulus (sky blue) cerulean cyaneus, -a, -um (greenish blue) cyan, cyanide, cyanogen
GREEN HUES prasinus, -a, -um praseodymium viridis, viride virid, viridescent, viridian, viridity
RED HUES ruber, rubra, rubrum rubefacient, rubella, rubelite, rubescent, rubicund, rubidium (Rb 37), rubiginous, rubious, rubric, ruby rufus, -a, -um rufescent, Rufus russus, -a, -um russet
YELLOW HUES flāvus, -a, -um blond flavescent, flavin, flavone lūteus, -a, -um saffron lutein, luteous croceus, -a, -um saffron crocein, crocus
BROWN HUES fuscus, -a, -um fulvus, -a, -um reddish yellow, tawny pullus, -a, -um dingy, sombre spādīx
OTHER aureus, -a, -um aureate, aureole, auriferous argentārius, -a, -um argentiferous, argentine
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ORBIS TERRĀRUM RŌMĀNUS Circus Maximus
Located in the valley between the Palatine and Aventine Hills in Rome, the Circus Maximus is one of the earliest such facilities in the city. The area is traditionally said to have been first used for racing events by Tarquinius Priscus, the fifth king of Rome in the 6th century B.C. Originally there were no permanent seats or racing structures. The first permanent carcerēs were built in 329 B.C. By the time of Augustus, the structure included the permanent race course, spina, eggs, dolphins, etc. as described in our story. In 7 B.C. the Greek historian Dionysius of Halicarnassus described this circus as one of the most admirable structures in the city (III.68).” The circus was primarily used for horse races, but could also be used for other events, including gladiatorial contests and animal hunts. This circus was so large that, at one time, it probably was capable of accommodating 250,000 spectators!
Circus Maximus http://oraschewski.de/praetorianer/images/Circus_Maximus.jpg
Circus Maximus Hodiē http://library.thinkquest.org/CR0210200/ancient_rome/circus_maximus.jpg
754 CAPUT XXXV Lūdī Incipiant!
QUID PUTĀS? 1. Can you compare the career of Scopas in Martial’s poem to that of a modern athlete? 2. How would you evaluate Ovid’s advice to lovers attending the races? 3. From which Latin hue has English borrowed the most words? What kinds of words? What hue has English not borrowed from English? 4. What does the size of the Circus Maximus suggest to you about the role of sports in Roman society?
EXERCEĀMUS! XXXV.E Circus Maximus Directions: Choose the Latin word which best answers each of the following questions about Circus Maximus in Latin. For example:
In quā urbe Circus Maximus est? Rōma Alexandria Ītalia Ostia Circus Maximus in urbe Rōmā est.
Quis lūdōs dat? agitātor; editor; praetor; factiō
Ubi certāmen incipit? carcerēs; spīna; porta; calx
Ubi spectātōrēs sedent? certāmen; carcerēs; cavea; factiō
Quot spatia equī currunt? sex et dimidum; septem; sex; quinque et dimidum
Circum quid equī vertunt? spatium; mēta; calx; obeliscus
Quot mētae sunt? quinque; quattuor; trēs; duo
Quot factiōnēs sunt? sex; quinque; quattuor; trēs
Quae quattuor nōmina factiōnibus sunt? Albī; Rōmānī; Prasinī; Celerēs; Russātī; Venetī; Puerī
Quis quadrīgās agit? agitātor; editor; praetor; factiō
Quid equī trahunt? calx quadrīgae factiō harēna
Quot equōs quisque agitātor habet? sex; quinque; quattuor; trēs
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Quid est in mediō circō? carcerēs; cavea; spīna; harēna
Ubi sunt ōva et delphīnēs? carcerēs; cavea; spīna; harēna
Quid nōmen est lineae ubi certāmen finit? porta; calx; carcerēs; spīna
Per quam portam agitātor victor ā circō abit? spīna; porta pompae; cavea; porta triumphalis
XXXV.F LOQUĀMUR Directions: Practice asking and answering the questions Exercise XXXV.E with a classmate.
XXXV.G SCRIBĀMUS Directions: Now use the questions and answers in Exercise XXXV.E to write a paragraph describing the Circus Maximus in Latin. See if you can additional information on your own from the information provided in this chapter. We have started the paragraph for you below.
Circus Maximus in urbe Rōmā est.
XXXV.H VERBA DISCENDA Directions: Answer each of the following questions about the VERBA DISCENDA in this chapter. 1. Which comes first? postrīdiē or prīdiē. Answer: prīdiē. 2. There are twelve of these in an annus. 3. This adjective is an antonym for lībens. 4. This word is formed from the verb sum. 5. This word is formed from the verb eō. 6. What verb is the English word “natal” derived from? 7. The opposite of mortuus. 8. This verb can be used as a synonym for vincō. 9. This verb can be used both in reference to a messenger and a spouse. 10. This word refers to a musical instrument. 11. These two words are formed on the Latin verb vincō. 12. Find a concrete noun in this list (i.e., a word which refers to something you can touch). 13. Now find an abstract noun in this list (i.e., a word which refers to something you cannot touch). 14. Make a Latin adjective from the noun dignitās. 15. This noun is related to the Latin verb currō. 16. Make a Latin noun from the adjective fōrmōsus. 17. This word refers to the political office for which Severus is running.
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Verba Discenda cēdō, cēdere, cessī, ēveniō, ēvenīre, ēvēnī, postrīdiē the next day cessum go, walk; + ēventum come about; praetereō, praeterīre, dat. yield to, give way happen praeterīvī / prateriī, to; succeed; allow, fōrmōsus, -a, -um praeterītum go past; grant beautiful, handsome, escape notice of; certāmen, certāminis n. pretty neglect contest, race incertus, -a, -um praetor, praetōris m. cursus, -ūs m. course; uncertain judge, praetor voyage; journey; intereā meanwhile prīdiē on the day before race; march; career item similarly, likewise supersum, superesse, dignitās, -tātis f. iūcundus, -a, -um superfuī be left over; worthiness, merit; pleasant, agreeable survive; have strength dignity; office; honor libēns, libentis willing, (for) dīmittō, dīmittere, cheerful tuba, -ae f. horn, trumpet dīmīsī, dīmissum miser, misera, miserum turba, -ae f. disorder, send out; dismiss; wretched, miserable confusion; crowd release; divorce nāscor, nāscī, nātus sum victor, victōris m. victor, doceō, docēre, docuī, be born conqueror doctum teach; show ōrnō (1) adorn victōria, -ae f. victory vivus, -a, um alive, living
ANGULUS GRAMMATICUS Is There Really Any More to Say about Questions?: Consolidation of Questions
Now that you have learned the difference between direct and indirect questions, it might be useful to see an overview of ways to ask questions in Latin. First of all, remember that the Romans had no question marks so the only way they could indicate question in writing was by using interrogative words. You have learned a great number of these words already.
Some interrogative words create a question of the whole sentence: Perferēmusne Catilīnam? Shall we tolerate Catiline? Num Catilīnam perferēmus? We won’t tolerate Catiline, will we? Nōnne Catilīnam perferēmus? We will tolerate Catiline, won’t we?
Other interrogative words offer choices or options: Perferēmusne Catilīnam an nōn? Shall we tolerate Catiline or not? Utrum perferēmus Catilīnam an nōn? Should we tolerate Catiline or not? or even Perferēmus Catilīnam an nōn? Should we tolerate Catiline or not?
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Other interrogative words ask questions of detail: Quis Catilīnam perferet? Who will tolerate Catiline? Cūr Catilīnam perferēmus? Why will we tolerate Catiline? Quōusque tandem Catilīnam perferēmus? How long will we tolerate Catiline?
Sometimes a direct question is asked in the subjunctive is used when the expected reply is a command or an imperative. This is called a deliberative question: Utrum perferāmus Catilīnam an nōn? Should we tolerate Catiline or not? (Eum tolerāre nōli!) (Don’t tolerate him!)
Othertimes a direct question is asked in the subjunctive not to seek information but to state a fact more strongly. This is called a rhetorical question: Quis Catilīnam perferat? Who would tolerate Catiline? (Nēmo perfert.) (No one would.) Finally, a direct question can be introduced by an in order to suggest an absurdity. This is how Cicero actually asks this question in his first speech against Catiline:
An vērō Catilīnam perferēmus? Are we really going to tolerate Catiline?
Any of these questions could be made indirect, of course, with the addition of a “head” verb as the main verb in the sentence.
Rogas utrum Catilīnam perferāmus. You ask whether we are going to tolerate Catiline.
LEGENDA Sebesta, Judith. “‘Tunica Ralla, Tunica Spissa’: The Colors and Textiles of Roman Costume.” In The World of Roman Costume, edited by Judith L. Sebesta and L. Bonfante. Madison, Wisc.: The University of Wisconsin Press, 2001.
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