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CERN Courier–Digital Edition
CERNMarch/April 2021 cerncourier.com COURIERReporting on international high-energy physics WELCOME CERN Courier – digital edition Welcome to the digital edition of the March/April 2021 issue of CERN Courier. Hadron colliders have contributed to a golden era of discovery in high-energy physics, hosting experiments that have enabled physicists to unearth the cornerstones of the Standard Model. This success story began 50 years ago with CERN’s Intersecting Storage Rings (featured on the cover of this issue) and culminated in the Large Hadron Collider (p38) – which has spawned thousands of papers in its first 10 years of operations alone (p47). It also bodes well for a potential future circular collider at CERN operating at a centre-of-mass energy of at least 100 TeV, a feasibility study for which is now in full swing. Even hadron colliders have their limits, however. To explore possible new physics at the highest energy scales, physicists are mounting a series of experiments to search for very weakly interacting “slim” particles that arise from extensions in the Standard Model (p25). Also celebrating a golden anniversary this year is the Institute for Nuclear Research in Moscow (p33), while, elsewhere in this issue: quantum sensors HADRON COLLIDERS target gravitational waves (p10); X-rays go behind the scenes of supernova 50 years of discovery 1987A (p12); a high-performance computing collaboration forms to handle the big-physics data onslaught (p22); Steven Weinberg talks about his latest work (p51); and much more. To sign up to the new-issue alert, please visit: http://comms.iop.org/k/iop/cerncourier To subscribe to the magazine, please visit: https://cerncourier.com/p/about-cern-courier EDITOR: MATTHEW CHALMERS, CERN DIGITAL EDITION CREATED BY IOP PUBLISHING ATLAS spots rare Higgs decay Weinberg on effective field theory Hunting for WISPs CCMarApr21_Cover_v1.indd 1 12/02/2021 09:24 CERNCOURIER www. -
Slides Lecture 1
Advanced Topics in Particle Physics Probing the High Energy Frontier at the LHC Ulrich Husemann, Klaus Reygers, Ulrich Uwer University of Heidelberg Winter Semester 2009/2010 CERN = European Laboratory for Partice Physics the world’s largest particle physics laboratory, founded 1954 Historic name: “Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire” Lake Geneva Proton-proton2500 employees, collider almost 10000 guest scientists from 85 nations Jura Mountains 8.5 km Accelerator complex Prévessin site (approx. 100 m underground) (France) Meyrin site (Switzerland) Probing the High Energy Frontier at the LHC, U Heidelberg, Winter Semester 09/10, Lecture 1 2 Large Hadron Collider: CMS Experiment: Proton-Proton and Multi Purpose Detector Lead-Lead Collisions LHCb Experiment: B Physics and CP Violation ALICE-Experiment: ATLAS Experiment: Heavy Ion Physics Multi Purpose Detector Probing the High Energy Frontier at the LHC, U Heidelberg, Winter Semester 09/10, Lecture 1 3 The Lecture “Probing the High Energy Frontier at the LHC” Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN: premier address in experimental particle physics for the next 10+ years LHC restart this fall: first beam scheduled for mid-November LHC and Heidelberg Experimental groups from Heidelberg participate in three out of four large LHC experiments (ALICE, ATLAS, LHCb) Theory groups working on LHC physics → Cornerstone of physics research in Heidelberg → Lots of exciting opportunities for young people Probing the High Energy Frontier at the LHC, U Heidelberg, Winter Semester 09/10, Lecture 1 4 Scope -
Detection of Cosmic Rays at the LHC Detection of Cosmic Rays at the LHC
Particle and Astroparticle Physics at the Large Hadron Collider --Hadronic Interactions-- Albert De Roeck CERN, Geneva, Switzerland Antwerp University Belgium UC-Davis California USA NTU, Singapore November 15th 2019 Outline • Introduction on the LHC and LHC physics program • LHC results for Astroparticle physics • Measurements of event characteristics at 13 TeV • Forward measurements • Cosmic ray measurements • LHC and light ions? • Summary The LHC Machine and Experiments MoEDAL LHCf FASER totem CM energy → Run-1: (2010-2012) 7/8 TeV Run-2: (2015-2018) 13 TeV -> Now 8 experiments Run-2 starts proton-proton Run-2 finished 24/10/18 6:00am 2018 2010-2012: Run-1 at 7/8 TeV CM energy Collected ~ 27 fb-1 2015-2018: Run-2 at 13 TeV CM Energy Collected ~ 140 fb-1 2021-2023/24 : Run-3 Expect ⇨ 14 TeV CM Energy and ~ 200/300 fb-1 The LHC is also a Heavy Ion Collider ALICE Data taking during the HI run • All experiments take AA or pA data (except TOTEM) Expected for Run-3: in addition short pO and OO runs ⇨ pO certainly of interest for Cosmic Ray Physics Community! 4 10 years of LHC Operation • LHC: 7 TeV in March 2010 ->The highest energy in the lab! • LHC @ 13 TeV from 2015 onwards March 30 2010 …waiting.. • Most important highlight so far: …since 4:00 am The discovery of a Higgs boson • Many results on Standard Model process measurements, QCD and particle production, top-physics, b-physics, heavy ion physics, searches, Higgs physics • Waiting for the next discovery… -> Searches beyond the Standard Model 12:58 7 TeV collisions!!! New Physics Hunters -
Laboratori Nazionali Di Frascati
International Committee for Future Accelerators Sponsored by the Particles and Fields Commission of IUPAP Beam Dynamics Newsletter No. 51 Issue Editor: S. Chattopadhyay Editor in Chief: W. Chou April 2010 3 Contents 1 FOREWORD ........................................................................................................ 11 1.1 FROM THE CHAIRMAN ............................................................................................. 11 1.2 FROM THE EDITOR .................................................................................................. 12 2 INTERNATIONAL LINEAR COLLIDER (ILC) ............................................ 14 2.1 FIFTH INTERNATIONAL ACCELERATOR SCHOOL FOR LINEAR COLLIDERS ............... 14 3 THEME SECTION: ACCELERATOR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE UK ................................................................................................................ 20 3.1 OVERVIEW – AN EMERGING PARADIGM OF COLLABORATION BETWEEN UNIVERSITIES, NATIONAL FACILITIES AND INDUSTRY ............................................ 20 3.1.1 Introduction .................................................................................................. 20 3.1.2 Mission of UK Accelerator Science and Technology .................................. 20 3.1.3 The Model: Integrated Accelerator Community and Stakeholders .............. 21 3.1.4 The Research Program Driven by Science ................................................... 21 3.1.4.1 Research Focus: Current .............................................................. -
Upgrade of the Global Muon Trigger for the Compact Muon Solenoid Experiment at CERN”
DISSERTATION/DOCTORAL THESIS Titel der Dissertation/Title of the Doctoral Thesis “Upgrade of the Global Muon Trigger for the Compact Muon Solenoid experiment at CERN” verfasst von/submitted by Mag. Dinyar Sebastian Rabady angestrebter akademischer Grad/in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doktor der Naturwissenschaften (Dr. rer. nat.) Wien, im Jänner 2018/Vienna, in January 2018 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt/ A 796 605 411 degree programme code as it appears on the student record sheet: Studienrichtung lt. Studienblatt/ Physik field of study as it appears onthe student record sheet: Betreut von/Supervisor: Dipl.-Ing. Dr. Claudia-Elisabeth Wulz Hon.-Prof. Dipl.-Phys. Dr. Eberhard Widmann Für meinen Großvater. Abstract The Large Hadron Collider is a large particle accelerator at the CERN research labo- ratory, designed to provide particle physics experiments with collisions at unprece- dented centre-of-mass energies. For its second running period both the number of colliding particles and their collision energy were increased. To cope with these more challenging conditions and maintain the excellent performance seen during the first running period, the Level-1 trigger of the Compact Muon Solenoid experiment — a so- phisticated electronics system designed to filter events in real-time — was upgraded. This upgrade consisted of the complete replacement of the trigger electronics andafull redesign of the system’s architecture. While the calorimeter trigger path now follows a time-multiplexed processing model where the entire trigger data for a collision are received by a single processing board, the muon trigger path was split into regional track finding systems where each newly introduced track finder receives data from all three muon subdetectors for a certain geometric detector slice and reconstructs fully formed muon tracks from this. -
Highlights from ALICE
Highlights from ALICE Michael Weber for the ALICE Collaboration Quark Matter, Wuhan, 04-09 Nov 2019 Michael Weber (SMI) Opening the doors (December 2018) CERN-PHOTO-201812-335 2 Quark Matter, Wuhan, 04-09 Nov 2019 Michael Weber (SMI) Soon after CERN-PHOTO-201903-053 Quark Matter, Wuhan, 04-09 Nov 2019 Michael Weber (SMI) 3 Harvest of the past ten years Recorded L System Year(s) √s (TeV) int NN (for muon triggers) 2010,2011 2.76 ~75 μb-1 Pb–Pb 2015 5.02 ~0.25 nb-1 2018 5.02 ~0.55 nb-1 Xe–Xe 2017 5.44 ~0.3 μb-1 2013 5.02 ~15 nb-1 p–Pb 2016 5.02, 8.16 ~3 nb-1; ~25 nb-1 New for QM 2019: ~200 μb-1; ~100 nb-1; 2009-2013 0.9,2.76,7,8 ~1.5 pb-1; ~2.5 pb-1 ● Full 13 TeV pp data set with high-multiplicity triggers pp ● 2018 Pb-Pb with central and semi-central triggers 2015,2017 5.02 ~1.3 pb-1 ● Selected results out of 26 parallel talks, 2015-2018 13 ~36 pb-1 68 posters, and 18 new papers Labels used in this presentation: New since last QM New New preliminary for QM Final On arXiv for QM Quark Matter, Wuhan, 04-09 Nov 2019 Michael Weber (SMI) 4 Outline Initial state → Hadronic structure and photoproduction QGP - Macroscopic properties → Properties of QCD matter and the transition between phases QGP - Microscopic dynamics → Degrees of freedom at each stage and their interactions Small systems → Unified picture of QCD particle production from small to larger systems Hadron physics → LHC as laboratory for hadron interaction studies Following the open questions in the HL-LHC WG5 yellow report Quark Matter, Wuhan, 04-09 Nov 2019 Michael Weber (SMI) 5 ALICE parallel talks Initial state ● Low-mass dielectron measurements in pp, p-Pb and Pb-Pb collisions with ALICE at the LHC S. -
Heavy-Ion Collisions at the Dawn of the Large Hadron Collider Era
Heavy-Ion Collisions at the Dawn of the Large Hadron Collider Era J. Takahashi Universidade Estadual de Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil Abstract In this paper I present a review of the main topics associated with the study of heavy-ion collisions, intended for students starting or interested in the field. It is impossible to summarize in a few pages the large amount of information that is available today, after a decade of operations of the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider and the beginning of operations at the Large Hadron Collider. Thus, I had to choose some of the results and theories in order to present the main ideas and goals. All results presented here are from publicly available references, but some of the discussions and opinions are my personal view, where I have made that clear in the text. 1 Introduction In this very exciting field of science, we use particle accelerators to collide heavy ions such as lead or gold nuclei, instead of colliding single protons or electrons. By doing so, we produce a much more violent collision in which a large number of particles are created and a considerable amount of energy is deposited in a volume bigger than the size of a single proton. As a result, a highly excited state of matter is created, and this state can have characteristics different from those of regular hadronic matter. It is postulated that, if the energy density is high enough, the system formed will be in a state where quarks and gluons are no longer confined into hadrons and thus exhibit partonic degrees of freedom [1,2]. -
Femtoscopy of Proton-Proton Collisions in the ALICE Experiment
Femtoscopy of proton-proton collisions in the ALICE experiment DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Nicolas Bock, B.Sc. B.Eng., M.Sc. Graduate Program in Physics The Ohio State University 2011 Dissertation Committee: Professor Thomas J. Humanic, Advisor Professor Michael Lisa #1 Professor Klaus Honscheid #2 Professor Richard Furnstahl #3 c Copyright by Nicolas Bock 2011 Abstract The Large Ion Collider Experiment (ALICE) at CERN has been designed to study matter at extreme conditions of temperature and pressure, with the long term goal of observing deconfined matter (free quarks and gluons), study its properties and learn more details about the phase diagram of nuclear matter. The ALICE experiment provides excellent particle tracking capabilities in high multiplicity proton-proton and heavy ion collisions, allowing to carry out detailed research of nuclear matter. This dissertation presents the study of the space time structure of the particle emission region, also known as femtoscopy, in proton- proton collisions at 0.9, 2.76 and 7.0 TeV. The emission region can be characterized by taking advantage of the Bose-Einstein effect for identical particles, which causes an enhancement of produced identical pairs at low relative momentum. The geometry of the emission region is related to the relative momentum distribution of all pairs by the Fourier transform of the source function, therefore the measurement of the final relative momentum distribution allows to extract the initial space-time characteristics. Results show that there is a clear dependence of the femtoscopic radii on event multiplicity as well as transverse momentum, a signature of the transition of nuclear matter into its fundamental components and also of strong interaction among these. -
The Very Forward CASTOR Calorimeter of the CMS Experiment
EUROPEAN ORGANIZATION FOR NUCLEAR RESEARCH (CERN) CERN-EP-2020-180 2021/02/11 CMS-PRF-18-002 The very forward CASTOR calorimeter of the CMS experiment The CMS Collaboration* Abstract The physics motivation, detector design, triggers, calibration, alignment, simulation, and overall performance of the very forward CASTOR calorimeter of the CMS exper- iment are reviewed. The CASTOR Cherenkov sampling calorimeter is located very close to the LHC beam line, at a radial distance of about 1 cm from the beam pipe, and at 14.4 m from the CMS interaction point, covering the pseudorapidity range of −6.6 < h < −5.2. It was designed to withstand high ambient radiation and strong magnetic fields. The performance of the detector in measurements of forward energy density, jets, and processes characterized by rapidity gaps, is reviewed using data collected in proton and nuclear collisions at the LHC. ”Published in the Journal of Instrumentation as doi:10.1088/1748-0221/16/02/P02010.” arXiv:2011.01185v2 [physics.ins-det] 10 Feb 2021 © 2021 CERN for the benefit of the CMS Collaboration. CC-BY-4.0 license *See Appendix A for the list of collaboration members Contents 1 Contents 1 Introduction . .1 2 Physics motivation . .3 2.1 Forward physics in proton-proton collisions . .3 2.2 Ultrahigh-energy cosmic ray air showers . .5 2.3 Proton-nucleus and nucleus-nucleus collisions . .5 3 Detector design . .6 4 Triggers and operation . .9 5 Event reconstruction and calibration . 12 5.1 Noise and baseline . 13 5.2 Gain correction factors . 15 5.3 Channel-by-channel intercalibration . -
Lambda and Anti-Labmda Production in the ALICE Experiment at the LHC
LLNL-TR-643836 Lambda and Anti-Labmda production in the ALICE experiment at the LHC. R. Carmona, R. Soltz September 12, 2013 Disclaimer This document was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States government. Neither the United States government nor Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC, nor any of their employees makes any warranty, expressed or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States government or Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States government or Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC, and shall not be used for advertising or product endorsement purposes. This work performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under Contract DE-AC52-07NA27344. Strangeness Production in Jets with ALICE at the LHC Rodney Carmona, Mike Tyler II, Ron Soltz, Austin Harton, Edmundo Garcia Chicago State University, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Cern (European Organization for Nuclear Research) At this laboratory Physicists and Engineers study fundamental particles using the world’s largest and most complex instruments. Here particles are made to collide at close to the speed of light to see how they interact and help to discover the basic laws of nature. -
Exhibiting the Alice Experiment
EXHIBITING THE ALICE EXPERIMENT LHCP2017, Shanghai, 15.5.2017 Despina Hatzifotiadou INFN Bologna On behalf of the ALICE Collaboration LHCP2017, Shanghai, 15.5.17 Despina Hatzifotiadou - Exhibiting the ALICE experiment 1 ALICE : OUTREACH AND COMMUNICATION TOOLS AND METHODS Events: Open Days, European Researchers Night Public talks Visits International Particle Physics Masterclasses http://alicematters.web.cern.ch/ https://twitter.com/ALICEexperiment https://www.facebook.com/ALICE.EXPERIMENT Virtual visits LHCP2017, Shanghai, 15.5.17 Despina Hatzifotiadou - Exhibiting the ALICE experiment 2 VISITS Highlights : underground visits • During LS1 > 15000 visitors • >7000 first year of LS1 • Open Days Sept. 2013 ~3500 • Possible only during limited periods Surface visitors’ centre a necessity • Also complementary to cavern visit LHCP2017, Shanghai, 15.5.17 Despina Hatzifotiadou - Exhibiting the ALICE experiment 3 ALICE VISITORS’ CENTRE Real-size poster of ALICE cross section • Explain basic ALICE components ARC (ALICE Run Control Centre) • Explain LHC operation, data taking • See physicists at work Interactive Window at ARC • Describe ALICE / its components • ALICE sociology VIEW OF SHAFT, PAD, MAD NEW ALICE EXHIBITION LHCP2017, Shanghai, 15.5.17 Despina Hatzifotiadou - Exhibiting the ALICE experiment 4 ALICE INTERACTIVE WINDOW LHCP2017, Shanghai, 15.5.17 Despina Hatzifotiadou - Exhibiting the ALICE experiment 5 ALICE INTERACTIVE WINDOW LHCP2017, Shanghai, 15.5.17 Despina Hatzifotiadou - Exhibiting the ALICE experiment 6 ALICE INTERACTIVE -
Nov/Dec 2020
CERNNovember/December 2020 cerncourier.com COURIERReporting on international high-energy physics WLCOMEE CERN Courier – digital edition ADVANCING Welcome to the digital edition of the November/December 2020 issue of CERN Courier. CAVITY Superconducting radio-frequency (SRF) cavities drive accelerators around the world, TECHNOLOGY transferring energy efficiently from high-power radio waves to beams of charged particles. Behind the march to higher SRF-cavity performance is the TESLA Technology Neutrinos for peace Collaboration (p35), which was established in 1990 to advance technology for a linear Feebly interacting particles electron–positron collider. Though the linear collider envisaged by TESLA is yet ALICE’s dark side to be built (p9), its cavity technology is already established at the European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser at DESY (a cavity string for which graces the cover of this edition) and is being applied at similar broad-user-base facilities in the US and China. Accelerator technology developed for fundamental physics also continues to impact the medical arena. Normal-conducting RF technology developed for the proposed Compact Linear Collider at CERN is now being applied to a first-of-a-kind “FLASH-therapy” facility that uses electrons to destroy deep-seated tumours (p7), while proton beams are being used for novel non-invasive treatments of cardiac arrhythmias (p49). Meanwhile, GANIL’s innovative new SPIRAL2 linac will advance a wide range of applications in nuclear physics (p39). Detector technology also continues to offer unpredictable benefits – a powerful example being the potential for detectors developed to search for sterile neutrinos to replace increasingly outmoded traditional approaches to nuclear nonproliferation (p30).