Bombaim, a Explosão Urbana. Análise De Assentamentos E Vias

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Bombaim, a Explosão Urbana. Análise De Assentamentos E Vias BOMBAIM, A EXPLOSÃO URBANA. ANÁLISE DE ASSENTAMENTOS E VIAS. Dissertação de Mestrado em Planeamento e Projecto do Ambiente Urbano de Nuno Miguel da Silveira Campos Pereira Grancho Universidade do Porto, abril de 2008 Para a Inês e para a Clara Assumindo este privilégio, quero exprimir toda a minha sincera gratidão ao Professor Doutor Paulo Varela Gomes (Universidade de Coimbra) por uma década de dádiva em amizade sincera, ensinamentos e inspiração. A realização com sucesso desta dissertação tem de ser atribuída à sua orientação voluntariosa e conhecedora e à resposta positiva às minhas solicitações e necessidades. Ajuda, apoio e encorajamento para o prosseguimento do meu esforço foram indispensáveis ao longo do tempo, pelo que a minha gratidão é total e inquestionável. Sem ele esta dissertação não teria sido escrita, sem ele não seria “indiano” e consequentemente, sem ele eu não seria a pessoa que sou hoje… Os meus agradecimentos ao meu co-orientador, Professor Arquitecto Rahul Mehrotra (Massachussets Institute of Technology). Agradecimentos ao Professor Arquitecto Walter Rossa, ao Sidh Mendiratta e a todos os BBB, UC e UNL Agradecimentos ainda ao Professor Doutor Paulo Pinho, FEUP Professor Doutor Carlos Albino Veiga da Costa, FEUP Professor Arquitecto Gonçalo Byrne, FCTUC Professor Arquitecto Manuel Fernandes de Sá, FAUP Engenheiro Luís Soromenho Gomes, CMVRSA Engenheira Isabel Freitas, CM Sabrosa Engenheiro João Amorim, Fundação Oriente Engenheiro João Calvão, Fundação Oriente Dra. Isabel Carvalho, Fundação Oriente Dra. Carla Alferes Pinto, Fundação Oriente Aida Grancho, João Grancho, Alexandra Pedruco, Filipa Pedrosa, Pedro Ganho, Pedro Vizeu, Alice Faria, Patrícia Vieira, Mercês Gomes, Ricardo Malhão e Ana Sousa. Por último e não menos importante, os meus agradecimentos finais à Fundação Oriente pela bolsa de investigação concedida. No princípio eram os pescadores. Antes do tiquetaque de Mountbatten, antes dos monstros e das declarações públicas; quando eram impensáveis os casamentos subterrâneos e as escarradeiras desconhecidas; muito antes do mercurocromo; muitos antes das lutadoras que seguravam os lençóis furados, e, recuando sempre, muito antes de Dalhousie e Elphinstone, antes de a Companhia das Indias Orientais ter construído a fortaleza…no alvorecer dos tempos, quando Bombaim era uma ilha em forma de halteres, com o centro adelgaçado e transformado numa língua de areia estreita e luminosa, para lá da qual se avistava o mais belo e maior porto natural da Ásia, quando Mazagão e Worli, Matunga e Mahim, Salsete e Colaba eram ainda ilhas – ou seja, antes de a seca dos terrenos ter transformado as sete ilhas numa península enorme, parecida com uma mão estendida para o mar Arábico adiante; neste mundo original, sem torres de relógio, os pescadores a que chamavam kolis navegavam e m dhows árabes e içavam as velas rubras ao sol-pôr. Pescavam douradas e caranguejos e faziam de nós apreciadores de peixe… Abundavam também os cocos e o arroz. E, acima de tudo isso, a influência benfazeja da deusa Mumbadevi, cujo nome (Munbadevi, Mumbabai, Mumbai) pode ter originado o nome da cidade. Mas os portugueses chamaram ao local Bom Bahia, por causa do porto, não da deusa do pescado. Os Portugueses foram os primeiros invasores e utilizaram o porto para abrigarem as embarcações comerciais e de guerra... A visão – o sonho duma Bombaim inglesa e fortificada, para defender a India de quaisquer intrusos – a visão foi tão forte que transformou a situação… e em 1660, Carlos II de Inglaterra casou-se com Catarina, da Casa Portuguesa de Bragança… Mas restava-lhe uma consolação: o dote, que fez passar Bombaim para as mãos dos Ingleses (dentro duma mala verde, talvez) e transformou praticamente em realidade a visão… Passado muito pouco tempo, aos 21 de Setembro de 1668, a Companhia apoderou-se da ilha…ao fim de breve tempo, num abrir e fechar de olhos, surgiu a fortaleza e logo a seguir a cidade de Bombaim sobre a qual dizia uma velha canção: Prima in Indis Porta da India, Estrela do Oriente Virada para Ocidente. A nossa Bombaim, Padma! Naquele tempo era muito diferente. Salman Rushdie, “Os filhos da meia-noite” Bombaim, a explosão urbana. Análise de assentamentos e vias 1 2 Capítulo 1: Introdução Capítulo 1 INTRODUÇÃO Bombaim, a explosão urbana. Análise de assentamentos e vias 3 Capítulo 1 INTRODUÇÃO 1.1 Objectivos e natureza O presente estudo refere-se ao território da ilha/cidade de Bombaim, na sua evolução e transformação urbanas durante o século XIX (pós povoamento português/inglês e pré Bombaim colonial inglesa/Bombaim pós-colonial com o advento da independência) e às condições que satisfizeram a sua explosão urbana. Para além duma contribuição para a história da cidade em geral, pretende contribuir de alguma maneira para o conhecimento do caso de estudo duma cidade colonial e proporcionar dados sobre a sua evolução e o seu desenvolvimento urbano. Experiências de planeamento urbano e de desenvolvimento das cidades não são restritas ao aglomerado urbano, numa escala territorial como a de Bombaim, mas podem ter um importante e significativo impacto regional ou mesmo nacional, dependendo do seu sucesso global. Campos do conhecimento como o estudo das cidades, da urbanização e do crescimento urbano, e dos numerosos tópicos relacionados com as mesmas, requerem uma abordagem interdisciplinar alargada. Para além de geógrafos, economistas, antropólogos, sociólogos e outros pensadores das ciências politicas e sociais, os assuntos relacionados com as cidades e as suas modificações são essencialmente estudados, entre outros, por arquitectos, urbanistas e historiadores. Um estudo da história urbana e as suas implicações na urbanização, crescimento da cidade e comportamentos sociais dos seus habitantes deve necessariamente ser alargado no âmbito da sua abrangência. Consequentemente, embora alguns aspectos seleccionados da evolução e desenvolvimento urbanos de Bombaim tenham sido estudados com alguma profundidade, a abordagem global do assunto é deliberadamente alargada. Em sentido lato, o problema original era examinar as relações entre aspectos seleccionados do urbanismo e das suas consequências sociais no perfil e desenho da cidade. Um pré-requisito para a investigação deste problema era um entendimento adequado, numa perspectiva histórica, da estrutura urbana e social que presidiu à formação de Bombaim como megacidade. Foi na tentativa 4 Capítulo 1: Introdução de conquistar este entendimento que o foco deste trabalho, re-definindo o problema se deslocou fundamentalmente para o século XIX, voltando atrás à Bombaim portuguesa e avançando para a Bombaim contemporânea. Também se revelou necessária a restrição a um período histórico na análise urbana e estudo da cidade, uma vez que a dimensão e a riqueza de Bombaim enquanto caso de estudo extravasavam largamente a estrutura e o âmbito duma dissertação de mestrado per se. Se é apropriado fazer a distinção neste tipo de trabalho, entre um estudo teórico e um caso prático, esta dissertação pertence à segunda categoria. Atendendo a que a análise de Bombaim do século XIX irá pôr a descoberto as potenciais implicações do trajecto da evolução urbana da cidade durante os séculos XX e XXI, um dos objectivos deste estudo é tornar-se uma possível ferramenta funcional e prática para os estudiosos da história da cidade, estabelecendo a necessária ponte entre a Bombaim portuguesa (a ser analisada no projecto de investigação BBB, Bombay before the British da Universidade de Coimbra e da Universidade Nova de Lisboa) e a grande metrópole asiática dos séculos XX e XXI, sucessivamente abordada em diversos estudos sobre cidades contemporâneas. Até aos dias de hoje muito pouca pesquisa foi realizada na mesma perspectiva deste trabalho sobre o específico período do século XIX de Bombaim. Consequentemente, uma grande parte da informação contida neste estudo é baseada em pesquisa empírica, permitindo assim que outro dos objectivos da dissertação seja funcionar como estudo pioneiro na história da cidade. A natureza específica e o alcance deste estudo não estabelecem uma hipótese central como ponto de partida para a pesquisa. Este estudo começa a partir duma série de questões abertas. Subsequentemente, com base na informação recolhida, segue-se para a avaliação dos processos de desenvolvimento urbano de Bombaim e para a formulação de respostas para questões que serão colocadas posteriormente. As respostas deverão trazer alguma luz sobre a história da cidade e sobre o seu desenvolvimento e devem fornecer novos elementos sobre as teorias de evolução urbana das cidades no mundo em desenvolvimento. Bombaim, a explosão urbana. Análise de assentamentos e vias 5 1.2 Significado Uma aproximação holistíca ao estudo dos assentamentos urbanos e vias de comunicação envolve o entendimento de relações entre os seus elementos constituintes durante um determinado período de tempo. O estudo da forma física e da estrutura das cidades é o estudo da morfologia urbana. A sua importância reside na influência da forma urbana da cidade nos processos comportamentais, sociais e económicos. Este estudo envolve a procura e apreensão da forma urbana de Bombaim no século XIX, um período de importância instrumental na história urbana da cidade e muito negligenciado ou posto de parte pelos estudos que se debruçam sobre o urbanismo e os fenómenos das cidades. A dissertação tentará igualmente proporcionar informação e dados sobre a evolução e o crescimento urbano de Bombaim, assim como sobre os processos sociais que lhe estiveram subjacentes. Igualmente pretende
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