Supplementary Table S1. Class comparison of phylum Proteobacteria before and after air surging. The data are prevalence rates (%) in terms of the number of OTUs.

Proteobacteria Before After

Alphaproteobacteria 5.1 6.2

Betaproteobacteria 38.7 30.3

Deltaproteobacteria 0.4 7.8

Gammaproteobacteria 39.4 1.8

Other Proteobacteria < 0.1 0.5

Total % of Proteobacteria 83.6 46.6

Supplementary Table S2. Comparison of major bacterial communities before and after air surging. The data are prevalence rate (%) in terms of number of OTUs.

Air surging OTUs Phylum Class Order Family Genus work (%) number BeforAfte e r Phylum Acidobacter uncultured_Acidobacteria_bact Acidobacteri 11-24 - - 0.0 0.1 ia erium a-OTU01 Phylum Acidobacter Acidobacteri 32-21 uncultured_bacterium - - 0.0 0.2 ia a-OTU03 Phylum Acidobacter Acidobacterial uncultured_bacteri Acidobacteri Acidobacteriaceae uncultured 0.0 0.2 ia es um a-OTU06 Phylum Acidobacter Acidobacteri DA023 uncultured_bacterium - - 0.1 2.0 ia a-OTU13 Phylum Acidobacter Acidobacteri DA052 uncultured_bacterium - - 0.0 0.5 ia a-OTU14 Phylum Acidobacter Acidobacteri Holophagae Holophagales Holophagaceae Geothrix 0.1 0.5 ia a-OTU19 Phylum Acidobacter Acidobacteri Holophagae Holophagales Holophagaceae uncultured 0.2 0.3 ia a-OTU20 Phylum Acidobacter uncultured_bacteriu Acidobacteri Holophagae SJA-36 - 0.0 0.1 ia m a-OTU21 Phylum Acidobacter Acidobacteri SJA-149 - - - 0.0 0.1 ia a-OTU31 Phylum Actinobacte CL500- Actinobacter Acidimicrobiia Acidimicrobiales Acidimicrobiaceae 0.0 1.8 ria 29_marine_group ia-OTU02

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Phylum Actinobacte Corynebacteria Actinobacter Nocardiaceae Rhodococcus - 0.5 0.1 ria les ia-OTU09 Phylum Actinobacte Candidatus_Plankto Actinobacter Frankiales Sporichthyaceae - 2.4 11.2 ria phila ia-OTU16 Phylum Actinobacte Actinobacter Micrococcales Microbacteriaceae - - 0.0 0.1 ria ia-OTU25 Phylum Actinobacte Actinobacter Micrococcales Micrococcaceae Arthrobacter - 0.1 0.1 ria ia-OTU27 Phylum Actinobacte uncultured_bacteri Actinobacter Micrococcales Micrococcaceae Arthrobacter 0.0 0.2 ria um ia-OTU28 Phylum Actinobacte Actinobacter Micrococcales Micrococcaceae Kocuria - 0.2 0.0 ria ia-OTU29 Phylum Actinobacte Actinobacter OPB41 uncultured_bacterium - - 0.0 0.1 ria ia-OTU31 Phylum Actinobacte Actinobacter PeM15 uncultured_bacterium - - 0.0 0.1 ria ia-OTU32 Phylum Actinobacte Thermoleophil Actinobacter Gaiellales Gaiellaceae Gaiella 0.0 0.1 ria ia ia-OTU42 Phylum Bacteroidete Bacteroidete Cytophagia Cytophagales Cytophagaceae Arcicella 0.6 0.1 s s-OTU04 Phylum Bacteroidete Bacteroidete Cytophagia Cytophagales Cytophagaceae Flexibacter 0.1 0.4 s s-OTU07 Phylum Bacteroidete Bacteroidete Cytophagia Cytophagales Cytophagaceae Hymenobacter 0.3 0.0 s s-OTU08 Phylum Bacteroidete Bacteroidete Flavobacteria Flavobacteriales Flavobacteriaceae Flavobacterium 2.2 0.4 s s-OTU17 Phylum BacteroideteSphingobacteri Bacteroidete Sphingobacteriales Chitinophagaceae - 0.0 1.0 s ia s-OTU18 Phylum BacteroideteSphingobacteri Bacteroidete Sphingobacteriales Chitinophagaceae Hydrotalea 0.4 0.0 s ia s-OTU22 Phylum BacteroideteSphingobacteri Bacteroidete Sphingobacteriales Chitinophagaceae Lacibacter 0.0 0.1 s ia s-OTU23 Phylum BacteroideteSphingobacteri Bacteroidete Sphingobacteriales Chitinophagaceae Sediminibacterium 2.0 1.5 s ia s-OTU24 Phylum BacteroideteSphingobacteri Bacteroidete Sphingobacteriales Chitinophagaceae uncultured 0.0 0.1 s ia s-OTU26 Phylum BacteroideteSphingobacteri uncultured_bacteri Bacteroidete Sphingobacteriales KD3-93 0.0 0.1 s ia um s-OTU29

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Phylum BacteroideteSphingobacteri NS11- uncultured_bacteri Bacteroidete Sphingobacteriales 0.7 2.4 s ia 12_marine_group um s-OTU31 Phylum BacteroideteSphingobacteri uncultured_bacteri Bacteroidete Sphingobacteriales PHOS-HE51 0.0 0.2 s ia um s-OTU32 Phylum BacteroideteSphingobacteri Bacteroidete Sphingobacteriales Sphingobacteriaceae Mucilaginibacter 0.1 0.0 s ia s-OTU35 Phylum BacteroideteSphingobacteri Bacteroidete Sphingobacteriales Sphingobacteriaceae Sphingobacterium 0.0 0.1 s ia s-OTU39 Phylum BacteroideteSphingobacteri Bacteroidete Sphingobacteriales env.OPS_17 - 0.0 0.1 s ia s-OTU41 Phylum Bacteroidete Bacteroidete WCHB1-32 uncultured_bacterium - - 0.0 5.9 s s-OTU44 Phylum uncultured_bacteri Chlorobi- Chlorobi Chlorobia Chlorobiales OPB56 0.0 0.2 um OTU01 Phylum uncultured_bacteri Chlorobi- Chlorobi Ignavibacteria Ignavibacteriales BSV26 0.0 0.1 um OTU02 Phylum uncultured_bacteri Chlorobi- Chlorobi Ignavibacteria Ignavibacteriales SR-FBR-L83 0.0 0.6 um OTU03 Phylum Chloroflexi- Chloroflexi KD4-96 uncultured_bacterium - - 0.0 2.2 OTU09 Phylum Chloroflexi- Chloroflexi P2-11E uncultured_bacterium - - 0.0 0.2 OTU12 Phylum Chloroflexi- Chloroflexi S085 uncultured_bacterium - - 0.0 0.1 OTU13

Supplementary Table S2. Continued Air surgin g OTUs Phylum Class Order Family Genus work number (%) Bef Af ore ter Phylum SAR202_cla Chloroflexi- Chloroflexi uncultured_bacterium - - 0.0 0.1 de OTU14 Phylum Chloroflexi- Chloroflexi TK10 - - - 0.0 0.2 OTU15

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Phylum Cyanobacte Cyanobacter MLE1-12 uncultured_bacterium - - 0.8 2.4 ria ia-OTU04 Phylum Cyanobacte Cyanobacter SHA-109 uncultured_bacterium - - 0.0 0.1 ria ia-OTU05 Phylum Elusimicrob uncultured_Termite_gro Elusimicrobi Lineage_IV - - 0.0 0.1 ia up_1_bacterium a-OTU04 Phylum Elusimicrob Elusimicrobi Lineage_IV uncultured_bacterium - - 0.3 1.5 ia a-OTU05 Phylum Firmicutes- Firmicutes Bacilli Bacillales Bacillaceae Anoxybacillus 0.0 0.1 OTU01 Phylum Staphylococcace Firmicutes- Firmicutes Bacilli Bacillales Staphylococcus 0.1 0.0 ae OTU06 Phylum Family_XIII_Inc Firmicutes- Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales uncultured 0.0 0.3 ertae_Sedis OTU10 Phylum Gracilibacterace Firmicutes- Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales Lutispora 0.0 0.4 ae OTU11 Phylum Gracilibacterace Firmicutes- Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales uncultured 0.0 0.1 ae OTU12 Phylum Firmicutes- Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales Peptococcaceae Desulfosporosinus 0.0 0.9 OTU14 Phylum Ruminococcace Firmicutes- Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales Incertae_Sedis 0.0 0.1 ae OTU15 Phylum Gemmatimo Gemmatim Gemmatimo Gemmatimonadaceae uncultured - 0.0 0.1 nadetes- onadetes nadales OTU03 Phylum Gemmatimo Gemmatim Gemmatimo Gemmatimonadaceae uncultured uncultured_bacterium 0.2 1.5 nadetes- onadetes nadales OTU05 Phylum Nitrospirae- Nitrospirae Nitrospira Nitrospirales - - 0.0 0.6 OTU01 Phylum Nitrospirae- Nitrospirae Nitrospira Nitrospirales 0319-6A21 uncultured_bacterium 0.0 0.4 OTU03 Phylum Nitrospirae- Nitrospirae Nitrospira Nitrospirales Nitrospiraceae Nitrospira 0.2 0.7 OTU06 Phylum Planctomyc Planctomyce OM190 uncultured_bacterium - - 0.0 0.1 etes tes-OTU04 4

Phylum Planctomyc Phycisphaer Phycisphaerace Planctomyce Phycisphaerales SM1A02 0.0 0.2 etes ae ae tes-OTU07 Phylum Planctomyc Planctomyc Planctomycetac Planctomyce Planctomycetales Planctomyces 0.0 0.1 etes etacia eae tes-OTU17 Phylum Planctomyc Planctomyc Planctomycetac Planctomyce Planctomycetales uncultured 0.0 0.1 etes etacia eae tes-OTU20 Phylum Planctomyc Planctomyce vadinHA49 uncultured_bacterium - - 0.0 0.1 etes tes-OTU21 Class Alphaproteo Proteobacte Alphaprote Caulobacteracea Caulobacterales Brevundimonas 0.1 0.1 bacteria- ria obacteria e OTU03 Class Alphaproteo Proteobacte Alphaprote Caulobacteracea Caulobacterales Caulobacter 0.7 0.2 bacteria- ria obacteria e OTU04 Class Alphaproteo Proteobacte Alphaprote Hyphomonadac Caulobacterales Woodsholea 0.0 0.1 bacteria- ria obacteria eae OTU07 Class Alphaproteo Proteobacte Alphaprote DB1-14 - - 0.0 0.4 bacteria- ria obacteria OTU08 Class Alphaproteo Proteobacte Alphaprote Rhizobiales A0839 uncultured_bacterium 0.0 0.1 bacteria- ria obacteria OTU12 Class Alphaproteo Proteobacte Alphaprote Bradyrhizobiace Rhizobiales Bradyrhizobium 0.0 0.1 bacteria- ria obacteria ae OTU14 Class Alphaproteo Proteobacte Alphaprote Methylobacteria Rhizobiales Methylobacterium 0.1 0.1 bacteria- ria obacteria ceae OTU23 Class Alphaproteo Proteobacte Alphaprote Rhodobacterace Rhodobacterales Rhodovulum 1.5 0.2 bacteria- ria obacteria ae OTU33 Class Alphaproteo Proteobacte Alphaprote uncultured_Acetobacter Rhodospirillales KCM-B-60 0.0 0.1 bacteria- ria obacteria aceae_bacterium OTU47 Class Alphaproteo Proteobacte Alphaprote uncultured_Rhodospiril Rhodospirillales KCM-B-60 0.0 0.1 bacteria- ria obacteria lales_bacterium OTU48

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Class Alphaproteo Proteobacte Alphaprote Rhodospirillace Rhodospirillales Magnetospirillum 0.0 0.2 bacteria- ria obacteria ae OTU51 Class Alphaproteo Proteobacte Alphaprote Rhodospirillace Rhodospirillales uncultured 0.0 0.1 bacteria- ria obacteria ae OTU53 Class Alphaproteo Proteobacte Alphaprote Rhodospirillales wr0007 - 0.1 0.1 bacteria- ria obacteria OTU54 Class Alphaproteo Proteobacte Alphaprote uncultured_alpha_prote Rhodospirillales wr0007 0.0 0.1 bacteria- ria obacteria obacterium OTU55 Class Alphaproteo Proteobacte Alphaprote Rickettsiales Rickettsiaceae uncultured 0.0 0.5 bacteria- ria obacteria OTU67 Class Alphaproteo Proteobacte Alphaprote Sphingomonada Sphingomonadales Novosphingobium 1.7 3.2 bacteria- ria obacteria ceae OTU73 Class Alphaproteo Proteobacte Alphaprote Sphingomonada Sphingomonadales Sphingobium 0.1 0.1 bacteria- ria obacteria ceae OTU74 Class Alphaproteo Proteobacte Alphaprote Sphingomonada Sphingomonadales Sphingomonas 0.3 0.2 bacteria- ria obacteria ceae OTU75

Supplementary Table S2. Continued Air surging OTUs number Phylum Class Order Family Genus work (%) Befo Aft re er Class Proteobact Alphaproteobac Sphingomonada Sphingomonadac Alphaproteobact Sphingopyxis 0.3 0.0 eria teria les eae eria-OTU76 Class Proteobact Betaproteobacte Betaproteobacter - - - 0.1 0.3 eria ria ia-OTU01 Class Proteobact Betaproteobacte Betaproteobacter Burkholderiales Alcaligenaceae Achromobacter 0.2 0.0 eria ria ia-OTU02

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Class Proteobact Betaproteobacte Betaproteobacter Burkholderiales Burkholderiaceae Cupriavidus 0.2 0.0 eria ria ia-OTU04 Class Proteobact Betaproteobacte Comamonadacea Betaproteobacter Burkholderiales - 3.9 6.4 eria ria e ia-OTU05 Class Proteobact Betaproteobacte Comamonadacea Betaproteobacter Burkholderiales Aquabacterium 0.1 0.1 eria ria e ia-OTU06 Class Proteobact Betaproteobacte Comamonadacea Betaproteobacter Burkholderiales Comamonas 0.2 0.0 eria ria e ia-OTU07 Class Proteobact Betaproteobacte Comamonadacea Betaproteobacter Burkholderiales Paucibacter 0.5 0.0 eria ria e ia-OTU09 Class Proteobact Betaproteobacte Comamonadacea Betaproteobacter Burkholderiales Polaromonas 0.4 0.1 eria ria e ia-OTU11 Class Proteobact Betaproteobacte Comamonadacea Betaproteobacter Burkholderiales Variovorax 0.3 0.0 eria ria e ia-OTU14 Class Proteobact Betaproteobacte Comamonadacea Betaproteobacter Burkholderiales uncultured 0.3 0.2 eria ria e ia-OTU15 Class Proteobact Betaproteobacte Betaproteobacter Burkholderiales Oxalobacteraceae - 0.4 0.3 eria ria ia-OTU16 Class Proteobact Betaproteobacte Betaproteobacter Burkholderiales Oxalobacteraceae Massilia 0.2 0.0 eria ria ia-OTU18 Class Proteobact Betaproteobacte Betaproteobacter Burkholderiales Oxalobacteraceae Paucimonas 0.0 0.1 eria ria ia-OTU19 Class Proteobact Betaproteobacte Betaproteobacter Burkholderiales Oxalobacteraceae Undibacterium 0.3 0.3 eria ria ia-OTU20 Class Proteobact Betaproteobacte HydrogenophilaHydrogenophilac Betaproteobacter Sulfuricella 0.4 0.6 eria ria les eae ia-OTU22 Class Proteobact Betaproteobacte Nitrosomonadal Betaproteobacter Gallionellaceae - 10.2 5.2 eria ria es ia-OTU25 Class Proteobact Betaproteobacte Nitrosomonadal Candidatus_Nitroto Betaproteobacter Gallionellaceae 0.1 0.5 eria ria es ga ia-OTU26 Class Proteobact Betaproteobacte Nitrosomonadal Betaproteobacter Gallionellaceae Gallionella 17.4 1.7 eria ria es ia-OTU27 Class Proteobact Betaproteobacte Nitrosomonadal Betaproteobacter Gallionellaceae Sideroxydans 0.2 1.0 eria ria es ia-OTU28

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Class Proteobact Betaproteobacte Nitrosomonadal Betaproteobacter Gallionellaceae uncultured 2.1 3.9 eria ria es ia-OTU29 Class Proteobact Betaproteobacte Nitrosomonadal Nitrosomonadace Betaproteobacter - 0.0 0.4 eria ria es ae ia-OTU30 Class Proteobact Betaproteobacte Nitrosomonadal Nitrosomonadace Betaproteobacter uncultured 0.0 0.8 eria ria es ae ia-OTU32 Class Proteobact Betaproteobacte Betaproteobacter Rhodocyclales Rhodocyclaceae - 0.5 3.4 eria ria ia-OTU33 Class Proteobact Betaproteobacte Betaproteobacter Rhodocyclales Rhodocyclaceae Azospira 0.1 0.0 eria ria ia-OTU34 Class Proteobact Betaproteobacte Betaproteobacter Rhodocyclales Rhodocyclaceae Dechloromonas 0.3 1.3 eria ria ia-OTU35 Class Proteobact Betaproteobacte Betaproteobacter Rhodocyclales Rhodocyclaceae Propionivibrio 0.0 0.2 eria ria ia-OTU38 Class Proteobact Betaproteobacte Betaproteobacter Rhodocyclales Rhodocyclaceae Sterolibacterium 0.0 0.1 eria ria ia-OTU39 Class Proteobact Betaproteobacte Betaproteobacter Rhodocyclales Rhodocyclaceae Sulfuritalea 0.1 2.4 eria ria ia-OTU40 Class Proteobact Betaproteobacte Betaproteobacter Rhodocyclales Rhodocyclaceae Zoogloea 0.1 0.1 eria ria ia-OTU41 Class Proteobact Betaproteobacte Betaproteobacter Rhodocyclales Rhodocyclaceae uncultured 0.0 0.8 eria ria ia-OTU42 Class Proteobact Deltaproteobact Desulfovibriona Desulfovibrionac Deltaproteobacte Desulfovibrio 0.0 0.3 eria eria les eae ria-OTU08 Class Proteobact Deltaproteobact Desulfuromona Deltaproteobacte - - 0.0 0.6 eria eria dales ria-OTU10 Class Proteobact Deltaproteobact Desulfuromona uncultured_Geobact Deltaproteobacte BVA18 0.0 1.9 eria eria dales er_sp. ria-OTU11 Class Proteobact Deltaproteobact Desulfuromona uncultured_bacteriu Deltaproteobacte BVA59 0.0 0.5 eria eria dales m ria-OTU12 Class Proteobact Deltaproteobact Desulfuromona Desulfuromonad Deltaproteobacte - 0.0 0.1 eria eria dales aceae ria-OTU13 Class Proteobact Deltaproteobact Desulfuromona Desulfuromonad Deltaproteobacte Pelobacter 0.0 0.2 eria eria dales aceae ria-OTU14

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Class Proteobact Deltaproteobact Desulfuromona Deltaproteobacte Geobacteraceae Geobacter 0.1 3.5 eria eria dales ria-OTU15 Class Proteobact Deltaproteobact uncultured_bacte Deltaproteobacte GR-WP33-30 - 0.0 0.2 eria eria rium ria-OTU17 Class Proteobact Deltaproteobact uncultured_bacteriu Deltaproteobacte Myxococcales 0319-6G20 0.1 0.1 eria eria m ria-OTU20 Class Proteobact Deltaproteobact Deltaproteobacte Myxococcales Cystobacterineae uncultured 0.0 0.1 eria eria ria-OTU23

Supplementary Table S2. Continued Air surging work OTUs number Phylum Class Order Family Genus (%) Bef Aft ore er Class Gammaproteo Gammaproteobacteri Ectothiorhodospirac Acidiferroba Proteobacteria Chromatiales 0.0 0.2 bacteria- a eae cter OTU05 Class Gammaproteo GammaproteobacteriEnterobacteria Proteobacteria Enterobacteriaceae Enterobacter 2.6 0.0 bacteria- a les OTU06 Class Gammaproteo GammaproteobacteriEnterobacteria Escherichia- Proteobacteria Enterobacteriaceae 0.1 0.0 bacteria- a les Shigella OTU07 Class Hafnia- Gammaproteo GammaproteobacteriEnterobacteria Proteobacteria Enterobacteriaceae Obesumbact 0.9 0.0 bacteria- a les erium OTU08 Class Gammaproteo GammaproteobacteriEnterobacteria Proteobacteria Enterobacteriaceae Serratia 0.1 0.0 bacteria- a les OTU09 Class Gammaproteo Gammaproteobacteri Proteobacteria Legionellales Legionellaceae Leg+ionella 0.4 0.6 bacteria- a OTU14 Class Gammaproteo GammaproteobacteriOceanospirilla Pseudospirill Proteobacteria Oceanospirillaceae 0.0 0.2 bacteria- a les um OTU18 Class uncultured_sulfur- Gammaproteo Gammaproteobacteri Proteobacteria PYR10d3 oxidizing_symbiont - 0.0 0.1 bacteria- a _bacterium OTU19

9

Class Gammaproteo GammaproteobacteriPseudomonad Acinetobacte Proteobacteria Moraxellaceae 15.8 0.2 bacteria- a ales r OTU22 Class Gammaproteo GammaproteobacteriPseudomonad Proteobacteria Moraxellaceae Alkanindiges 0.5 0.0 bacteria- a ales OTU23 Class Gammaproteo GammaproteobacteriPseudomonad Enhydrobact Proteobacteria Moraxellaceae 0.2 0.0 bacteria- a ales er OTU24 Class Gammaproteo GammaproteobacteriPseudomonad Pseudomona Proteobacteria Pseudomonadaceae 11.7 0.0 bacteria- a ales s OTU27 Class Gammaproteo GammaproteobacteriXanthomonad Hydrocarbon Proteobacteria Sinobacteraceae 1.1 0.0 bacteria- a ales iphaga OTU30 Class Gammaproteo GammaproteobacteriXanthomonad Proteobacteria Sinobacteraceae uncultured 0.0 0.3 bacteria- a ales OTU34 Class Gammaproteo GammaproteobacteriXanthomonad Stenotropho Proteobacteria Xanthomonadaceae 5.7 0.0 bacteria- a ales monas OTU38 Phylum uncultured_ba Proteobacteria- Proteobacteria SPOTSOCT00m83 - - 0.0 0.4 cterium OTU03 Phylum Proteobacteria- Proteobacteria TA18 - - - 0.0 0.1 OTU04 Phylum Candidatus_Methyla uncultured_ba Verrucomicrob Verrucomicrobia - - 0.0 0.1 cidiphilum cterium ia-OTU01 Phylum uncultured_ba Verrucomicrob Verrucomicrobia OPB35_soil_group - - 2.1 0.8 cterium ia-OTU04 Phylum Verrucomicrob Verrucomicrobia Opitutae Opitutales Opitutaceae Opitutus 0.1 1.8 ia-OTU05 Phylum Verrucomicro Verrucomicrobiacea Prosthecobac Verrucomicrob Verrucomicrobia Verrucomicrobiae 0.1 0.0 biales e ter ia-OTU06 Unknown - - - - - 1.5 3.6 uncultured_bacteriu Ungrouped BHI80-139 - - - 0.0 0.1 m Candidate_divis Ungrouped - - - - 0.0 0.1 ion_OD1 Candidate_divis uncultured_bacteriu Ungrouped - - - 0.3 1.3 ion_OD1 m 10

Candidate_divis uncultured_bacteriu Ungrouped - - - 0.0 0.1 ion_OP3 m Candidate_divis uncultured_bacteriu Ungrouped - - - 0.0 0.2 ion_WS3 m uncultured_bacteriu Ungrouped SM2F11 - - - 0.1 0.1 m uncultured_bacteriu Ungrouped TA06 - - - 0.0 0.5 m uncultured_bacteriu Ungrouped TM6 - - - 0.1 0.2 m

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