DOCSLIB.ORG

1. Introduction: Almost Two-Thirds of Proven Oil and a Third of World Natural Gas Resources Are in the Persian Gulf Countries

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
1. Introduction: Almost Two-Thirds of Proven Oil and a Third of World Natural Gas Resources Are in the Persian Gulf Countries Oil and GAS, Strategic Regional Cooperation between Persian Gulf countries Case study: Iran's Natural Gas Export M.M.Zalloi NIGC-DIST8 [email protected] Keywords: Strategic Regional Cooperation, Persian Gulf, Global Energy Security 1. Introduction: Almost two-thirds of proven oil and a third of world natural gas resources are in the Persian Gulf countries. If the proven resources of the Caspian Sea basin added to them, percentage of proven resources will be increased. For example Russia, Iran and Qatar have more than 55 percent of world gas reserves. For this reason, Geoffrey Kemp1's strategic energy ellipse is one of the important geo strategic and geo economic fact of our era. Also, with increasing need of countries to energy resources, the role of Persian Gulf countries in the world energy supply in the future decades will be crucial. The geo politic importance of Persian Gulf rises from oil reserves mostly. But due to more compatibility with the environment, natural gas will be a serious rival for oil and coal in the basket of the world energy consumption. In fact, there are no real substitute energy sources for the Persian Gulf in the global energy supply. Unfortunately strategic region of Persian Gulf in the past three decades faced with many security challenges due to wars and political conflicts. Iran-Iraq War, the first Persian Gulf War and Iraqi invasion of Kuwait, Iraqi War II and the crisis that occurred in 2003, all and all it implies that in recent decades the Persian Gulf region should be translated to energy and conflict any other time. In this article, the writer will try to describe approaches and arrangements of security and then its effect on security of energy supply from the Persian Gulf region will be studied. Certainly, in classic security studies, different definitions defined as classical, negative discourse, positive discourse and integration discourse is presented. After considering various definitions, new security approach (regional cooperation) for the supply of Persian Gulf energy with regarding of the new structure, role of international actors and variables will be presented and export of natural gas as a case study will be investigated. Certainly, cooperation in construction of multi-national gas transmission networks, in addition to reducing costs of natural gas, in the development of convergence in the region has an important role and consequently it will increase regional security factor. It can be a good substitute instead of military treaties and cooperation in the region. This type of cooperation for providing security, which based on elimination or reduction of political and military conflicts, can be effective to mental security of energy supply. Development of the security in the region with the help of constructive cooperation and creating a regional network of natural gas transmission lines can be interpreted as a energy 1 . Geoffrey Kemp is the Director of Regional Strategic Programs at the Nixon Center (gas) security emerging, without unnecessary political, military and economic Investments can be obtained. The Peace pipeline, which will transfer Iran's gas to Pakistan and India is an obvious example of regional development and secure convergence which it can improve relations between Pakistan and India. It is essential; the countries outside of the Persian Gulf region and major global power help to expand such cooperation in this strategic area instead militarize Persian Gulf. Because, the game rule is based on the won-won, and the regional countries can pay to develop own country's infrastructure instead of military expenditures and enormous costs for purchasing military equipment. In addition to achieve economic benefits and profit of clean energy, the people get rid of the evil of hatred inflamed space and military threats of neighbors. On the other hand, with build of stable security based on peaceful cooperation in the region, the security of energy supply for other countries will ensure. 2- Geographical and Historical facts of Persian Gulf The Persian Gulf region links the three continents of Asia, Europe and Africa and as an arm of the Indian Ocean is considered part of a system linking the Mediterranean Sea, the Red Sea, the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean. Maximum length of the Persian Gulf is 989 km and its narrowest wide is 56 km in the Strait of Hormuz. Surface area of it is 251,000 km2. Average depth of Persian Gulf is 50 m and Maximum depth is 90 m. The Persian Gulf is mostly shallow and has many islands, of which Bahrain is the largest. The basin countries of Persian Gulf are Oman, the United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iraq and Iran (along the entire north coast). Also various small islands lie within the Persian Gulf. It was generally thought that the Persian Gulf had previously extended farther north and that sediment dropped by the Tigris, Euphrates, Karun, and Karkheh rivers filled the northern part of the Persian Gulf to create a great delta. But geologic investigations now, indicate that the coastline has not moved and that the marshlands of the delta represent a sinking of the earth's crust as the Arabian land block pushes under Iran. The Persian Gulf waters have very slow currents and limited tidal range. The population of Persian Gulf is about 140 million and the majority of them are Muslim. [1], [2]. But about History of Persian Gulf, the following facts are considerable: In 550 B.C, the Achaemenid Empire established the first Persian Empire in Pars in the southwestern region of the Iranian plateau. Consequently in the Greek sources, the body of water that bordered this province came to be known as the Persian Gulf. [3]. Considering the historical background of the name Persian Gulf, Sir Arnold Wilson mentions in a book named: "Persia, A political Officials Diary", published in 1928 that: "No water channel has been so significant as Persian Gulf to the geologists, archaeologists, geographers, merchants, politicians, excursionists, and scholars whether in past or in present. This water channel which separates the Iran Plateau from the Arabian Plate, has enjoyed an Iranian Identity since at least 2200 years ago. [4]. No written deed has remained since the era before the Persian Empire, but in the oral history and culture, the Iranians have called the southern waters: "Jam Sea", "Iran Sea", and "Pars Sea". [4]. During the years: 550 to 330 B.C. Coinciding with sovereignty of the first Persian Empire on the Middle East area, especially the whole part of Persian Gulf and some parts of the Arabian Peninsula, the name of "Pars Sea" has been widely written in the compiled texts.[4] The advent of Islam took place in the Persian Gulf region and its culture has been founded on the principles of Islam. It has come to be known as the centre of the Muslim world.[1]. The Persian Gulf was an important transportation route in antiquity but declined with the fall of Mesopotamia. Because of its strategic location, the Persian Gulf region has been the centre of attention for traders, businessmen and big powers for a long time. In succeeding centuries control of the region was contested by Arabs, Persians, Turks, and Western Europeans. The commercial interests, through shipment of goods from the Persian Gulf to the outside world and vice versa have made this region so important for big powers that wars have been fought over is control. The Portuguese were the first western power to enter the Persian Gulf. It was the successful circum navigation of the Cape of Good Hope by Vasco da Gamain 1498, which ushered in the era of European penetration of the East. From the sixteenth century onwards, the Persian Gulf became intractably linked with the commercial and political rivalries of the West maritime powers: first Portugal, then Holland and France, and finally Britain. To this was added the rivalry of the Ottoman Empire from early sixteenth century when Baghdad and Basra became a part of this Empire. [1], [5], [6]. 3- Persian Gulf, Caspian Sea and Iran: oil and gas a) Persian Gulf: Oil, 'black gold" was found in the beginning of the twentieth century in the Persian Gulf region, and the Anglo-Persian Oil Company was formed in 1908 to extract this oil. Oil was so important for Great Britain that Winston Churchill wanted Britain to own the oil company, or at least ensure its own requirements of its produce. Discovery of oil elsewhere too in the Persian Gulf made the region important not only to Great Britain but to all those who needed oil. Therefore the discovery of big fossil resources in the region and the increasing need of the world’s industrial countries for the Persian Gulf oil altered the geopolitics of the region. [1], [7]. Now, the most important and biggest industry in the Persian Gulf region is oil production, with over 76 billion metric tons of recoverable oil and 32.4 trillion cubic meters of reserve gas in the region. About 25,000 tankers sail in and out of the Strait of Hormuz annually and transport about 60per cent of all the oil carried by ships throughout the world. There are about 800 offshore oil and gas platforms and 25 major oil terminals in this region. Saudi Arabia produces almost half of the net oil export in the region.[8] In the follow diagram, you can see crude oil and natural gas reserves and capacity of oil production in the Persian gulf region with regard to global energy(as a percent of global) [9]. The Persian Gulf Region and Global Energy (as a % of global) Source: Energy Information Administration Short Term Energy Outlook Persian Gulf oil is shipped east to Asia, primarily to Japan, China, and India, and west to Western Europe and the United States.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Iraq Main to Printer 3
    U.S. POLICY IN POST-SADDAM IRAQ LESSONS FROM THE BRITISH EXPERIENCE Edited by Michael Eisenstadt and Eric Mathewson THE WASHINGTON INSTITUTE FOR NEAR EAST POLICY All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, re- cording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. © 2003 by The Washington Institute for Near East Policy Published in 2003 in the United States of America by The Washing- ton Institute for Near East Policy, 1828 L Street NW, Suite 1050, Washington, DC 20036. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data U.S. policy in post-Saddam Iraq : lessons from the British experience/ edited by Michael Eisenstadt and Eric Mathewson. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-944029-84-1 1. Iraq—Relations—Great Britain. 2. Great Britain—Relations—Iraq. 3. World War, 1914–1918—Iraq. 4. World War, 1939–1945— Iraq. 5. National state. I. Title: U.S. policy in post-Saddam Iraq. II. Eisenstadt, Michael. III. Mathewson, Eric, 1959– IV. Washington Institute for Near East Policy. DS70.96.G7U15 2003 327.410567'09'04—dc21 2003004627 Cover inset photograph of Faysal ibn Husayn with his delegates and advisors at the Versailles peace conference in 1919 © Bettmann/Corbis. Behind him in the picture are (left to right) his private secretary and fellow delegate Rustum Haydar; Brigadier General Nuri al-Sa‘id of Baghdad; Captain Rosario Pisani of France; Colonel T. E.
    [Show full text]
  • The Magazine of the Association of Former WHO Staff Members (AFSM)
    AFSM Quarterly News July 2019 QNT 116 The magazine of the Association of Former WHO Staff Members (AFSM) Supporting former staff and helping them to stay in touch and informed ws Agency ws Ne ers ©Cat o: Phot The plight of polar bears, facing destruction of their unique habitat as Arctic sea-ice melts, illustrates the fact that climate change affects the environment of all living creatures on this planet. In this issue we look specifically at the impact on the health and well-being of human populations around the world, and how WHO is addressing the challenges. 1 AFSM Quarterly News July 2019 QNT 116 Cruise on Lake IJsselmeer, Holland. Photo 1, clockwise, Catherine Roch-Hazelden, Josiane Bachmann, Genevieve McCone, Annette Nock, Paul Puget, Anne Yamada, Charles Hager. Photo 2, one of the famous “three sisters’ windmills” near Alkmaar. Photo 3, clockwise Catherine Roch-Hazelden, Wanda Cheng, Ray Cheng, Josiane Bachmann, Bunty Müller, Paul Puget, Anne Yamada. Photo 4, Clogs at Amsterdam Flower Market. Photo 5, Socrates Litsios, Bunty Müller, Wanda Cheng, Monique Bottiglieri, Regina Vernex. Photo 6, a cheese shop in Alkmaar. Photo 7, The harbour in Hoorn. Photos: Bunty Muller 1 2 3 1 4 1 5 6 7 2 AFSM Quarterly News July 2019 QNT 116 CONTENTS EDITORIAL Climate change and health 4 We are publishing two important notices on page 17, one is a AFSM General Assembly, 22 October8 reminder to cast your vote in the SHI elections to choose our Greetings from Nepal 8 representatives on the Global Standing Committee (SHI/GSC) and Breast cancer in the elderly 9 on the Global Oversight Committee (SHI/GOC).
    [Show full text]
  • Occupation and Resistance in Southern Iraq: a Study of Great Britain's Civil Administration in the Middle Euphrates and the Gr
    DePaul University Via Sapientiae College of Liberal Arts & Social Sciences Theses and Dissertations College of Liberal Arts and Social Sciences 3-2018 Occupation and resistance in southern Iraq: a study of Great Britain’s civil administration in the Middle Euphrates and the Great Rebellion, 1917-1920 Scott Jones DePaul University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://via.library.depaul.edu/etd Recommended Citation Jones, Scott, "Occupation and resistance in southern Iraq: a study of Great Britain’s civil administration in the Middle Euphrates and the Great Rebellion, 1917-1920" (2018). College of Liberal Arts & Social Sciences Theses and Dissertations. 241. https://via.library.depaul.edu/etd/241 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the College of Liberal Arts and Social Sciences at Via Sapientiae. It has been accepted for inclusion in College of Liberal Arts & Social Sciences Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Via Sapientiae. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Occupation and Resistance in Southern Iraq: A Study of Great Britain’s Civil Administration in the Middle Euphrates and the Great Rebellion, 1917-1920 A Thesis Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts March, 2018 BY Scott Jones Department of International Studies College of Liberal Arts and Social Sciences DePaul University Chicago, Illinois Jones 1 Occupation and Resistance in Southern Iraq: A Study of Great Britain’s Civil Administration in the Middle Euphrates and the Great Rebellion, 1917-1920 Scott Jones International Studies Master’s Thesis Thesis Committee Advisor – Kaveh Ehsani, Ph.D., DePaul University Reader – Rajit Mazumder, Ph.D., DePaul University Reader – Eugene Beiriger, Ph.D., DePaul University Introduction – Occupation and Resistance in Southern Iraq 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Trading Places: America and Europe in the Middle East
    Trading Places: America and Europe in the Middle East Philip H. Gordon See if this story sounds familiar. A Western Great Power, long responsible for security in the Middle East, gets increasingly impatient with the hard- line position taken by nationalist leaders in Iran. Decades of historical baggage weigh heavily on both sides, and the Iranians deeply resent the way the Great Power had supported its corrupt former leaders and exer- cised influence over their internal affairs. In turn, the Great Power resents the challenge to its global leadership posed by the Tehran regime and begins to prepare plans for the use of military force. With the main protagonists refusing all direct diplomatic contact and heading toward a confrontation, the Great Power’s nervous allies dispatch negotiators to Tehran to try to defuse the dispute and offer a compromise. The Great Power denounces the compromise as appeasement and dusts off the military plans. The West is deeply split on how to handle yet another challenge in the Persian Gulf and a major showdown looms. The time and place? No, not America, Iran and Europe today, but the 1951 clash between the United Kingdom and the Mohammad Mosaddeq regime in Iran, with the United States in the role of mediator. In 1951, the issue at hand was not an incipient Iranian nuclear programme but Mosaddeq’s plan to nationalise the Iranian oil industry. The Truman administration, sympathetic to Iran’s claim that it deserved more control over its own resources, feared that Britain’s hard line would push Iran in an even more anti-Western direction and worried about an intra-Western crisis at a time when a common enemy required unity.
    [Show full text]
  • The Persian Gulf (RLE Iran A)
    THE PERSIAN GULF An Historical Sketch From the Earliest Times to the Beginning of the Twentieth Century Arnold T. Wilson ROUTLEDGE LIBRARY EDITIONS: IRAN ROUTLEDGE LIBRARY EDITIONS: IRAN THE PERSIAN GULF THE PERSIAN GULF An Historical Sketch From the Earliest Times to the Beginning of the Twentieth Century ARNOLD T. WILSON Volume 10 Routledge Taylor &. Francis Group LONDON AND NEW YORK First published in 1928 This edition first published in 2011 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 270 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 1928 George Allen & Unwin Ltd Printed and bound in Great Britain All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 13: 978-0-415-57033-6 (Set) eISBN 13: 978-0-203-83010-9 (Set) ISBN 13: 978-0-415-60849-7 (Volume 10) eISBN 13: 978-0-203-83312-4 (Volume 10) Publisher’s Note The publisher has gone to great lengths to ensure the quality of this reprint but points out that some imperfections in the original copies may be apparent. Disclaimer The publisher has made every effort to trace copyright holders and would welcome correspondence from those they have been unable to trace.
    [Show full text]
  • Letters of Percy
    PERCY COX GB165-0341 Reference code: GB165-0341 Title: Sir Percy Cox Collection Name of creator: Cox, Sir Percy Zachariah (1864-1937) Knight, Major General, Colonial Administrator and Diplomat Dates of creation of material: 1895-1956 Level of description: Fonds Extent: 2 boxes Biographical history: COX, Sir Percy Zachariah (1864-1937) Born 20 November 1864 the youngest son of Arthur Z Cox of Harwood Hall, Essex. Married Louisa Belle Hamilton, youngest daughter of Surgeon-General J.Butler Hamilton in 1889. Educated at Harrow and Sandhurst. Joined army 1884 and served with 2nd Batt., Cameronians until 1889; joined the Indian Staff Corps in 1889; Indian Political Department 1890; Vice-Consul Zaila, Somali Coast in 1893; Berbers 1894-95; Consul and Political Agent, Muscat, Arabia, 1899-1904; Consul-General, Bushire in 1904; Political Resident, Persian Gulf in 1909; Secretary Foreign Department Government of India in 1914; Chief Political Officer, Indian Expeditionary Force “D” 1914-1918, (G.C.I.E, despatches); Acting British Minister to Persia, 1918-1920 (K.C.M.G): High Commissioner in Mesopotamia, 1920-1923 (G.C.M.G); British Plenipotentiary for negotiations with Turkey regarding Turko-Iraq Frontier, 1924; Plenipotentiary for India at Conference in Geneva, May 1925, for framing Convention for Control of Arms Traffic; D.C.L. (Hon.) Oxford University, 1925; LL.D. (Hon.) Manchester University, 1929; D.L. Bedfordshire. Died on 20 February 1937. Scope and content: Predominantly incoming correspondence covering Cox’s career between 1895 and 1937. The few outgoing letters from Cox normally consist of draft copies of letters. There is also some correspondence between Gertrude Bell and Arthur Hirtzel.
    [Show full text]
  • Read Crown Paper 7
    Brandeis University Crown Center for Middle East Studies Crown Paper 7 July 2012 “Statisquo” British Use of Statistics in the Iraqi Kurdish Question (1919–1932) Fuat Dundar Crown Papers Editor Naghmeh Sohrabi Consulting Editor Robert L. Cohen Production Manager Benjamin Rostoker Editorial Board Abbas Milani Stanford University Marcus Noland Peterson Institute for International Economics William B. Quandt University of Virginia Philip Robins Oxford University Yezid Sayigh King’s College London Dror Ze’evi Ben Gurion University About the Crown Paper Series The Crown Papers are double-blind peer-reviewed monographs covering a wide range of scholarship on the Middle East, including works of history, economics, politics, and anthropology. The views expressed in these papers are those of the author exclusively, and do not reflect the official positions or policies of the Crown Center for Middle East Studies or Brandeis University. Copyright © 2012 Crown Center for Middle East Studies, Brandeis University. All rights reserved. Table of Contents Introduction 1 British Plebiscites in Iraq (1919–21) 10 Determining the Fate of Mosul Using Statistics (1922–24) 18 The Frontier Commission (1925): Determining the Mosul Population’s Wishes 26 Statistics in the Delineation of Kurdish Districts (1932) 34 Concluding Remarks 46 Endnotes 49 About the Author 62 Figure 1. Mosul and Its Districts in the 1930s Source: This map is drawn based on the ethnographic map, which was most likely prepared in 1931. See Records of Iraq, V.7, pp. 596–97. 1 Introduction In post-2003 Iraq, the Kurds have continuously appealed for territorial rights in the regions where they claim to be the majority and have demanded a quota in the Iraqi State apparatus.1 They have also passionately demanded a new census, which would include questions intended to assess inhabitants’ ethnicity and define their mother tongue and nationality.
    [Show full text]
  • From 'Amaleh (Labor) to Kargar (Worker): Recruitment, Work
    From ‘Amaleh (Labor) to Kargar (Worker): Recruitment, Work Discipline and Making of the Working Class in the Persian/Iranian Oil Industry* Touraj Atabaki International Institute of Social History, The Netherlands Abstract The extraction of oil in 1908 and the ensuing construction of an oil refinery, shipping docks and company towns in southwest Persia/Iran opened a new chapter in the nation’s labor history. Enjoying absolute monopoly over the extraction, production and marketing of the oil, the Anglo-Persian/Iranian Oil Company (APOC, AIOC, now British Petroleum––BP) embarked on a massive labor recruitment campaign, drawing its recruits primarily from tribal and village-based laboring poor throughout a region. But, in a region where human needs were few and cheap, it was no easy task to persuade young men to leave their traditional mode of life in exchange for industrial milieu with radically different work patterns. Those who did join the oil industry’s work force were then subjected to labor discipline of an advanced industrial economy, which eventually contributed to the formation of the early clusters of modern Iran’s working class. In the early hours of a spring day, May 26, 1908, following months of exploration and excavation in the Southwest of Persia, one of the wells in the foothills of the Zagros Mountains––not far from the ruins of a Parthian temple, Takht-e Suleiman––finally struck oil. A massive construction effort took place sub- sequently, opening up a new chapter in Iran’s labour history: roads were built, along with pipelines, an oil refinery, shipping docks and entire company towns.
    [Show full text]
  • Iraqi Society, 1914-1974
    Iraqi Society, 1914-1974 Professor Tareq Ismael, University of Calgary Under Ottoman suzerainty, and up to the outbreak of the First World War, what is presently Iraq then consisted of three autonomous administrative provinces, or Wilayats: Basra in the south, Baghdad in the centre and Mosul in the north. The official boundaries of Iraq, similar to ancient Mesopotamia, were the product of a sketch on tracing paper in 1918 by a low level British diplomat, Gertrude Bell, who was an assistant to Sir Arnold Wilson, the first civil commissioner of the British Mandate. The integration of the three regions, and their centralized, direct administration gradually evolved from 1914, when Britain occupied Basra, took over Baghdad in 1917 and annexed Mosul in 1918. In 1920 the centralized administration acquired its permanent boundaries when the League of Nations awarded the Iraq Mandate to Britain. In June of the same year, opposition by armed tribes, with the ideological support of Fatawas issued by Shi’te religious leadership, flared up first in the Euphrates region then engulfed the rest of the country. Although the British military succeeded in quelling the armed uprising in October 1920, it brought onto the political arena a web of interacting socio- economic formations. The uprising, apart from the huge human and financial cost to the British was indirectly instrumental in installing Faisal Ibn Sharief Hussein, the overthrown King of Syria (1920) and son of the leader of the Arab revolt in Mecca four years earlier, as King in 1921, thus creating the Hashimite Kingdom of Iraq. Faisal was forced to steer a delicate course between the demands of the controlling British and the aspirations of Iraqis.
    [Show full text]
  • The Quandary of Yemen Between the World Wars Colleen Boyett
    Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2014 Parameters of Power: The Quandary of Yemen Between the World Wars Colleen Boyett Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact [email protected] FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES PARAMETERS OF POWER: THE QUANDARY OF YEMEN BETWEEN THE WORLD WARS By COLLEEN BOYETT A Dissertation submitted to the Department of History in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Degree Awarded: Spring Semester, 2014 © 2014 Colleen Boyett Colleen Boyett defended this dissertation on April, 14, 2014. The members of the supervisory committee were: Peter Garretson Professor Directing Dissertation Petra Doan University Representative Jonathan Grant Committee Member Adam Gaiser Committee Member The Graduate School has verified and approved the above-named committee members, and certifies that the dissertation has been approved in accordance with university requirements. ii Dedicated to the memory of my only child, Cody Aaron Boyett, whose shared love of history, language and travel inspired me to this end. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Such an undertaking as this is dependent upon the assistance of many people. I want to first thank the entire Department of History at Florida State University for taking this nontraditional student of a certain age under their wing and guiding her to success. I am indebted to Sabri Saleem, President of the Yemen College of Middle Eastern Studies, who first sparked my interest in this topic during an afternoon qat chew in Sanaa. I also want to express my gratitude to the staffs of the British Library, St.
    [Show full text]
  • A Study of Kurdish Nationalism and the Partition of the Ottoman Empire
    Southern New Hampshire University Tangled Loyalties A Study of Kurdish Nationalism and the Partition of the Ottoman Empire A Capstone Project Submitted to the College of Online and Continuing Education in Partial Fulfillment of the Master of Arts in History By Shannon King Utu Fort Collins, Colorado Submitted February, 2018 i Copyright © 2018 by Shannon King Utu All Rights Reserved ii Student: Shannon King Utu I certify that this student has met the requirements for formatting the capstone project and that this project is suitable for preservation in the University Archive. February 27, 2018 __________________________________________ _______________ Southern New Hampshire University Date College of Online and Continuing Education iii Abstract This essay analyzes the theoretical concept of nationalism in the post WWI era through the lens of the Kurds and the partition of the Ottoman Empire. The rhetoric of President Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points are analyzed and how they are applied to the Middle East, especially the idea of self-determination. The concept of nationalism is broken down to be understood as an arbitrary way to group people into sub-groups of race in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. By studying nationalism and the partition of the Ottoman Empire, it is determined that a nation-state must be founded on both global support and solidarity. If global support does not exist, a nation-state can be founded by force, as was the case for the Turks under Mustafa Kemal. Solidarity can be rooted in nationalism, but it does not have to. It can be rooted in many things, including religion, which was the case of many Kurds who choose to unite with the Turks in their fight for self-determination.
    [Show full text]
  • Dashti Phd 2017.Pdf
    Bangor University DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY The Shiite Resistance Against the British Occupation in Iraq 1914-1921 Dashti, Eissa Award date: 2017 Awarding institution: Bangor University Link to publication General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal ? Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 30. Sep. 2021 The Shiite Resistance Against the British Occupation in Iraq 1914-1921 Eissa Dashti A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Bangor University School of History, Welsh History and Archaeology 2017 September 2017 1 Dedication This thesis is dedicated to those who have helped and supported me throughout the Ph.D. programme My Supervisor: Dr Peter Shapley 5 Declaration of Authorship I, Eissa Dashti, hereby declare that this thesis and the work presented in it is entirely my own. Where I have consulted the work of others, this is always clearly stated. Signed: Eissa Dashti Date: 19.12.2017 6 Acknowledgements I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my advisor Dr.
    [Show full text]