The Lure of Illustration in the Nineteenth Century Also by Laurel Brake
NINETEENTH-CENTURY SERIALS EDITION
ENCOUNTERS IN THE VICTORIAN PRESS: Editors, Authors, Readers (co-editor with Julie Codell)
WALTER PATER: Transparencies of Desire (co-editor with Lesley Higgins and Carolyn Williams)
PRINT IN TRANSITION: Studies in Media and Book History
NINETEENTH-CENTURY MEDIA AND THE CONSTRUCTION OF IDENTITIES (co-editor with Bill Bell and David Finkelstein)
THE ENDING OF EPOCHS (editor)
WALTER PATER
SUBJUGATED KNOWLEDGES: Journalism, Gender and Literature
PATER IN THE 1990S (co-editor with Ian Small)
INVESTIGATING VICTORIAN JOURNALISM (co-editor with Aled Jones & Lionel Madden)
Also by Marysa Demoor THEIR FAIR SHARE: Women, Power and Criticism in the Athenaeum, from Millicent Garrett Fawcett to Katherine Mansfield, 1870–1920
MARKETING THE AUTHOR: Authorial Personae, Narrative Selves and Self-Fashioning, 1880–1930 (editor)
CHARLES V IN CONTEXT: The Making of a European Identity (co-editor with Marc Boone)
EDITING THE TEXT (co-editor with Geert Lernout & Sylvia Van Peteghem)
DEAR STEVENSON: The Letters of Andrew Lang to Robert Louis Stevenson (editor) The Lure of Illustration in the Nineteenth Century Picture and Press
Edited by
Laurel Brake and
Marysa Demoor Introduction, selection and editorial matter © Laurel Brake & Marysa Demoor 2009 Individual chapters © contributors 2009 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2009 978-0-230-21731-7 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6-10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2009 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin's Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN 978-1-349-30393-9 ISBN 978-0-230-23386-7 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9780230233867 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The lure of illustration in the nineteenth century : picture and press / edited by Laurel Brake and Marysa Demoor. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. Magazine illustration – England – History – 19th century. I. Brake, Laurel, 1941– II. Demoor, Marysa. NC978.L87 2009 741.695094109034—dc22 2008030137 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 09 To the Royal Flemish Academy of Belgium for Science and the Arts for their many-faceted support of Belgo-British collaboration This page intentionally left blank Contents
List of Illustrations ix Notes on Contributors xiii Chronology xvi
Introduction: The Lure of Illustration 1 Laurel Brake and Marysa Demoor
Part I 1800–1840s: Images in Diverse Textual Environments
1 The Illuminated Magazine and the Triumph of Wood Engraving 17 Brian Maidment
2 Accurate Dreams or Illustrations of Desire: Image and Text in the Gardener’s Magazine (1826–44) Edited by John Claudius Loudon 40 Sarah Dewis
3 Alaric ‘Attila’ Watts, the Fraser’s Portrait Gallery, and William Maginn 60 David E. Latané, Jr.
4 ‘The Original to the Life’: Portraiture and the Northern Star 76 Malcolm Chase
Part II Mid-Century Graphics: Fiction, Fashion, Labour and Layout
5 Man and Dog: Text and Illustration in Dickens’s The Old Curiosity Shop 97 Beryl Gray
6 Elizabeth Gaskell: Journalism and Letters 119 Joanne Shattock
vii viii Contents
7 Among the Unknown Public: Household Words, All the Year Round and the Mass-Market Weekly Periodical in the Mid-Nineteenth Century 128 Lorna Huett 8 Often Taken Where a Tract Is Refused: T.B. Smithies, the British Workman, and the Popularisation of the Religious and Temperance Message 149 Frank Murray 9 Seductive Visual Studies: Scientific Focus and Editorial Control in The Woman in White and All the Year Round 168 Laurie Garrison 10 Depicting Gentlemen’s Fashions in the Tailor and Cutter, 1866–1900 184 Christopher Kent
Part III The 1890s: Changing Faces, Changing Technologies
11 Science and the Timeliness of Reproduced Photographs in the Late Nineteenth-Century Periodical Press 203 James Mussell 12 Aestheticism on the Cheap: Decorative Art, Art Criticism, and Cheap Paper in the 1890s 220 Linda K. Hughes 13 Putting Women in the Boat in the Idler (1892–1898) and TO-DAY (1893–1897) 234 Anne Humpherys 14 Images of Englishness: The Daily Chronicle and ‘Proposed Laureates’ to Succeed Tennyson 251 Edward H. Cohen
Bibliography 264 Index 275 Illustrations
Figures
0.1 Theodore Maurisset, La Daguerreotypomanie, La Caricature, December 1839 3 1.1 Three coloured wood engraved title page to the Illuminated Magazine vol. 1, 1843 24 1.2 John Leech. Engraved illustration to ‘Tom Houlaghan’s Guardian Sprite’, the Illuminated Magazine vol. II, March 1844, 241 25 1.3 Ebenezer Landells. Wood engraved title page to a monthly issue of the Illuminated Magazine vol. II, December 1843, 55 26 1.4 W.H. Prior. Wood engraved illustration to ‘Broad Lea Farm’, the Illuminated Magazine vol. IV, January 1845, 125 32 1.5 Kenny Meadows. Wood engraved illustration to ‘The Philosophy of the Pistol’, the Illuminated Magazine, vol. 1, July 1843, 173 34 1.6 H.G. Hine. Wood engraved illustration to ‘The Monster City’, the Illuminated Magazine, vol. III, September 1844, 286 35 1.7 Kenny Meadows. Wood engraved illustration to ‘Death and the Drawing Room’, the Illuminated Magazine, vol. I, June 1843, 97 37 2.1 Front page, Gardener’s Magazine, 15 December 1839, 633. © British Library Board. All Rights Reserved. BL GM pp. 2200 44 2.2 ‘View from the Drawingroom Window at Cheshunt Cottage, looking to the Left’, Gardener’s Magazine, 15 December 1839, 634. © British Library Board. All Rights Reserved. BL GM pp. 2200 46 2.3 Work areas plan of Cheshunt Cottage, Gardener’s Magazine, 15 December 1839, 642–43. © British Library Board. All Rights Reserved. BL GM pp. 2200 48–49 2.4 Estate plan of Cheshunt Cottage, Gardener’s Magazine, 15 December 1839, 656–57. © British Library Board. All Rights Reserved. BL GM pp. 2200 50–51 2.5 ‘General View of the Hot-houses, as seen across the American Garden’, Gardener’s Magazine, 15 December 1839, 646. © British Library Board. All Rights Reserved. BL GM pp. 2200 54 2.6 ‘Rustic Covered Seat of Woodwork’, ‘Elevation of the Back’, elevation of ‘part of the front’ of a hothouse, and cross section ‘through the middle of one of the ridges of the roof’,
ix x Illustrations
Gardener’s Magazine, 15 December 1839, 660–61. © British Library Board. All Rights Reserved. BL GM pp. 2200 56–57 3.1 ‘Alaric A. Watts: The Editor of “The Literary Souvenir”’. Fraser’s Magazine, June 1835, 653 62 4.1 Feargus O’Connor, Northern Star, December 1840 77 4.2 John Frost, Northern Star, September–November 1839 79 4.3 Richard Oastler, Northern Star, February 1840 81 4.4 Peter McDouall, Northern Star, Autumn 1840 82 4.5 Woodcut of Peter McDouall from the Charter, 7 April 1839 87 5.1 Hablot Knight Browne, [‘Quilp mocking the dog’]: The Old Curiosity Shop (1840–41). Reproduced by permission of the Charles Dickens Museum 100 5.2 Hablot Knight Browne (Phiz), [‘Quilp assails the effigy’]: The Old Curiosity Shop (1840–41). Reproduced by permission of the Charles Dickens Museum 102 5.3 George Cattermole, [‘The Sandboys chimney corner’]: The Old Curiosity Shop (1840–41). Reproduced by permission of the Charles Dickens Museum 106 5.4 Hablot Knight Browne (Phiz), [‘Jerry and his dogs’]: The Old Curiosity Shop (1840–41). Reproduced by permission of the Charles Dickens Museum 107 5.5 George Cruikshank, ‘Sikes attempting to destroy his dog’: Oliver Twist (1837–39). Reproduced by permission of the Charles Dickens Museum 108 5.6 Hablot Knight Browne (Phiz), Frontispiece for Master Humphrey’s Clock vol. II (1840–41). Reproduced by permission of the Charles Dickens Museum 111 5.7 Hablot Knight Browne (Phiz), [‘Quilp at the tavern window’]: The Old Curiosity Shop (1840–41). Reproduced by permission of the Charles Dickens Museum 113 8.1 The British Workman and Friend of the Sons of Toil, No. 1 February 1855, 1 157 8.2 The British Workman and Friend of the Sons of Toil, No. 34 October 1857, 133 158 8.3 The British Workman, No. 269 May 1877, 13 163 8.4 The Cottager and Artisan, No. 217 January 1879, 1 164 8.5 The British Workwoman, Out and at Home No. 316 January 1890, 25 165 9.1 Opening page of The Woman in White, All the Year Round (November 1859). Reproduced with permission from the British Library 170 9.2 Postscript by a sincere friend. All the Year Round (April 1860). Reproduced with permission from the British Library 174 Illustrations xi
9.3 Jane Morris seated, leading forward. Albumen print by Emery Walker from the photograph by John Robert Parsons. Reproduced with permission from Birmingham Museums and Art Gallery 177 10.1 James Mundella M.P. (l.) Thomas Hughes M.P. (r) Tailor and Cutter, 14 July 1871 190 10.2 Highly patterned double-breasted reefer jacket with high cutaway and dittoes. Tailor and Cutter, 7 July 1871 192 10.3 H.R.H. the Prince of Wales wearing a double-breasted frock coat. Tailor and Cutter, 13 June 1895 195 10.4 Patterned waistcoat with lapels. Tailor and Cutter, 6 June 1895 199 11.1 ‘Region of the Milky Way to the South-west of the Trifid Nebula’, Knowledge, 13 July 1890, facing p. 174. By permission of the British Library, pp. 1447.bb 208 11.2 ‘Domestic Pests: the Common Flea (pulex irritanis)’, from an original by the Direct Photo Eng. Co. Ltd, in Knowledge, 13 January 1890, facing 41. By permission of the British Library, pp. 1447.bb 210 11.3 ‘Lord Kelvin’, ‘Portraits of Celebrities at Different Times of their Lives’, Strand Magazine, 5 June 1893, p. 590. Special Collections, Senate House Library, University of London 212 11.4 Page from ‘Illustrated Interviews’, Strand Magazine, 12 October 1896, p. 381. University of Birmingham Main Library 215 11.5 Page from ‘Curiosities’, Strand Magazine, 12 July 1896, p. 240. University of Birmingham Main Library 216 12.1 Graham R. Tomson, ‘Henry Muhrman’, Scottish Art Review, July 1889: 37. National Library of Scotland 223 12.2 Cover, Art Weekly, 10 May 1890. National Library of Scotland 225 12.3 ‘Art Gossip’, Morning Leader, 8 October 1892, 3 (detail) 228 12.4 ‘Art Gossip’, Morning Leader, 8 October 1892, 3 (detail) 229 12.5 Oscar Wilde, ‘The Unity of the Arts: A Lecture and “a Five O’Clock,”’ Pall Mall Gazette, 12 December 1887, 13. National Library of Scotland 231 13.1 ‘The Idler’s Club’, Idler, vol. 1 (February 1892) 235 13.2 ‘The Man of the Future’, Idler, vol. 6 (September 1894) 241 13.3 ‘An Idler’, Idler, vol. 10 (August 1896) 244 13.4 Volume Title Page, Idler, vol. 11 (February–July 1897) 245 13.5 Cover after sale to J.M. Dent, Idler (August 1898) 247 14.1 ‘The Late Lord Tennyson’, London Daily Chronicle, 8 October 1892, 3. © British Library Board. All Rights Reserved. BL 07F00283P 252 xii Illustrations
14.2 ‘Proposed Laureates’, London Daily Chronicle, 7 November 1892, 3. © British Library Board. All Rights Reserved. BL 07F00283P 254
Tables
7.1 Circulation of periodicals within the period 1800–1870, as applicable 135 7.2 A survey of periodicals of the year 1850 (or nearest available date), based on format, efficiency and the printed area of each sheet 140 Contributors
Laurel Brake is Emeritus Professor at Birkbeck, University of London. Her research interests are in print culture, gender, computing in the humanities, and Walter Pater. With Marysa Demoor, she has edited the Dictionary of Nineteenth-Century Journalism (DNCJ, 2008). Other publications include the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (www.ncse.ac.uk) with Jim Mussell, Suzanne Paylor, and Mark Turner (2008), Print in Transition (2001), and Subjugated Knowledges (1994). Malcolm Chase is Reader in Labour History at the University of Leeds. He has published widely on the eighteenth- and nineteenth-century social history. His books include Early Trade Unionism: Fraternity, Skill and the Politics of Labour (2000) and Chartism: A New History (2007). Edward H. Cohen, who serves on the editorial board of Victorian Periodicals Review, is the William R. Kenan, Jr., Professor of English at Rollins College in Winter Park, Florida. His most recent articles have appeared in Prose Studies, Victorian Studies, and The Book Collector. Marysa Demoor is Professor of English Literature at Ghent University, Belgium and Life Member of Clare Hall, Cambridge. She has mainly pub- lished on late-Victorian and modernist culture. Recent publications include Their Fair Share: Women, Power and Criticism in the Athenaeum, from Millicent Garrett Fawcett to Katherine Mansfield, 1870–1920 (2000) and Marketing the Author: Authorial Personae, Narrative Selves and Self-Fashioning, 1880–1930 (2004). Sarah Dewis is currently completing her PhD at Birbeck College, University of London. A study based on a selection of the publications of John and Jane Webb Loudon between 1825 and 1850, Sarah has brought her experience as an award winning graphic designer with BBC television to the materiality of nineteenth century periodicals. Laurie Garrison researches various aspects of nineteenth-century literary, visual and theatrical culture. She has published in Victorian Literature and Culture, Literature Compass and a number of collections on nineteenth- century culture. She is currently writing a book about science, sexuality and sensation novels of the 1860s. Beryl Gray taught for many years for the Faculty of Continuing Education, Birkbeck, University of London. She is the author of George Eliot and Music (1989), and has contributed articles to a wide range of publications includ- ing The Oxford Reader’s Companion to George Eliot, The Dickensian, and Carlyle
xiii xiv Contributors
Studies Annual. She is the co-editor with John Rignall of The George Eliot Review, and is at present working on a book-length study of the dog in Dickensian society. Lorna Huett holds a PhD from the University of Cambridge; her research focused on nineteenth-century historical bibliography and author- publisher relations, with specific reference to Charles Dickens’s Household Words, and contributions to the periodical by certain women writers. She is currently an archivist, and is working on an edition of the Tennyson brothers’ poetic juvenilia. Linda K. Hughes, Addie Levy Professor of Literature at Texas Christian University in Fort Worth, Texas, specializes in Victorian literature and publishing history. Author, co-author, or editor of eight books, she has recently completed a study of Victorian poetry in the context of print culture. Anne Humpherys is a Professor of English at Lehman College and The Graduate Center, City University of New York. She is the author of Travels into the Poor Man’s Country: The Work of Henry Mayhew and various articles on the Victorian press and popular culture, Victorian marriage and divorce, as well as Tennyson, Dickens and G.W.M. Reynolds. Her most recent publi- cation is G.W.M. Reynolds: Fiction, Politics and the Press, which she co-edited with Louis James. Christopher Kent is a professor of history at the University of Saskatchewan. He is currently engaged on three projects – a biography of the Anglo- American popular artist Matt Morgan, a study of the relations between Victorian gentlemen and their tailors, and a history of gentlemen’s clubs in Victorian London. David E. Latané, Jr. teaches British literature at Virginia Commonwealth University; He is editor in chief of Victorians Institute Journal, and associate editor of Stand Magazine. Brian Maidment is Research Professor in the History of Print at Salford University. He has published widely on nineteenth century topics, espe- cially writing by working men and women, visual culture and periodicals. His latest book is Dusty Bob – A Cultural History of Dustmen 1780–1870 (2007). Frank Murray is an independent researcher. Awarded PhD at University of Salford 2008. Previously Head of a successful Art Department in large secondary school, retired after 35 years to pursue research interests. Currently working on C19 wood engraving and illustrated temperance/ religious periodicals. Contributor to NDNB, Thompson Gale periodicals database, and forthcoming DNCJ. Contributors xv
James Mussell is lecturer in English at the University of Birmingham. He was one of the editors of the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (ncse)
1822–47 Mirror of Literature, Amusement and Instruction Limbird’s early, cheap, illustrated weekly. 1823–72 Mechanic’s Magazine Iron 1873ff. Illustrated, popular science weekly (also issued monthly) with engravings, maps diagrams and portraits. 1832 Penny Magazine. 1833–34 National Standard, included Thackeray’s first drawing; edited by F.W.N Bayley. 1834–36 Unstamped broadsheet. [Cleave’s] Weekly Police Gazette 1d, 2d, 3.5d. 1836 18 September. Weekly Chronicle. Prop. F. Mariott, illustrated news a special feature; Observer, like Weekly Chronicle, had intermittent illustrations. Article Henry Cole: LWR Wood Engraving. Daguerreotypomania cartoon published in La Caricature, in France. 1841 Punch (nb: Mark Lemon as ed. of Punch, also private secy to Ingram). 1842 Illustrated London News May (nb: Ingram planned ILN with Mariott from Weekly Chronicle and ed. Bayley from National Standard). 1842 27 November. Lloyd’s began as an illustrated paper (#1–7), so real rival to ILN, but required to carry stamp; refurbished and re-commenced without illustrations. 1842 December Family Herald or, Useful Information and Amusement for the Million 1d. 1842–43 Articles: Illustrated London News Vol. 1 preface and May 1842 #1 Address Article. Quarterly Review objection to ‘Illustrated Books’. 1843–January 48 Pictorial Times. Founded by Vizetelly when row with Ingram. 1843–45 Illuminated Magazine (ed. Douglas Jerrold). 1843 Illustrated Weekly Times Founded by Stiff, foreman of ILN engravers; foundered quickly; Stiff London Journal. 1844 Article: Blackwood’s. [Catherine Gore]’s objection to illustration, ‘The New Art of Printing’. 1845 London Journal (Stiff owner then Ingram).
xvi Chronology xvii
1847 Article: Douglas Jerrold’s Shilling Magazine ‘Place of Fine Arts’ engravings as democratising high culture fine art. 1853 December. Cassell’s Illustrated Family Paper founded (physi- cally like ILN, but shorter [8pp], mainly fiction not news, and cheaper [1d]). 1855–72 Illustrated Times Weekly 2d/3d (cheap rival to ILN) Vizetelly ed.; Yates, Sala, Greewood are contributors. 1860 Ingram dies. 1861–1907 Penny Illustrated Paper (cheaper rival to ILN). 1861 Nov Article: Bookseller ‘Illustrated Periodical Literature’. 1869 Graphic 6d (although more expensive than ILN, quality justified higher price) Formed from many of the ILN literary staff. 1872; 1876 Lecture and Article. Ruskin’s ‘Ariadne Florentina’. Denunciation of even the best of illustration in journals, Barnaby Rudge and Cornhill, because of taste of popular readership to which ‘art industry’ caters. 1874 Pictorial World 3d; once bought 1882, became more notable imitator of Graphic; rival to Graphic (Williamson 396). 1874 The Illustrated Sporting and Dramatic News Founded by journalist from Bell’s Life (John Osborne) and Bryan Webber and bought by ILN eventually. Rival to Graphic. 1885 Book. Mason Jackson, The Pictorial Press (much of it published in ILN). 1890 Article: Magazine of Art ‘Illustrated Journalism in England’ C.N. Williamson. 1899 Article: Contemporary Review: ‘Illustrated Journalism’ Clement K Shorter. This article (finally) involved in defending place of art/wood engraving in journalism as against photography 60 years after satiric/panic print Daguerreotypomania. Shorter concedes the death of wood engraving in journalism’s process engraving. Ends with photography as ‘lower stage’ (c.f. Wordsworth sonnet in epigraph).