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9605 Sip Whitsun 2011 12/5/11 08:55 Page 1 9605 sip whitsun 2011 12/5/11 08:55 Page 1 Public Engagement SCIENCE IN PARLIAMENT Medical Physics SET for BRITAIN National Measurement System sip Whitsun 2011 The Journal of the Parliamentary and Scientific Committee www.scienceinparliament.org.uk 9605 sip whitsun 2011 12/5/11 08:55 Page 2 9605 sip whitsun 2011 12/5/11 08:55 Page 3 Very serious earth shaking events in Japan have created a global situation SCIENCE IN PARLIAMENT that is still running its course and which has the potential to cause the rest of the world to pause and reconsider the suitability of the nuclear option as a safe and reliable way of delivering low carbon base-load electric power to industrialised countries. This issue is currently high on the UK agenda as the existing fleet of nuclear power stations are nearing the end of their life. Nevertheless it demonstrates clearly the need for much better evaluation and management of risk and the importance of taking all relevant factors into account when governments are planning major infrastructure projects and especially nuclear power stations. Indeed, in view of the potential for global risk arising from the impact of sip nuclear disasters should not such projects be reviewed in future by experts from a wide range of relevant disciplines on an international rather than a The Journal of the Parliamentary and Scientific national basis? Andrew Miller MP Committee. Chairman, Parliamentary The Committee is an Associate Parliamentary On the other hand, when the EU was presented with a topic clearly requiring and Scientific Group of members of both Houses of EU-wide legislation, such as better regulation of pesticides used in agricultural Committee Parliament and British members of the production, the opportunity was taken under REACH to extend the remit way European Parliament, representatives of beyond its original purpose on the “precautionary principle”. The resultant scientific and technical institutions, industrial effect will be to drive small scale users of essential imported chemical organisations and universities. substances out of business. The risk of long term damage from measures of this type that fail to take account of the priorities of EU Member States that rely on industrial manufacturing would appear to be unacceptable. The potential benefits, if any, of such legislation to the EU economy and environment are difficult to assess. Is this just the result of a misunderstanding, misapplication and misuse of the assessment and management of risk? This issue also reports on two discussion meetings that are important to the UK both economically, such as the National Measurement System, and also from the human health standpoint where physics and engineering have Science in Parliament has two main objectives: created a new paradigm of medical physics, applying the fruits of basic 1. to inform the scientific and industrial physics research to clinical problems in a way that combines applied science, communities of activities within Parliament translational research and highly developed problem-solving skills. of a scientific nature and of the progress of SET for Britain, the poster competition initiated by Dr Eric Wharton, once relevant legislation; again brought early-stage researchers to Parliament to celebrate and 2. to keep Members of Parliament abreast of demonstrate the vital importance now placed on recognising, encouraging scientific affairs. and rewarding the next generation of outstanding scientists, technologists, engineers, mathematicians and medics from universities and research organisations based in the UK. On a more personal note I am particularly pleased to see the article by Steve Nicholson, Project Director, Mersey Gateway, and to learn that this badly needed and vital new communication link will come to pass in the not too distant future – and it is a really exciting bit of British engineering that will be a landmark for years to come. CONTENTS HOW THE EU CHEMICAL DIRECTIVE STRATEGICALLY IMPORTANT METALS 18 100 YEARS OF NUCLEAR PHYSICS 43 CREATED A DARK AGE IN EUROPE 2 Tony Hartwell and Louis Brimacombe John Roberts Opinion by Anthony Lipmann SHORTAGE OF RARE EARTHS 19 SHALE GAS 44 SCIENCE AND CITIZENSHIP 4 Professor David Walker Professor Mike Stephenson The Rt Hon the Lord Jenkin of Roding MEDICAL PHYSICS 20 THE MUSICAL BRAIN 45 DEVELOPMENTS IN THE Addresses to the P&SC by Dr Stephen Keevil, Dr Elllie Dommett STANDARDISATION OF OCEAN Professor Nick Stone, Dr Carl Rowbottom and TIME FOR ACTION ON E-WASTE 46 SALINITY 7 Dr Andy Simmons Dr Keith Baker Paul Ridout THE MERSEY GATEWAY BRIDGE HOUSE OF COMMONS SELECT THE INTELLIGENT COLLEGE – PROJECT 28 COMMITTEE ON SCIENCE AND STIMULATING THE STEM SKILLS Steve Nicholson TECHNOLOGY 47 SYSTEM 10 PROJECT SUNSHINE 30 Professor Sa’ad Medhat HOUSE OF COMMONS LIBRARY Professor Tony Ryan and Professor Peter Horton SCIENCE AND ENVIRONMENT SECTION WELDING IS FUN, EXCITING AND SET FOR BRITAIN 2011 32 49 REWARDING! 12 Eur Ing Chris Eady BOOK REVIEW 35 HOUSE OF LORDS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY SELECT COMMITTEE 51 HAS GOVERNMENT FORGOTTEN THE AN EVEN BIGGER BANG IN 2011 36 “E” AND “T” OF STEM EDUCATION? 14 CAN THE ECONOMY SURVIVE PARLIAMENTARY OFFICE OF SCIENCE Dr Tony Whitehead WITHOUT A NATIONAL MEASUREMENT AND TECHNOLOGY 52 WHY IS HOMEOPATHY SO SYSTEM? 38 SELECTED DEBATES 54 CONTROVERSIAL? 16 Addresses to the P&SC by Dr Brian S Bowsher, SCIENCE DIRECTORY 55 Dr Peter Fisher Dr Roger Digby and Dr Julian H Braybrook SCIENCE DIARY 64 LETTER TO THE EDITOR 17 Science in Parliament Vol 68 No 2 Whitsun 2011 1 9605 sip whitsun 2011 12/5/11 08:55 Page 4 OPINION HOW THE EU CHEMICAL DIRECTIVE CREATED A DARK AGE IN EUROPE At Rolls-Royce Plc in Derby, they are precision-casting the turbine blades for the Trent 1000, the lead engine for the Boeing Dreamliner. Developed by materials scientists at Rolls, the UK has maintained a lead in the technology to make high- pressure single crystal turbine blades for the past twenty-five years. Here a blade is grown through a ceramic core from complex molten alloy that comprises titanium, cobalt, tantalum, chrome, hafnium, molybdenum, tungsten, aluminium and rhenium on a base of Nickel. In a single disc-stage of a typical gas turbine, there are perhaps one hundred blades meant to withstand turbine inlet temperatures of up Anthony Lipmann to 1600° centigrade. It is said that the force driven by each blade into the disc is Former Chairman, Minor Metals Trade Association (2003-06) approximately 18 tonnes or, put another way, the centrifugal pressure on the tip of Managing Director, Lipmann Walton & Co Ltd each blade is equivalent to the weight of a double-decker bus. Who would have thought 5/Environment/Article III-233 of materials and the need to then, that the rather simpler task the, as yet un-ratified, European ensure that the by-products of of supplying elements needed Constitution “Union policy on manufacturing do not pollute. to make these blades would the environment shall…be My case is that the EU Chemical now be a greater problem than based on the precautionary Directive does not achieve this. the material science? But as principle” the law that emerged By regulating elements, which governments around the globe did not limit itself to warding off were not in the original frame of wring their hands on the subject the threat posed to EU citizens reference, it duplicates and of strategic metals, and cast by pesticides but, with mission exceeds the perfectly workable about for solutions, there is a creep, came to encompass Dangerous Substances Act and danger that if this problem is not almost all substances – the practical guidelines analysed correctly the matter chemicals, alloys, compounds, established by the International could be made even worse. and pure elements. Maritime Organisation for transport of dangerous goods. As a dissident to the view With so wide a stroke of the Further, by pushing the metallic that strategic metal price rises EU biro, this clause had thrown by-products of manufacturing, are only to be blamed on away 2000 years of western such as turnings, off-cuts and Chinese export quota civilisation by curbing the natural residues, to be classified as restrictions, or fears that they are invention of man to experiment ‘waste’ rather than ‘metal for re- about to run out, I would offer with elements and substances. melting’, or ‘material for the suggestion that a far greater With this law, we have to ask, recycling’, the excessive zeal of threat to UK and EU would the single crystal turbine the law has caused the disposal manufacturing lies in the blade or a host of other modern of some toxic substances to unintended consequences of applications of minor metals landfill that would once have the EU Chemical Directive. ever have emerged at all? been safely recovered. With its origins in a UK Royal Before going further, though, Mooted as a law to protect Commission enquiry into I should like to make clear that (un-provably) the lives of pesticides, the EU Chemical the following article is not an 30,000 EU Citizens from direct Directive later emerged from anti-environment luddite contact with chemical Brussels as something altogether diatribe. In fact I see no conflict substances, the EU Chemical rather more far reaching. Taking between the demands of directive possibly now threatens as its starting point Section business for the free flow of raw 2 Science in Parliament Vol 68 No 2 Whitsun 2011 9605 sip whitsun 2011 12/5/11 08:55 Page 5 the livelihoods of many more 30 or so Cobalt bearing alloys are present in the Airbus What applies to the two than that number through its substances – and both are still A380, where weight reduction is examples above also applies to unintended consequences.
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