[l':ntered at the Po.t Office Of New York, N. Y., as Second Cia •• Matter. Copyright. 18m. by ;\hnln It Co.] ------A WEEKl.Y JOURNAl. PRACTICAl. INFORMATION, ART, SCIENCE, MECHANICS, CHEMISTRY, AND MANUFACTURES. OF Vol. ��!�::;'l�: 11' A. YEAR. E J NEW YORK, SEPTEMBER 11, 1897. [$3.00WEEKLY.

HOW TO BUILD A SMALL ALTERNATIWG CURRENT cal power required to drive it, an alternating current, considered entirely apart from the armature in a sep­ DYNAMO WITHOUT CASTIWGS. known as a"single phase." Alternators are built for arately excited machine, whether the armature is of BY NEVIL lIrONROE HOPKINS. lighting and power transmission, both .. single phase" the tooth type or ring type. The only relation which N umel'OUS small books have been published on and .• polyphase," although the .. polyphase" gener­ we need consider in the machine which we are build­ dynamo building, but they have been mainly devoted ators are principally employed for power transmission. ing is in the number of field magnets. If we use ten to descriptions of direct current generators. The little In the alternating current dynamo the voltage rises field magnets and consequently ten poles, we must machine described in the following article produces a and falls in a very rapid periodic manner, driving a make the armature with ten teeth, if of the tooth type; "single phase" alternating current at 110 volts pressure, wave of electricity first in one direction, then in the or, should we make a ring armature, the ring must be and is built without patterns and castings. The making reverse, with great rapidity. The field magnets can be wound with ten coils equidistant. The armature given of small dynamos is is the tooth type, but frequently given up is conveniently re­ by amateurs because moved, leaving the patterns and castings shaft and hub to re­ are required. Pat­ ceive a ring arma­ terns are often trou­ ture, with the col· blesome and expen­ lector rings ready to sive to m a k e, and be connected to the iron castings are not new and different.ly always procurable in designed armature. the average town. The term "period" The iron ring which used in connection forms the frame or with an alternator body of the alter­ denotes the time nator described in elapsing between one this connection can complete reversal of be quickly made by the cur r e n t. The almost any black­ .. frequency" is the smith, and is to be number of double re­ preferred to a casting versals of the current if made from good per second. The fre­ soft iron. For a larger quency varies in dynamo than the one practice between 150 described the i ron and 25. It will be ring can be very readily seen that 1(he easily made by using greater the number blacksmith's rollers, of pole san d the known as tire bend­ greater the speed at ers. The little ma­ which the machine chine, when its field is driven, the greater magnets are only will bethe frequency. feebly excited, gen- Fig. 1. Fig. 2. Alternators are in­ erates the most ap- variably d esign e d proved kind of alternating current for with more pole pieces than direct cur­ medical purposes, as the voltage is rent machines, in order to get the re­ steaQY; consequently furnishing a cur­ quired number of re\'ersals of the rent which is free from the jerking or current every second. If the frequency twitching sensation so common with is not high enough, lamps, for instance, the use of induction coils. With the in circuit, would flicker. If only two fields strongly magnetized the machine, or four poles were employed in our when run at about 2,000 revolutions alternator, the armature would have per minute, is capable of lighting a 50 to revolve at a dangerously high speed candle power 110 volt lamp. As the to obtain the required frequency. The designing of alternate current dyna­ number of pole pieces for alternators mos, mathematically considered, is vary from six to one hundred and over. rather beyond the average amateur, The largest slow speed machines which the author merely gives the result of are designed for direct connection to calculations, except in the matter of the driving engine have over one hun­ field magnet winding, where a choice dred poles.. Alternators for commer­ of wire presents itself, in order that the cial use are usually designed to give a field magnets made shall be suitable voltage between 1,000 and 3,000. This for any exciting current at the com­ high voltage is desirable for power mand of the user. The mathematical transmission at great distan c e s, designing of alternator a I'ma t u res whether for lighting or motor work. would take up more space than our By the use of transformers immersed limits allow. The armature as described in oil for high insulation, the voltage is readily detachable from the shaft and is conveniently"stepped up" to 30,000 collector rings, leaving an excellent and power transmitted one hundred field for experimentation with different miles, and" stepped down" by trans­ types of armature cores and windings. formers to any voltage desired. The The electrical engineer whose knowl­ transformations of current and voltage eo,ge becomes deficient when he leaves without altering the actual value, or direct current dynamo machinery and electrical horse power, are very beau­ deals with generators of alternating tiful. For example, if we have at hand type has a very limited field for prac­ 25 amperes at 2,000 volts tension, or tice, as the alternating current machine pressure, we lllay exchange the 2,000 has come to the front to remain, dis­ volts for more amperes and vice versa placing the direct current generator in without altering the power to do work, many important branches of electrical which is the definition of energy. An engineering. There are to-day many armature could, of course, be wound electrical men who are at home, so to to produce a current at 20,000 volts, speak, when dealing with the applica­ but the all-important electrical term tions of current electricity, and are .. insulation" would forbid it. Assum­ badly at sea when they meet with ing the machine were wound for 20,000 problems pertaining to alternating cur­ volts, the amperage would only be 2'5; rents. The alternator we are about to Again, should an accident happen to build is the simplest form at present the transtoi'mer insulation, when under in actul\l use, being excited by a bat­ the tension of 20,000 volts, the primary tery, or other source of direct current, and secondary windings might come and delivering, in place of the mechani- A HO][E-][ADE ALTERNATING CURRENT DYNA][O. (Continued on page 165.)

© 1897 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. I SEPTEMBER I I, I �7.

THE ANTIQUITY OF 1I4N IN AMERIOA. know how Turner mastered the electric flash, which is Sir John Evans, the new president of the British As­ the most bewildering and most evanescent of all things, 'citntifit �mttican.p sociation, has attackad our paleolithic pretensions. For and where scientific investigators who apparently had ESTABLISHED 1845 years it has been thought that the State of New Jersey a stronger motive for ascertaining the exact truth, fail, was at one time inhabited by men who were the con­ he succeeded, though he might be 8upposed to have been MUNN & CO., EDITORS AND PROPRIETORS. temporaries of the post-glacial men of Europe. Sir moved chiefly by his plastic sense with no reference PUBLISHED WEEKLY AT John Evans, the highest living authority on the an­ to scientific accuracy. tiquity of man, tells us the chipped stone implements No. 361 B�OADW A Y. NEW YORK. found in the Trenton gravels are not paleolithic at all, THE BRITISH ASSOOIATION MEETING.-II. but were probably made by the red Indians. Such In addition to the mention in last week's issue of TERMS FOR THE RcmNTIFIC AilIERICAN. words coming from so eminent an anthropologist will the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN of papers presented at the (Established. 1S4;,).) probably cause a re-examination of the entire subject recent meeting of the British Association at Toronto, . S3.UO One copy, one year, for the U, S., Canada or Mexico ...... we subjoin a brief synopsis of what was said by some One copy, six months, for the U. S., Can.ida or Mexico ...... 1.;')0 of the Trenton implements now that the ax of scientific One copy. one year.to any foreign country,Dostage prepaid, £() 16s. 5<1. 4.00 doubt has assailed the family line ascendant of the other eminent scientists at the meeting. Prof. A. W. Remit by postal or express money order. or by bank draft or check. original inhabitants of America. Walker, lecturer in St. Mary's Hospital, London, pre­ MUNN & CO., 361 Broadway, corner Franklin Street, New York. Chipped flint weapl;ms, which showed no signs of sented some curious records, obtained photographi­ The �"Ientiflc American Supplement (Established 181'6) grinding and polishing, totally unlike those found at cally, showing the 18 a distinct paper from the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. THE 8UPPI,EMEN'l' the surface, have been discovered at the bottom of EFFECT OF VARIOUS DRUGS ON THE NERVES. is issued weekly. Every number contains 16 octavo pages, uniform in size e r f P thick beds of gravel in the valley of the Sornrne, at 11� �c;::r����ct}}:¥r���gan�� :�� �e����� 1���a ��a��;r l�lE����d�: He had two sets of electric wires connected with the to foreign countries belong ng to tho;;,Postal UnI n. mgle copIes 10 cents. Amiens and Abbeville. From the nature of the evi­ Sold by all newsdealers throughoutl the country. OSe �rospectus, last pag-e. nerve of an animal that was the subject of his experi­ Combined Rates.-The SCIENTIFIC AMERICA and SUPPLEMENT dence these implements showed the handiwork of man will be sent for one year, to one address in U. S., Canada or Mexico, on ment. One set was so attached as to impart a shock receipt of seven dollars. '1'0 foreilUl countries, eight dollars amd Jifty cents who existed after the glacial period. On the floor of to the nerve whenever the circuit was closed. The a year, or £1 148. lId., postage prepaid. caves chipped stone weapons were found which had been other was connected in such a way as to register any Building Edition of Scientific American. overlaid by a thick layer of stalagmite, which forms with (Estahlished l�S;,).) sympathetic electric current produced in the nerve THE BUILDING EDITION OF THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN is a larlleand extreme slowness. On the top of the stalagmite, neo­ itself at a short distance from the point of excitation. n t n in :�� ����e�n�� ��!:.� �gd�� :�d&it������ !a��O�uit!��� lithic or polished stone weapons were also found. Now The two were entirely distinct currents. A delicate is nfustrated with beautifulg:�� plateR, ��s showin� desirable dwellings, Rublic buildings and architectural work in great vanety. To architects, budders, between the handiwork of these two races of man ages gal vanometer wa!> controlled by the second one. A and all wao contemplate building this work is invaluable. Single copies 25 cents. By mail, to any part of the United States, Canada must have passed sufficient for an entire change of tiny beam of light was reflected by the galvanometer y t s 4 climate and fauna. It was at this point of the dis­ 3�:b���3'r�i� f�r ��iL�'?N�O�b�Ig�U! ir: S��:lj:t��E�C��, � on a photographic plate, which was shoved along a one address, $5.00 a year. To foreign countries, $6.50 a year, or £1 fiR. 9d. course that Sir John impugned the authenticity of our Combined rate for BUIL])ING EDITION, SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, and short distance by clockwork every minute. When SUPPI.EMENT,$9. 00"year. To foreign countries, $11.00a year, or £2 5s. 2d., glacial pedigree. He declared his firm conviction that the professor excited the nerve by closing the first postage prepaid. the American relics were of neolithic, and therefore of Export Edition of the Scientific American circuit, the galvanometer would swing just so far and far less antiquity than the rudely fashioned relics (Established lS1'�) make its record automatically. There was a series of with which is incorporated" LA AMERICA CIENTIFICA E INDUSTRIAL," found in the valleys of the Seine and the Somme. or Spanish edition of the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, published monthly, short vertical lines, all starting from the same base n o a I E I If the American relics could be shown to have been ������ ��n�:?n: ���f r&l ��e,:����r:s�fy�TI��r;�t:ll fi f:rhe :EJri1�l line and parallel with each other. They showed by scientific industrial export paper published. It circulates throughout the work of people existing shortly after the gla­ their length the exact amount of sympathetic electricity Cuba, the West Indies, Mexico, Central and South America, Spain and Spanish possessions-wherever the Spanish languRg-e is spoken. 'l'HE cial period, it is plain from their superior workman­ produced in the nerve. After the professor had made E I C h ua e d C l �i�� �l� :I\ ���i;ct:. �ii��SH�h�������t �h: 1:J'r�!. a� : y��i� �; ship that the paleontological man in America must about ten such records, all of the same length, to show .I!O 12s. 4d., postpaid to any part of the world. Single copies, 26 cents. have possessed greater intelligence than the man of the MUNN & CO., Publishers, 361 Broadway, New York. the llormal effect of his excitation, he would inject e t i o e y Somme Valley. What militates against this view of some ether, chloroform or laughing gas into the tissue d!:hJ:t:�i ��:;,'v. �::::'�ll �:J:ift��:s ��;';;br�� ':,"r���� Mfr�f.I the paleolithic man in America is that implements of a llear the nerve. Almost immediately the amount of Readers are specially reqnested to notify the publishers In case of any'" failure,� delay, or irregularity In receipt of papers. similar type to those of the Trenton drift have been the sympathetic current manifested would diminish found in some of the disused quarries in which the red and perhaps disappear for a few minutes. The traces - Indians fabricated their weapons. NEW YORK, SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 11, 1897. on the photographic plate would show this with won­ Our own men of science have long believed that they derful distinctness. Different drugs produced different saw in these stone implements the work of men who in­ results. A singular thing about all this business was that Contents. habited this continent just after the glacial period. If, when a drug had made the nerve practically insen­ (l11ustrated articles are marked with an asterisk.) after a critical examination of the whole question, it is sible to an exciting current sent in one direction it wbuld decided that the weapons are paleolit.hic and not neo­ ����rici".::: Lawn sJ!rinkler, White's"' " ., ..•. 164 respond if the current was sbnt in the opposite direc­ MagnetIsm, vanatton of earth ... 16.� lithic, we can only conclude that the development of t�a�':M;U:i'�Archreological news ...... }�170 Man bag catching and dellveringOI63 tion. The sympathetic current would flow in the '" Arch Rock," San Francisco Mask, a Carthaginian ...... 168 intelligence was more rapid on the western shores of Bay"'...... " ...."' ...... "'. 111 Miner's concentrator, Moore's"'.. 164 opposite direction also, and the lines produced by the Beer pipe cleaner, Gaynor's* .... 1M Panama Canal condition ...... 164 the Atlantic than on the eastern, and there is little Boiler tube corrosion"'...... 168 Patent competitions, disreputa- beam of light on the ga.1vltnometer would be found Books, new...... 173 ble ...... 170 fear that our native paleoliths will lack defenders. on the opposite side of the base line. The photograph, Bottle, non· refillable, Spring. Patents granted, weekly record J73 • ••• • fleld'so...... 164 Philippium, a new element ...... 169 with its two sets of projectioJlS, �Ille upward and some Brain. the, a1i'ectedby worry .... 168 Photo!(raphiclight of fireflies.. . 163 REPAIRING THE SOREW PROPELLER OF A British Association meeting-II 162 PhysiCIans, a congress of...... 163 downward, reminded one of the well-cleaned back­ Diving bell, a !

© 1897 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. SEPTEMBER I I, 1897.] J titutifit jmtritJu. to the consumer. The most approveu forms of electric " It was these objections which led me to take up astronomical phenomena which are accurately calcu­ meters in England cost about $25, and there is a de­ bacteriology, for it seemed to me of great importance lated yea.rs in advance without any knowledge what­ m.and for one that will do the work as well and Jell for to ascertain whether or not, as a result of antiseptic ever of the nature of gravitation ; or let him think of one-third or one-quarter of that sum. Already electric treatment, organisms were absent from the discharges that masterly bit of analysis which led to the discovery meters register more accurately than gas meters, but from the wounds. Although at the present time such of argon without any knowledge on the part of Lord there is much room for improvement. an investigation would be one of the simplest, yet when Rayleigh or Prof. Ramsay of what chemical affinity is. VARIATIONS IN THE EARTH'S MAG·;:'ETISM. I came to carry it out I was met with the greatest diffi­ H he is a pra,ctical man, let him reflect that the en­ Prof. Frank H. Bigelow, of the United States Weather culties. Practically nothing of the kind had been done g�neer lives amid stresses and strains, and though Bureau, who has for several years been trying to dis­ before, and all the means of investigation had fo be ignoring the intimate nature of the forces which he cover how close is the correspondence between meteoro­ devised. Methods of staining bacteria had not been uses, builds up powerful engines and dynamos, and as logical changes and certain fluctuations in the earth's introduced, we had no oil immersion lenses, and I very successfully tunnels a Mont Cenis as he throws a bridge magnetism, presented two papers. Certain simultane­ soon found that by looking at discharges from wounds across the Hudson or the Firth of Forth." ous behavior of the magnets at widely scattered observ­ containing leucocytes, granular matter, and debris .... ' . atories suggests the possibility that the earth is im­ with dry or water immersion lenses, and without sub­ Photographic Energy of the Light of Fire Flies. mersed in what is called a magnetic field, in which there stage condensers, no satisfactory result could be arriv­ A very interesting investigation of the luminous are variations of intensity and which may proceed from ed at. Hence I came to the conclusion that attempts and other radiations emitted by fire flies has just the sun. These variations, Prof. Bigelow says, show a must be made to see whether organisms grew in suit­ been published in the ninth volume of the Journal of tendency to fall into a typical curve. In March and able fluids inoculated from the discharges. Here the College of Science, Imperial University, Tokyo, September that curve stays right side up, but at the again everything had to be devised. A suitable Japan, says the Lancet. The author, Mr. H. Muraoka, solstices it is upside down. The main object of his first pabulum, methods of sterilization, of inoculation, and who writes in German, is professor of physics at paper was to explain this reversal, which he did by show­ of incubation had to be worked out. A large amount Kyoto. He mentions that the spectacle produced by ing that it apparently depends on the earth's position of time was spent in getting over the preliminary diffi· the fire flies about the middle of June is one of the in its path around the sun. His second paper covered culties, and after a satisfactory method had been sights of the place, and he states that the present a'brief description of a special watch which had been found, much labor had to be devoted to preliminary inquiry was suggested to him by the resemblance of made in Munich in conformity with his ideas for exper­ questions, such as spontaneous generation, morpholo­ their light to that of fluorescent bodies, some of imental purposes. A small magnet was suspended on gical characters of bacteria, their presence or absence which have been shown by H. Becquerel to emit the balance wheel and was apparently affected by the in the living body, conditions of growth, and so on. radiations possessmg properties analogous to those aforementioned changes in the intensity of the magnetic "Then came Koch's work on infective diseases of of the Roentgen rays. The flies are most luminous influence coming in from outer space. On some days wounds, and the publication of his methods of staining from about 6 P. M. to 11 P. M. The experiments the watch would gain one hundred seconds or two hun· and examining bacteria and of cultivating them on were made by placing a number of them, va,rying dred seconds. On others it would lose as much. It solid media, and this work is at the foundation of all from three hundred to upward of one thousand, in seemed to tell the same story as the costly instruments modern bacteriological research. From this period the a small flat box in which they were confined under a in the special magnetic observatories. Unfortunately, investigations have branched off in two directions. In net made -of hemp (" deren Wegfliegen mit einem the" vertical force" magnets in the Washington and the first place, almost all the infective diseases have Hanfnetz verhindert wurde "). The box also con­ Toronto observatories have recently been rendered al­ been investigated for parasitic organisms, and in a tained a photographic dry plate, in contact with most worthless by the disturbing influences of adjacent large number the causal agents have been identified. which were plates of various metals (copper, alu­ trolley lines. And, in the second place, researches have been carried minum, zinc and brass), all of similar thickness, sheets Our readers will find full reports, or much more com­ on in the direction of tracing out the life history and of cardboard, both entire and also with cruciform pat­ plete abstracts, in current numbers of the SUPPLEMENT functional activity of bacteria, and of ascertaining terns cut out of them, being sometimes interposed be­ of all the most important papers presented at the what occurs in the body when organisms or their pro­ tween the sensitiye plate and the metal and some­ meeting. ducts are introduced. times used alone with the sensitive plate. Thin ______�.��.�I�.�------"A very remarkable thing in connection with these wooden boards were also employed for the same A CONGRESS OF PHYSICIANS. advances, especially in experimental pathology, is the purpose. The sensitive plate and the objects in con At Montreal, last week, was held the sixty-fifth an­ enormous direct practical benefit which has already tact with it were wrapped in several t,hicknesses of nual meeting of the British Medical Association, at­ resulted to the human race; and it is sufficient answer black paper and left in the box with the flies for tended by over a thousand members and guests, in­ to the antivivisectionists, who oppose the use of intelli­ two nights. The experiments were made in a pho­ cluding leading physicians and specialists from all gence and observation and experiment, to point to the tographic dark room, sunlight and artificial light parts of the United States. The association was found­ saving of human life and the relief of suffering which being carefully excluded. The sensitive plates, ed in 1832, and has a collective membership of over has taken place in the last few years. The greatest of though thus wrapped up,· and additionally protect­ 17,000, and Canada is the first country outside of Great all the advances, because so wide reaching, has been ed by metallic plates and layers of cardboard, gutta Britain in which a meeting hru;: yet been held. Dr. T. in the prophylaxis of disease, especially in the preven· percha, cloth, silk, etc., were always more or less G. Roddick, president of the association, in his open­ tion of septic disease after operations, as brought blackened. ing address especially welcomed the presence at the about by the discoveries of Lord Lister. Prof. Muraoka makes frequent reference to papers meeting of Dr. Charles Richet, professor of physiology " As to advances in the cure of disease, in the case published in Nature in the early part of 1896 by Dr. in the University of France, and of Lord Lister, whom of diphtheria there can be no question that the anti­ John Macintyre, of Glasgow, and Mr. J. J. Thomson. the president characterized as "the most illustrious toxin is a most potent curative agent, and that, used His eiperiments led him to the following conclusions: surgeon of our generation, who stands for the rise and in the early stages, it is almost certain to cut short the 1. The light of the fliesin its original state behaves like zenith of modern surgery, the most powerful agency disease. As regards tetanus, the evidence in the case ordinary light. 2. The light contains rays which pass in the development of which, in the present century, of animals is absolutely convincing, but in patients through cardboard, metal plates, etc., and possesses had been the introduction of antiseptic and aseptic suffering from the disease the effect is not certain, properties analogous to those of Roentgen rays or methods of wound treatment, which he initiated." probably because we have to do with an acute illness, Becquerel's fluorescent rays. 3. When the photo­ At a subsequent meeting of the medical section, pre­ which runs its course before thA serum has had time to graphic plate is covered with layers of cardboard, it sided over by Dr. Stephen Mackenzie, of London, Dr. act.. The same may also be the case with the anti­ presents an appearance which calls to mind the per­ Wm. Osler, a professor in Johns Hopkins University, streptococcic serum, although I have great doubts as to meability of iron to magnetic lines of force. 4. The read the principal paper, tracing the development of its value as a curative agent. In other instances, such properties of these "filtered" rays appear to be influ­ the medical profession in America, and dividing it as plague and snake bite, we may apparently look for­ enced by the materials through which they have into three distinct periods-the time previous to 1820, ward to a cure ; while researches are being carried on passed, perhaps by the thickness of the materials. 5. from 1820 to 1860, and from 1860 to the present time. with regard to pneumonia which may lead to valuable The properties possessed by the radiations and specified Previous to 1820, it was said, the profession here knew results ; nor must I forget to mention Pasteur's system under No. 2 are apparently non-existent, or at least un­ little else than British medicine, but after 1825 Ameri­ of inoculating cattle against anthrax. What are we to discoverable until after "filtration." The Roentgen can students no longer went to Edinburgh and Lon­ say about the new tuberculin ? We all know how care­ rays are similarly undiscoverable until after"filtra ­ don, but to Paris, where a band of the noblest young ful an observer Koch is, and the fact that he looks on tion "-i. e., through the glass of the Crookes tube­ men the country ever produced materially aided in it as a valuable remedy is to my mind sufficientto make and "filtration" may, perhaps, afford a means of ren­ promoting the signal progress of the profession. it necessary to give it a careful and hopeful trial." dering the X rays homogeneous. 6. The" filtered" fire About 1860, when the energy and greatness of Virchow ••• I. fly rays undoubtedly admit of reflection. Refraction, began to make themselves felt, the German influence What Is Electricity 1 interference, and polarization could not be demon­ on the profession here began to be strongly appreciated, The American Electrician condenses from the London strated, but Prof. Muraoka is of opinion that they especially in the treatment of several diseases, such as Engineering's review of Prof. Trowbridge's new book, take place. 7. The"filtered" fire fly rays seem to re­ those of the eye, the skin, the larynx, etc. , as special­ ,. What is Electricity?" as follows : The writer says semble Becquerel's fluorescent rays in possessing pro­ ties. that in spite of the all-round progress made during the perties intermediate between the ultra-violet rays and The section of pathology and bacteriology had for last thirty years, we know no more about the essential the Roentgen rays. its president the well-known London surgeon Dr. W. nature of electricity than did Benjamin Franklin 150 Watson Cheyne, who said in part : "The most strik­ years ago. The several explanations offered, based The Boston Snbway Open. ing and important advance has been the growth of the upon the ether, or ether and matter associated, merely A part of the subway, Boston's new underground great science of bacteriology, a science which has not substitute one unknown for another. "After all, what thoroughfare for street cars, was open to public traffic only led to most important practical results, but has is matter ? What is the ether ? How is matter asso­ the morning of September 1. The sections to be oper­ also thrown a flood of light on the processes which go ciated with the ether ? To such fundamental questions ated for the present are about three-quarters of a mile on in the body as a whole. and has stimulated research we can return no other answer than the now famous long ; other sections will probably be opened in the in other directions not immediately associated with it. ignoramuEo. They make, or tend to make, us painfully spring. The trip from the public garden entrance to Twenty-five years ago bacteriology as a science was non­ conscious of the infinitude of our nescience." The Park Street was made in a little over four minutes ; existent. It is difficult for those who have only taken writer of the review adds that Lord Kelvin must have 100.000 people rode through the subway the day that up the subject of bacteriology comparatively recently been brooding over these provoking unknowns when it was opened. The contract for building the last sec­ to realize the absolute blank which it presented even he wrote to him in 1892, .. Tell me what electricity is, tion near the Union Station has been awarded and the twenty years ago. 'Vhen I became house surgeon to and I'll tell you all the rest." This inability to detect work started. The transit commissioners believe that Lord Lister in 1876, objections of all kinds were urged electricity in its primordial form need, however, exert before next summer the entire subway will be in use against the theory on which Listerism was based, no distrustful, no depressing effects on the mind of the and Tremont Street wholly free from cars. some denying the existence of bacteria at all, others student of physical science. " Let him remember that ••••• maintaining the th eory of spontaneous generation ; a ray of light is an unexplained phenomenon ; yet Gronnd Broken for a Railway in China. some asserting that organisms were always pres­ what wonderful truths are revealed to Fresnel, what A dispatch from Vladivostock, dated August 30, says ent in the healthy tissues, others denying that they knowledge has been wrested from it by means of the that the first sod in the work of construction of the had anything to do with disease, or that the suc­ spectroscope, and what marvels is it not every day re­ Chinese Eastern Railroad was cut in Chinese territory, cess of the antiseptic principle depended in any way cording on photographic plates! If he feels himself near Stanitzapoltavskaya, on that date. A number of on the exclusion of micro-organisms from wounds. morosely affected by this agnosticism, let him recallthe Chinese authorities were present.

© 1897 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. J titufifit �tutritau. LSEPTEMBER II, 1897. AN IMPROVED LAWN SPRINKLER. supported on rollers journaled in the base of the ma­ ing up some of the chemicals and passing out through The sprinkler shown in the illustration may, with its chine. The material to be treated is fed to a recep­ the other tube, and the outlet channel and hose, to the attached hose reel, be conveniently moved about as tacle having a perforated bottom secured to the top of pipes to be cleaned. When the piston valve is moved desired, and is designed to properly and uniformly the table, so that it readily passes through onto the inward to its limit in the other direction, the water sprinkle a large area of ground at one time. It has belt ; and across the upper end of the table is a per­ passes .directly through from the inlet port to the hose, been patented by Enoch A. White, of Hailey, Idaho. forated pipe from which issues a spray designed to without passing through the receptacle, thus removing Fig. 1 shows the sprinkler complete, and Fig. 2 is a sec­ wash the lighter materials and gangue down the belt, the chemical solution and washing out the pipes. The tional view of the sprinkling head. The' carriage frame against the direction of movement of the latter, while the water may now be expelled from the pipes by opening valuable particles settle in the pile of the belt and are carried by it over the pulley down to the wash box. Previous to entering the water in the wash box, the spray from another perforated pipe is directed upward against the pile of the belt fabric to assist in washing out the particles. To further prevent the passing down of valuable particles, two aprons of similar fabric to that of the belt, and with the pile on their under side, are attached to the side flangesof the table, the contact of the piles of the two fabrics being designed to loosen the particles being washed down on the belt, and cause them to more readily settle in the pile of the upwardly moving belt. The water and other material passing through to the bottom of the table is dis­ charged from a transverse trough at its lower end, the gangue carried down being dumped over on the ground...... Panallla Canal'lI CondItion. The British consular officers at Panama and Santa Martha describe in their last reports the present condi­ tion of the work on the canal across the isthmus and of the railway connecting the Atlantic with the Pacific. WHITE'S LAWN SPRINKLER. The New Canal Company, formed in Paris in 1894. to GAYNOR'S BEER PIPE CLEANER. continue and complete a ten lock canal rising to a maxi­ is formed with a five-way casting, two transverse tubes mum altitude of 133 feet 8 inches, in place of the origi­ the cock connecting the valve caRing with the com­ therefrom supporting at their closed ends the main nal sea level scheme of M. De Lesseps. has made good pressed air pipe, in which connection it may be men­ axles, while the rearwardly extending supply tube has progress with the small capital at its disposal, and the tioned that the air hose itself may be cleaned in the near its outer end a trap, and a top and end nipple, to reduced canal trough, or cunette, in the Emperador same manner as the beer pipes are cleaned. either of which the hose may be attached, a forwardly and Culebra sections is now assuming definite propor­ extending tube supporting at its closed end the steer­ tions. Although the end in view was the final comple­ A NON·REFILLABLE BOTTLE. ing head, the fork of the steering wheel being con­ tion of the canal, it could hardly have been supposed A bottle which, after having once been sealed, can­ nected with a handle. The top of the five-way casting that this great undertaking could have terminated and not be opened to remove some of its contents and again is connected by a ball and socket joint with a stand the canal be opened for maritime traffic with only refilled to represent an original package, is shown in pipe, at whose upper end is a nozzle discharging on one £2,500,000, of which only about half was to be spent on the accompanying illustration, and has been patented or more propeller blades on the lower end of a pin the canal proper. The work is of a purely experimental by James H. Springfield, of Platteville, Col. Fig. 2 turning in a central ball bearing or socket, formed in a character, in order to demonstrate that a lock canal is represents the bottle with the stopper partially applied, yoke or bow, which turns by a coupling on the nozzle. feasible. It consists of a watercourse 98 � feet wide at Fig. 1 being the same view in section, and Fig. 3 show­ The top of the bearing is closed by a cap, and .in the the surface, with half that width of bed. About ing a modified form of the device. The bottle neck has top and around the body of the pin, as shown in Fig. £60,000,000 have been raised since the inception of opposite L·shaped slots on its outer face, in the verti­ 2, are spaces for lubricating oil. The water discharged the scheme, sixteen years ago, for the purpose of the cal portions of which extend the terminal members of from the nozzle rotates the propeller blades, and also canal, and have been spent in one way or another.­ a yoke whose bow member extends over the cork, across causes the yoke to revolve at a comparatively low The London Times. the top or mouth of the bottle neck. A cap, preferably speed. As the water passes from the trap to the • ., . of glass or other frangible materia1, is then placed in sprinkler, it enters the tubes extending horizon tally AN APPARATUS FOR CLEANING PIPES. position as shown, the cap having in its opposite sides from the central castingand compresses the air therein, which is thus made to act as a cushion and governor, The illustration represents a pipe cleaner with which the operator may at will send through the pipes a and by means of the trap or seal the water is retained solution of a suitable chemical, such as sal soda, or a in the stand pipe after the supply is shut off, the seal stream of pure water, the arrangement of parts being acting as a check valve on the water in the sprinkler. such that the apparatus will be held in closed or inact­ On the stand pipe is a collar held in place by a set screw, and the collar carries a stud on which the hose ive position by the pressure of the water, while it may reel is journaled. be readily adjusted by the operator to the several posi- • ••• • tions used in practice. The improvement has been 18 A CONCENTRATOR FOR PLACER MINING OR STAMP patented by Peter F. Gaynor, of No. William Street, MILL PRODUCTS. Albany, N. Y. As shown in the engraving, the ap- The concentrator represented in the accompanying paratus is adjusted to close the water inlet, indicated illustration is designed to facilitate the separation of by the arrow at the side of the lower vertical pipe, and the valuable particles of precious metals from the above is a bell-shaped receptacle having in its top a lighter materials and gangue, in the treatment of screw plug to afford ready access to the interior when placer mining and stamp mill material. It has been required. In the receptacle is an inlet port and an patented by William M. Moore, of Empire, Col. On outlet port, both formed in the valve casing, there be­ a suitable base is a framework from which a table is ing over the inlet port a perforated tube and above suspended by links at an adjustable inclination, the the outlet port a shorter perforated tube, the latter under side of the table near its upper end being adapt- connected by a channel to a discharge passage, a port ed for engagement by a cam on a transverse shaft, im- from this channel leading to the longitudinal bore of parting motion to the table in one direction, while a the casing, and being controlled by a piston valve quick opposite movement is given to it by a spring i whose stem passes through a stuffing box and termin­ whose tension may be increased or diminished, the · ates in an operating handle. The main inlet port is SPRINGFIELD'S NON·REFILLABLE BOTTLE. controlled by an inwardly seating check valve, this port being adapted lugs which press inward the terminal members of the for connection with a tube or hose yoke, the cap being thus moved downward until its through which water is supplied, lugs may be made to enter the horizontal members of and a nipple adjacent to the outlet, the L·shaped slots on the exterior of the bottle neck. at the end of the valve casing. is A spring has a bearing on the top of the yoke and adapted to receive a hose leading to against the upper face of the cap, and the pendent the pipesto be cleaned. In the out­ members of the yoke, being of spring material, fly out­ let port of the receptacle is also a ward when the cap is fully applied, forming locks pre­ valve which may close the port venting the backward turning of the cap, so that the leading to the longitudinal bore of cap must be broken or destroyed before the contents the casing, and this bore at its of the bottle can be poured out. As shown in Fig. 3, a outer end connects with a cock recess is made instead of the slots in the bottle neck, whereby compressed air may, if and the cap has in one of its sides a tubular offset con­ desired, be admitted into the appa· taining a pawl and a spring, enabling the cap to be ratus. The piston valve, as will be readily placed in position over a cork, but prevent­ seen, has a section of reduced dia­ ing its removal except by breaking, as in the former meter, forming a seat for the check case. MOORE'S CONCENTRATOR. valve, which is held against its seat b¥ the pressure in the supply hose, The Paris Bazar Fire. return movement being interrupted by projections thus practically locklng the piston valve. The desired The operators of the cinematograph were declared which abut against fixed parts of the framework. chemical solution having been placed in the receptacle, responsible for the fire and sentenced respectively to Over the table, and between its side flanges, a belt with and the outlet end connected by a hose with the pipes to one year in prison and 300 francs fine and eight a heavy pile on one face, such as a carpet, travels in- be cleaned, the operator pulls the piston valve out, thus months' imprisonment and a fine of 200 francs, Baron termittently over rollers journaled at each end of the unseating the check valve and admitting water through Mackau, who was one of the principal promoters of table, the lower run of the belt passing through and the casing and through one of the perforated tubes into the bazar, was found guilty of , . imprudence, " and was depositing the concentrates in a wash box removably the receptacle, as indicated by the arrows, the water tak- sentenced to pay a fineof 500 francs.

© 1897 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. SEPTEMBER 1 I, 1897. J J ,leutif!, !metitau. HOW TO BUILD A SIIALL ALTERNATING CURRENT Brass disks 2 inches in diameter are mounted and sol­ weight to the base. The base measures 8 by 12 inches. DYNAlIO WITHOUT CASTINGS. dered on to pieces of brass tube 1� inches long, leaving One of the bolts, namely, the bottom one in the ring, (Continued from first page.) % inch top and bottom to take the pressure off the is substituted for a longer one, capable of going together, which would throw the alternator in danger. wire and ends of the bobbin when the whole is clamped through bobbin, ring, and base board, carrying an The writer recently had charge of an insulator testing firmly in place. This space between the head of the iron washer and having its bolt head screwed on firmly. plant with alternator and transformers in combination bobbin and the head of the bolt also allows the wire to It will be noticed how conveniently the two adjacent 50,000. giving a voltage at times as high as While th� come through and make connection with the next with­ bolt nuts come in position against the oak base, being alternator laid down in the following description is out having the insulation crushed. These disks, which forced in the wood a little way, when the lower bolt is rather small for very high voltage, it will be found very .form the ends of the bobbin or spool, can be turned five or ten at a time on the lathe by soldering together at the edges the required number of square pieces of brass and chuckmg in the lathe in order to cut the one inch hole through the center. Of course, after the hole is made the disks are mounted on a lathe mandrel and the corners and solder turned down until the disks measure 2 inches in diameter. Having made the ten brass bobbins, they should be given five or six coats of shellac, after small holes have been drilled in the disks to carry the wire out of the bobbin. Each coat of shellac should be allowed to harden before the next coat is applied, and the smallest size of rubber tubing should protect the wire where it passes through the Fig. 3. Fig. 6. hole. The spools should be slipped over the bolts to see that they go up well against the head. Should any convenient for illustrating principles, and if success­ strongly turned with a wrench. These serve to keep of them stick before they go all the way on, the bobbin fully built, one twice the size will be all that is required the dynamo straight on the base and prevent wabbling should be chucked in the lathe and one end of the tube to furnish light and power for commercial purposes. or turning. Brass binding posts mnst now be mounted quickly reamed out until the bobbin will easily slip up THE RING AND FIELD MAGNETS. on the base and connected with the two free ends of as far as the end of the bolt head. Of course, the best the field winding, a second pair being mounted on the It would perhaps be wise for the beginner to con­ way to wind the bobbins is to chuck them in the lathe. base in front to be connected to the brush holders, col­ struct the machine according to the directions and Here a choice of wire is to be made. Each bolt must be lector rings, and armature. Before painting the ring dimensions laid down before undertaking to build one wound so it can readily be made a powerful magnet and bolts, the ring must have four holes drilled throngh on a much larger scale. The size of the largest genera­ without requiring a very great current strength. To the edge to receive the bolts which carry the bearing tor it is feasible to put together on this system is powerfully magnetize one of the iron bolts used in the cross pieces, brushes, armature, etc. These holes must somewhat limited bJ the largest bolts with the proper alternator 600 ampere turns will be required. We may be most carefully marked off, for the bearings, when heads, and the heaviest and widest tire it is possible to get the required number of magnetic lines of force in mounted, must be exactly in the center of the ring and bend with rollers, but it will be seen that a powerful our bolts by using any of the following windings and pole pieces, or else it is very evident that the armature and useful dynamo can be quickly built on this plan currents. If we wind each bolt with 50 turns and em­ will not revolve freely, but collide with the pole pieces. and at a reasonable cost. For experimentation with ploy a current of 12 amperes, it will amount to 600 am­ armature cores and windings, the ten inch ring ma­ pere turns, as well as the following : Six amperes and chine will be of 'great assistance. Let us begin by 100 turns ; 3 amperes and 200 turns. As we expect to forming the iron ring and mounting the field magnets. use our dynamo in connection with a fan motor for medical purposes, it would be well to select a winding that would be the most economical when connected through lamps to a 110 volt service. We will go still farther and wind each bolt with 300 turns of wire, re­ quiring only 1� amperes to bring the field up to a powerful state of excitation. With this winding, when the generator is to be used in medical treatment only, --.t' � � ampere will be required to send around the field. Each spool will hold 300 turns of No. 20 double cotton covered magnet wire, if the wire is carefully and neatly wound on. This size of wire will go on the bobbins in 12 layers and measure 120 feet for each spool, 1,200 feet for the ten. The voltage generated in the armature will vary with a constant strength of field, with the speed at which the generator is .driven giving another method for regulation. For medical treatment Fig. 4. currents of varying character may be had by using the Fig. 7. dynamo as follows : First, by giving the fields strong This ring should be about % inch thick and 2% inches excitation and driving the machine at a low rate of To lay off the marks for these important holes, the ring wide, with an internal diameter of 10 inches. It can be speed. This will give ample voltage and current, but should be marked off exactly in half, by measuring started by using tire benders, but, owing to its small at a low frequency of alternations. Secondly, the fields with mechanic's dividers. Having proved that you diameter, it must be helped out, so to speak, by[man­ can be only very feebly excited and the machine driven have found the exact center of the ring, by the most ipuJation on the mandrel and afterward welded. at the highest speed possible with the motor at hand. careful measurements, a tiny hole should be made to After hammering the ring as near a perfect circle as This will give the required voltage and current also, mark the place, a similar hole marking the spot on the possible, it should be chucked on the lathe and turned but the frequency will be extremely high. Never take opposite side of the ring on the same surface. The perfectly true outside and inside as well as on the edges. the current when the fields'are strongly excited and four holes which are to carry the bolts go through the The ring should now be carefully marked off in t€n the machine is being driven at a high rate of speed, ring on each side of the marks exactly one-half inch equal divisions and holes drilled radially on each mark too, for this current and voltage is only intended for from them, top and bottom. In drilling these holes do to receive the iron bolts. Each bolt must measure 3� lighting and experimelltal purposes. not attempt to drill all the way through from one side, inches in length from the face of the bolt head to the Having wound and mounted the field bobbins and but reverse the ring and carefully carry the marks top of the screw. The holes must be just large enough screwed the field bolts firmly in place, the free ends of around to the other side and go through and meet the to allow the bolts to be hammered in through the ring, the wire should · be joined by means of small brass partially.completed hole. Should this not be done, the as a tight fit is very desirable. By referring to Fig. 3 screw sleeves known as connectors. The the size of the bolt head can be seen. If the head of ends must be connected up so the current will go around one spool in one direction and around its neighbor in the reverse, in order to get north and south poles. By re­ ferring to Fig. 5 the idea will be understood. Having connected according to the diagram the polarity should in all cases be tested by exploring the field with a compass needle, to make perfectly sure the poles alternate in polarity all the way around the ring. Should this connecting be neglected, no alternating current will result. In testing the fields with the compass needle, the fields had better be excited with a battery, if at hand ; other­ wise the spools can be connected to the 110 volt mains, but in each and every case with 110 . Fig. 8. Fig. 6. a volt lamp in series with the field. Should the field winding ever be connected 110 the bolt were larger the field would not be as efficient, as directly with the volt circuit, an accident would drill will surely travel a little out of the line intended magnetic lines of force would leak too freely from pole surely result. The fuses in the building should blow for it, and trouble will surely result. The ring and to pole, instead of making the circuit through the arma­ ont, but, in case they failed, the wire on onr machine bolts will have a good appearance if painted with black ture core. would have to blow out instead. The ring should now bicycle enamel, looking very well in combination with Having secured the bolts and drilled the holes to re­ be mounted on its base board. This had better be the brass trimmings. The base board should be given 1 ('eive them, the next operation is the making of the made from oak and be one-half inch thick. Figs. four or five coats of orange shellac, applying it top as magnet spools. These must be made from brass, as and 2 show the method of making feet for the base, by well as bottom, in order to keep out all dampness and they are to answer the double purpose of holding the using bolts and nuts like the ones used on the fields. prevent warping tendency. The bolt heads can to ad­ illustrated in magnet wire and of taking up the pressure when the Heavy pieces of iron should be bolted across the grain vantage be cut out a little on the lathe as it from Fig. 6. This will add t.o the efficiency of the generator screws are firmly turned in place on the bolts. The di­ on the bottom of the base board to prevent for lighting and experimental purposes but is not abso- w8nsions of the spools are clearly shown in Fig. 4. warping or buckling in any way, as well as to add

© 1897 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. 166 � citutific �mtri'J •• lutely necessary for medical purposes. Should a larger to carry the armature. The shaft is to be cut from a Having placed the disks and washers as evenly as pos­ machine be constructed, the writer would advise the piece of % inch steel machine shafting. The brass sible, they should be firmly clamped in an iron machin­ cutting out as shown. As will be readily seen, the iron and wooden hubs should go tightly on the shaft, ist's vise and the holes for the bolts put through. bolt is passed through a piece of heavy iron pipe the using a mallet if necessary to drive the shaft through. After bolting together and screwing up as tightly as exact length of the brass tube in the bobbin. The iron Small washers will in all probability he found neces­ possible, the core must again be placed in the vise and pipe should be as large as possible, in order to better sary, as no lateral movement of the shaft, armature all unevenness smoothed down with a flat file. The take up the heavy strain due to the tool cntting in the and collector rings is desirable. The front bearing core is now ready to have the hole cut through the lathe. �hey had perhaps better be all cut at the Rame plate is now ready to be drilled to receive the little center by chucking the core by the ends of the teeth time, using ten pieces of the pipe slipped on in the screws which support the blocks which mount the in the lathe. 'l'he core must be perfectly centered, place of the bobbins. The armature described in this brushes and their supports. The dimension and po­ and all usual centering tests must be made before a connection is intended for the simple smooth bolt sition of the blocks is clearly shown in ' Fig. 8. They heads, and must be cut a trifle larger than the one in should be about an inch thick and have several coats the diagram if the bolt heads are to be cut out in the of orange shellac. The brush holders are easily made lathe. In cutting the bolt heads it will be evident to from large binding posts and heavy brass wire bent at every mechanic that li�ht cuts must be made, in view right angles where the end goes through the binding of the manner the work is held. Be sure each bolt post. With a combination of a binding post and head is turned perfectly square before cutting out, or heavy wire bent as illustrated, a varying pressure of the brushes on the collector rings can be had by simply moving the long arm of the wire back and forth, or the brushes may be raised from the rings altogether, which is a very desirable thing. The con­ nection between the brush posts and the binding posts on the front of the base is best made by using copper ribbon about � inch in width. The rib­ bon is cut and soldered together again at right angles when a change in direction is necessary. The use .of copper ribbon gives a much neater appearance to the generator than connections of wire, and is to be seen on most fine dynamos. A pulley can now be turned from hard wood and have a diameter of about Fig. 9. 2 inches and be about 2 inches in length. A couple Fig. 11. of layers of lineman's insulating tape wound around the resulting curved cut will be everything but attrac­ the pulley in even layers makes the most excellent single cut in the center is made. Use a sharp tool and tive in appearance. surface for the belt to run on, as there is the proper cut out a one inch hole through the cheeks and disks. THE BEARINGS AND COLLECTOR RINGS. friction for the belt, and the cushion formed adds The core must now be mounted on a lathe mandrel The machine is now ready for the bearings, the cross to the machine's easy and noiseless running. The and the edges of the iron washers turned up true. The pieces which support them and the collector rings. brass work, if polished with the finest emery cloth, ends of the teeth are too thin to stand the strain of cut­ Figs. 7 and 8 show the dimensions and enlarged por­ had better be protected with lacquer if the machine ting or truing in the lathe, and must be carefully made tions of the bearing suppurts. Bolts 5� inches long is to be ornamental as well as useful. Little handles of equal length by filing with a flat and fine file. The are driven through the holes in the ring, leaving just of hard wood are to be turned to go on the long armature should not be cut away on the teeth any enough room on the back to go through the rear end of the brush rockers and be lacquered. This more than possible, as the nearer the ends of the teeth bearing plate, so it may be bolted securely in place. brings the machine to the armature, and another approach the field poles, the more efficient will be the Four brass tubes carefully cut to measure 1% inches choice in type or construction presents itself. machine. A keyway is made in the brass hub by are put on the bolts in front and the second bearing THE ARMATURE. chucking in a metal planer, if possible to have the support firmly clamped against them. Fig. 7 shows Either a ring or toothed armature will give good re­ use of one. The keyway in the hub to receive the lock­ plainly the principle. The bearings are to be next sults with the field just built, if only very thin soft iron ing key is easily made with the file. The core is now made from solid brass rod and bored through on the is allowed to enter into the construction. The author will given five or six coats of shellac, each coat bein� allowed llithe. Brass rod one inch in diameter is cut in two give only one type of armature completely worked out, to thoroughly harden before the next coat is applied. pieces 2� inches long each and a % inch hole bored and has selected the tooth type because, on the whole, it This is a matter of extreme importance, as a poorly insu­ through on the lathe. The bearing plates are now will be found the easiest to make, and prove, perhaps, a lated armature is worse than none at all. Just before taken off and placed in the lathe, in order to cut an little more efficient,because the grade of Russia iron that the last coat of shellac becomes set, each tooth of the core inch hole through to receive the bearing. The bear­ comes in sheets is softer than the band iron used in the is covered with heavy pieces of cotton or silk remnants. ings are to be soldered or brazed to the plates. As it construction of the ring type of armature. If, after This is also very necessary in order to keep the insula­ is of utmost importance that the bearings should be completing the toothed armature, the builder �cares to tion of the wire away from the sharp turn made at the "in line," they must not be soldered to the plates until experiment with a ring type, no great difficulty will be edge of each tooth. This silk covering is given a final the shaft is put through, throwing the bearings in met, if band iron is procurable that has not been bent coat of shellac before the operation of winding on the perfect line. Should this be overlooked and the every few feet, as this seems to be the custom in pack­ wire begins. Wind on the wire carefully and neatly as soldering or brazing be done, the chances are that ing band iron for shipment, etc. If the iron cannot be follows : Commencing from the bottom of any tooth 22 the shaft would not go through the bearings at all, had without these sharp bends, it can be hammered out on the core, wind No. double cotton wrapped mag­ or else turn with a cutting and binding resistance. fairly well and made to answer the purpose. The band net wire on in four even layers. Each layer must be Having mounted the bearings to satisfaction, they iron should be about one inch wide and as thin as pos­ closely wo und and a coat of shellac applied between can be bored through on top in order to receive sible. A wooden block should be turned in the lathe each layer. Having completed one tooth, its neighbor small brass oil cups, which come ready made of just to form a drum to wind the iron on and be such a size must be wound in the reverse direction as illustrated in 11. the size required. They can be screwed right on the that the iron, when wound on about % inch thick, will Fig. No bobbins or spools are necessary to hold bearing and are as useful as ornamental. The wooden revolve in the field, clearing the pole pieces by % inch. the wire on this core, as the shellac, after hardening, is hub which supports the collecting rings can now be The iron should be bound with small iron wire and, all that is necessary to keep everything in place. The made and is illustrated in Fig. 9. It is best turned after giving a coat of shellac, be wound with insulation shape of the teeth, in addition, tends to keep the wire from hard wood, and. being of the form shown, enables tape. The ring must be wound with ten coils of wire one to readily detach the armature from the shaft. equidistant, each coil having a reverse direction from its neighbor. One drawback in making an armature of this type is the mounting of it on the shaft, but this can be accomplished fairly well for experimental pur­ poses by using a turned wooden hub and mounting that. By referring to Fig. 10 the toothed type of armature (Jan be seen. The core for this armature is made by cutting out single pieces from the thinnest Russia iron, about 60 sheets to the inch. Thirty pieces will be all we re­ quire for the present type. Copy the diagram exactly by cutting with tinner's shears, all but the center hole, which is cut afterward on the lathe. Cut out the first toothed disk very carefully, for this is to be the guiding pattern for the rest. An easy method of getting out the remainder of the disks is as follows : Cut 30 small pieces, preferably squares, from the sheet iron just large enough to make one disk, and put one disk at a time in the screw vise under the carefully cut iron pattern. It will be found a very easy method if a good sharp pair of tinner's shears are to be had. '.r he chief care necessary Fig. 10. is in turning the pattern and half cut blank around in Fig. 12. the vise in order to get at the rest of the teeth. If the The sliding rings are easily made by sawing off the different disks are laid on top of each other as they were in place, and will prevent its flying off when under the end of a piece of large seamless brass or copper tUbing. cut, no difficulty in making a smooth and symmetrical centrifugal strain. Each layer on a given tooth is a The rings are smoothed down with a file and driven armature core will be met. That is to say, a tooth on a trifle shorter than the one under it. The reason is ob­ on each side of the hub, which must be turned on disk, cut from a given tooth on the pattern, should be vious, not to speak of the neat appearance it gives. the lathe to receive them and make a good, tight fit. laid on its neighbor's which was also cut from the same When the winding is completed, give the whole three or The binding posts are screwed in the flange turned tooth on the pattern. This is important and must not four coats of shellac and do not test the armature for the purpose and are connected to the rings as be overlooked. The core is now ready to receive shellac. under high speed until the shellac has become per­ illustrated. The wires had better be soldered to the Each disk must have a coat, and a piece of tissue paper fectly hard in every sense of the term. The author had rings as well as to the binding posts, to insure a per­ pressed on before it has become hard, before the disks the misfortune to try the armature when the shellac fect electrical contact and prevent their workiil,.\' loose are permanently put together. Two iron washers must was nearly hard, and, on stopping the machine, found when the armature is driven at the high speeu ')f . two be placed on each side of the core to act as cheeks and long needles of shellac that had made their way to the thousand revolutions per minute. The hub shown on stiffen the pack of disks when the whole is bolted to­ surface oozing out in all directions. This armature the extreme left of the shaft is of brass and is designed gether. Fig. 11 shows one of the iron washers in place. when incondition to run without disturoing the shellac

© 1897 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. SEPTEMBER I I, 1897. J "tieutifit J,mtritll. will be found efficient for lighting lamps and for fur­ small town in Ohio,)nvented and patented a hive which because, no matter how poor one is, he can always nishing a delightfully even and, if one may say, smooth revolutionized bee keeping. The hive, after all, was keep bees and make a little extra money. current for the treatment of patients. It is hardly ne­ quite_simple, and it seemed strange that nobody had hit The bees gather their nectar from far and wide, and, cessary to point out the connections between the two upon the idea before. It consisted of a square box as they are no respecters of neighbors' rights, they wiH free ends of the armature and the collector rings befo,re with eight movable frames inside and a movable cover rob the honey from the fruit blossollls of the next going to the method of connecting the generator to on top. By means of this patent hive the apiarist orchard to put money in the pocket of the poorest the electric lighting mains. Fig. 12 illustrates the plan could look in and see what the bees were doing any farmer. They require little labor and less expense to of connections. As each lamp is added between the time, and the whole thing could be easily taken apart keep them, and, in return, they store away enough mains the field of the generator becomes more strongly and cleaned. Then somebody invented an artificial honey to supply the table with many delicacies. magnetic. For some cases where the machine is desired comb. It usually took the bees about half the hOlley­ There are regular bee keepers' associations and clubs for medical use the current delivered when one lamp producing season to make the comb, but by making established all over the country, and at their reg­ is in circuit will be too strong. This represents a cur­ artificialcombs and inserting them into the hive, the ular meetings they read papers of a practical and rent strength of about one-half ampere going around insects began to fill them with honey immediately. semi-scientific nature. There are several weekly and the fields. If two lamps are put in series across the Then when one c!lmb was full it cOlild be removed, monthly papers devoted exclusively to the business, mains and connected with the fields, a much weaker and a new one put in its place. The honey extractor while nearly every, agricultural journal gives some current wili be delivered from the machine. If a rheo­ came next. This would extract the honey from the space to a bee department. stat is introduced into the field circuit having a greater combs, without loss, in a few minutes. The apiarists have had their share of trouble, and it resistance than several lamps as a maximum, the cur­ One invention after another followed, but these three is only in co-operation that they obtain their rights. rent from the generator can be regulated to a nicety. important ones were the direct means of increasing the Adulteration of honey has been one of the obstacles in There is absolutely no danger of the current from the yield of an ordinary hive from 50 pounds of honey to their path, and they have persisted in exposing such electric lighting circuit getting into the armature of the 100, and even to 500 pounds in one season. In Cali­ tricks to the consumers. The comb honey cannot well generator and doing any damage to patients, but it fornia it is quite common to get 500 pounds of extracted be adulterated, but strained honey, sold in glass jars, must be remembered that the generator just com­ honey from one hive, and the bees are kept busy has been widely and extensively adulterated. The pleted is capable of shaking one up just as effectually all through the long season in filling the combs with adulterations are made of cheap sweets, such as glu­ as the main line, if a strong field and a high speed are nectar just as fast as they are emptied. In addition cose and cane sugar, and in some instances, only 25 put in combination. to this large marketable yield, the bees generally raise per cent of the mixture was honey. .. I •• • enough to keep them through the winter. The Agricultural Department, working in the inter­ Honey and Dee Keeping. The methods of keeping and handling the bees ests of the bee keepers, made searching investigations, BY GEORGE B. WALSH. have all changed in recent times. In the matter and disclosed the fact that the adulterations were done Half a century ago honey was considered a luxury, of wintering the bees, the change has all been for largely by wholesale dealers, and 110t by the apiarists. and the market was supplied by the professional bee the best. Formerly half of the colonies died in winter, Some law to prevent adulteration of honey is now hunters, who made a precarious living in locating the but to-day very few deaths occur in the hives that are passed in nearly every State. natural hives of the bees in some old rotten tree right properly prepared for the cold weather. In the South A few years ago the honey interests of the country in the midst of the thick forest; but to-day, 30,000 bee the bees can be kept in the summer stands through were threatened with injury by the reports that poi· keepers vie with each other to supply us with all the the winter; but in the North they are wintered in soned honey had been placed upon the market. The varieties of delicious honey that we are wiliing to pay cellars, caves, sheds, and occasionally in winter-pro­ honey in question was said' to have corne from the re­ for, and at price!, with!n thtl,reach of every one. To tected hives in the orchard. The favorite method is to gions around the Allegheny Mountains, where the the average consumer, probably, there seems to be no construct a bee cellar, where several hundred hives can mountain laurel, or Kalmia latifolia, abounds. The difference in the honey that comes to the market, but, be kept at once. These hives are stacked in tiers, one bees gathered most of their nectar from the flowers of if he should enter a large grocery store and examine upon another. A thel'mometer in the cellar enables these plants, which are said to be poisonous. If the the stock, he would find that modern beekeepers the apiarist to keep an even temperature in the rooUl, bees were so indiscriminate as to gather their honey have created just as many grades and kinds of honey and all through the winter he carefully watches the from poisonous flowers, itwo uld be a pretty serious mat­ as the pomologist has produced varieties of apples or condition of his bees. ter. But the fact is, there has never yet been an au­ pears. There is, first, the great divil!lion between comb In the early spring the bee keeper goes from hive to thentic case of death due to eating poisonous honey. honey and extracted honey; then comes white clover hive and counts up the losses that have been inflicted There have been cases of sickness caused by indulging honey and buckwheat honey, one dark and the other upon his little hosts during the winter. In spite of his too freely in this sweet article of diet; but that is nothing light in color; and between these two extremes in color utmost care in wintering them, there will be many to more than can be expected. Over-indulgence in candy come half a dozen intermediate shades. Another dis­ die from bad velltilation, diseases, and even the cold. or any other sweet thing will cause similar sickness. tinction is made in the relative thickness and specific Like a general after a battle, he does not know his Taken in moderate quantities, honey is considered by gravity of the honey. One variety will be light and losses until the roll has been called. If the queens most physicians as a desirable and healthful article of thin, while another will be thick and heavy as old mo­ are all right, he is greatly relieved in mind; but if the diet, and its increased supply and cheapness are really lasses. Some of the honey is labeled as fruit blossom queen is missing in any colony, there is danger at benefits to the human race. honey, another class will be honey made from bass­ once. A new queen must be introduced in the colony, •• ••• wood and linden blossoms, and other varieties as early or the colony must be united to another with a queen. Mr. Eddy's Vistascope. spring honey, summer honey, late fall honey, diluted Queen bees are introduced now in a novel way. Mr. William A. Eddy, who has a well deserved repu­ honey and pure strained honey. In this classification There are regular queen cages, into which the queens tation for his experiments in kite making and flying, of honey there is an attempt to separate honey made are placed, and one end is stopped up with sugar. The has devised what is termed a .. vistascope"-an instru­ at certain seasons of the year from that made later or cages are put into the hives next the bees just over the lllent which enables persons on the ground to view'the earlier, and also to keep the honey made largely from cluster. In a short time the bees discover the pres­ surrounding country with almost the same effect as if one kind of blossoms from all other grades. It is a ence of the queen, and they begin to eat through the they were at the elevation of the kite. 'I.' he vistascope notorious fact that buckwheat blossoms do not make sugar paste to liberate her. They deceive themselves looks something like a huge magic lantern. It is de­ as fine, delicate and aromatic honey as the white clover then into the belief that they have hatched out a new signed on the lines of the ordinary camera obscura, but blossoms, and some consider the honey produced from queen and joy follows in the hive. If the apiarist at­ the pictures are thrown from a mirror set in the top the fruit blossoms of early spring snperior to that of tempts to force a queen into the colony in any other upon a sheet of semitransparent paraffinepaper. This white clover. Of course, men of many tastes will dif­ way, the bees are very likely to resent the intrusion does away with the reversed effect of the ordinary fer, and probably there will never be a time when all and sting her to death. camera ohscura. will agree upon the best variety of honey. The bee cage was invented to transport the queens By lying on his back with his feet toward the view Bee keeping has become an interesting and extensive through the mails, and also for the purpose of intro­ to be seen, the observer sees the landscape stt'etched be­ business in this country, and in the spring and sum­ ducing foreign queens among our ordinary bees. fore him in its proper condition. There is, moreover, Iller of the year there is widespread activity among A numbet· of years ago it was found that our semi­ a peculiar effect of being in the air on a level with the these professional apiarists. California leads all the wild bees could be greatly improved by introducing vistascope and looking out over a level stl'etch of coun­ other States in the number of its bee keepers and in the among them pure Italian or Carniolan queens. Italian­ try. The apparatus recently used by Mr. Eddy meas­ quantity of honey raised for market; but many of our izing our common black bees has gone on apace ured 5 X 2� feet and was carried up by a team of Northern States follow close behind her. The South is ever since, and most beginners are ad vised to begin Eddy kites reinforced by a Hargrave box kite. The just awakening to the 'advantages of her climate and with these queens. They produce much larger bee vistascope was sent up to a height of 150 feet. Mr. products for bee keeping. Florida sends a fair amount workers, and in some respects they show great im­ Eddy lay flat on his back with a powerful field glass of honey to market, but it does not equal in quality provements upon the common insects. 'rhe pure Ger­ and looked up at the reflector of the camera obscura. or quantity the honey that is raised in the North or on man or Carniolan queens are the gentlest, hardiest He was able to see objects with great clearness ; houses the Pacific coast. and most industrious of all bees; and there is just at and trees a mile and a half distant were distinctly In our Northern States the bees gather most of their present:as widespread an attempt to Germanize our com­ seen. The kite cord was let out until the vistascope nectar from the white clover blossoms, the basswood mon black bees as to Italianize them. There are fol­ was 300 feet in the air, but the trials were less satis­ tree, goldenrod, fruit blossoms , ' and buckwheat. In lowers of both schools, and neither one will admit that factory, because of the swaying of the kite line, which California the fruit blossoms, wild flowers, white sage, the other is as good as the one they represent. rendered it extremely difficult to follow the motion of SUlllac blossoms and alfalfa clover supply the bees , The cost of establishing a colony of bees depends a the apparatus with the field glass. with most of their sweets. In the great middle West good deal upon the kind of bees one secures. A good ..1. I • the sage brush furnishes limitless food for the bees and colony of pure Italian or Carniolan costs from $6 to $8 ; Return of tbe Jaekson Expedition. makes bee keeping profitable. but our common black bees can be obtained for half The steamer Windward from Franz Josef Land was In regions where bee keeping is being overdone, the this price. It is a question, however, whether, in the spoken off the coast of Scotland on August 28, and it apiarists even plant crops for their colonies to live on, end, they would not be more expensive than the im­ was reported that all were well. This expedition was and it is not unusual to see farmers raising fifty acres proved bees. fitted out by Mr. Harmsworth and was commanded by of white clover in the spring and buckwheat in the Like poultry and eggs, the most of our honey comes Mr. Jackson. The vessel sailed three years ago. The fall to supply their bees with nectar, the crop of grass, from small farms, where the apiarist owns from one to firsttwo years' work of the party was very successful, hay and grain being only an incidental feature of the five colonies. But, on the other hand, there are many although it did not succeed in making the Franz Josef harvest. Fruit growing and bee keeping go together so big bee farms in this country. It is not uncommon to Archipelago a basis for a dash on the North Pole. This well that most apiarists are now planting fruit orch­ find farms in our Northern States where 500 to 1,000 was a part of Mr. Jackson's provisional programllle­ ards on their bee farms, and, in seasons when one hives are kept. From one of these farms 20,000 to to prove that the existing map of that Arctic outpost fails, the other is pretty sure to yield some profit. 50,000 pounds of honey will corne in one season. In is very erroneous ; and his work, together with the drift The bees have luxurious quarters to·day compared California, a few bonanza bee keepers own as high as of the Fram, proved that the islands do not extend as with those of twenty years ago, and the bee keeper, by 5,000 colonies each, and they will ship nearly 75,000 far toward the pole as it was formerly surmised. The means of modern improvements, can handle more col­ pounds of honey from the place in one year. One collections made the first two yea.rs of the expedition onies successfully and obtain more honey from each man in San Diego County, last year, shipped 150 car were important, and it was Jackson who met and one than the pioneers in the industry ever dreamed loads of honey. succored Nansen and Johannsen when they were on of. In 1852a clergyman named Langstroth, living in a Bee keeping haa been ea.lled the poor man'lI bUlLineu, their way to Spitzbergen over the ice a year ago.

© 1897 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. 168 J titutifit �tutritau. [SEPTEMB�R 1 I, 18<)7. THE CORROSION OF A BOILER TUBE. impression, but a profounder study of these interesting is a simple one-so simple that anyone can readily We are indebtcd to Mr. H. H. Shank, of Harrisburg. pieces permits us to recognize an entirely archaic art understand it. Briefly put, it amounts to this : for the photograph of a section of a water tube which in them. The mask under consideration is less t.han Worry injures beyond repair certain ceHs of the brain ; we present herewith. It was recently taken out of a natural size and consequently could not have been and the brain being the nutritive center of the body, Babcock & Wilcox boiler, in use at a large steel applied to the face of a corpse ; neither was it sus­ the other organs become gradually injured, and when plant near Harrisburg, Pa. It is a striking example pended in the tomb. Notwithstanding the holes with some disease of these organs, or a combination of them, of what is apt to take place if the water is dirty or which they are provided, these sort of masks, as well arises, death flnally ensues. holds mineral salts in solution. The deposit in this as the clay statuettes that are found in the necropolis, Thus does worry kill. Insidiously, like many an­ case seems to be simply mud, which was held in sus­ were simply placed alongside of the dead. The object other disease, it creeps upon the brain in the form of pension by the water at the time of the entrance a single, constant, never-lost idea ; and, as the to the boiler and afterward deposited. The tube dropping of water over a period of years will wear is four inches in diameter, and more than three­ a groove in a stone, so does worry gradually, im­ fourths of the water space is filled with the deposit. perceptibly, but no less surely, destroy the brain The tubes were removed and new ones put in. It cells that lead all the rest-that are, so to speak, is a good object lesson, showing the necessity of fre­ the commanding officers of mental power, health, quently examining the boilers, as it is easy to see and motion. that the results obtained from boilers in such a Worry, to make the theory still stronger, is an condition must necessarily be uneconomical. irritant at certain points, which produces little ... ,. harm if it comes at intervals or irregularly. Oc­ A Carthaginian Mask. casional worrying of the system the brain can cope In 1893, the Rev. A. L. Delattre, having had with, but the iteration and reiteration of one idea his attention called by an Arab to several small of a disquieting sort the cells of the brain are not objects that he had discovered while making some proof against. It is as if the skull were laid bare excavations at Douimes, decided to make some re­ and the surface of the brain struck lightly with searches in the vicinity, says Cosmos. Toward the a hammer every few seconds, with mechanical latter part of the sUlllmer of that year, having precision, with never a sign of a let-up or the fail­ engaged some laborers and set them to work, he ure of a stroke. was soon rewarded, after excavating through six Just in this way does the annoying idea. the feet of soil intermixed with rubbish, by the dis­ maddening thought that will not be done away covery of t.he primitive argillaceous earth in with, strike or fall upon certain nerve cells, whieh the Carthaginians found a last resting place never ceasing, and week by week diminishing for their dead. In November, 1893, there had been the vitality of these delicate organisms that discovered sixty tombs, almost all of which were THE CORROSION OF A BOILER TUBE. are so minute that they can only be seen placed at right angles with the seashore. The under the microscope. - Pharmaceutical Pro­ majority were simple trenches covered with slabs of of the relatives or friends who inclosed these objects in ducts. tufa, the only kind of stone employed in the primitive the tomb was merely to know that the body of the •••• • structures of Carthage. Infiltrations had filled each defunct was accompanied with an object to which they RAILWAY MAIL CATCHER AND DELIVERY DEVICES. tl'ench with a fine yellow sand, the color of which was attributed a magic virtue capable of protecting the In the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN of August 14 and Au­ often confounded with that of the natural earth. The mortal remains in their final dwelling. Such masks gust 21 we described and illustrated two systems of funereal furnishings usually consisted of two medium have been discovered in the . most ancient necropoli mail catcher and delivery devices which have been sized urns with a handle on each side, of two small of Sardinia. The Cagliari Museum possesses several of approved by the Post OfficeDepartment and recom­ jugs with a single handle, of a flat bicornous lamp and them. mended for adoption by the various railroads, and the its patera (a sort of saucer), and sometimes of a bronze ...... accompanying illustrations represent the appliances hatchet, a hand bell, cymbals and a mirror or other Do", Worry AfI'eets the Brain. and operation of still another system, the Winsor, objects of ornament, such as collars, rings, bracelets, Modern science has brought to light nothing more which has met with similar governmental indorsement. earrings. painted vases, figurines, amulets, shE:lls, etc. curiously interesting than the fact that worry will kill. Of all these systems it may be said that their comple­ One of the most interesting finds was a curious terra More remarkable still, it has been able to determine, tion, in their present practical operative form, is a cotta mask, brought to light in September. It was from recent discoveries, just how worry does kill. matter of comparatively recent date, considering how discovered at a new point of the Punic necropoli of It is believed by many scientists who have followed many years inventors have been working upon this Carthage, very near the site of Serapeum, in a very most carefully the growth of the science of brain dis­ subject, and the great number of patent.s issued in this small space where had just been found more than eases, that scores of the deaths set down to other field. twenty Carthaginian tombs, always containing fune­ causes are due to worry, and that alone. The theory So, too, the number of railroads which have failed to real furnishings of the same char­ supply themselves with improved acter, save that the pottery was mail catcher and delivery devices more highly ornamented and of is still very large, although it is fair finer quality. The lllask is 8 inches to presume that progress in this in height and 5 in width. and the direction will now be more rapid, hoHow part 3� inches in depth. from the fact that several devices This grotesque face, with low and have received official sanction, as narrow forehead, projecting eye­ well as because the public are be­ brows, wide and flat nose, and an­ coming more insistent, year by gular cheeks and crooked mouth, year, on all matters tending to pro­ preserves a few traces of black mote rapid transfer and handling of paint. The mouth and eyes are cut the mails. out through the thickness of the The Winsor device (C. B. Winsor, clay and the ears are ornamented general manager, Jamestown, N. WIth rings. Around the mask are Y.). attached to the car, comprises distributed five holes-one at the two main parts, the upper one of top and one beneath and one above which forms the catcher and deliv­ each ear. These holes certainly erer, while lower down is a swing­ served for fixing the mask in place. ing arm, being a half circular steel There is nothing Egyptian nor bar having a bow shaped spring on Greek about the style of the work, its extreme end to hold in position and the specimen seems to be an the lower ring of the pouch as it authentic one of local art. In fact, is held out from the car, as shown at the base of the forehead and at in one of the illustrations. and assist the origin of . the nose, it bears the in holding it steadily in position to mark of its Punic origin in the be engaged by the catcher on the crescent surmounting the disk, crane at the station. The catcher which it embraces with its depressed and deliverer is supported by a horns -an emblem that is very fre­ steel bar extending across the car quent upon the votive stelre of door, the bar rotating in half a cir­ Carthage, and which we often find cle in a plate bolted at one side of engraved upon the bezel of rings the car door, whereby the whole or arranged so as to be strung and uevice may be swung down out of worn as an amulet. the way at the side of the door. One peculiarity that this mask Upon that portion of the steel exhibits is that it changes physi­ bar between the two projections of ognomy according as it is viewed in the bracket at the side of the car profile, at an angle, or full face. door is a collar with a lug t.o engage This mask constitutes a true cari­ a. projection on the back of the cature. Contrary to the opinion bracket to . hold the catcher arm in held up to recent years, the Cartha­ horizontal position. A coiled spring ginians must have practiced the art at each side of the collar, bearing of portrait taking. Prof. Duhn, in on the projections of the bracket, an article recently published at holds the lug in operative position Berlin, observes that several Punic and at the same time breaks the masks in the Saint LOUis Museum force of the blow OIl thecatcher arm remind us of Japanese rather than when the pouch is caught. of Mediterranean art, on account The catcher arm rotates with the of the extraordinary naturalism ex­ bar by a sleeve extending from raIL BAG IN POSITION AT STATION TO BE TAKEN BY APPROACHING TRAIN hibited therein and that makes true which is a handle at right angles portraits thereof. Such is the first WINSOR MAIL CATCHER AND DELIVERER. to the catcher, and the latter itlsel(

© 1897 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. SEPTEMBER I I, 1897.] Iiti tutifit !lUtritlu. 16<} is bent to form a parallel side two vessels can always be de­ jaw, and contains besides a termined by dividing the inter­ spring-actuated bar, pivoted on vals in seconds by ten. By plac­ the inner side of the jaw and ing two different fog whistles on normally engaging the other a long steamer, one at the bow side, but opening on the pas­ and the other at the stern, and sage of the bag into the jaw and arranging that the sounds emit­ closing behind it. When the ted by both should be heard to­ pouch enters the catcher arm, it gether by an observer standing slides the bar past a catch and at the bow, many collisions allows the arm to drop to the might be prevented. Instruc­ side of the car, the bag being se­ tions could be given to sailing curely locked as soon as caught vessels to keep quiet so long as and avoiding all danger of being both signals were heard sepa­ thrown under the cars. The rately, for they would then be in mail clerk does not have to' hold no danger, but to fire a gun or the device while catching and make other loud noise when delivering pouches, but simply both whistles were heard to­ pulls down a handle which gether, for they would then be in throws the pouch out to posi­ front of the steamer. These va­ tion, and holds it set to such rious methods may be combined position as the car approaches a indefinitely, and they seem to be station. worth the consideration of navi­ Our view representing the ex­ gators. change of car and station mail ••• bags is made from a photograph Phlllpplulll, a New- Elelllent. showing the making of such ex­ M. Marc Delafontaine announ­ change when the car was travel­ ced some years since that Mosan­ ing at the rate of forty miles an der's erbia contains two yellow hour, although the device has earths, which he named terbia been tested with trains running and philippia. The latter wa.s at all rates of speed up to sixty questioned, but accepted later. miles an hour. Now the discoverer has worked The catcher and deliverer bar out his investigation. Philip­ on the crane at the station is pium has been found in gado­ made of steel tubing, on which linites, samarskite and ferguson­ are fastened the bearings, to ite. The article in the Chem. which an arm similar to the News (May 14) describes the com­ catcher used on the car is pivot­ pounds, from which the metal is ed, the supplemental interior inforred, and its relationship to spring-actuated rod for holding other elements. Its symbol is Pp. the bag after it is caught being Philippium is more closely clearly seen. allied to cerium and terbium The coiled springs on each side than to any other of the yttrium of the catcher fork break the and cerium metals. It is to force of the blow when the bag yttrium what cerium is to lan­ is received. The device on both thanum. Its equivalent, the color the car and train is readily re­ of its subnitrates and that of the versible, to receive and deliver philippic salts, the solubility of mail bags when cars are going in its formiate, separate philippium opposite directions. from terbium. These character- MAIL BAG LEFT BY TRAIN AT STATION...... istics, and the solubility of po­ LessenIng the Dangers oC Fog. MAIL CATCHER AND DELIVERER. tassium-philippo sulphate in po­ Nothing is worse than fog at tassium sulphate solutions, dis- sea. A storm may cause discomfort, and accident may sels passing one another, Prof. Pickering suggests that tinguish it from the two ceriums of M. Brauner and cause delay, but in neither case does the traveler feel each should whistle or blow the horn or siren as soon M. Schutzenberger. A heated mixture of cerium ni­ so helpless as when his vessel is completely shut in by as the sound is received from the other vessel. Then, trate with that of the fergusonite earths (left after the a dense fog. To lessen the danger which then exists, if they are five miles apart, each will whistle every removal of Pp) does not behave at all like the origi­ Prof. E. C. Pickering, the director of the Harvard Col­ fifty seconds, and the distance in miles between the nal nitrates ; the residue of cerium subnitrates does lege Observatory, not resemble the suggests, says Na­ corres p 0 nding ture, in a pamph­ compound of phi­ let, a method of lippium. Terbium determining the nitrate melts into position of a ves­ a colorless glass, sel in a fog based which, after par­ upon the velocity t i a I decomposi­ of sound. If two tion, is not yel­ fog horns of dif­ low, and leaves no ferent pitch be yellow residue af­ placed at equal ter washing. distances from the middle of a chan­ nel or entrance to AN im proved a harbor, and be d i v i n g bell of sounded simulta­ g reat capacity, neously at regular moving along the intervals of about sea bot tom by a minute, it will means of screws be evident that a moved by electri­ captain of a vessel city, is on exhibi­ will be able to lo­ tion in Paris. It cate his position is the invention of with fair accuracy an Italian named by noting when Piatti del Pozzo. the sounds of the He states that it horns are heard. can be worked at If the two sounds very great depths are heard at the and hoI d s air saIlle instant, the enough to supply vessel will be in the crew for forty­ the middle of the eight hours with­ channel, and if out renewal. It they are heard is lighted by elec­ after one another, tricity, which also it, would be pos­ furnishes motive sible to judge power for any from the interval tools that may be between the two used. On tipping how m u c h the over the cases of vesseL is out of the ballast, the bell lIlAIL BAG HELD Ol1T FROM CAR APPROACHING STATION. EXCHANGING CAR AND STATION MAIL BAGS. mid dIe of the rises to the sur­ channel. For ves- WINSOR MAIL CATCHER AND DELIVERER. face itself.

© 1897 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. J titutifit )mtritau. [SEPTEMBER 1 If 1&)7. Science Note •• of iLdvantage in legitimate business. No one who has Archlilologlcal New•• Verestchagin, the Russian battle painter, will be the ever patented an invention has failed to receive from Ancient Egyptian doctors knew the groin and the first recipient of the Nobel prize, given for " the propa­ one or more companies very flattering letters concern­ perineum and had a name for each, which M. V. Loret, gation of pacific ideas," it is said, as his pictures have ing the value of his invention and its patentability of Lyons, has discovered in medical papyri. The.terms brought out the true horrors of war. Kaiser Wilhelm abroad, with the offer of a medal or a diploma for a occur in the celebrated Ebers papyrus, but the mean­ calls them " the best assurance against war. " small fee, though the fee is always much greater than ing had not been proved. Aecording to Herr Levinstein, the action of the the value of the medal received and there is no intent The museum of African antiquities in the art of the rarified air on the animal organi�m is to produce a on the part of the grantor of the medal beyond the de­ Mussuhnan has been opened at Algiers, and a large very strong fatty degeneration of the ' heart, the liver ception of the unfortunate patentee who may be allured number of antiquities have already been placed in it. and the mllscles, while death sets in through want of by their flattery. There are in France and in this The museum is in one of the most beautiful of the pub­ oxygen. The experiments from which these facts were country respectable patent competitions whose medals lic gardens. It is in a position which can hardly be ascertained were performed on a rab bit at 30 or 40centi· attest the excellence of inventions, but these competi­ surpassed. tions are not administered for the purpose of inducing meters pressure.-Revue Scientifique. An important archreological discovery has been made applications for patents through particular firms, but The Coast and Geodetic Survey has authorized near Thermopylre, between the old barracks and the are offered by such institutions as the Franklin Insti­ Augustus F. Rodgers, in charge of the bureau's San water mills. On making excavations there were laid tute and the French Institute for the Encouragement l!' rancisco office, to proceed with an assistant to the bare a number of sarcophagi containing ores, vases, of National Industry. These legitimate prizes are not head of the Lynn Canal, Alaska, and make a thorough coins and medals. I t is believed that the skeletons fictitiously offered and their awards have real value, survey of that part of the Klondike route. Particular were the remains of the Spartan hosts of Leonidas. while such schemes as those presented by the firm i� attention will be given to the topography and hydro­ Another fragment of the famous Parian chronicle, question can only have the effect of increasing the graphy of the Skaguay and Dyea localities. Mr. part of which is in the Ashmolean Museum at Oxford, number of useless patents and of bringing discredit on . Rodgers will leave at once. has been found on the island of Paros. It is very im­ the whole system of issuing patents.-The Journal of The lightest substance known it contains the chronology of the years from is said to be the pith Electricity. portant, as of the sunflower, with a specific gravity of 0'028, while .. fe• ., 336 to 299 before Christ, the period of Alexander of

elder pith - hitherto recognized as the lightest sub­ Eye Sanitation. Macedon, and of the Diadochi, the generals who di- stance-has a specific gravity of 0'09, reindeer's hair vided his empire among themselves. If one organ more than another in the human body 0'1, and cork 0'24. For saving appliances at sea, cork should have all the benefit of prevention, it is the eye, The foundation stone of the new museum destined to with a buoyancy of 1 to 5, or reindeer's hair with one of and yet to what abuses do we not see it daily and hourly contain the collection of Egyptian antiquities Gizeh of 1 to 10, has been used, while the pith of the sun­ subjected, says the Independent. People will read was laid in April by the Khedive, the ceremony being flower has a buoyancy of 1 to 35. while riding on jolting cars, they will read by a poor attended by the ministers, high officials, diplomatic Italy has produced the smallest book in the world, a light, not reflecting how much wiser and pleasanter it' corps and a few invited European residents. An volume of 208 pages measuring 10 millimeters by 6, or is to pay money to the gas man than to the oculist. Egyptian monolith coffer which dated from about four-tenths by a quarter of an inch. Each page con­ There are many expedients that will help to preserve 2500 B. C. was used to hold a box containing the docu­ 9 95 100 tains lines and from to letters. The text is an the sight of workers who can have but little time to ments, coins, medals, European journals, etc. unpublished letter written by GaIileo in 1615 to Mme. rest ; by closing the eyes for a few moments, or by look- M. Berthelot, the chemist, reports that the copper Cristine, of Lorraine. The printers are the brothers ing off at a distant object so as to change the focus objects found at Negadah and Abydos, in Egypt, by M. Salmin, of Padua, who in 1870 produced the micro­ completely, and thus resting those parts of the retina De Morgan are of pure copper and not of bronze. scopic edition of Dante's " Divina Commedia," 38 by 22 that have been in use continuously for a long time, Among them are a button, a curiously shaped pair of millimeters in size, with 31 lines to the page. much may be gained. Then when one feels that the scissors, and some needles. The inscriptions found on The influence of hygienic improvements on the rate sight is failing, do not delay going to an oculist, and the tombs are so old that they have not, as yet, been of mortality is well shown by the figures below, which having him furnish you with a formula for the glasses deciphered. They are believed to date from the First give the mortality of the years 1882 and 1895 in the that your eyes need, and at the same time secure the Dynasty or earlier. M. Berthelot thinks that the evi­ world's greatest cities : services of a good optician. The " mathematics of the dence of a copper age is conclusive. 188\l 1895 eye " are very well understood now, and the law that The design for the monument to be erected to the Paris..• .••. •••...•....••••••.••.•.•.•..• . ... 26'3 21'1 will make the light enter the eye at just the angle to Rome ..••....••...... •.••••••. ..•.•.•••.....•26'1 2O'S late Lord Leighton in St. Paul's Cathedral-where the Berlin •• ..••..•••• ...•••••••••••••...• .•.••26'4 19'0 correct the aberration that age has made will give YOIl late president of the Royal Academy is buried-has Amsterdam ...... 24·3 17'6 great comfort, and do much to prolong the usefulness been submitted to the Prince of Wales and approved Rotterdam . ••• . . . . •• •• • • • • • . • . • . •••• •• ••. • . 23'5 19'7 of your eyes. The skillful way in which astigmatism by his royal highness. The memorial is to be in the . Vienna . •• • ••••• • ....•••..••.•••.•••••••..•.•.29'2 23'1 and near-sightedness are now corrected is a matter to St. Petersburg.. ..••..•• ..•• ...... •••••••..•••35'2 27"2 form of an altar tomb, supported by emblematic figures, New york •••••.••• ••..•••••••••••••••• •••••.30"6 22'4 rejoice over. One person asks : " Is it not dreadful to and will be executed by Thomas Brock, R.A. The New York shows the greatest improvement. see such numbers of young children going about the committee, of which the Prince of Wales is chairman, with glasses on The discovery by M. Sabouraud of the microbe of streets ? Are everybody's eyes degener- announces that the monument will cost £2,500, of seborrhrea (suet flow), or the "bacillus of baldness," ating ?" Not at all. The child who, fifty years ago, which all but £100 has been subscribed. would have been unable to learn to read from sheer in- attracted much attention, and a special meeting of the Sir A. Wollaston Franks, K. C.B., president of the ability to see the letters, is now able to keep up with Paris Academy of Sciences was held recently, at which Society of Antiquarians and for many years the keeper his fellows, and escapes the inevitable headache that the matter was discussed. M. Brocq remarked that of the British Museum, recently died in London, at the comes from eye strain, simply because a well-adjusted the seat of the bacillus was not in the hair follicle, age of seventy-two years. His ch ief collections were pair of glasses has been supplied to him. As to the and that its action on the skin could not be ex­ of Chinese and Japanese porcelains and of English pot­ carelessness of employers, in failing to provide a good plained. M. Sabouraud had said it was from a toxin ; tery. These collections have been presented to the light for men who write all day, and whose eyes must but from his experiments the toxin apparently worked British Museum. He also had probably the finest col­ pay the penalty-there is no greater field for the appli· at a distance from the hair follicles, at least in the lection of rings in existence, besides one of gold orna­ cation of the Christian rule Do unto o hers," etc. , rabbit, while in man it acted locally if the bacillus was " t ments and one of book plates. His greatest archreo­ than here. This is seen more often in the city than in always the cause of the seborrhrea and the baldness. logical service was the discovery of what he called " the the country ; but even here, we should like to see the All clinicians knew that temperament played an im­ late Celtic " period of art. portant part in the matter of seborrhrea census of the men who have made it a matter of con- and alopecia The Journal Egyptien announces the finding of (fox mange). As regards the latter, science to supply a perfect light for their clerks and the arthritic dia­ an excellently preserved avenue of sphinxes, leading to thesis had to be considered ; as regards the former, the other employes. Then, when you learn that a cataract a temple built by Rameses III, near the outskl'rts of ly phatic. In a non-ar is forming, do not despair ; in these days of advanced m thritic person baldness never Luxor. The entire place was buried under the sand. surgery they are removed with but little injury to the occurred, not even when abundant seborrhrea was pres­ The most of the temple, as well as a considerable por- vision. Tight shoes, tight collars and tight waists are ent. Clinically, seborrhrea must not be confounded tion of the avenue of sphinxes, has been uncovered. with baldness. If baldness was always due to a mi­ detrimental to 'eyesight, hy causing undue pressure M. De Morgan has returned to France, leaving the crobe, it should be easily contagious, and it was not so, on the brain ; but of all the destroyers of this precious ve s h O Egyptian exploration in the hands of Mr. Loret, the except as accessory to some other disease. M. Jacquet possession of perfect vision, il are t e w orst. ne o city m well known Egyptologist from Lyons. He was his col­ considered that the rabbit was not a good subject, for wealthy culist, owning a fine ansion, in talking with a ' laborator in the firstvolume published on the Dashner. baldness can be easily produced in that animal by the with a friend, saw a lady finely dotted veil pass. are the things t have M. De Morgan will in the fall take the direction of ex­ simple application of bisulphite of lime. M." Darier Said he : . . Those tha built my tensive excavations in Persia. stated the histological analogies bet ween se borrhreaand house." Very lately the following experiment was It is generally thought baldness ; but as the results on the clinical side were tried : that among the ancient civil- ized people different from those of the laboratories, it was impos­ .. Dr. Casey A. Wood, of Chicago, selected a dozen s the Romans had the most perfect system of water supplies. But sible, without further information, to identify the two typical specimens of veils and applied the ordinary excavations in Greece have shown th t in several respects lesions. M. Barbe said that many seborrhreic pat ients tests of ability to read while wearing them. These tests a its inhabitants were more adv nced in the art of laying never had the least amount of falling off of the hair. M. showed that every description of veil affects more or a aqueducts than their Italian neighbors. Their water was brought to Sabouraud replied, in effect, says Nature, that mem­ less the ability to see distinctly, both in the distance them in subterraneous ducts, so that bers used similar arguments when Pasteur laid the and near at hand. The most objectionable kind is the greater purity was secured, and the liquid was cool. results of his studies of fermentation before them. dotted veil. Other things being equal, vision is inter- kept The very fered with in direct proportion to the number of fact that the Roman aqueducts are more visible, as ...... meshes per square inch. The texture of the veil plays being over ground, probably account.s for the fact that Disreputable Patent COlnpetltlon•• an important part in the matter. When the sides of Roman constructions have enjoyed worldwide fame, We have recently received a copy of a paper called the mesh are single, compact threads, the eye is much while the superior Greek art was unknown in this re­ the National Recorder, issued by a firm of Washington less embarrassed than when double threads are em· spect. patent attorneys, claiming that a million copies of their ployed. The least objectionable veil is without dots, M. Osiris, who has bought the historic chMeau of regularl journal are y printed, and who offer monthly sprays or other figures, but with large, regular meshes Malmaison in order to save it from ruin, has intrusted medals and prizes for especial ability in 'invention, to made with single, compact threads. Eye troubles do to 1\[. Daumet the task of overseeing its repair and (to inventors taking out patents through their agency. not necessarily result from wearing veils, for the healthy a certain extent) restoration, says the Builder. The This is one of the many "catchpenny " devices bring­ eye is as able as any other part of the body to resist the personal apartments of Napoleon are to be brought ing discredit upon the patent system of this country. strain they impose upon it. But weak eyes are hurt by back to their original condition-his library, his In the heat of securing prize money, young men and them and prudence should teach not to strain healthy private room, and Jose»hine's bedroom, dressing room, mechanics are induced to take out patents upon un­ eyes too much." and bathroom. The first floor, which is in a ruinous salable. inventions, squandering money and time to •• ••• state, is to be rebuilt and transformed into a series of the ultimate benefit of no one except the patent at­ ISAAC F. BASSFORD, of He lena, Mont. , is probably galleries in which will be placed all the souvenirs, torneys. Perhaps for sale abroad h suc a medal may the oldest inventor in the world. He is ni nety-seven artistic objects, furniture, bronzes and medals which give an undue importance to a trivial invention, and but years old, is now trying to find some one to buy a are cOnnected with the career and the reign of we cannot see any way in which such a system can be half interest in a new invention. Na.poleon.

© 1897 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. SEPTEMBER I I, 1897.] J titutifit !mtritnu. "ARCH ROCK," SAN FRANCISCO BAY. Pacific Ocean the same forces have been at work. therefore, were not able to make any prophecies as to Of the twenty-four dangers to navigation which have Along a wide belt throughout nearly the entire length the amount of gold to be expected. Nor is there any been located and charted in the bay of San Francisco, of the continent a belt of paleozoic schistose rocks have certain basis to go upon even after the present dis­ the one known as "Arch Rock " is the most conspicu- been fractured and filled with a network of quartz coveries. There is little probability that anything ous. Situated just one mile due west of Fort Alcatraz, veins bearing more or less gold. McConnell reported but rich placer mines can ever be worked there with it separates the north and south channels of the harbor, essentially the same formations where the Yukon crosses profit,and it is altogether likely that the placer llIining and is plainly visible to all vessels that enter or leave I the Arctic Circle that he had been familiar with west of will always be of the most hazardous kind. the port at all stages of the tide. It stands just before I the Rocky Mountains, the entire distance south to the 3. The effect of glacial erosion, to which reference the eastern entrance of the Golden Gate, and is the United States boundary. is occasionally made in the papers, must be limited to first object in the bay that the swells froUl the Pacific 2. '£ he Yukon River occupies a very old line of the upper part of the Yukon Valley, considerably strike. On account of its visibility, "Arch Rock " is drainage. Its drainage basin has been elevated so above the region of the richest discoveries. Russell, easily avoided by navigators, though a number of I long above the sea that the river has had time to Dawson and Hayes all agree that, while glaciers for­ wrecks have occurred at this point. Above the water cut long and deep canons across rocks of different merly enveloped all the island along the Pacific shore line the dimensions of the rock are small. Its height geological ages, and to establish a pretty uniform of southeastern Alaska, they were of very limited above low tide is but 26 feet and its length about the gradient for a distance of nearly 2,000 miles. Schwatka extent on the northern side of the mountains which same. An arch about 12 feet in diameter, through built his raft at the head of Lake Lindeman, twenty- form the southern border of the mainland. In- which small boats some­ deed, the glaciers on times pass, has been the northern flanks of worn through the cen­ these mountains scarce­ ter. Below water the ly pass the sixty-second rock expands gradually, parallel, not reaching so that in order to ob­ even to old Fort Selkirk. tain a uniform depth of Hence, there is not 30 feet at low tide, as is much probability that contemplated by the en­ Low WA TE.RLINE any large amount of gineers, a bulk over 300 gold has been carried feet in diameter must be by ice action from one removed. In response drainage basin to an­ to a memorial addressed - other. The gold of the to Congress by the com­ placers in the Klondike mercial bodies of San region is probably all of Francisco, a survey of local origin, a r isi n g some of the most promi­ from the disintegration nent dangers to naviga­ of the rocks through tion that obstruct the I��i��i���� which the stream and

bay was ordered, and its tributaries hay e that of •. Arch Rock " is flowed. now complete. Through The conditions of life the courtesy of Otto Von in that region arp, al­ Geldern, the engineer most inconceivable to m a kin g the surveys, those who have not paid profiles of the rock, east especial attention to and west and north and them. Russell reported south, have been pre· at repeated places along pared especially for the the middle Yukon tliat SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. ice took the place of They give an excellent ordinary rock. Bluffs idea of the task in­ along the river on whose volved. The rock is soft surface forests w ere sandstone and easily dis­ growing would appear integrated by exp I 0 - on close approach to be sives. The plan recom­ precipitous wall s of mended by the engineel· stagnant ice covered is to drill holes to the with a small amount of required depth and soil and a deep carpet VERTICAL SECTIONS THROUGH " ARCH ROCK," SHOWING NATURAL TUNNEL WORN OUT BY ACTION OF WAVES. charge with dynamite. of moss. Anywhere on Drills can be operated the surface one had but either from boats or to dig down a few inch­ from stationary plat­ es to find solid ice. In­ forms resting upon the deed, the ground never face of the rock, and thaws there to a depth adjustable for all depths of more than a few and contour, and easily inches. The p I ace I· operated at all stages of mining will always hayt�

the tide or condition of to be in frozen soil, ex­ the weather; excepting cept on the margin of in violent storms. The the large streams. But softness of the rock will the rich placers are Oil permit rapid progress the small streams from when the work is begun. thirty to one hundred Not more than two sea­ miles back from the sons will be required for Yukon.

preparation, and 0 n e The region is a regu­ blast, it is calculated, lar rat trap. Up to the will ' utterly obliterate middle of Septelllber

the rock as it now pal·ties can with 0 u t stands. The engineer much trouble get over calculates that 40,000 the Chilkoot Pass with cubic yards of rock must a small amount of equip­

be removed in order to llIent, and can w 0 r k attain the r e quired down the ri yer 600mi le'l, depth of 30 feet at low as Schwatka did, on tide. The plan pursued rafts or boat.s of their in blowing up the rocks "ARCH ROCK " IN SAN FRANCISCO BAY, SHORTLY TO BE REMOVED BY THE GOVERNMENT. own construction. But, at Hell Gate, New York Ol1ce in at that time of Harbor, was considered, but the engineer believes that three miles from the summit of the Chilkoot Pass, and year, there is no possibility of their getting back until the work can be quite as effectively performed and was transported on it 1,300 miles, with only two or the next June. The same is true about the ascent of much more cheaply by drilling from the exterior. It three short portages above Miles Canon, about 150 the river, which freezes up in September and is not only is believed that the whole expense will not exceed miles from the place of its construction. But the same unnavigable, but well-nigh impassable until the follow­ $100,000. raft was used the entire journey. From Miles Canon ing June. The lower part of the strealll freezes up ••••• the river is navigable for a distance of nearly 2,000 miles. earlier and thaws out later than the upper portions ; Geology of tbe Yukon Keglon.* The significance of this is that it indicates an enor­ consequently, the ice dams in the lower portions make BY G. FREDERJCK WRIGHT. mous period during which erosive agencies have been floods of the IllOst disastrous kind, and when those of The expeditions of the Canadian Geological Survey active in the valley. All young rivers crossing such the autumn subside they leave the ice so rough that it to the Yukon region, ten years ago, established three diverse geological formations are obstructed by water­ is unfit for sledging. If reasonable calculation could things having an important bearing on the gold pro­ falls or rapids impassable to navigation. The gold, be made concerning the numbers to be there in the spects in Alaska and the Northwest Territory. therefore, which is found in the placer miIws of the winter, provision could be made for them during the 1. The gold-bearing strata which have been so Yukon is the accumulation froUl an immense aIllount three months when 'the river and the passes are open. productive all along the western coast of America of disintegrated rock. If the veins near the surface But it is now too late for this year, and there seems extend without essential change into the Upper Yukon have been very rich, an enormous amount may be ex­ little doubt that adventurers will flock to the region Valley as far as the Arctic Circle. Throughout the pected froIll the placers. But from the aIllount of beyond all probable 1lll:'anS of support and will be be­ whole extent of the mountain ranges which face the erosion, a considerable accumulation may have arisen yond reach of assistance. One dreads to hear the story

• The Independent, N. Y. from veins of very low-gra.

© 1897 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. J ,itutifi, !tutri,au. [SEPTEMBER II, 1897. Weeds Bost Trooble80Dl.6 to FarDl.ers.* this weed. which will attack cultivated lettuce. When wool of sheep, but are easily suppressed if mown aur­ Wild lettuce, Russian thistle, Canadian thistle, cut near the ground it will send up additional sprouts ing their growth. Bracted plantain is a plant that Spanish needle, oxeye daisy (a species of chrysanthe­ which will go to seed. grows annually from the seed, and may therefore be mum), wild and black mustard, purslane, stick weed The Russian thistle first appeared in Dakota in 1873, suppressed. The buffalo bur you are no doubt all or beggar's lice, burdock, yellow dock, bracted plan­ and is now found over the greater part of the State. familiar with, and it is easily suppressed, provided the tain, horse nettle, buffalo bur, wild carrot, rag weed In some places the fields have been abandoned. It plant be cut off before it goes to seed. It is an annual, and dog fennel. was first noticed in Ohio in 1894 along the tracks of and will not reproduce .itself from the roots. Wild Some of these weeds are annuals, some are biennials the Lake Shore Railroad, near Bryan. It is one of the carrot is a very bad weed, and if there be but little of and some are perennials, and a knowledge of these dis­ worst weeds known, and a large portion of Europe is it, it should be dug up by the roots, and always, of tinctions enables the farmer to intelligently deal with affiicted with it. It is an annual and should be cut course, mowed just at or before the time it blooms. the pests. Take, for example, the common burdock ; down when it first blooms, for one plant will produce It is a biennial. Rag weed is the most common weed it is a biennial-that is, it grows from the seed, and about twenty thousand seeds. in this country, and the best time to s1,1ppress it is the first year it grows large leaves but does not throw The Canada thistle grows about two feet high ; has when there is plenty of moisture to germinate all the out any seed stalkl; the second year it goes to seed, prickly leaves, rose purple flower, and is the lightest seed ; then mow off the weeds before the seed can and its burs containing the numerous seed pods will colored of all thistles. It has the power of reproducing mature ; rake them up and let them rot, as they con­ stick to live stock. Did any of you ever see sticking itself from roots as well as seeds. It is a perennial tain a good deal of fertilizing material. to stock these burs to be thrashed out in the pastures plant, and therefore more troublesome than either The Spanish needle is an annual and may be sup­ and over the farm, thus scattering the seed ? Now, the wild lettuce or the Russian thistle. It is ofton pressed by mowing before the seed can mature. It is during the firstyear's growth of a burdock there is no shipped from place to place in baled hay. It originally a very troublesome plant and should be suppressed. use to cut it-in fact, it does more harm than good ; grew in Europe and not in Canada, but it reached this Much injury was done to the wheat last year be­ but the second year, when it sends forth its seed stalk, country from Europe through Canada. It is more cause of the rag weed, there being so much rain that just before it blossoms, cut it down in the vigor of its common in Canada than in the United States. While when the wheat was thrashed, the rag weed being wet evil existence, and it will be dead forever. On the it is more difficult to suppress than the Russian thistle, caused some of the wheat to spoil, whereas, had there other hand, the yellow dock is a perennial, like timothy, the Russian thistle is much more injurious. The better been no rag weed with the wheat, it would have dried and is a very mean weed. Its seeds do not spread so way is to never permit this pest to mature on the farm. out, so as to have done no injury. Thus thousands of easily, but cutting it off does not kill it. It should be After it or any other weed once obtains a foothold, dollars were lost to the farmers of Allen County alone dug up, root and branch, and cast into the fire, that its the labor multiplies many times to suppress it. because of the rag weed. It is an annual. The roots seed may perish from off the earth. Wild and black mustard are annuals-that is, they never reproduce ; therefore mowing the ground, or cul­ Some weeds, especially annuals or biennials, may be prodnce seed each year. '1' he plants themselves die, tivating it for two or three years, will destroy most of killed by mowing them just before, or at the time, they and the following year the sli!ed will grow and mature the seed. If the ground is thickly sodded, it will blossom ; but there are other weeds which cannot be seed. After the ground has become full of this seed, choke out the rag weed, but the seed will retain kiiled by mowing after they are in bloom-for example, the successful .way to treat them is to mow each year, vitality for some length of time, so that when the the Canada thistle will mature its seed even though just as they bloom. If this be done for two or three meadow is broken up the rag weed will again appear. it is cut down immediately after it has blossomed, years, the plants can be destroyed. But if the plants There are many other weeds,that might be mentioned, as there is enough substance in the stalk to mature the be growing in a meadow, they will mature seed before but the same rule applies to the manner of suppressing seed. the grass is ready to cut, so that such fields should be them. '],hewild lettuce you all know very well, though the pastured or cultivated. One of the greatest items of cost in the production acquaintance is somewhat brief and disagreeable. It Purslane you are all acquainted with, from its fleshy of a crop is for labor expended in the extermination is a biennial, sometimes annual. It came to this leaves and stems. It is a creeping plant, but can ma­ of weeds in order to give the crops a chance. If there country from Europe ; its seeds are lighter and carried ture more seed to each plant than any other known were no weeds produced from the soil, the later cultiva­ Illore easily than the thistle ; it is a hardy plant and plant. It is estimated that one plant will bring forth tion of the crop would not be necessary. The value should be pulled out by the roots. The stem, close a million seeds, and it may be very troublesome when of the field crops in the United States for the year 1894, to the ground, is prickly and cannot be pulled without the ground becomes thoroughly seeded to it. The including wheat, corn, oats, rye, barley, buckwheat, a covering on the hand. It is most troublesome in way to kill it is to cut off when it has reached a ma­ tobacco, potatoes and hay, was one billion, six hundred meadows ; sheep will eat it and keep it in check in ture size, and before it has produced seed, and tnrn and thirty million, eight hundred and seventy-three pastures. A full grown plant will produce about ten it to the sun. It is an annual, growing each year from thousand,�seven hundred and ninety-five'dollars. Direct thousand seeds. There is a fungus which comes with the seed. loss to machinery and stock and decrease in value of Stick weed or beggar's lice are troublesome little crops by reason of weeds amounted to ten million

*By Hon. J. D. Cable, in Annual Report of Ohio Farmers' Institutes. seeds that will stick to animals and especially to the dollars.

RECENTLY PATENTED INVENTIONS. AKrlcoltoral. foot in such manner as to slide the mirror ont from PRISON CELL, V.AULT, ETC. - Frank its casing and hold it In exposed position as desired, Railway Appllanee8. REAPING MACHINE. - Mihail Alexan­ Peterhausl, Brooklyn, N. Y., and George H. Rothmann, leaving the hands entirely free, so that one facing the Rntherford, The door, window gratiug or wall drescu, Bncharest, Ronmanla. A machine to be pro· N. J. CAR FENDER.-James K. Young; Meri­ mirror may have a perfect view of the bead and upper pelled by hand, Instead of being drawn by draught ani­ of a cell or vault, according to this Invention, is com­ den, Conn. This fender is a pivotally mounted frame portion of the body without elevating the mirror above posed of a network connected pipes adapted to be mals, is provided by this iuvention, and consists of a 01 having forward wheels which travel on the car track the top of the chair to which it is applied. frame mounted on two wheels, with a cutter on its for· connected to an exhaust device, this system being con­ when the fender is down in operative position, and a ward end to be operated by a connection with the axle, nected with a pipe leadiug to a central office, where an portion of the fender is arranged to move forward when STOVE GRATE. - Edmund E. Flint, while an endless apron carries the stalks which cut alarm valve is held on the pipe and closed by atmospheric are Tonawanda, N. Y. This is a grate for coal stoves which a person is canght npon it, tbus holding one on the lender pre8sure or adapted to be opened by a spring, sounding to a rack, where they accumulate in quantities corre· virtually coustitutes an extension of the fire pot, and is instead of throwing him In a way which might be dan· an alarm. A connected Indicating disk also makes a sponding to sheaves, when they are pushed off to be so made that when shaken It grinds the cinders that may gerous to life or limb. The fender is readily atr.a.ch�d to corresponding alarm. giving t.he number of the cell, bonnd by hand. The knife bar carries three-sided blades, be between the sections, throwing out slate from its mar­ or removed from a car, and may be conveniently folded when a break has been made, destroying the vacunm in and has a reciprocating motion, being brought down to ginal portions, thus preventing the portion of the gratA up Ill!a.inst the dashboarrl if desired. any of the pipes, the improvement being applicable to the proper distance from the ground by raising the rear through which ashes pass from becoming clogged, and treasure vaults as well as prison cells, etc. TRACK BRAKE.-Jefferson U. Elwood, end of the frame by the handles on which the operator also promoting the draught. The grate is made with a McKeesport, Pa. This invention covers an improve­ pnshes. pan section and a rim recti3n, both provided with teeth, POST HOLE DIGGER. - Hugb L. T. ment on two formerly patented inventions of the same and each having movement in the same horizontal plane, Overbey, Summerville, Ga. This device has a lower cut· inventor, and provides a shoe for track brakes of greater IUeebanlcal. one below the other, but the two sections moving in ting cylinder with internally beveled bottom cutting edge, holding power than the ordinary shoe, and a more effi. opposite directions, and one section moving faster than and longitudinal slots in its side walls, and at the cient mechanism for applying power to the shoe. The BELT ApPLYING DEVICE.-Fordyce A. the other. upper end of the cylinder is a hollow shank in which is shoe hasdovetailed or inwardly expanding recesses In its Savage and Milan G. Wade, Dowaj!1ac, Mich. To facili­ BA DAGE TIN C I . secured the handle. A spring-pressed push plate is held under surface, the recesees bemg filled with moulded tate pntting belts on pulleys, drums, etc., these in­ N CUT G MA H NE -John R. Volz, New York City. A machine adapted to cut movably in the cylinder, there being a foot piece for blocks arranged to have a higher frictional resistance ventors provide a simplelform of adjustable clamping moving the pusb. plate outward to remove the dirt taken than the body of the shoe, and the operating mechanism device to engage the periphery of the pulley and project several strips of varying widths at one time, and capable of different adjustments regulate the tension of the up by the cylinder, the push plate returning to its normal comprises a. worm and worm gear to which a grooved to one side, where it eugages one side of the belt, lifting to material while being cut, forms the subject of this position on removiug the foot pres8ure, and not inter­ cam of decreasing radius is attached, giving great power the belt and turning it upon the pnlley, after which the patent. The machine comprises a suitable flame fering In the least with drlviug the cylinder down into in the application of the brake, by a movement which is device drops from the pulley, as the latter makes a half m the ground. rapid in the beginning, but slower and with Increased revolution, bringing the device from beneath the belt· which are journaled various sbafts to rotate in unison, power at a later portion of the application. The device is made In two sections adapted to slide upon the driving shaft being turned by a handle on a pulley, FRUIT CLEANER. - Alexander Cham­ each other, so that it may be used on all sizes of from which is driven a cutter shaft and two winding bers, Newtown, Pa. For cleaning currants, raisius, shafts, the latter shafts belug slidably mounted. The pnlleys. dried apples, prunes, etc., this machine consists of a Electrical. machine is of simple construction and easy to operate. frame in which rails are arranged on an incline to sup­ PLUMB .AND LEVEL, ETC.-Edward D. POWER 'f RANSMISSION. - port a slidable screen, conveniently adjustable iu relation Emil Lan­ Beatty, Louisville. Ky. This invention affords a combi­ GARMENT CLASp.-Joseph Stern, New a brush, the parts beinl: so arranged that the brush hoffer, Mulhausen, Germany. This inveution relates to to nation of a plnmb and level with an ordinary folding Orleaus, La. 'fhis Is a device more especially designed systems in which the motors may capable, within and screen may be readily removed, and means being be rule, which may be conveuiently carried in the pocket. for use on the opening fiaps of trousers, and permits of provided for the proper breaking up of the lnmps before wide limits, of gradually altering their rotary speed, in­ A level glass with a suitable amount of liquid is held in a conveniently fastening the staple In place without stitch· stead of a step-by.step variation, the electrical connec­ the fruit is acted on by the brushes. Screens of different casing which Is connected with the mle by a link, so that ing. A hook and a staple, each made of a single piece of tions beiug also so arranged that the size of the motors mesh are provided for various kinds and sizes of frnit. it may be made to rest on the side of the mle when the sheet metal, are secured to the two fiaps, the metal of the will be reduced to a minimnm for high running efficiency. latter is In horizontal position for nse as a level, or on staple bt>ing bent upon itself to form two members, one B.AG TIE.-Albert Davison, Belvidere, A regntating device is provided for the lU"II1ature com­ the end of the mle when the latter is to be employed as a having at its free end a poiuted tongue to engage an Ill. A simple, easily operate'l fastener, which can be prising plurality of circuits whose poteutials to It are plumb, the casing being of a length equaling only the opening in the end of the other member after it has cheaply made and applied without iujury to the bag, is each other approximately as the term8 of a geometric width of two members of the mle, been passed through the cloth. provided by this iuvention. It comprises a plate section progression, in combiuation with another operatively S and a stud section, the latter having a hooklike main connected regulatinl: device comprising a plurality of A FI H NET NEEDLE AND WINDER.­ tongue aud opposite guide and retaining tongnes, the resistances arrauged in series to control the intensity of IUlsceJ]aneoo8. George W. Raymond, Warrenton, Oregon. In needles latter being defiected to form a hump. Meaus are pro­ the field, whereby the variation of intensity will be ap­ for knitting fisb nets and macbines for winding twine vided for detachably connecting the plate section and the proximately the same for all differences of potentials. COMPUTING SC.ALEBE .AM.--William R. on the needles, this inventor provides a needle having stud sectiou, a cord or line of twisted wire being used in Dunn, Alton, Ind. A hollow weighing beam, according jaws or points at oue end and means for regulating the connection with the device. to this invention, has graduations to indicate nults of space between the points of the jaws, while the wiuder Bicycles, Etc. weights, and located within this beam is a price indicat­ comprises a rotary .haft to rotate the needle on a post B.AG FASTENER. - Newell F. Wight­ which may be clamped to a table, and a spreader plate to A MUSICAL ALARM SIGNAL.- Rudolf ing beam having suitable graduations, two weights being man, Merideu, Conn. This invention relates to metallic movable along the hollow weighing beam and adapted open the poiuts of the needle, the spreader plate having fasteners for grain bags, and comprises fastener made Hartmann, Alfred Hartmann and George F. Reinhard, a for joint or Ind�pendent nse to indicate the WeIght and an eye for tbe pa.sage of the twine. of two pivoted sections, an inwardly extendiug tooth on Jersey City. N. J. From a hanger loosely mounted on the price at the same time. The improvement is de­ each sectiou, a ratchet toothed arm on oue section aud ou the head, according to this Invention, two trumpets are VEHICLE R01,LER BEARING.-John R. signed especially to simplify the construction as well as the other sectiou a boxing having an opening for the pivotally supported over the front whllel, there beiug in Richardson, Madera, Val. For the hub bearings of vehi· to render leBB expensive scales of this de�cription, adapt­ passage of the arm. block is adapted engage the each trumpet one or more reeds, each supported on a cles designed to carry heavy loads, this invention pro· A to iug them also for convenient nse for a wider variety of arm, a stem extending from the block through the end diaphragm, and a piston being arrauged to have move­ vides a bearing which extends the length of the spindle articles. wall of the boxing, a spring surroundiug the stem, on ment In each trumpet by means of cranks on a small portion in order that the weight may be borne nniformly the outer end of which is a finger piece. The fastening grooved wheel which is brought Into contact with the THEATER CHAIR MIRROR. - Samuel through the whole of such portion, to prevent the break­ maintains a substantially circular form and position, and front wheel of the bicycle when the rider presses down Walker, Brooklyn, N. Y. An attachment for mirrors ing down or crnshing of the rollers or the boxing or will not slip from the bag. on a handle or push bar attached to the handle bar. Any Is provided by this invention for use with any np· spindle. It consists of rollers which hear for their full iustrument of a musical type to be operated by the com­ right or nearly npright support, the mirror with its length between the box and spindle, there beiug a collar HUB ATTACHING DEVICl<� -Simon J. preBBion or exhaJ1Btion of air may be usedinstead of the fixed hOUSIng or casing being adjustable and mov­ at each eml of the box, and fitted to the collars are sepa­ Harry, Washiugton, D. C. The axle, accordiug to this trumpets, making the tones of an organ pipe or reed, or able aud being normally concealed and protected. rate plates having projections which extend between the improvement, comprises a spindle with a threaded stem 8 whistle, or theireqnivalents. A shifting device is arranged to be operated by the rollers at the ends. and a non·circular seat at its inner end, on which is fitted

© 1897 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. SEPTEMBER II, 1897.] J tituiifit �tutritluo 1 73 a collar having in its outerside a recess to receive a pamphietson tlbers are of acknowledged anthority and Bicycle change gear. Nedland &; �'redrickson ...... !J89.266 J...... the present work admirably snpplements them. The J!Bu.. in e ....�n il "';lPer ..on�L Bicycle construction. 1<'. Black ...... 58ll.240 spring pawl, while the nut has a tlange on whose inner �i���I:�!:r��:-h�ilei-�rJ��n& ·ii';iim::::::::::::: �:� side is a n"teh forming a seat for the pawl, therebeing tlbersare arranged in alphabetical order and the mono­ The charge fo-r insertion undertMIl head is One Dollar a Bicycle fork. L. Sturges ....•...... •..•• ...... • lme for each ins/lTtwn ; abo-ut eiQht worn. to a line. an opening throughthe tlangefor the insertion of an in­ graph has 103illnstrations and 11 plates. Bicycle frame, H. Cooper ...... strument to release the pawl. The device affords means Advertisements mmt be received at pubUcatwn ojJ!ce Bicycle handle bar. A. F. Temple ...... We have received the ., Marine Num­ earll/ as Thursdal/ mo-rninu; to appear the follow­ le for preventing the turningof the cap nut, and, the pawl all m �i���I: ��;���lt �!�g�:::'�' l.\�.c�g���r;;,a:.: 588. ber " of Cassier's Magazine. It is one of the finestspeci ­ mo week's is ..... Bicycle wheel. �. Gary ...... 588.\116 being countersunk, the nut may be turned close np mens ot scientitlcand technical journalism we have ever Bll1lard cue trimmer and tip fastener, C. Schoen- against the collar. Marine Iron Works. ChIcago. Catalogue free. leber ...... 589.225 seen. It consistsof more than.300reading pages , which Binder and mower brake mechanism, C. H. Ana.. PUMP.-James A. Fink, Russell Springs, .. U. S." Metal Polish. Indianapolis. Samples free. pach ...... 588.�1 are embellished with beantiful engravings, largelyhalf f n . Kansas. This pump presents a novel construction of tones, which are almost nniformly good. The entire Yankee Notions. Waterbury Button Co .• Waterb'y. Ct. g��:e�i�n�r��l�f�:. l�1� ja�g�n.������::: reciprocating watertubes and cylinders, and intermediate J. Boiler. See Steam boiler. Steam and hot water �:� number is printed.on coatedpaper, bringingont the finest For bridge erecting engines. J. S. Mundy. Newark. N. boiler. connections between them designed to counteract or ...... •••••...... detailof the engravings. The reading matter IS contri­ Combined Ink, Pen, aud Penholder Carrier. Patent Boiler tube cleaner, P. Hoerlein 589,126 compensate for the momentum of the pipes and the buted by specialists,which inclnde Sir William Henry Bonus determining device, A. Barnes ...... •.,. 589,IM for sale. M. Scougale. Fort Worth. Texas. Bottle. G. V. Stallings ..•...... •••.•...... 58ll.100 water they contain when the pump is being operated, as White, A .. F. Yarrow, Robert Caird, John U. Thorny­ Improved Bicycle Machinery of every description. Bottle. D. J. Sweeney ...... !J89.0« well as their inertiaat the startof each stroke. The ar­ Bottle cap. W. Polson ...... •..••••.•••...... !J89.366 croft, Sir Charles W. Dilke, John P. Holland, and others. The Garvin Machine Co., Spring andVarick Sts., N. Y. .Bottle closure. M. Altstaedt.er...... 588.939 rangement is such as togive to the stroke of the plunger .. . . . We have no hesitationin commending this splendid nnm­ Concrete Houses - cheaper than brick, superior to Bottle, non-refillable.W. P. Bliss ...... 588.�7 in the cylinder double the stroke given by the lever of Bottle. non-refillable.Coates &; Schutz ...... !J89.164 ber most heartily to all who are in any way interested stone. H Ransome," 757 Monadnock Block, Chicago. Bottle, non-refillable.J. Fultz ...... !J89.2111 the pnmp. innaval engineering. The priceis 50 cents. Bottle, non-refillable.G. W. Scott ...... •••. .•• !J89.035 For static machines for all purposes, and X ray appa­ ..•...... !J89 AIR SHIP.-Thomas M. Crepar, Grand Bottle washer. H. H. Miller .135 We have received the new " Circu­ ratus. write Reedsburg Electric Mfg. Co., Reedsburg. Box. See Folding box. Letter box. Match box. 1897 Box attachment. J. H. Morlan ...... !J89.188 Rapids, Minn. This tlyingmachme has elongated npper larof Information " of the International Correspondence Wis .• U. S. A Brake. See Vehicle brake. Velocipede brake. and lower balloon sections, connected by a hanger band The Norwich Line-New York to Worcester. Lowell. Brake beam. J. Player ...... •...... !J89.269. !J89.270 School, of Scranton, Pa. This catalognegives an excel­ .. .. and cordage, there being on each side of the lower shell Branding machine. J. Ingle ...... 589.�7 to, ...... len t idea of the work which has been done by the Gardner, Winchendon and Keene, N. H. From Pier Broom head. W. T. Watts ...... !J89.062 aeroplanes, while projecting upwardly from its bottom in North River. 5:30 P. M., week days only. Brush or mop holder ...P. H. Humbach ...... 589.351 students and the courses which they may take. Educa­ Brush, scrubbing, B. 1'. C. Grimes ...... •...... 589.171 the interior is a cabin, below which is a power room and ...... tion by correspondence is now an assured success, and no Machinery manufacturers, attention ! Concrete and Buggy top attachment. W. O. Wilbur ...... !J89.3'l4 propelling and controlling devices. A main propeller mortar mixing mills. Exclusive rights for sale. "Ran­ a n h . :e��rer ....•..•...• 589,�1 student, even in faraway countrytowns, neoonow be cnt I��tfe�� ��� rn:�� ��;� �iti wheel and rudder are located at the rear of the lower 757 ...... •..... offfrom edncational opportunities by reason of his isola­ some." Monadnock Block, Chicago. Button. B. H. Cook .., ..... 588.966 Cabinet. ticket or label. A. F. McIntyre ...... !J89.016 shell, and two smaller propellers beneath it. tion. It is a curious fact that the studentsof the Inter­ The celebrated " Hornsby-Akroyd" Patent Safety Oil RAZOR GUARD. - Howell T. Fisher, Engine is built by the De La Vergne Refrigerating Ma­ 8:�\?�:�¥;!�ti��T�ax�E�i��.��������·.·.·. national Correspondence Schools come from 45 differ­ .. . chine Company. Foot of East 138th Street. New York. Camera, mAA8Z1ne,E. E. Flora ...... �,�589,346� Pottsville, Pa. This is an extremely simple and inex­ ent conntries. For instance, there are 22 students in Camera. photographic. L. J. R. Holst ...... •...... !J89.34U pensive device adaptedfor convenient attachmentto and The best book for electriCians and beginners in elec­ h i Japan and 17 in the Sonth African republics. The new tricity is " Experimental SCience," by Geo. M. Hopkins. 8:���{:� ���rJ:. s: adjustment on either side of a razor blade, to render self­ Car coupling, J. MUler ...... �. �:::oii...... s:::•...... :::::::::::::.••••. ... f::�589,363 prospectns is very well calcniated to give the reader the .• 361 shaving easy and safe. It consistsof a guard bar having By mail. ,•. Munn &; Co publishers. Broadway, N. Y. C!U'coupling. P. M. Reagan ...... !J89.140 salientfeatures of the Bystem...... an npwardly extending slottedportion with which is ad­ nr Send for new and complete catalogue of Scientific Car coupling. W. B. Rice ...... 58ll.027 jnstablyconnected a clamping device adapted to engage and other Books for sale by Munn &; Co., 361 Broadway. 8:�.<1J',f�JFn��c�;,r&1f���hrey·:. :·.::·:.:·.:·: ·::.:: New York. Free on application. Car. dumping. W. A. Smith...... �:�!J89.313 the back of the razor, the lower edge of the guard bar Car fender, H. Boom ...... " ..•••. ••••• ...... 589,156 f being thus readily adjusted vertically and lengthwise SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN g:�. �,a?:��: �:�� along the cutting edge of the razor. It is applicable to Car ventilatingl�Ngs/:. wind wheel. ����::::::::::: Robinson &; Raher::::::::::: . ... 589.195 any style of razor. . Car wheel, Lewis & Stevenson ...... 589,356 BUILDING EDITION 8:�g��:f!�J������'ii.I.I����:. ��������: : HOLDER FOR CALEND.A:RS, ETC.-Hugh Cardboard obliquely, machine fo�'.r �:cutting,. A. W. �:&\l Brown, Ann Arbor, Mich. This invention provides a SEPTEnBE�, 1897. - (No. 143.) ItS Darre ...... !J89.075 Carousel. R. M. Hunter ...... !J89.390 holder consisting of a casing with opening in itsback , o b and provided with a keeper, a spring-retaining device, a TABLEOF c.:ON'l'ENTS. 8��:: ��::, ��i'J��x. ;�li;.;nt.;n��:'g����·. ':. HINTS TO CORRESPONDENTS. Cashregister. �'. H. Bickford .....•...... ':.: �::=!J89.114 tongue adjnstably connected with the back of thecasing, No. 1. Plate incolors, also another perspective elevation Cash register, T. Carney ...... •. !J89.245 and other novel features, the device being well adapted Names anel Address mnst accompany all letters and tloor plans of a residence at Bensonhurst, or no attentionwill be paid thereto. This is for oUI g::M�'S�\ll�r!e :;;ei�:.�·.·.:·.·.·.: ' . '::.'. ':::. ':::. '::::.: �:� to hold the sheetsof a calendar or teachers' class records, ::: .••.••..•. !J89.2ffi L. I., recently erectedfor Mr. Walter Jones. A information and not for publication. Chain for sprocket wheels. G. W. Bulford lists of words or other matters to be kept in a certain References Chair. See Window chair. design treated in an attractive style of archi­ to former articles or answers should Channel llap turner.W. E. Fischer ...... 588.970 order and in Mnvement shape. It also provides a ready tecture, with ColoDlal feeling and classic detail. give date of paper and page or numberof qnestion. r means for preserving past records or memoranda for Inquiries not answered in reasonable time should 8�r.;��;':.�� �ge�� �� ���i�d�tt-n� ����::::::::::: Architectand bnilder, Mr. WalterJones. be repeated : correspondents will bear in mind that Cigarette machine. J. A. Bonsack ...... �:8fg!J89.116 consnltationwithout interferingwith currentmatters . Cigarette machine, continuous, K. H. Carper ....•. 589,121 No. 2. A Colonial residence at Springfield, Mass .. re­ some answers reqnire not a little research, and, Clamp. See Basin clamp. SHOE STOOL. - Charles J. Sawyer and cently completed for Mr. N. N. Fowler, at a though we endeavor to reply to all either by lette, or in this department.eacli must take his turn. Cleaner. See Boiler tube cleaner. Flue cleaner. Thomas F. Harris, Anniston, Ala. This stool COD).­ $18,000 Bu yers Tooth cleaner. cost of complete. Two perspectiveele­ wisbing to pnrchaseany article not advertised t . : : prises a standat one end of which is a seat for a sales­ vations and tloor plans. Mr. Guy Kirkham, in our columns will be fnrnished with addresses of I��!;g� p�i-t�'l/: �� Parie'ei-: :: : ::: :::::::: : honses manufacturingor carrying the same. g�f.'i,'Clothess' pounder. W. P. Rylander ...... �:�!J89.399 man or fitter, while at itsother end is a fixed heel rest . .. architect, Springfield, Mass. Special Written Information on matters of Clutch. sprocket wheel. J. &; H. M. Copeland . .. 58ll.338 and a spring plate for the shoe sole to rest on, there be­ No. 3. ReSIdence at Scranton, Pa., recently erected for personal rather than general interest cannot be Coating metals. W.\Banfield...... !J89.ilBl Colfee ortea pot, A. Macy ...... !J89.005 ing means for guiding tbe free end of the spring plate. Mr. Thomas R. Brooks. A nnique design. expectedwithout remuneration. . SclentUic AlDerlcan Supplements Colter and scraper for cotton cnltivators. adjust- The improvement is designed to facilitate the proper Two perspective elevations and tloor plans. referred able. H. W. Smith ...... !J89.311 tomay behad at the office. Pnce 10 centseach. Combmation knife. A. R. Kolar ...... •...... !J89.:l92 fitting of a shoe on the foot of a cnstomer in shoe Mr. John A. Duckworth, architect, Scranton, Books referred to promptiy snpplied on receipt 01 l i ...... stores. Pa. price. 8gf.'������l ���0�8�;!� ��� . :: .. :: .. :: .. :: ... :'.: �:� MI s examination should be distinctly cou J e Car coupling. Pipe coupling. Thill MANHOLE AND COVER.-John T. Cul­ No. 4. Elm Park MethodistEpiscopal church and par­ =k� O�I�t!J!i. J' �':,'iJ� sonage at Scranton, Pa. Two perspective ele­ Crucibles or lining of furnaces, brasquing of, P. len, Clinton, Iowa. To increase the strengthof a boiler E. Placet ...... 589.22l head and prevent leakageby forming a steamtight joint, vatIOns and tloor plans, also two perspective Crusher and pulverizer.. N. F. Williams ...... !J89.236 (7204) E. T. H. writes : The SUPPLE­ Crushing and grinding mill. W. H. Coward ...... 589.248 according tothis invention, the manhole is made with an elevations of the parsonage, with tloor plans. Cultivator truck. O. Phinney ...... !J89.193 JlENT containingdescription of ..Eolianharps (No.483) . ..•...... annularmarginal recess on its inner face, m which fits Architects, Messrs. George W. Kramer& Co., Cup and can. combined. C. P. Kertell !J89.:1111 which yon sent me is at hand. Will you kindly inform Curtain pole ring. Steinert &; Babb ...... 589.375 an annnlar marginal ridge of the cover, which is se­ New York City. s t •••.. !J89. No. 5. English dwelling at Overbrook, Pa., recently me throngh your Notes end Qneries the best strings to 8�U:�� ��: ��:!·c��. M;�ea.rcutt.;r: ···· 263 cnred in place by ontwardlyextending bolts, threaded at ...... use in the construction of the Frost & Kastner improved Cycle. T. Hill ...... •...... !J89.348 their outer ends and held by nuts in screw-threaded erectedfor Mr. Smucker. An attractive design Cycle saddle. J. B. Brooks ...... !J89,243 harp describedon page 7716of that nnmber1 The article J...... treated in the English style, half timber and Cylinder drier. Hundbausen ...... , . fJ89.352 aperturesof yokes whose ends rest on the margmalbead simply says catgut, Is small, as the E stringof a gnitar, Dental furnace. electriC. C. A. Timme .•• ...••. ...•. !J89.048 of the manhole. stone. Perspective elevation and tloor plans, Desk. J. P. L. Nelson .....•...... •••. ..•..... !J89.018 also interior view. Architect, Mr. William L. or heavy, as Fof the same instrument, preferable ? Also D7 Gas burnerchimney, incandescent, E. M. White Axle box dust guard. .vehicle, J.. Loesewltz ...... !J89.21l .. A DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF USEFUL elegantplates and fine engravings,illustrating the most Axle box lid. N. H. Davis ...... !J89.322. 589.323 FIBER PLANTS OF THE WORLD . In­ interestingexamples of Modern Architectural Constrnc­ Bake pan. covered.l N. Strack ...... ���f;�. ��b�w�r����: ����'. :. :'::::::::.: �:itJ 8:: . . .. . cluding the structural and economic g::N�gcr;:�,�. t��¥I�� .������:::::::::::::::::::: Gas Incandescent, R. Moscheles.�'.�:...... ' ...... 589,393 tion and allied subjects. All who contemplate building, 589: Gas t i classifications of fibers. By Charles Batteries. automatic switch for charging or dls- c��t /'{.��gg!�g���.� �� I or improving homes or structures of any kind, have in ...... !J89.128 .���� .�� .���..�����.��� 589.376 charg!1lJ!: secondary. A. S. Hubbard ...... Richards Dodge. Was bin g ton : Gat.e.J. B. Miesse ...... 589.134 this hand.ome work an aimost endl�Es series of the Battery. See Storage battery. Gear. sprocket, T. S. Brown...... 588,900 U uiteo States Department of Agricul­ Bearing. adjustable. E. J. Muller ...... •...... •. !J89.137 . latest and best examples from which to make selections, . Generators and storage batteries in conjunction, ture. Pp. Bearing for bicycles. dust proof ball, L. H. Cobb . !J89.� n h 1897. 361. thus saving timeand money. Bed. G. W. Bent ...... !J89.239 Gin�� ih��hrJ':��t1::,'fi:e';;:.�� R� ���:;'Y':::.:: The tiberinvestigations of theDepartment of Agricnl· �: S p a 'ireaiiiig: 58ll 316 �:l.llll The Fullness, Richness, Cheapness and Convenience � � � f � '0': . I · ·. : : i:O;l�i �.f'f;p.. iir. . iii,j · tor.. . . . !J89.065 �"::r'i.��� ��J.P1'�[t��T:. � .� ������::::::::::::::: Zwletusch ...... ture have been recognized as of the ntmostimportance, of this work have won for it the LARGEST CIRCULATION e 8Governor, gas engine, R. Caldwell ...... �:�589,335 and the present descriptive catalogue of nseful tiber of any Architectural Publication inthe world. Sold by �:Ik s�f!t���·i!rg't·sro": i lfjlii';::::::::::::::::::::: Governor, marineeng.ine, W. G. Hannah ...... 589,172 �:� Grading and scraping machine, J. Heuermann.. ... 588,992 \llantsis one of the most creditablebooks whichhas been all newsdealers. MUNN & CO., PUBLISHERS, Bench. See Wash bench. Graln binder tension device. M. L. Pratt ...... !J89,222 Bending machine. J. F. Doolittle ...... !J89.1b7 issued by the Department of Agriculture. The Dodge 361 Broadway, New York. BIcycle, G. P. Ohlgart ...... !J89.3� (Continued on page 174)

© 1897 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. 1 74 I titutifit �mtri,au. [SEPTEMBER II, I8<}7. Grain transfer apparatus, �'. J. Weber ...... , .. 589,106 ll he i 8����i�O :��O�6&��g �ic:ln�:: �:Jgrpiii·.·.·.·.. �:� Ground�ever switch, Moore & Fink ...... 589,187 For Lighting and Plating MechanicalMa &: Architecturalchine Drawing: Marine, ORDINARY RATES. Hair straightener, R. E. Rhodes ...... 589,397 ro Stationary and Locomotive EngineerinliSheet light - $ 40.00 Inside Page, each insertion, - 7� cents a line Hammer, J. S. Kelly"",,,,, ,,,. " .. "" ...... ,,",.. 589.178 50 light 15,00 Metal Pattern Cutting; Plumbing: Electricity; Hammer, pneumatic, J. Moore ...... 5b'9,214 light - 125.00 Back Page. each insertion, - - $1.00 a line Hanger. See Paint pail hanger. 100 C. }'...... • 31 COURSES Harmonium, Yon Bassus 5H9,OOi MOTORS Engineering;��:,i��:�I. Surveying and Mappingj:Y�� BooI':l!�k· ITFar some classes of Advertisement.., Special and . Harness attachment, H. L. SteeL ...... 5S9,040 Keeping ; Shorthand ; English Branches ; Higher rates are required. , Harrow, C. S. Sharp .. " ...." .."""", ..", .... , .. 589,0.17 : $25; Architecture; }fining; Metal Prospecting. Harvesting machine, grain, C. P. Alling'...... 589,aso 1�f..bP.����; � : iii. The above are charges per agate line-about eiJZ'bt A, Storage ba.tteries and prol.leller wheels Hat pin. L. Scott" "" " ...., .. " ...... , ..... 589,145 for boats. EVANS ELECTRIC CO. �1!d",.h. GUARANTEED SUCCESS. words per line. O:[1his notice showsthe width of the·iine. Hay rake. A. Fournier ...... 589,384 61 63 N. . Chicago, lll. t e a Headlight, electric, J, Kirby. Jr, .." .. " .... "",, .. 589,130 and Ashland Ave . reei llode •• le. Advance or Inltlilmenti. ff��l!�e��� �� �� �a%� ;at��� :i�f: {fn� �;�e��ri��: Heat, transmitting, G. F. Dinsmore ...... 589,340 Ci"cwa,. Free;State subject Jfouwi&h to study. ment, as the letter press. Advertisements must be Heater. See Dynamite heater. �'eed water PORTABLE SINGLE RAIL SURFACE b.braa1;loDal CorretpoadeJlee 8ebool., Box 942 . i Ur8day heater. . . . Railway.'-Details of construction and description of ����T�� tg�p���: r:��:f3l!:i� :e�ir 8 �8 U� � Heater, R. l\I. Hermance ...... 5R9,085 rolling stock of a new system of portable ra lway which I Heating apparatu�, gas, G. Schoonjans ...... 589,306 may be laid upon ground t. at has receivedi no special Heel attaching machine, 14'. J.I'. Raymond, 2d ...... 589,396 preparation for its reception.h Witb In JI ustrations. M ICHIGAN COLLEG E OF MIN ES Hoortwink,H. SelIer,.. " .... ,'''''''''''' " ...... ".589,307 Contained in SClENTIFIC AMF.HICA N SUPPLEMI ENT, No. A State technical school. Practical work. Special S Hook. See I.JRcinghook. Whiffletreehook. 1 .. 14. '1'0 facil t experience. Elective sys­ L. Price 10 cents. be had nt this officeand from i ies for men of age and ,150 ! Hopple. Carr ..... " .. " .. '" ...... ,,"" 589.071 all newsdealers. tem. M)weeks a year. Non-resident tuition a year. 9t u� �e!�n� Horse checking- device, F. X. Lussier ...... 589,181 For Catalogues, address 0time and money by using our Horseshoe, I). S. Jaffb'y...... 589,129 R DR. . . M E. WADSWORTH, PreSident, Houghton, Mich. W Horseshoe guard, D. R. Porter ...... 589,09.5 IT COSTS NOTHINC TO T Y! Pa !I!� Hose fitting, A. McKee"""".. " .." ...... 589,216 All steam users can save time Foot and Hand Power lDacnlnerg Humidifier,H . .J. Barnes ...... 588,944 money and trOuble with the SEND FOR CA TALOG UE&­ Ice tool. Field & Shedd" "",,,,,,.. ,, ... ,, ...... 589.254 simplest. safest and most A-Wood-working Machinery, incandescent burner, J. H. Dubrow ...... 589,343 ':,t �f: " exlst- B-Lathes, etc. Insulating material, making, Gray & Case ...... 589,256 � �: � h�� *Z Jack for turning flywheels of engines, etc., J. S. STEAM TRAP SDECA FALLS MFG. COMPAlfY. Roberts, ,, .. ,, .... ,, .. ,, .. ,, '''.. . ", .. , .... " .... 589,0.11 Guaranteed never to COMMERCIAL ijU5 Wat er . St. t>eneca Falls, N. Y. ' i r wear out. Look at the :}:� c �:�r!,: b� �� Alden ...... 589,151 cut snd see how it's O DO US ­ I i done I Pay me what THE NEW BOOK. FITS YOU T SPANISH B I SCIE N T I F I C AMERICAN . . . 58n,360 NESS CORRESPONDENCE. SPAN$1.00.ISH SUPPLE­ i:°�ti�e, �T;n���\\r°. �acCal um ...... you savelIT in coal for Key seat cutting machine, 1W, Merrill,." , .589.010. S8!J,tlll one year and I'll furniElh the trap free. See illus. POSTPA.ID. n k e f h C I & notIce Sci. AIl!.July 3,!. 1897. r::iiCA� Su Kite string traveler, ·F'olsom Packard ...... 589,373 Wm. S. HaInes, ... 136 S.Sole4th AmerICan St., Phila., Mfr. Pa. RIO PUBLISHINC CO. �;t:�::� c���� �a� a� �b� ��c� i�� n urand ...... 589,200 HANDEL HALL., CHICAGO. 10 cents. Also to be had of newsdealers in all parts of l le�����r�:t����n�ff. 255 tbe country. ��KIiittin�r�� machine fashioningmechanism, I.J. C. ILl5, IIuse.... " " ...... " .. ,," , ..... " ... "" ..... " .. 589,174 .POWER & FOOT SHAPERS.PL.AN�RS ,DR Knitting machine needle, G. E, Philbrick" ",... " 589,004 · · Knob locking device, Oetjen & Fourcher ...... 589,021 MOD WOR ...... EL K 1 ....AT H E S. �ttf ��E.p�,�gP 2�T�LIJgul���t 588,981 prepared n i ID nlng m bt I nt SEBASTIAN LATH� Lace fastener, R. R. T. Grant ...... We are to assist the trade and Inve tors n mptrla ar a CO,I 120 CUL.VERT ST. CINCINNAT I. O. Lacing hook and eyelet, combination, R. C. Pleins 589,395 solving mechanical problems, also manufac- Will put a fresh heel or toe in a Ladder, extension step, '1'. W. Alexander ...... 589,326 turing models and stock. stockmg In two minutes. Mends I.amp, G. WashinJrton...... 589,051 CENTURY MACHINE CO., 576 W. Broadway, New York I u i Lamp, acetylene gas generating, F, Rhind,589,098, 58!J,099 :f,\'� :�I���,:iC� � :osr������t�1 I�amp heater frame, R. C. White ...... 589,056 Complete outfitof modern machinery and tools. success and the reatest addition to Lantern, tubular or hurricane. W. Batdorff...... 588,945 �e v e e yes Lantern, tubular or hurricane, J. Wock ....589,060, 589,061 - I m';.��k��d dO�: :� a� r t o t . :':�r;,s @tq ! Lap ring, W. G. Gatewood, .. ..., .... , ...... ",.. , 588.976 CATAL.OGUES fREE TO ANY ADDRESS i a Ir -�. less It Includes tbe famous Last heel sha.ping machine, A. G. Fitz ...... 588.9i1 ���������������������� :d�:� �1!,���n�I�: f�; �!��!�!!!�� Lathe, double turreted chucking. G. G. Prentice .. 589,138 I Of stitches. Send 25 cents in ST.':IL1 LSON WRENCH Leather glazing and pebbling machine. C. A. ,-S o h i t t i t e Southwick, ...... " .. " .. ,," ...."" ...... 589.1()'� � ®...... �r�iln.:'�iR g�'::e� i�eeru:,� ;�:i ��tC= ��ln:��� :fp:i� �tf: ��8�� l�l p��� Letter box, street, J. N. Clouse ...... 589,074 � ..... __ a c � are drop-forged. Once tried, it is always used. It has Life raft. L. H, Raymond, ...... , ...... ", ...... 589,139 AG�W.j.� W.B'T'iB: many imitations but no equals. See explanatory cuts. Light. See Desk light. Headlight. G)' ::;;'"iOq£.. l l All instructions and Price list on I!pplicationto I.ock .. See Combination lock. �£ �� samples sent with machine. WALWORTH MFG. CO., 20 Oliver Street, Boston. Mass. Match box. A. W. Warnock" ...... , ... 589,050 lIIl llll:ti � � " Standard Novelty Co., Dept. B, 101 Beekman St., N. Y. Match machine, B. T. Steber ..... ,,,,,,,...... , ..... 589,315 TRANSITS AND LEVELING INSTRUMENTS. Match sa.fe,G. �'ortescue ...... , ..... 589,� ��� Measuring and cost indicating apparatus, com· ACETYLENE ���� The Berkefeld House Filter. bined. A. Smith .... " ...... " ...... , .. ,,"'''''''' 589.310 ����APPARATUS.����� -ACETY- I �lClhLD POCKET LEVELS Measuring machine, cloth, E. T. Butler ...... 589,100 lene_�� num��ber� of the SCIEX'l'IP'IC Al\1XHICAN SUPPLE- Theonly Fitter RemovVnO Typhoid and Cholera Me e l i , MENT. describing. With futi illustrations, the moet BaciUi. Tested and indorsed by many ��s�k:i!.�:!�. ��.� . �.��.������. :�� .����}M,2fi, 589,252 recent. simple,6)rhome made and commercial apparatus leading authorities in Europe and Am- Meter. See Electric meter. for �eneratln",ace tvlene on the larJle and sntall 8cale. erica. It gives a continuou� flow of tll- Milk jar and tester combined. L. E. Brown ...... 589,382 'l'he �a.sas made for and used by the microscopist and tered water, absoluteJy free from germs. Mlit See Crushinl!and grinding- mill. �'anning m t 'h n ea y a 3� 40 50 mill. Muller mIll. �;�?:��hii�B�� ��g:��8 �:� :c� t';;'i�·ne� �g�iai��� �� ��:u �:: t'i::���f�e �f Sizes, 2� aud inches. Prices, and cents. SC�ENT[FIC AM No. 105"-. 11f.r�Jlf:J:� FM Book an the Level. Mould. See Suppository mOUld. 10 ERICAN SUPPLEMENT, cylinder. Cylinders can be sterilized by ' co s m motor:' 589,1 Price cents. To be ha.d at office. boiling in water for one bour. Send for C. F. RICHARDSOX & SON, �grg�. l� : ;}�fd���: :�:e �oio� ';idai 23 circulars and prices to tbe Berkefeld II, - Filter Co., ty, It furnishes Bug· for, M. Freedman...... " ..... 588,973 �<;.��t'Wlr:�:'�: gestions for hours of instructive recreation. Shade holder. M. D. Greengard, ...... 588,984 Shelving, portable. L. C. Tabb...... , ...... 589.318 , ONG'S PI PE TH READINa Shoe attachment, E. '1'. Gilbert" ...... 588.977 ARMSTR -AND- Send for iIInstrated circular and GATES ROCK I Shutter bower and fastener, D. M. Staulfer...... 589,039 .-- complete table of contents •••• Sifter, ash. J. B. Gossman ...... 588,980 CUTTING.OFF MACHINES I ORE BREAKER, a a . 588,965 Both Hand and Power. MUNN Publl'shers, �1rn:l·sy�t�:. �-::-�IJ�� ii.F. Eaton ...... Sizes 1 to 6 Inches. I • , Signals on locomotives, arrangement for notify· Water, Gas and Steam Fit­ & CO StealR Ore StalRp, ing and recording way, Puyvallee && Meunier 589,272 ters' Tools, HingedPipe Vises. ' Skate and ankle brace, C. Engberg ...... 589,253 Pipe Cutters. Stocks and Dies I• Office of the • • • Mining Machinery, Sled, bob, L. Wiley ...... " ..." ...... 589,057 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, 50 years experience as builders. Smelting and refining furnace, reverberatory, B. � a � I • ...... =����� ��"t �� '71/� """�'''' IIE"· GATES IRON WORKS, Hall ...... 589,210 O. Wii.... ;;;i;( ...... Dept. C. tl80 EI8ton Aw•• Chicago. (ConUnued on PIlII" 175) THE����'!,� rg.';;.� i 361 BROADWAY. NEW YORK.

© 1897 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. SEPTEMBER I I, J 1897.] ,itutifi, �mtti'lu. 175 Smoke consuming apparatus, A. A. �·reel ..nd ..... 689.169 ---- Sole indenting machine9 boot or shoe, W. Gor.. Rta4v Stpt. Istb. dOIl •••••••••••.••.•••••••••.••••••.•••••••••• aa •• a •• 588,978 Sower, hand seed, G. JoJ. Gerhard ...... a 0 589,386 Spark arrester, B�"'Mtnze8beimer...... •• 589,213 Spinning frame, J. C. Judge ...... 589,176 Stackert pneumatic straw, J. J. Green...... ••• 588,98:l Stacker, pneumatic straw, C. C. Hiers ...... 589.125 r a t . ��:::. h����3': �� ����n�:·. �. .��.I�.� :::::::::::::: Staples into boxes, apparatus for forming and �:lt:I PROPOSALS. driving. E. Williams...... 689,058 1�lUdl'""'•• ___ __i_ J.� C. SEYL t��!t�, 181 Madison!1 St .• CHICAGO.'J,�e. Steam and hot water boiler. A. Catchpole ...... 588,952 ���� Steam boiler, L. E. Solignac ...... a ••••• 589,227 .NllW . For the Best Projecterscope or Kineto- EAST RIVER BRIDGE. COMMISSIONERS' MAGIC St�amer. face, M . .ffl. Harris ...... 588,989 Office. New York, August 31. 1897.-Separate pro­ Stage Illusions and Scientific Diversions Steamer, grain, E. T. Butler ...... _,.... 58.4,a34 I e posals will be received by th e Oommissioners of the Steel, hard body for ritling chroruated,��. Chap- F L MS �&Yl£'e�:�':fo� Ij�� t.;e:·B�o�m:1.��: 49 let ...... ', ...... ' ...... 589.161 New East River Bridge at their office at No. Including Trick Photography. e r d Experimental e Chambersstreet, New YorkCity, at 2 o'clock in the , �t�����t�!e�?� 6i��f:8�J'j�f:!: 22, 1891 , �l:��o��!p : H� �. �b�����.� . .• afternooo or Wednesday, September en­ EMPIRE NOVELTY WORKS. 402 E. 30th St New York. • COMPILED AND EDITED BY Stone, cutting, Wincgz & Machepy�'. �'. .��:.���...... �::::::a a f::�589,199 dorsed 'Proposal for Construction of Brooklyn (or Stopper or cover for bottles, jars, or similar ves· New York) Anchorage ot New Elast River Bridge," ALBERT A. HOPKINS. &: . u 589,097 C tor furnishing materials for and constructingthe an­ sels, Reiser Sutcli:IJe ...... B \ in WITH . . 589,042 'if��\:'r ::f. !j.'i'IlfVi!��'k AN INTRODUCTIO'Ill BY Storage battery. W. J. Still ...... I CE �1i l!m::..• n chorages of the New East River Bridge, in accord­ HENRY RIDGELY �V.ANS. Store service apparatus, '1'. E. Barrow...... 589,238 MFG. CO 899 Clinton Street. Milwaukee. Wis. ance with the proposed form of contract and the Supoository mould. L. J. Harvey ...... 588,990 plans and 8pecifications theretor. All bids shall be ro g h . . 589,262 1 F. E. BAILEY sells endosed in sealed envelopes, addressed to A. D. Over 500 pages. Over 400 illustrations. �;:tlE. s�� Gto�� r��r· switch·.·· iiaiiway' SPECTACLES te Baird, President ot the Board of Commissioners ot switch. for new opticalcatalogue. 271 wab:.": i��.��iC:�. the New East River Bridge, and presented to him Syringe nozzle, A. McTernen...... 589,017 Table. See Extension table. Pool and billiard on that day and at that hour at said office, and such table. Whist table. bids will be opened in puhllc meeting by the Com­ Tap, cooler and pump, combined beer, W. B. mIssioners on that day at 2 o'clock. Baker...... 58'J .2:l7 Copips of the specifications and the general draw­ a s i Ings of the work, with the proposed form ot bid and �::��, ��iftC�::��. ��1o�!'!.����.I: .������� ('ontract, may he Reen and fl1rther information will 'J.1hillcoupling, A. Ha Worrest...... �'. �: �:�689,063 he given at the office of the ChiefEne oineer, No. 84 'l'hread H. 1���IC:ttQ cutter and reel or spool, combined, V. •• NODELI Broadway. Brooklvn. Dodd...... 589.3(1 WHEEL I..IXPERIMENTAL WORK.IMALLMlllCHINOtY a \�YPE ETC. NE.W 1'0 aT-'NlLWGRK. 10D NAaaAU B! Nil'� Proposals will he made upon form provided Ticket holder, S. S. Eccleston ...... 589,3« L� QVELTIEII . therefor, and onlv thoseproposals will be considererl. Tidal motor, C. A. Prescott ...... 589,367 which are complete, in proner form, comply with Tire armor, bicycle, M. Choquette...... aaa .. a .. 589,163 the requirements herein stated, and are otTered by Tire, pneumatic, W.Menzies ...... a •••• • aa. 589,185 parties of known reputation, experience and re­ r Experimental & Model Work sponsibilitv. �:�:'s�� ��� p:e�::�i� ����:r� �n::::::::::::::::: CVr8. an4 � tree. Gardam & Son. '&-61 Rose St• • N.Y. c . a �:�589.258 Eacb hldder will be required to deposit. with his �gg� ggJ�y�atron� #: 1�f�[�ke: :'.:: :". :::: :::'. ::: proposal. in the offi.('c of the Commissioners. ft ('er­ FOR SALE.-A First-class Foundry and Machine tified cbeck for $10.000, payable to the order ot �gg�:�l�:�·ei· :�·t\�����.�:::::::::::::::::::::: Shop, with a good business connection and 8 number of Ri('hard Dee7Ps. as Treasurer ofthe New East RivE'r specialties. A good chancc for an ambitiOUS, bard work .. Rrid2"e Commissioners. as se('urity for the execution Ing man. Address JOS EPH HILL. WARREN. PA. by blm ot the contract and tbe "Ivlng or the ro· qulred bond. It his bid Is accepted, wltbln two l so o y weeks nfter notice ot the acceptance ot his bid. M 0 N EY �:t.,'h�:�I �����;Jg� �o�� ����: �l. The ('ontractorwf11 be reQuired to dve a bond in ...... •...... •..•• i!:PJ cbanic, Farmer, and Artisan must have one. Will sell 589. '.rruck, car, J. Player 139 .• the penal sum of $350,000. In tbe tonnannexed to S i cheap. Address B. IBELLI. Hudson St B·klyn. N.Y. the nroposed form of contract. with two anproved nf�;�:�f!:�ii������ li:rii�� �•. �.�CR�iHi«'�:��er::iHHHH::::::::::::::::: Turnbuckleforming machine.I H. Markho1f.Sr ... =:�589.182 n Flureties or aD approved Rnrety Company. ('onditioned i h o FOR SALE. rO� y���y'����o���� �n��:. ���£� for the prompt and faithful performance of the ron­ ��� ¥tn�����:o:� fo�: ��:.���::::::::: : :::: : : engine, one 30 h. p. boiler, and one steam elevator, all in trA('t. and its covenants and the work therennner. Typewriter. J. Gilbert ...... �:=589,387 t c Bids for thp Brooklyn and New York an('horages, a e b 589,234 ������1� ��� I�:3: .1t�gl�'b��P3l�l:'a�t�n. If hoth are hid for. must be made .eparately. ��g::��lt�� �:��e ���� ��'der: 'ii: ��! ��v. The Commissioners reserve the right to rejP('t Any B:�i::: SInd all of the �JlORRls offered. Rnd to R(,cpnt aoy Uni�;:,'t;,: ·Dom8ei:i ·&·Mo,;er::::::::::::::::::::::::: I OELIVERY. propo""l oiTereli.( .. ANDREWD. BAIRD. President. 589,124�:� INGS. QU(i< !'. Tbls Is a new and nnlque work on magic art. It con­ e G CPAASTTERNT WO it'K TO Oit'D£R B. THURBER, Secretary. tains exposes of the sleight-of-hand feats and �:t�:: :o :;titr:� :q ualizing·sioP8ndclieck:A·.·S: STRON Roseberry ...... 589,142 illusions of tbe most famous conjurors of modern Valve device for compound engines, emergency, ACM[ MALLE.ABLE IRON WORKS.BuffAlO.N.Y times. It Is profusely illustrated with over 400 J val�;, or�:���i:L:·simmon;,:::::::::::::::::::::::: SAVED by sending for my 18!n Cata.­ engravings. The subjects treated include Interest­ i �:i� logue and Discounts on Architectural, Ing Biographies of Celebrated Conjurors. the Mys­ �:bi�i:t��k

© 1897 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. [SEPTEMBER I I, 1897.

ORDINARY RATES. , Inside Paae, each Insertion, - '3 centll a line Back Paae, each Insertion. -- 81.00 a line (ribUnt Bi(Ydt I'F"For 80'IIII- class.. ot AavertfBements. specW ana H1AJlier ratesare required.. Tested and True. The above are cbaNes per agate line-about ell/:ht words per line. This notice shows the wldtb of the hne. and is set in agate type. Enl/:ravlngsmay head ad ver­ tlsements at the same rate per agate Une, by measure .. ment. as the letter press. Advertisements must be WILLIAMS' SOAPS are for sale everywhere, but received at Publication Office as early as Thursday if your dealer does not supply you, we mail them-to momlnl/:to appear In the following week's Issue. any address-postpaid on receipt of price. Williams' Shaving Stick, 2.5 eta. TH E Genuine Vankee Shaving Soap, lO Luxury ShllYing Tablet, eta. 25 cts. •• JI • Swiss Violet Shaving Cream, 50c:ts. J B WILuams GO Jersey Cream (Toilet) Soap, 1.5c:ta. Glastonbury, The Ea8iellt Runnlna Wheel in the World. AI/:;" magnolia" Williams' Shaving Soap (Barbers'),S;x Conn., U.S.A. tor Catalogue. Round Cakes, 1 lb., 4Oc. Exquisite LONnoN,84Gt. RIl888l. St. 117' Bend, also for toilet. Trial cake for 2c.stamp SrnNEY, 181 Clarence St. A THE BLACK MFG. CO., ERIE, PA, MACNOLIA METAL CO. �FR����N ��T L Por Businesll Opportunities In Vtralnla,addre.s Paul 266 6. 267 WEST STREET, NEW YORK CITY. CHICAGO OFFICE: LONDON OFFICE: A Scherer. 1n�trlal Agt.N. and W. By., Roanoke, Va. I HALF A CENTURY OF CYCLES.-AN 59 Traders' BId!':. 49 Queen Victoria St., London, E. C. h sto f o t nfm �. fh� J.� � �rJ:cr.r. Oi�: 1 1Rb����·;one-shaker .. " and its successors."lr�t:J!��� The��� tricycle. Tbe FISCHER'S modern wheel. Cycle buildlDl/:a .clence. Points of im­ provement. The pneumatic tire. A hand and foot CIRCLE cycle. With 9 illustrations. Contained In SCIENTU"IC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT, No. 1012. Price 10 cents. AND ANGLE To be had at tbis Officeand from all newsdealers. DIVIDER PROT 1�';,'l:L�¥.� �1J!?::e�t"�':,r:,I=h ��rts��u"s" it!'�b means:e of the points which are marked and I'{ Is a very U1!efUland tlme-eavtng novelty."8" "16.'\ Instrument In cloth covered POCketcase. wltb direc­ tions, postpaid fL60. KEUPPEL & ESSER CO., Manufacturen, 44 A.nn Street, New York.

THE BICYCLE : ITS INFLUENCE IN PATENTED. JESSOP'S STEE LTHS\1\R Y Healtb and Disease.-By G. M. Hammond, M.D. A val­ fOR TOOLS, SAWS ETC, uable and Interesting paper In wblch the subject Is ex­ w .... JESSOP & SONS LQ 91 JOHN ST NEW YORK haustlvel),treated from the following standpoints: 1. FIREPROOF, STRONG, UGHT, The use of the cycle br persons Inhealth. 2. Tbe use of FLEXIBLE, EASay APPLIED. E e ed C N tlndTIthow CO to usePYING; with an PAengraving. D.-HOW Practical TO directionsMAKE �::k�b�W ��������� �o.cfa��� J;:! � ie�l':: ASBESTOS MATERIALS, LIQUID PAINTS, STEAJI[-PIPE how to prepare the gelatine pad, and also the aniline Ink To be had at this olllceand from all newsdealers. AND BOILER COVERINGS, STEAM.PA CKING8. "ETC. by which tbe copies arema bow to a ply the written Uustrated aescriptive lists ana samples t.. ee ti f, I'F"1 ""maa. �;��I�':,Jr: �'iN���J<>AME�U a .t 64·l���i, �� �. "WOLVERINE" b �wrlt�r C.x� b nD"� Blcyelel, Watcnel GUD, Buggie. H!lfDel� GASOLINE " ,,� •. C �" Cyp Se"'IDg llaehiDf'1Organ PiaoOI Safe_,TooD GAS &; EhGINES 1� Barclay St.. Scal •• or .11 TOri.tI • H.d 1000 otb.r arliel .. r,> P R I N T E R S t p. Li," (ree CHlCAao. Sc... Co . CblC.1!O 111. are appreciatingthe NEW VORK rIC H 156 Adams S Charter Gas and HICAG O A 38 Court Square,i ����I�_ Gasoline Engine BOSTON --....=��Es Proof from near1:reveI7 State 818 Wyandotte SI .. andTerritory of the Union, by addresstDg KANSAS CITY, MO. CHARTER GAS ENGINE CO., Box 148, STERLING. ILL.

1111, �D""ftJ9RII1XtJkCURATEaflAPulj)�URF1t4rES.,.. ntw Suppltmtnt , . RINDI C·KBESlY&Co-UtICA&IJ-ImI BALLI BEARING AXLES AND RUB- ber 'l'ires.-A paper read before the Carri&l/:e Builders' Natio al Convention, Phlladelpbia, October, sbow­ Ing then advant&l/:e to be derived from the use18!N ,of ball ..£atal .. .. ogUt! bearings and pneumatic tires In road veblcles. Con· talned In SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT, No. An entirely New Supplement Catalogue is Price 10 cents. To be had at tbls officeand from all99�. newsdealers. now ready for distribution ; it includes all of the papers up to and including the first half of the year 1897. It is ar­ ranged on a. clear and easily understood plan, and contains 10,000 papers more than the former one. It Will. be sent free to any address in the world on ap­ plication. "PIONEER" A special edition on heavy paper, handsomely bound in cloth, has also Tube of been issued. It is supplied at the nominal cost of 25 cents, and thus ena­ Fifty Carbon bles the possessor to preserve this val­ Steel uable reference catalogue. MUNN & CO., Publishers, In a Bicycle Our PIPTY CARBON Steel: wtll last so long 361 Broadway, New York City. and TWENTY.PIVE CARBON Steel wtll last only 10 long •• : •• NOTE TH E FULL IMPORT OF THE PARALLEL LINES. o e Indicates the result of the prolonged Investlll&­ _ t1onw:,�n��� �C: I:1 �J'fl ��o�a� Oil )1 .11 ll ilit I} That the tests In our own laboratory corroboratethese results Is merely so much to Its credit; !'n'\tlld <""1001, ...H,,,, . e f h a e trial have been made In NTI RUSTINE tr:cr:. or.:���r:.� � .:r�s\��P.:'n.t �:G'E dF1'b'1lIj{:d'rflr��� to GOLDING & CO. BOSTON, MASS The manrlnof safety Is greatly Increasedby the use of this tnbe. Every bicycle mannfacturer A Bhould use It: every dealer should insist on havtlll/:It ; every rider should demand It. _ Send, tor Cataloglu. yH E POPE TUBE CO., HARTFORD, CONN. PRINThe SOIENTIFICTING AMERICAN Is printed INKS with CHAS. BNEU JOHNSON & CO.'S INK, ·.renthand Lombard Bta..Philadelphia, and 47 Rose at opp. DUane, New York

© 1897 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC.