Developmental Biology: an Introduction and Invitation
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Mechanisms of Urodele Limb Regeneration
Received: 1 September 2017 Accepted: 4 October 2017 DOI: 10.1002/reg2.92 REVIEW Mechanisms of urodele limb regeneration David L. Stocum Department of Biology, Indiana University−Purdue University Indianapolis, Abstract 723 W. Michigan St, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA This review explores the historical and current state of our knowledge about urodele limb regen- Correspondence eration. Topics discussed are (1) blastema formation by the proteolytic histolysis of limb tissues David L. Stocum, Department of Biology, Indiana to release resident stem cells and mononucleate cells that undergo dedifferentiation, cell cycle University−Purdue University Indianapolis, 723 W. Michigan St, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA. entry and accumulation under the apical epidermal cap. (2) The origin, phenotypic memory, and Email: [email protected] positional memory of blastema cells. (3) The role played by macrophages in the early events of regeneration. (4) The role of neural and AEC factors and interaction between blastema cells in mitosis and distalization. (5) Models of pattern formation based on the results of axial reversal experiments, experiments on the regeneration of half and double half limbs, and experiments using retinoic acid to alter positional identity of blastema cells. (6) Possible mechanisms of distalization during normal and intercalary regeneration. (7) Is pattern formation is a self-organizing property of the blastema or dictated by chemical signals from adjacent tissues? (8) What is the future for regenerating a human limb? KEYWORDS limb, mechanisms, regeneration, review, urodele 1 INTRODUCTION encouraged the idea that mammals have retained a latent ances- tral genetic circuitry for appendage regeneration that might be Evidence from the fossil record indicates that urodeles (salaman- activated by appropriate interventions and applied to the goal of ders and newts) of the Permian period (the last period of the Pale- regenerating a human limb. -
A Statistical Study of Regeneration in Two Species of Crustacea by W
349 A STATISTICAL STUDY OF REGENERATION IN TWO SPECIES OF CRUSTACEA BY W. E. AGAR, Professor of Zoology, University of Melbourne. (Received 22nd April, 1930.) (With Three Text-figures.) CONTENTS. PAGE I. Introduction 349 II. Methods of culture 350 III. Growth and sex 351 IV. The material available . .351 V. Structure of the antenna 352 VI. The operation . • . 353 VII. General nature of the regeneration 353 VIII. Measuring and recording the amount of regeneration .... 355 IX. The influence of certain factors on regeneration ..... 357 (a) The segment through which amputation is performed . -357 (6) The level of amputation within the segment .... 357 W Age 358 (d) The simultaneous regeneration of the other antenna . 358 (e) The previous regeneration of the other antenna . -359 (/) Food 360 (g) General internal conditions of the animal 360 (h) General external conditions 361 X. The nature of the intrinsic factors controlling regeneration as disclosed by statistical analysis 362 XI. Discussion of results .......... 365 XII. Summary 367 I. INTRODUCTION. THIS study of regeneration in the two Cladoceran species, Simocephalus gibbosus and Daphnia carinata, grew out of a Lamarckian experiment on the possibility of improving (or otherwise altering) the power of regeneration in these animals by making them regenerate the antenna in many successive generations. Up to the present, these experiments have been completely negative in this respect, though they have furnished much data concerning the process of regeneration. The power of regeneration in a line of Simocephalus in which the antenna has been amputated a^»egenerated for seventy-four successive generations, and in a line of Daphnia for eighty generations, shows no difference from the power of regeneration of the JEB'VIliv 23 35° W. -
The Molecular Basis of Amphibian Limb Regeneration: Integrating the Old with the New David M
seminars in CELL & DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY, Vol. 13, 2002: pp. 345–352 doi:10.1016/S1084–9521(02)00090-3, available online at http://www.idealibrary.com on The molecular basis of amphibian limb regeneration: integrating the old with the new David M. Gardiner∗, Tetsuya Endo and Susan V. Bryant Is regeneration close to revealing its secrets? Rapid advances classical studies to guide the identification of the in technology and genomic information, coupled with several functions of this large set of genes. useful models to dissect regeneration, suggest that we soon The challenge of understanding the mechanisms may be in a position to encourage regeneration and enhanced controlling the biology of complex systems is hardly repair processes in humans. unique to regeneration biology. In recent years, techniques have become available to identify all the Key words: limb / regeneration / pattern formation / molecular components of a system, and to study the urodele / fibroblast / dedifferentiation / stem cells interactions between those components. Key to the success of such an approach is the ability to identify © 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. the molecules, while at the same time having an un- derstanding of the cell and tissue level properties of the system. The goal of this reviewis to discuss key insights from the classical literature as well as more recent molecular findings. We focus on three criti- Introduction cally important cell types: fibroblasts, epidermis and nerves. Each of these is necessary, and together they The study of amphibian limb regeneration has a rich are sufficient for the regeneration of a limb. Although experimental history. -
Ecological Developmental Biology and Disease States CHAPTER 5 Teratogenesis: Environmental Assaults on Development 167
Integrating Epigenetics, Medicine, and Evolution Scott F. Gilbert David Epel Swarthmore College Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University Sinauer Associates, Inc. • Publishers Sunderland, Massachusetts U.S.A. © Sinauer Associates, Inc. This material cannot be copied, reproduced, manufactured or disseminated in any form without express written permission from the publisher. Brief Contents PART 1 Environmental Signals and Normal Development CHAPTER 1 The Environment as a Normal Agent in Producing Phenotypes 3 CHAPTER 2 How Agents in the Environment Effect Molecular Changes in Development 37 CHAPTER 3 Developmental Symbiosis: Co-Development as a Strategy for Life 79 CHAPTER 4 Embryonic Defenses: Survival in a Hostile World 119 PART 2 Ecological Developmental Biology and Disease States CHAPTER 5 Teratogenesis: Environmental Assaults on Development 167 CHAPTER 6 Endocrine Disruptors 197 CHAPTER 7 The Epigenetic Origin of Adult Diseases 245 PART 3 Toward a Developmental Evolutionary Synthesis CHAPTER 8 The Modern Synthesis: Natural Selection of Allelic Variation 289 CHAPTER 9 Evolution through Developmental Regulatory Genes 323 CHAPTER 10 Environment, Development, and Evolution: Toward a New Synthesis 369 CODA Philosophical Concerns Raised by Ecological Developmental Biology 403 APPENDIX A Lysenko, Kammerer, and the Truncated Tradition of Ecological Developmental Biology 421 APPENDIX B The Molecular Mechanisms of Epigenetic Change 433 APPENDIX C Writing Development Out of the Modern Synthesis 441 APPENDIX D Epigenetic Inheritance Systems: -
Animal Form & Function
Animals Animal Form & Function By far, most diversity of bauplane (body forms). And most variations within bauplane. Animals are Animated “ANIMAL” ≠ MAMMAL — Fascinating Behaviors Animal Cells • Eukaryotic • No cell wall No plastids No central vacuole • Multicellular: – extensive specialization & differentiation – unique cell-cell junctions Heyer 1 Animals Animals Blastulation & Gastrulation • Motile • Early embryonic development in animals 3 In most animals, cleavage results in the formation of a multicellular stage called a 1 The zygote of an animal • Highly differentiated blastula. The blastula of many animals is a undergoes a succession of mitotic tissues cell divisions called cleavage. hollow ball of cells. Blastocoel • Intercellular junctions Cleavage Cleavage – tissue-specific cadherins 6 The endoderm of the archenteron develops into Eight-cell stage Blastula Cross section Zygote • Extracellular protein the the animal’s of blastula fibers digestive tract. Blastocoel Endoderm – collagen 5 The blind pouch formed by gastrulation, called Ectoderm • Diploid life cycle the archenteron, opens to the outside Gastrula Gastrulation via the blastopore. Blastopore 4 Most animals also undergo gastrulation, a • Blastula/gastrula rearrangement of the embryo in which one end of the embryo folds inward, expands, and eventually fills the embryo blastocoel, producing layers of embryonic tissues: the Figure 32.2 ectoderm (outer layer) and the endoderm (inner layer). Primary embryonic germ layers Primary embryonic germ layers • Diploblastic: two germ -
Stages of Embryonic Development of the Zebrafish
DEVELOPMENTAL DYNAMICS 2032553’10 (1995) Stages of Embryonic Development of the Zebrafish CHARLES B. KIMMEL, WILLIAM W. BALLARD, SETH R. KIMMEL, BONNIE ULLMANN, AND THOMAS F. SCHILLING Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403-1254 (C.B.K., S.R.K., B.U., T.F.S.); Department of Biology, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755 (W.W.B.) ABSTRACT We describe a series of stages for Segmentation Period (10-24 h) 274 development of the embryo of the zebrafish, Danio (Brachydanio) rerio. We define seven broad peri- Pharyngula Period (24-48 h) 285 ods of embryogenesis-the zygote, cleavage, blas- Hatching Period (48-72 h) 298 tula, gastrula, segmentation, pharyngula, and hatching periods. These divisions highlight the Early Larval Period 303 changing spectrum of major developmental pro- Acknowledgments 303 cesses that occur during the first 3 days after fer- tilization, and we review some of what is known Glossary 303 about morphogenesis and other significant events that occur during each of the periods. Stages sub- References 309 divide the periods. Stages are named, not num- INTRODUCTION bered as in most other series, providing for flexi- A staging series is a tool that provides accuracy in bility and continued evolution of the staging series developmental studies. This is because different em- as we learn more about development in this spe- bryos, even together within a single clutch, develop at cies. The stages, and their names, are based on slightly different rates. We have seen asynchrony ap- morphological features, generally readily identi- pearing in the development of zebrafish, Danio fied by examination of the live embryo with the (Brachydanio) rerio, embryos fertilized simultaneously dissecting stereomicroscope. -
Developmental Biology, Genetics, and Teratology (DBGT) Branch NICHD
The information in this document is no longer current. It is intended for reference only. Developmental Biology, Genetics, and Teratology (DBGT) Branch NICHD Report to the NACHHD Council September 2006 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services National Institutes of Health National Institute of Child Health and Human Development The information in this document is no longer current. It is intended for reference only. Cover Image: The figures illustrate several of the animal model organisms used in research supported by the DBGT Branch including: the fruit fly, Drosophila (top, left); the zebrafish, Danio (top, middle); the frog, Xenopus (top, right); the chick, Gallus (bottom, left); and the mouse, Mus (bottom, middle). The human baby (bottom, right) represents the translational research on human birth defects. Drawings by Lorette Javois, Ph.D., DBGT Branch The information in this document is no longer current. It is intended for reference only. TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .......................................................................................................... 1 BRANCH PROGRAM AREAS .......................................................................................................... 1 BRANCH FUNDING TRENDS.......................................................................................................... 2 HIGHLIGHTS OF RESEARCH SUPPORTED AND BRANCH ACTIVITIES.............................................. 3 FUTURE DIRECTIONS FOR THE DBGT BRANCH .......................................................................... -
Vertebrate Embryonic Cleavage Pattern Determination
Chapter 4 Vertebrate Embryonic Cleavage Pattern Determination Andrew Hasley, Shawn Chavez, Michael Danilchik, Martin Wühr, and Francisco Pelegri Abstract The pattern of the earliest cell divisions in a vertebrate embryo lays the groundwork for later developmental events such as gastrulation, organogenesis, and overall body plan establishment. Understanding these early cleavage patterns and the mechanisms that create them is thus crucial for the study of vertebrate develop- ment. This chapter describes the early cleavage stages for species representing ray- finned fish, amphibians, birds, reptiles, mammals, and proto-vertebrate ascidians and summarizes current understanding of the mechanisms that govern these pat- terns. The nearly universal influence of cell shape on orientation and positioning of spindles and cleavage furrows and the mechanisms that mediate this influence are discussed. We discuss in particular models of aster and spindle centering and orien- tation in large embryonic blastomeres that rely on asymmetric internal pulling forces generated by the cleavage furrow for the previous cell cycle. Also explored are mechanisms that integrate cell division given the limited supply of cellular building blocks in the egg and several-fold changes of cell size during early devel- opment, as well as cytoskeletal specializations specific to early blastomeres A. Hasley • F. Pelegri (*) Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Genetics/Biotech Addition, Room 2424, 425-G Henry Mall, Madison, WI 53706, USA e-mail: [email protected] S. Chavez Division of Reproductive & Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Oregon Heath & Science University, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA Division of Reproductive & Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Oregon Heath & Science University, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA M. -
Evolutionary Developmental Biology 573
EVOC20 29/08/2003 11:15 AM Page 572 Evolutionary 20 Developmental Biology volutionary developmental biology, now often known Eas “evo-devo,” is the study of the relation between evolution and development. The relation between evolution and development has been the subject of research for many years, and the chapter begins by looking at some classic ideas. However, the subject has been transformed in recent years as the genes that control development have begun to be identified. This chapter looks at how changes in these developmental genes, such as changes in their spatial or temporal expression in the embryo, are associated with changes in adult morphology. The origin of a set of genes controlling development may have opened up new and more flexible ways in which evolution could occur: life may have become more “evolvable.” EVOC20 29/08/2003 11:15 AM Page 573 CHAPTER 20 / Evolutionary Developmental Biology 573 20.1 Changes in development, and the genes controlling development, underlie morphological evolution Morphological structures, such as heads, legs, and tails, are produced in each individual organism by development. The organism begins life as a single cell. The organism grows by cell division, and the various cell types (bone cells, skin cells, and so on) are produced by differentiation within dividing cell lines. When one species evolves into Morphological evolution is driven another, with a changed morphological form, the developmental process must have by developmental evolution changed too. If the descendant species has longer legs, it is because the developmental process that produces legs has been accelerated, or extended over time. -
(DRIP) Glossary of Terms
DRIP GLOSSARY Advance Regeneration - Seedling or saplings that are present in the understory prior to removal of any overstory trees. Age Class - A group of trees in a stand that are at or nearly the same age. Artificial Regeneration – Creation of a new age class by direct seeding, or by planting seedlings or cuttings, or by equipment scarification. Basal Area - Total area of cross section of tree stems measured at breast height (4 feet above the ground), usually expressed in square feet per acre. Biological Diversity - The distribution and abundance of different plant and animal communities. The number and equitability of communities, with landscapes possessing more and equitably distributed communities having the highest diversity. Clearcut - An even-age method of regenerating a stand through the removal, in a single cut, of all trees larger than seedling. The new age class develops in a fully-exposed microclimate. In some situations small numbers of trees may be left within the clear-cut opening for some special purpose. Composition, Stand - The proportion of each tree species in a stand expressed as a percentage of either the total number, basal area, or volume of all tree species in the stand. Community – An assemblage of two or more populations living together in the same geographical area at the same time. Conditional migrator – Deer that move shorter distances and/or migrate infrequently compared to obligate migrators. This occurs primarily in the southern Upper Peninsula and northern Lower Peninsula where winter is typically mild and severe winters occur periodically or 2 out of 10 years. Conditional Summer Range – Range occupied by conditional migratory deer during the snow free seasons of spring, summer and fall. -
Human Anatomy Bio 11 Embryology “Chapter 3”
Human Anatomy Bio 11 Embryology “chapter 3” Stages of development 1. “Pre-” really early embryonic period: fertilization (egg + sperm) forms the zygote gastrulation [~ first 3 weeks] 2. Embryonic period: neurulation organ formation [~ weeks 3-8] 3. Fetal period: growth and maturation [week 8 – birth ~ 40 weeks] Human life cycle MEIOSIS • compare to mitosis • disjunction & non-disjunction – aneuploidy e.g. Down syndrome = trisomy 21 • visit http://www.ivc.edu/faculty/kschmeidler/Pages /sc-mitosis-meiosis.pdf • and/or http://www.ivc.edu/faculty/kschmeidler/Pages /HumGen/mit-meiosis.pdf GAMETOGENESIS We will discuss, a bit, at the end of the semester. For now, suffice to say that mature males produce sperm and mature females produce ova (ovum; egg) all of which are gametes Gametes are haploid which means that each gamete contains half the full portion of DNA, compared to somatic cells = all the rest of our cells Fertilization restores the diploid state. Early embryonic stages blastocyst (blastula) 6 days of human embryo development http://www.sisuhospital.org/FET.php human early embryo development https://opentextbc.ca/anatomyandphysiology/chapter/28- 2-embryonic-development/ https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/images/thumb/d/dd/Model_human_blastocyst_development.jpg/600px-Model_human_blastocyst_development.jpg Good Sites To Visit • Schmeidler: http://www.ivc.edu/faculty/kschmeidler/Pages /sc_EMBRY-DEV.pdf • https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryol ogy/index.php/Week_1 • https://opentextbc.ca/anatomyandphysiology/c hapter/28-2-embryonic-development/ -
Cleavage: Types and Patterns Fertilization …………..Cleavage
Cleavage: Types and Patterns Fertilization …………..Cleavage • The transition from fertilization to cleavage is caused by the activation of mitosis promoting factor (MPF). Cleavage • Cleavage, a series of mitotic divisions whereby the enormous volume of egg cytoplasm is divided into numerous smaller, nucleated cells. • These cleavage-stage cells are called blastomeres. • In most species the rate of cell division and the placement of the blastomeres with respect to one another is completely under the control of the proteins and mRNAs stored in the oocyte by the mother. • During cleavage, however, cytoplasmic volume does not increase. Rather, the enormous volume of zygote cytoplasm is divided into increasingly smaller cells. • One consequence of this rapid cell division is that the ratio of cytoplasmic to nuclear volume gets increasingly smaller as cleavage progresses. • This decrease in the cytoplasmic to nuclear volume ratio is crucial in timing the activation of certain genes. • For example, in the frog Xenopus laevis, transcription of new messages is not activated until after 12 divisions. At that time, the rate of cleavage decreases, the blastomeres become motile, and nuclear genes begin to be transcribed. This stage is called the mid- blastula transition. • Thus, cleavage begins soon after fertilization and ends shortly after the stage when the embryo achieves a new balance between nucleus and cytoplasm. Cleavage Embryonic development Cleavage 2 • Division of first cell to many within ball of same volume (morula) is followed by hollowing