SQUIRE DUNCAN INGRAHAM

Concord’s Tories were the Reverend Daniel Bliss of 1st Parish Church and his attorney son Daniel Bliss, Junior, Dr. Joseph Lee, Squire Duncan Ingraham, Colonel Charles Prescott, and Captain Jonas Minott. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CONCORD: SQUIRE DUNCAN INGRAHAM

1715

In Concord, John Heald, Benjamin Whittemore, William Wheeler, Joseph Dakin, and William Wilson were Selectmen. Ordinarily, Concord’s five selectmen acted as Overseers of the Poor and as Assessors, but in this period there was in addition a board of five Overseers of the Poor.

In Concord, William Wilson continued as Town Clerk.

In Concord, Samuel Jones was Treasurer.

In Concord from this point forward, every man married in town during the year was chosen “to observe the law relating to swine” (hog-reeves, as they would come to be called in 1721). Also, until 1722, Samuel Jones would be the Town Treasurer.

A fulling mill1 was in existence by this date on the site of an old bog iron works, toward the west end of Concord, and was supervised by Lot Conant, Jr. and his descendants. The only structures to the west of this mill building were the small separated shacks and sheds of the powder mills, separate so that they would only

1. Fulling is from the Old French fuler meaning “to tread upon.” Before the development of fulling mills, homespun woolen cloths would be put in a tub and saturated with soap, and groups would join hands and stomp “fuller’s earth” –a clay that absorbs grease– into the cloth in the tub to remove some of its lanolin and to compact it. After this cleaning and felting, the cloths would be stretched over frames to block as they dried. Then the new cloths would be laid over poles and “curried” with the dry seedpods of the teasel (Dipsacus laciniatus, a member of the daisy family), which are covered with hooked spines that raise the nap. Then the cloths would be wrapped around a cylinder and the raised nap would be evened, using a shears with long blades weighing up to 60 pounds. In fulling mills driven by water power, clean feet were replaced by wooden pestles, plunging up and down. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CONCORD: SQUIRE DUNCAN INGRAHAM

blow up one little group of powder workers at a time. “I, Concord, have power, take notice / To carry towns and move millstones / Yes, I am an invincible one for all enemies / But sighing and weeping will overwhelm those who crush my followers / And they will lose their refuge with great shame / As has become clear in various lands / But whoever loves me and keeps me in mind / He must lock up Discord / Or otherwise he’ll find himself deceived in the end.”

In this year Concord kept a grammar school for the education of its young, for only one quarter, in different parts of the town, and the total cost of this was £40.

Although the Ingraham family is not listed in the assessor’s list for Concord of 1747, actually Squire Duncan Ingraham would come from a family that had been present in Concord prior to this year. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CONCORD: SQUIRE DUNCAN INGRAHAM

1726

November 29, Tuesday (Old Style): Duncan Ingraham was born in , a son of Joseph Ingraham and Mary Ingraham. Although the Ingraham family is not listed in the assessor’s list for Concord, of 1747, actually Joseph Ingraham had come from a family that had been present in Concord prior to 1715. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CONCORD: SQUIRE DUNCAN INGRAHAM

1730

December 27, Sunday (Old Style): Mary Minot was born in Concord, Massachusetts, a daughter of the Reverend Timothy Minot (who for more than 4 decades was Concord’s schoolmaster) with Mary Brooks Minot. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CONCORD: SQUIRE DUNCAN INGRAHAM

1747

In Concord, Samuel Heywood, James Minott, Jr., John Jones, Ephraim Jones, and Samuel Minot were Selectmen.

In Concord, Samuel Heywood was again Town Clerk.

Ephraim Jones was Concord’s deputy and representative to the General Court.

Chambers Russell of Concord was serving as Judge of the Court of Common Pleas and of the Court of Vice- Admiralty.

James Minott of Concord was an Assistant and Counsellor.

Although the Ingraham family is not listed in the assessor’s list for Concord of this year, actually Squire Duncan Ingraham had come from a family that had been present in the town since prior to 1715.

The plot now occupied by Concord’s Wright Tavern had been owned by the Reverend Peter Bulkeley, then by Timothy and George Wheeler, and then was given by Timothy Wheeler to the town of Concord. In this year HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CONCORD: SQUIRE DUNCAN INGRAHAM

the town sold the lot and whatever tavern structure was then on it to its town clerk and selectman and militia captain Ephraim Jones, who would soon have the present public house constructed. The town selectmen would dine and drink there at municipal expense while meeting in the community interest.

Ephraim Jones would sell the property to Thomas Munroe of Lexington in 1751, who would sell it to Samuel Swan who would rent it to Amos Wright in 1775 (hence the name it now bears). It would eventually be willed by Judge Ebenezer and Reuben Rice to the “First Parish Society.” You can inspect it in the background of the famous painting by Doolittle and Earle, of the redcoats standing in Concord Square — or if you are thirsty you should stop by and wet your whistle: HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CONCORD: SQUIRE DUNCAN INGRAHAM

1749

December 7, Thursday (Old Style): Duncan Ingraham, who had prospered in Boston as a sea captain in the Surinam trade and as a slave trader, got married with Susanna Blake, daughter of Henry Blake and Susanna Newell (although Susanna had been born on November 10th, 1724 in Boston, she was a wealthy widow who had resided in Concord). This union would produce Susannah Ingraham Geyer, Duncan Ingraham, Jr., Mary Ingraham Condy, Henry Ingraham, Nathaniel Ingraham, Joseph Ingraham, and Francis Ingraham. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CONCORD: SQUIRE DUNCAN INGRAHAM

1750

September 25, Tuesday (Old Style): Susannah Ingraham was born to Duncan Ingraham and Susanna Blake Ingraham (she would get married with Frederick William Geyer of Boston, and that couple would produce Charlotte von Geyer, who would be the mother of the British novelist and naval officer Captain Frederick Marryat). HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CONCORD: SQUIRE DUNCAN INGRAHAM

1752

December 2, Saturday: Duncan Ingraham, Jr. was born in Boston to Duncan Ingraham and Susanna Blake Ingraham (he would get married with Susanna Greenleaf). HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CONCORD: SQUIRE DUNCAN INGRAHAM

1753

2 November: In MEN OF CONCORD it is recorded how Cato Ingraham dealt with a problem dog that had killed turkeys and cows, and bitten someone: The next that was heard of him, Black Cato, that lived at the Lee place, now Sam Wheeler’s, on the river, was waked up about midnight by a noise among the pigs, and, having got up, he took a club and went out to see what was the matter. ETC.

Cato worked as a day laborer and he and his wife Philis evidently during their old age would have a guest room in their home near Goose Pond which they made available to transients of color.

George Washington led an expedition west from Virginia to challenge French claims to the Allegheny River Valley.

2.“Cato, the slave of Duncan Ingraham who lived next to Daniel Bliss on what is now called Walden Street.” I don’t know whether this means that Cato and his wife lived alone at that location, or whether Squire Duncan Ingraham lived at that location and they had a cottage on his estate. Ingraham had been the captain of a seagoing vessel and it is said that he had engaged in the slave trade. During the American revolution he favored the British cause. CATO INGRAHAM HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CONCORD: SQUIRE DUNCAN INGRAHAM

1754

August 8, Thursday: Mary Ingraham was born to Duncan Ingraham and Susanna Blake Ingraham (she would get married with James Foster Condy, an Episcopalian clergyman). HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CONCORD: SQUIRE DUNCAN INGRAHAM

1757

August 28, Sunday: Henry Ingraham was born to Duncan Ingraham and Susanna Blake Ingraham (no further record). HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CONCORD: SQUIRE DUNCAN INGRAHAM

1759

June 6, Wednesday: Nathaniel Ingraham was born in Boston to Duncan Ingraham and Susanna Blake Ingraham. This son would get married, 1st, with Mary Cochran, and 2d, with Louisa Harriet Hall. He would serve as a volunteer officer on Captain John Paul Jones’s USS Bonhomme Richard during its 1779 battle with HMS Serapis. The US federal Congress would present Ingraham with one of the 3 medals it awarded for this action and with a silver cup made from the prize money of the Bonhomme Richard. He was John Paul’s best friend and, at the point of the Captain’s death due to kidney inflammation in Paris in 1792, his friend would present him with the bronze medal awarded by the US federal Congress for the action against the Serapis. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CONCORD: SQUIRE DUNCAN INGRAHAM

1762

March 28, Sunday (1761, Old Style): Joseph Ingraham was born to Duncan Ingraham and Susanna Blake Ingraham (he would get married with Jane Salter). HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CONCORD: SQUIRE DUNCAN INGRAHAM

1764

January 12, Saturday: Francis Ingraham was born to Duncan Ingraham and Susanna Blake Ingraham (he would get married with Elizabeth Duffield). HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CONCORD: SQUIRE DUNCAN INGRAHAM

1769

October: When John Mein –the Tory who ran “The London Bookstore” and had begun Boston’s 1st circulating library and edited the semi-weekly Boston Chronicle gazette – accused some “well-disposed non-importers” of duplicity (in that they were castigating merchants who refused to sign a non-importation agreement while themselves continuing secretly to import British goods) either Duncan Ingraham or his son was among the group that attacked this editor in the street. While defending himself Mein shot a grenadier, and would need to flee to refuge on a ship in the harbor that a few days later would set sail for Great Britain. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CONCORD: SQUIRE DUNCAN INGRAHAM

1770

March 18, Sunday: Susanna Blake Ingraham died. The body would be placed in Boston’s Kings Chapel Burying Ground:

Here lyes Buried the Body HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CONCORD: SQUIRE DUNCAN INGRAHAM

of Mrs Susanna Ingraham the Wife of Cpt Duncan Ingraham who departed the life the [ ] of March [ ] HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CONCORD: SQUIRE DUNCAN INGRAHAM

1771

Duncan Ingraham was a Boston merchant who was being taxed on sufficient property to rank him among that community’s wealthy, who had gotten married with Susanna Blake, a Concord widow (and who would migrate to Concord during the following year, subsequent to her demise). In this year he paid provincial taxes on a house and real estate worth £40 annually, a servant for life, £400 stock in trade, an 80-ton vessel, and a horse. That is to say, he was approximately twice as wealthy as any other resident of Concord.

THE NEW-ENGLAND ALMANACK, OR LADY’S AND GENTLEMAN’S DIARY, FOR ... 1771. By Benjamin West. Providence: Printed and Sold, Wholesale and Retail, by John Carter. Three pages of this are devoted to distinguishing between “the folly and absurdity of astrology” and the “advantages and satisfaction derived from astronomy.”

WEST’S SHEET ALMANACK, FOR THE YEAR 1771. Broadside. No copy located. Advertised in Providence Gazette. The earliest sheet almanac for Rhode Island.

Nathanael Low’s AN ASTRONOMICAL DIARY; OR, ALMANACK FOR ... 1771. PRINTED AND SOLD BY KNEELAND AND ADAMS ... Boston. CREATED ABOUT 7 MONTHS AFTER THE Boston MASSACRE, THIS LEADS OFF WITH A FIERY 2-1/2 PAGE PATRIOTIC ESSAY ABOUT HOW WE “ESTEEM FREEDOM AS OUR NATIVE RIGHT; LIKE FREE-BORN SONS OF LIBERTY THEREFORE LET US ACT” AND THEN FOOTNOTES THE DATE MARCH 5TH, 1771 WITH “AN HORRID MASSACRE MOST INHUMANLY AND BARBAROUSLY COMMITTED BY BRITISH TROOPS ON THE INHABITANTS OF Boston, 5TH DAY, 1770.” CITING THE NON-IMPORTATION AGREEMENTS, THE PUBLICATION SUGGESTS “IN A PARTICULAR MANNER LET US ABSTAIN FROM THE USE OF FOREIGN TEA. THERE IS NO ONE ARTICLE IMPORTED SO FATAL TO THE CAUSE OF LIBERTY AS THIS....” THERE ARE ALSO “SOME NECESSARY RULES TO BE OBSERVED WITH REGARD TO HEALTH, CHIEFLY FROM DR. CHYNE.”

AN ASTRONOMICAL DIARY: OR, ALMANACK FOR THE YEAR OF OUR LORD CHRIST, 1771. By Nathaniel Ames. Newport. Printed and Sold by the Printers and Booksellers.... Boston. This almanac contained the first appearance in print of ’s famous self-composed epitaph. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CONCORD: SQUIRE DUNCAN INGRAHAM HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CONCORD: SQUIRE DUNCAN INGRAHAM

July: The Massachusetts General Court passed an “Act for Enquiring into the Rateable Estates of this Province” requiring that each town elect assessors to prepare valuations. Included among property descriptions was to be an enumeration “of all Indian, negro or molatto servants for life, from fourteen to forty-five years of age.” (Note here that some local historians have proudly asserted that Massachusetts had done away with human slavery within that colony, some two years earlier! –Evidently, these proud local historians had neglected to consult primary sources in their diligent search for the Bay Colony’s slaveholders.) According to the Massachusetts Tax Valuation List for this year, based on the Massachusetts provincial census, 911 white citizens of the Bay colony owned 1,169 adult “servants for life,” presumably black or mulatto rather than native American, and a dozen of these slaves were in Concord: the great freedom fighter, Ensign Nathan Barrett, owned a couple (the name of one of the two was Philip Barrett), and Lieutenant Humphry Barrett, Esquire John Beatton, Phineas Blood, senior, Timothy Hoar (the name of the slave was Brister Freeman), Deacon Simon Hunt (the name of the slave was Caesar), Doctor Joseph Lee (the name of the slave was Cato), George Minott (the name of the slave was Caesar), Colonel Charles Prescott (the name of the slave was Titus), Samuel Whitney (the name of the slave was Casey), and another Samuel Whitney owned one each. We note that Duncan Ingraham, who would relocate to Concord during the following year, owned a slave in Boston, and that “Esquire” Elisha Jones, Thoreau’s rich Tory ancestor, owned two slaves in Weston, Massachusetts. Here is the complete list:

Samuel Abbott Boston 1 Jonathan Ingals Taunton 1

Samuel Adams Ipswich 1 Duncan Ingraham Boston 1

John Addam Taunton 1 Thomas Ivers Boston 2

Silas Adkins Boston 1 John Jackson Boston 6

Joshua Alger Swanzey 1 Esquire Joseph Jackson Boston 1

John Allen Boston 1 Samuel Jackson Plymouth 1

Jolley Allen Boston 1 Captain Thomas Jackson Plymouth 1

Nathaniel Allen Gloucester 1 David Jeffries Boston 1

Thomas Allen, Jr. Gloucester 1 Ruth Jeffry Salem 1

The Widow Allford Boston 2Benjamin Jenkins Barre 2

The Widow Deborah Ames Dedham 2 John Jenkins Boston 2

John Amory Boston 1 Levi Jennings Boston 1

Thomas Amory Boston 1 George Jewett Rowley 1

Benjamin Andrews Boston 1 Joseph Johnson Charlestown 1

Benjamin Andrews, Jr. Boston 1 Matthew Johnson Woburn 1

Captain Thomas Anthony Marshfield 2 Solomon Johnson Easton 1

William Apthorp Boston 1 Thomas Johnson Boston 1

Samuel Archer Salem 1 Andrew Johonnot Boston 2

Aaron Ashley Westfield 1 Lieutenant Ebenezer Jones Wilmington 1

Esquire John Ashley Sheffield 8 Esquire Elisha Jones Weston 2 HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CONCORD: SQUIRE DUNCAN INGRAHAM

Eleazer Atwood Wellfleet 1 Ens. Isaac Jones Weston 1

Ephraim Atwood Dighton 1 Esquire John Jones Hopkinton 1

Paul Aucril Middleton 1 Esquire John Jones Hopkinton 1

Esquire Benjamin Austin Boston 1 Josiah Jones Stockbridge 1

The Widow Mary Austin Charlestown 1 Thomas Jones Hull 1

Samuel Austin Boston 1 John Jones, Jr. Hopkinton 1

Nathaniel Austin, II Charlestown 2 Hugh Kanedy Rehobeth 1

John Austin, Jr. Charlestown 1 Abia Keith Bridgewater 1

Job Avery Truro 1 David Keith Bridgewater 1

William Avery and sons Dedham 1 Esquire Benjamin Kent Boston 2

Benjamin H. Babbit Berkley 1 Nathaniel Kent Gloucester 1

Joshua Bachus Sandwich 1 The Widow Ruth Kettell Charlestown 1

Nathaniel Baker Boston 1 Benjamin Kimball Manchester 1

James Baldwin Woburn 1 Benjamin King Salem 1

Esquire William Baldwin Sudbury 1 Bohan King Westfield 2

The Widow Anna Ball Waltham 1 Reverend John King Raynham 2

Josiah Ball Mendon 1 Joseph Kingsley Swanzey 2

Robert Ball Boston 1 Lieutenant William Kitteredge Tewksbury 1

John Ballard Boston 1 Bartholomew Kneeland Boston 1

Samuel Ballard Boston 1Thomas Knop Boston 1

John Bancroft Westfield 1 James Lamb Boston 1

Esquire Samuel Bancroft Reading 1 Elizabeth Lambert Reading 2

The Widow Desire Bangs Harwich 1 Thomas Lambert Rowley 1

Elkanah Bangs Harwich 1 William Lander Salem 1

Samuel Bangs Boston 1 Nathaniel Lane Gloucester 1

Samuel Barnaby Freetown 1 Rachel Lane Gloucester 1

Henry Barnes Marlborough 2 John Lane, Jr. Bedford 1

Esquire John Barratt Boston 1 Samuel Larkin Charlestown 1

Lieutenant Humphry Barrett Concord 1 John Larkin, II Charlestown 2

Ensign Nathan Barrett Concord 2 Deacon John Lathe Woburn 1

James Barrick Boston 3 Henry Laughton, Sr. Boston 1

John Bartlet Plymouth 1 David Lawrence Littleton 1 HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CONCORD: SQUIRE DUNCAN INGRAHAM

Captain Nicholas Bartlett Marblehead 2 Lazarus Lebaron, Jr. Plymouth1

William Bartlett Marblehead 2 Esquire Richard Lechmere Boston 2

Captain John Bartoll Marblehead 1 Esquire Jeremiah Lee Marblehead 2

Esquire Samuel Barton Salem 1 Esquire John Lee Manchester 3

Samuel Bascom Western 1 Doctor Joseph Lee Concord 1

John Bassett Lynn 1 Captain Samuel Lee Manchester 3

Nathaniel Battle Dedham 1 Samuel Lee Swanzey 1

Bellshazer Bayerd Roxbury 2 Asaph Leonard Springfield 1

Thomas Bayley Hull 1 Colonel Daniel Leonard Taunton 1

John Beacham Charlestown 1 Esquire George Leonard Norton 1

Esquire John Beatton Concord 1 Esquire George Leonard, Jr. Norton 1

Jeremiah Belknap Framingham 1 Thomas Leverett Boston 1

Joseph Belknap Boston 1 Deacon John Lewis Lynn 1

James Bennet Woburn 1 Edmund Lewis +son Lynn 1

Prudence Benson Mendon 1 Henry Liddle Boston 1

Peter Bent Sudbury 1 George Lincoln Taunton 1

Elizabeth Berry Ipswich 1 Captain John Lion Rehobeth 2

Abigail Bicknal Rehobeth 1 Captain Nathaniel Little Kingston 1

Amos Bicknal Petersham 1 Samuel Lock Lexington 3

David Bicknell Weymouth 1 Esquire Walter Logan Roxbury 1

Ebenezer Bicknell Weymouth 1 Lieutenant Thomas Loring Plympton 1

Zachariah Bicknell, Jr. Weymouth 1 Loring Roxbury 1

Timothy Bigelow Worcester 2 John Louden Dartmouth 1

Lieutenant Fellows Billing Sunderland 1 Captain Solomon Lovell Weymouth 1

Reverend John Billings Stoughton 1 James Low Boston 2

Richard Billings Boston 1 Henry Loyde Boston 1

John Bishop Medford 1 Doctor James Loyde Boston 3

James Black Barre 1 Esquire Robert Luscombe Taunton 2

Esquire Joseph Blaney Salem 1 David Luther Swanzey 1

Abiah Bliss Rehobeth 1 Esquire Benjamin Lynde Salem 1

Thomas Bliss Brimfield 1 Joseph Lynde Malden 2

Timothy Bliss Springfield 1 Nathan Lynde Malden 2 HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CONCORD: SQUIRE DUNCAN INGRAHAM

Captain Seth Blodgett Medford 1 Jabez Lynde, Sr. Malden 1

Phineas Blood, Sr. Concord 1 Daniel Maccarty Boston 1

William Boden Marblehead 1 Mungo Maccoy Boston 1

Thomas Bootman Marblehead 1 William Mackintire Salem 2

John Bourne Sandwich 2 Stephen Macomber Taunton 1

Nathan Bourne Salem 2 Isaac Mallet Charlestown 1

Nathan Bourne Salem 1 Robert Mann Dedham 3

Esquire Silas Bourne Sandwich 1 Hannah Manning Salem 1

Esquire Thomas Bourne Sandwich 2 Daniel Marsh Boston 1

Timothy Bourne Sandwich 1 John Marston Boston 1

Esquire Joseph Bowditch Salem 1 James Mason Swanzey 1

Esquire Nathaniel Bowen Marblehead 1 Jonathan Mason Boston 1

Benjamin Bowers Swanzey 2 Esquire Thaddeus Mason Charlestown 1

David Bowers Swanzey 2 Thomas Mason Salem 1

Henry Bowers Swanzey 4 Daniel Mattoon Salem 1

Captain Joseph Bowers Billerica 1 William Maxwell Boston 1

Mary Bowers Swanzey 1 Ephraim Mayhew Chilmark 1

John Box Boston 3 Thomas Mayhew Plymouth 2

James Boyce Milton 1 Murtagh McCarrill Boston 2

Daniel Boyer Boston 1 Captain Daniel McClean Milton 1

Joshua Boylston Brookline 1 John Mcclinch Boston 1

Nicholas Boylston Boston 2 Doctor William McInstry Taunton 1

Richard Boylston Charlestown 1Neil McIntyre Boston 2

William Boys Boston 2 Archibald McNeil Boston 2

Joshua Brackett Boston 1 Captain McNeil Roxbury 2

Billings Braddish Salem 1 John Mecleanthan Rutland 1

James Braddish Charlestown 1 Joseph Meeds, Jr. Bedford 3

Jonathan Braddish Charlestown 1 John Mellage Boston 1

Job Bradford Boston 1 Thomas Mellen Hopkinton 2

Captain John Bradford Boston 2 John Melony Boston 1

The Widow Sarah Bradstreet Charlestown 1 James Merrick Monson 1

Perservid Brayton Rehobeth 1 Samuel Messer Methuen 1 HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CONCORD: SQUIRE DUNCAN INGRAHAM

Josiah Breed Lynn 1 Joseph Miller Springfield 1

Nathan Briggs Berkley 2 Christopher Minott Boston 2

Hannah Brigham Marlborough 1 George Minott Concord 1

George Brightman Freetown 1 Samuel Minot Boston 1

John Broadstreet Ipswich 1 Samuel Mirick Springfield 1

Benjamin Brooks Townsend 1 John Moffatt Boston 1

Ebenezer Brooks Medford 1 William Molineaux Boston 1

Samuel Brooks Worcester 1 Jeduthan Moore Rutland 1

Thomas Brooks Medford 1 Joseph Moors Groton 2

Timothy Brooks Lincoln 1 Hugh More Boston 1

Abraham Brown Boston 1 Captain George Morey Norton 1

Adam Brown Ipswich 1 Samuel Morey Norton 1

Benjamin Brown Ipswich 1 John Morey and son Roxbury 1

Esquire Daniel Brown Sandisfield 1 Jemima Morong Salem 1

Jesse Brown Rehobeth 1 James Mortimore Boston 1

Nathaniel Brown Wenham 3 Peter Mortimore Boston 1

Thomas Brown Sandisfield 1 John Mosley Westfield 2

William Brown Boston 1 Joseph Munroe Billerica 1

William Brown Dighton 1 Bartlett Murdock Plympton 1

William Brown Hopkinton 1 James Murdock Plympton 1

Elek Brown, Jr. Swanzey 1 Esquire James Murray Milton 3

Joseph Bubier Marblehead 1 Esek Needham Wrentham 1

Benjamin Buckman Malden 1 , Jr. Ipswich 1

Jonathan Bullard Weston 1 Eliphalet Newell Charlestown 1

Doctor Thomas Bullfinch Boston 1Thomas Newell Boston 1

Abraham Burbank Springfield 1 Timothy Newell Boston 2

Reverend Joseph Burbeen Woburn 1 Ezekiel Newton Southborough 1

Joseph Burt, Jr. Berkley 1 Rachel Newton, Jr. Southborough 1

Elnathan Bust Egremont 1 Esquire Ebenezer Nichols Reading 1

Francis Cabot Salem 2 Nichols Milton 2

George Caldwell Barre 1 Abigail Noble Sheffield 1

John Caldwell Barre 1 David Northey Salem 1 HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CONCORD: SQUIRE DUNCAN INGRAHAM

Robert Calef Boston 2 William Norwood Gloucester 2

Samuel Calf Boston 1 John Noyes, Jr. Sudbury 1

Winter Calf Boston 1 Jonathan Nutting Salem 1

Caleb Call Charlestown 1 Joseph Nye, III Sandwich 1

Thomas Cane Middleton 1 Samuel Oakman Marshfield 1

Captain William Canedy Taunton 3 John Orne Lynn 1

Hopestill Capon Boston 1 Jonathan Orne Salem 1

Edward Carnes Boston 2 Hugh Orr Bridgewater 1

Benjamin Carver Westford 1 David Osgood Lancaster 1

Jonathan Cary Boston 1 Isaac Otis Bridgewater 2

Nathaniel Cary Boston 2 Zachariah Packard Bridgewater 1

Richard Cary Charlestown 2 William Pain[e] Boston 2

Simeon Cary Bridgewater 1 Esquire Timothy Paine Worcester 2

The Widow Cary Boston 1 William Palfery Boston 1

Esquire Gardiner Chandler Worcester 3 Warwick Palfray Salem 2

Esquire Worcester 2 Daniel Parker Boston 1

Abel Chapin Springfield 1 Jonas Parker Lexington 1

Lieutenant Japhet Chapin Springfield 1 Matthew Parker Dracut 1

Joseph Chapin Springfield 1 Thomas Parker Boston 2

Aaron Charles Brimfield 1 William Parker Boston 1

George Chase Freetown 2 Zenas Parsons Springfield 1

George Chase Freetown 1 Edmund Patch Ipswich 1

Nathan Chase Littleton 1 John Patch Ipswich 1

Josiah Chauncey Amherst 1 John Patch, Jr. Ipswich 1

David Cheever Charlestown 1 John Paull Berkley 2

William Downe Cheevers Boston 2 Edward Payne Boston 1

Esquire Peter Cherdon Boston 1 Frances Peabody Middleton 1

Thomas Child Bridgewater 3 John Pearson Newburyport 1

Esquire Francis Choate Ipswich 1 John Peck Boston 1

John Choate Ipswich 1 Josiah Peck Rehobeth 1

Thomas Choate Ipswich 1 Thomas H. Peck Boston 1

Margaret Clap Westfield 1 Isaac Peirce Boston 2 HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CONCORD: SQUIRE DUNCAN INGRAHAM

John Clark Marblehead 1 Josiah Peirce Woburn 1

Richard Clark Milton 1 William Peirce Milton 1

Seth Clark Medfield 1 Tamer Pell Sheffield 1

William Clark Plymouth 1 Richard Penhallow Boston 1

William Clarke Boston 1 Thomas Penny Boston 2

William Clift Marshfield 1 Esquire William Pepperell Roxbury 3

Ephraim Cobb Plymouth 1 Francis Perkins Bridgewater 2

Esquire Thomas Cobb Taunton 1 James Perkins Boston 1

John Coburn Boston 1 Joseph Perkins Malden 1

Robert Coburn Dracut 2 Doctor Nathaniel Perkins Boston 1

Captain Timothy Coburn Dracut 1 Robert Perkins Ipswich 1

Isaac Codman Charlestown 1 William Lee Perkins Boston 2

John Codman Charlestown 1 Hannah Peters Middleton 1

Peter Coffin Gloucester 2 Charles Phelps Hadley 1

William Coffin, Jr. Boston 1 Deborah Phelps Sandwich 1

Jonathan Cogswell Ipswich 2 Benjamin Phillips Boston 2

Doctor Nathaniel Cogswell Rowley 1 The Widow Phillips Boston 1

Jonathan Cogswell, Jr. Ipswich 1 William Phillips Boston 1

Samuel Collins Chatham 1 Aaron Phips Holliston 1

Gamaliel Collins, Jr. Truro 1 Thomas Pickard Salem 1

The Widow Elizabeth Coming Dunstable 1 Esquire Benjamin Pickman Salem 2

William Conanct Charlestown 1 John Piemont Boston 1

Samuel Conant Charlestown 4 Richard Pike Salem 1

Stephen Cook Hopkinton 1 Esquire James Pitts Boston 4

Cord Cordis Boston 1 David Plumer Gloucester 1

Samuel Cottnam Salem 1 Simeon Polley Boston 1

Samuel Cotton Springfield 2 Eliphat Pond and son Dedham 1

Theophilus Cotton Plymouth 1 Isaac Pool Gloucester 1

Rebecca Coward Gloucester 2 Zachary Pool Medford 2

Thomas Cowden Fitchburg 2 The Widow Bethiah Porter Bedford 1

Caleb Coye Wenham 1 Esquire John Powell Boston 1

Joseph Cozens Holliston 1 Isabella Pratt Roxbury 1 HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CONCORD: SQUIRE DUNCAN INGRAHAM

Deacon Ebenezer Crafts Roxbury 1 Amos Prescott Acton 1

Francis Craigie Boston 2 Colonel Charles Prescott Concord 1

Gershom Crane, Jr. Berkley 1 Doctor Oliver Prescott Groton 1

Gersham Crocker Sandwich 1 John Preston Boston 1

Anstiss Crowningshield Salem 2 Samuel Preston Littleton 1

Clifford Crowningshield Salem 2 The Widow Price Boston 1

George Crowningshield Salem 1 Job Prince Boston 1

Jacob Crowningshield Salem 2 Edward Proctor Boston 1

John Crowningshield Salem 1 Bartholomew Putnam Salem 1

Ephraim Cummings Westford 1 Ebenezer Putnam Salem 1

Major Joseph Curtis Sudbury 1 Ezra Putnam Middleton 1

Esquire Samuel Curwin Salem 1 Esquire James Putnam Worcester 1

Jonas Cutler Groton 1 Josiah Quincy Boston 1

George Cutter Charlestown 1 Esquire Samuel Quincy Boston 1

Thomas Dagget Tisbury 1 Esquire Isaac Rand Charlestown 1

James Daggett Rehobeth 1 George Reed Woburn 1

Thomas Dakin Boston 1 Oliver Reed Freetown 1

Benjamin Daland Salem 1 Swethan Reed Woburn 1

Captain Thomas Damon Sudbury 1 The Widow Renkin Boston 1

Robert Dane Ipswich 1 Abraham Rice Marlborough 1

David Daniels Mendon 1 Lemuel Rice Worcester 1

Seth Daniels Wrentham 1 Boston 1

Benjamin Davis Boston 1 Joseph Richards + son Roxbury 1

Deacon E. Davis Brookline 1 James Richardson Boston 3

Edward Davis Boston 1 Esquire Thomas Robie Marblehead 1

Joshua Davis Boston 1 John Robins Westford 1

Solomon Davis Boston 2 Robert Robins Boston 1

Thomas Davis Oxford 2 Daniel Robinson Middleton 1

William Davis Boston 2 Esquire Ebenezer Roby Sudbury 1

Richard Day Manchester 1 Timothy Rogers Tewksbury 1

Captain William Day Sheffield 1 Zebediah Rogers Billerica 1

Jonathan De Silveir Boston 1 Ens. Aaron Root Sheffield 1 HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CONCORD: SQUIRE DUNCAN INGRAHAM

John Dean Boston 1 Azariah Root Sheffield 1

Reverend Raynham 1 David Ropes Salem 2

Gilbert Deblois Boston 1 Esquire Isaac Royall Medford 5

Lewis Deblois Boston 1 Reverend William Royall Stoughton 4

The Widow William Denny Boston 1 Esquire John Ruddock Boston 1

Eliot H. Derby Salem 2 Rebecca Ruggles+son Jos Roxbury 1

Richard Derby Salem 1 John Russell Littleton 1

Esquire Richard Derby, Jr. Salem 2 John Russell Marblehead 1

Richard Devens Charlestown 1 Joseph Russell Dartmouth 2

David Dewey Westfield 1 Zebidiah Sabin Williamstown 1

Captain John Dexter Malden 1 William Sacket Westfield 1

Nathaniel Dickinson Deerfield 1 Nathaniel Safford Ipswich 1

Daniel Diman Plymouth 1 Thomas Safford Ipswich 1

William Dinsmore Lancaster 1 Sampson Salter Boston 1

The Widow Mary Dizar Charlestown 1 Reverend Cornelius Sampson Kingston 1

Lieutenant Isaac Dodge Ipswich 1 The Widow Sanders Westminster 1

Jacob Dodge Wenham 1 Richard Sarcum Boston 2

Jonathan Dodge Ipswich 1 Esquire Epes Sargent Gloucester 1

Richard Dodge Wenham 2 Winthrop Sargent Gloucester 2

Robert Dodge Ipswich 1 Samuel Savage Weston 1

Stephen Dodge Wenham 1 Josiah Sawtell Groton 1

Benjamin Dolbeare Boston 2 Samuel Sayward Gloucester 1

William Dolbeare Marblehead 1 Esquire John Scollay Boston 1

Edmon Dole Rowley 1 Esquire Joseph Scott Boston 1

Moses Dole Rowley 2 William Scott Boston 1

Stephen Dole Rowley 1 Daniel Sears Rowley 1

Esquire Joseph Donst Salem 1 Esquire William Seaver Kingston 1

Thomas Doty Stoughton 1 Reverend Sheffield 1

William Doust Salem 2 William Shaw Dartmouth 1

The Widow Downe Boston 1 Lieutenant Jonathan Shead Tewksbury 1

Nathaniel Dowse Charlestown 2 Nathaniel Sheaffe Charlestown 1

Ebenezer Draper Dedham 1 Robert Shearman Swanzey 1 HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CONCORD: SQUIRE DUNCAN INGRAHAM

Samuel Dunber Bridgewater 1 Joseph Sherburn Boston 2

Deacon Samuel Eames Woburn 1 Joseph Shipman Salem 2

Joshua Eaton Reading 1 Noble Simmons Swanzey 1

Noah Eaton Woburn 1 Silvester Simmons Swanzey 1

Thomas Eaton, III Reading 3 Benjamin Simonds Williamstown 1

The Widow Sarah Eddy Taunton 1 John Skinner Boston 2

Isaiah Edes Charlestown 2 Joseph Skinner Woburn 2

Esquire Timothy Edwards Stockbridge 2 Richard Skinner Marblehead 1

Rachel Eliot Middleton 1 Peleg Slead Swanzey 1

Stephen Eliot Middleton 1 Phillip Slead Swanzey 2

John Elkins Salem 1 Rebecca Slocum Dartmouth 3

Nathaniel Ellery Gloucester 1 Captain Braddyll Smith Weston 2

William Ellery Gloucester 2 Henry Smith Boston 1

William Ellery, Jr. Gloucester 1 Esquire Isaac Smith Boston 2

Simon Elliott Boston 2 Captain Job Smith Taunton 1

James Ellis Medfield 2 Lieutenant Joseph Smith Sudbury 1

Samuel Emms Boston 1 Weston 2

John Erving Boston 1Richard Smith Boston 1

Benjamin Eustis Boston 1 Susanna Smith Ipswich 1

William Evans Boston 1 Gamaliel Smithurst Marblehead 1

Elizabeth Eveleth Gloucester 1 Jonathan Snell Bridgewater 1

Esquire Timothy Fales Taunton 2 Josiah Snell Bridgewater 1

Ezra Fellows Sheffield 1 Samuel Somerbee Newburyport 1

Captain Jonathan Fellows Sheffield 2 John Soring Boston 2

Paul Field Northfield 1 Nathaniel Souter Charlestown 1

Esquire Samuel Fitch Boston 1 Captain Daniel Souther Hull 2

Jeremiah Fitts Ipswich 1 Nathan Spears Boston 2

Earl Flagg Petersham 1 Derrick Spoor Sheffield 1

Pelatiah Fletcher Westford 1 Doctor John Sprague Dedham 1

James Fosdick Boston 2 Doctor John Sprague Dedham 1

Edward Foster Boston 2 Doctor John Sprague Dedham 1

Robert Foster Kingston 1 Doctor John Sprague Dedham 1 HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CONCORD: SQUIRE DUNCAN INGRAHAM

Esquire Thomas Foster Plymouth 1 John Sprague Newburyport 1

William Foster Boston 1 Phineas Sprague Malden 1

Daniel Fowler Westfield 1 Jeremiah Stamford Ipswich 1

Esquire Jacob Fowls Lynn 2 Thomas Stanton Charlestown 1

John Foye Charlestown 1 Deacon Josiah Starr Weston 1

Captain John Frazier Boston 2 The Widow Abigail Stevens Charlestown 3

Nathan Frazier Boston 1 John Stevens Gloucester 3

Reuben French Salisbury 1 John Stevens, Jr. Gloucester 1

John Frothingham Charlestown 2 Elizabeth Stevenson Plymouth 1

Nathaniel Frothingham, Sr. Charlestown 1 John Stimpson Charlestown 1

Peter Frye Salem 1 After Stoddard Boston 1

James Gardner Boston 3 Asa Stoddard Boston 1

John Gardner Boston 1 The Widow William Stoddard Boston 1

Joseph Gardner Boston 2 Abner Stone Framingham 5

Captain Peleg Gardner Swanzey 2 John Stone Newburyport 1

Captain Peleg Gardner Swanzey 1 Esquire Nathaniel Stone Harwich 1

Doctor Samuel Gardner Milton 1 The Widow Stoneman Boston 1

John Gardner, Jr. Salem 1 Ebenezer Storer Boston 2

Martin Gay Boston 1The Widow Storer Boston 2

Captain Robert Gibbs Swanzey 1 Captain Jacob Storey Ipswich 3

Lieutenant Daniel Gidding Ipswich 1 The Widow Rebekah Sumner Taunton1

Jonathan Gilbert Gloucester 1 Samuel Swan Charlestown 1

Perez Gilbert Berkley 1 John Swetland, Jr. Attleborough 1

Seth Gilbert Norton 1 Moses Swift Sandwich 1

Thomas Gilbert Freetown 1 Truman Taber Dartmouth 1

Edward Giles Boston 1 Samuel Talbot Dighton 1

Moses Gill Boston 2Hugh Tarboll Boston 3

John Gilmore Raynham 1 William Tay, Jr. Woburn 1

Esquire George Godfrey Taunton 1 Nathaniel Taylor Boston 1

Ezekiel Goldthwait Boston 1 Captain Phineas Taylor Stow 1

Joseph Goldthwat Weston 1 Esquire Robert Temple Charlestown 2

Elisha Goodenow Sudbury 1 Solomon Terry Freetown 1 HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CONCORD: SQUIRE DUNCAN INGRAHAM

George Gooding Dighton 1 Abiel Terry, II Freetown 2

John Goodwin Reading 2 Oxenbridge Thatcher Milton 1

Deacon Nathaniel Goodwin Plymouth 3 Gideon Thayer Boston 1

Caleb Goold Hull 1 Esquire John Thomas Kingston 1

Esquire John Goold Hull 2 Josiah Thompson Medford 1

Jacob Goote Weymouth 2 Dan and William Tidd Lexington 1

William Gordon Dunstable 2 James Tileston Boston 1

John Gore Boston 1 John Timmins Boston 1

John Gould Boston 1 The Widow Mary Tisdail Taunton 1

Joseph Gould Lynn 1 Benjamin Tompson Wilmington 1

Robert Gould Boston 1 William Tompson Billerica 1

William Graham Dedham 1 Mary Toppan Salem 1

Samuel Grant Boston 1 Esquire William Blair Townsend Boston 1

Esquire Harrison Gray Boston 1 John Tucker Milton 3

James Gray Stockbridge 1 Benjamin Tufts Medford 1

William Gray Boston 1 Esquire Cotton Tufts Weymouth 1

John Green Reading 1 David Turner Plymouth 1

Joseph Green Boston 1 Simon Tuttle Acton 1

Nathaniel Green Boston 1 Joseph Tyler Boston 1

Samuel Green, Jr. Malden 1 Deacon John Tylor Western 1

Esquire Benjamin Greenleaf Newburyport 1 Esquire Eleazer Tyng Dunstable 3

John Greenleaf Boston 1 Esquire John Tyng Boston 1

Esquire Richard Greenleaf Newburyport 1 Joseph Upton Reading 1

The Widow Sarah Greenleaf Newburyport 2 Major Joseph Varnum Dracut 1

William Greenleaf Boston 1 Esquire William Vassall Boston 3

Benjamin Grinnal Freetown 2 Fortesque Vernon Boston 2

Benjamin Guild Wrentham 1 William Vernon Boston 1

The Widow Gwin Boston 1 Jonathan Very Salem 1

Esquire Anthony Gwynn Newburyport 2 Esquire Josiah Walcott Oxford 1

John Hadley Lincoln 1 Adam Walker Worcester 1

Joseph Hager, Jr. Waltham 1 ColonelBenjamin Walker Dighton 1

Caleb Hall Methuen 1 Captain John Walker Rehobeth 1 HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CONCORD: SQUIRE DUNCAN INGRAHAM

Jacob Hall Medford 1 John Walker Worcester 2

Stephen Hall Boston 2 Joseph Walker Billerica 1

Willis Hall Medford 1 Timothy Walker Wilmington 1

Benjamin Hallowell Boston 4 Joshua Ward Salem 2

Charles Hammock Boston 1 Myles Ward Salem 1

Esquire John Hancock Boston 2 Samuel Warden Boston 2

John Hancock Charlestown 1 Lydia Ware Dighton 1

Daniel Harriden Gloucester 1 Samuel Ware New Braintree 1

Daniel Harrington Waltham 1 Wareham Warner New Braintree 1

Isaac Harrington Weston 1 Doctor Joseph Warren Boston 1

John Harris Charlestown 3 Aaron Warriner Springfield 1

Lieutenant Robert Harris Springfield 1 Samuel Waterhouse Boston 1

Samuel Harris Boston 1 Nathaniel Waterman Boston 1

Nathaniel Harskell Gloucester 1 Esquire George Watson Plymouth 1

William Harskell Gloucester 2 Esquire William Watson Plymouth 2

Moses Hartshorn Medfield 1 John Webb Boston 1

Joseph Hartwell Bedford 1 Eleazer Weld Roxbury 1

Joseph Harwood, Jr. Littleton 2 Esquire Arnold Welles Boston 1

Hubbard Haskell Gloucester 1 Thomas Wellington Waltham 1

Philip Godfred Hast Boston 1 The Widow Mary Welsh Charlestown 1

Edward Hatchett Boston 1 Oliver Wendell Boston 2

Benjamin Hathaway Dartmouth 1 Reverend Charles Wentworth Stoughton 1

John Hathaway Berkley 1 Reverend Charles Wentworth Stoughton 1

Ambrous Hathway Freetown 1 Timothy Wesson Lincoln 1

Jale Hathway Freetown 1 Samuel West Salem 1

Lot Hathway Freetown 3 Lieutenant Daniel Wetherbee Stow 1

Phylip Hathway Freetown 2 Nathan Wheeler Newburyport 1

John Haven Athol 1 Richard Wheeler Bedford 1

Elkanah Haven[s] Framingham 1 Job Wheelwright Boston 1

Jesse Haward Bridgewater 2 Esquire Abijah White Marshfield 2

Joshua Haward Easton 1 Captain B. White Brookline 1

Adam Hawkes Lynn 1 David White Springfield 1 HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CONCORD: SQUIRE DUNCAN INGRAHAM

Josiah Hayden Bridgewater 1 John White Boston 1

Elijah Hayward Bridgewater 1 John White Charlestown 1

John Head Boston 1 Paul White Marshfield 2

Captain Richard Heard Sudbury 1 Esquire William White Boston 1

Jacob Hemenway Worcester 1 John White, Jr. Salem 1

Daniel Henchman Boston 1 John White, Jr. Salem 1

Benjamin Henderson Boston 1Asa Whiting Wrentham 1

Esquire Samuel Henley Charlestown 2 Ebenezer Whiting Roxbury 1

John Henry Barre 1 Leonard Whiting Littleton 1

Lee Henry Barre 1 Deacon Charles Whitman Stow 1

Joseph Henshaw Boston 2 Ebenezer Whitman Bridgewater 1

William Henshaw Boston 1 Nathan Whitman Bridgewater 1

Joshua Henshaw, Sr. Boston 1 Samuel Whitney Concord 1

Captain Edward Hercom Reading 2 Samuel Whitney Concord 1

Jonathan Herrington Lexington 1 Frances Whittman Boston 1

Robert Herrington Lexington 1 Samuel Whitwell Boston 1

Joseph Herskins Boston 2 William Whitwell Boston 1

Samuel Hews Boston 1 Doctor Miles Whitworth Boston 2

William Hickling Boston 1 Thomas Willbur Swanzey 1

Ezra Hickok, Jr. Sheffield 1 Captain George Williams Taunton 1

Henry Hill Boston 1 Captain Gershom Williams Dighton 1

Thomas Hills Malden 1 John Williams Deerfield 2

George Hitch Dartmouth 1 John Williams Deerfield 1

Thomas Hitchburn Boston 1 Jonathan Williams Boston 2

John Hoar Lincoln 2 ColonelJoseph Williams Roxbury 1

Timothy Hoar Concord 1 Robert Williams Roxbury 1

Joseph Hobbs Middleton 1 William Williams Roxbury 1

John Hodger Salem 1 John Willis Bridgewater 1

Joseph Hodger Salem 2 Samuel Willis Bridgewater 1

Abijah Hodges Taunton 1 Esquire John Wilson Hopkinton 1

Edmund Hodges Petersham 1 William Wingfield Boston 2

Priscilla Hodges Salem 2 Deacon Timothy Winn Woburn 1 HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CONCORD: SQUIRE DUNCAN INGRAHAM

Thomas Hodson Boston 1 Esquire Edward Winslow Plymouth 1

Captain William Holbrook Weymouth 1 Esquire John Winslow Marshfield 1

John Holemberg Egremont 1 Esquire Kenelm Winslow Harwich 4

Esquire William Homes Norton 2 Nathaniel Winslow Marshfield 1

Robert Honnours Gloucester 1 Kenelm Winslow, Jr. Harwich 2

The Widow Hough Boston 1 Esquire Samuel Winthrop Boston 1

Daniel Howard Bridgewater 1 David Wood, Sr. Charlestown 1

Edward Howard Bridgewater 1 Benjamin Wood, III Salem 1

Jonathan Howard Bridgewater 1 David Wood, Jr. Charlestown 2

Mary Howard Boston 1 Jahleel Woodbridge Stockbridge 2

Isaac Howland Dartmouth 1 Thomas Woodbridge Newburyport 1

Tuthill Hubbard Boston 1 William Wyatt Salem 1

Esquire Henry Hullon Brookline 2 William Wyer Charlestown 1

Thomas Hulmes Boston 1 Elijah Wyman Woburn 1

Isaiah Hunt Rehobeth 1 Joshua Wyman Woburn 1

John Hunt Rehobeth 1 Nathan Wyman Woburn 1

Peter Hunt Tewksbury 2 Deacon Samuel Wyman Woburn 1

Deacon Simon Hunt Concord 1 Thomas Yates Attleborough 1

William Hunt Salem 2

Esquire Eliakim Hutchinson Roxbury 1

Esquire Thomas Hutchinson, Jr. Boston 1

“It is simply crazy that there should ever have come into being a world with such a sin in it, in which a man is set apart because of his color — the superficial fact about a human being. Who could want such a world? For an American fighting for his love of country, that the last of earth should from its beginning have swallowed slavery, is an irony so withering, a justice so intimate in its rebuke of pride, as to measure only with God.” — Stanley Cavell, MUST WE MEAN WHAT WE SAY? 1976, page 141 HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CONCORD: SQUIRE DUNCAN INGRAHAM

1772

In Concord, Ephraim Wood, John Flint, and Timothy Wheeler were Selectmen.

In Concord, Ephraim Wood was again Town Clerk.

In Concord, Abijah Bond was again Town Treasurer.

James Barrett was Concord’s deputy and representative to the General Court.

Squire Duncan Ingraham, a wealthy Boston merchant, former slave trader, and militia captain, remarried with the widow Mary Minot Merrick, daughter of Dr. Timothy Minot and Mary Martin Minot and widow since 1768 of Concord’s storekeeper Tilly Merrick, Sr., and while she lived would reside in her home in Concord (a building later occupied by Mrs. Phineas How). By refusing to sign political resolves or covenants he would come to be labeled a Tory, and upon entertaining British officers at his home (subjected to a mock serenade by some 20 or 30 local revolutionaries such as Samuel Hubbard, who were outside banging on tin pans and making noise with cracked instruments), he would be harassed to the point of having a sheep’s head and pluck tied to his new chaise. Eventually he would side with his Concord neighbors, speak casually about the independence of “his” country, and become an original member of the Concord Social Circle (he was a man of excess, to such a degree that while a member of the Social Circle he served them a repast with copious imbibing, that was so over-the-top elegant that for a time this abstemious club broke up before reforming itself). He would later remove to a house later occupied by Francis Potter.

Nathan Bond of Concord, son of Abijah Bond,3 graduated from . He would become a merchant in Boston.

NATHAN BOND [of Concord], son of Abijah Bond, was born March 31, 1752, and graduated [at Harvard] in 1772. He was a merchant in Boston, and died there January 5, 1816, aged 64. His remains were interred, at his request, by the side of his mother in Concord.4

3. Insert: Bond’s Watertown, page 64: Abijah Bond who m. July 6, 1749, Rebecca Patterson and settled in Concord, Mass. their 2nd child, Nathan Bond b. Mar. 31, 1752; grad. Harvard, 1772; a merchant of Boston, where all his children were born. In 1797, he moved to Portland, and in 1803 he returned to Boston where he died January, 1816. He m. June 1, 1783, Mrs. Joanna Doane b. Aug 8, 1750 & d. Nov 3, 182_. Children: 1. Abijah Bond b. Feb 22, 1784; a member of Harvard Coll. 1-1/2 years, left and went to sea and died in Trinidad 1803. His name was altered to William Abijah Bond. 2. Charles Bond b. June 7, 1785; d. Feb 2, 1786. 3. Nathan Bond b. June 6, 1786; d. Sept. 2, 1802. 4. Charles Bond twin to Nathan, b. June 6, 1786; merchant at Norfolk, VA; d. Sept. 22, 1822. 5. Royal Bond b. Sept 11, 1787; merchant of New York; drowned Aug 10, 1825 attempting to cross the Connecticut River. 6. George Bond b. July 25, 1788; a distinguished merchant of the well-known firm of Whitwell & Bond. He died in Philadelphia May 23, 1842; he m. Sept 9, 1810, Ann Sigourney Hammett b. Jan 1, 1790. (seven children, listed) 7. Eliza Bond b. Feb 14, 1795; m. 1816, J. G. Pearson. 4. Lemuel Shattuck’s 1835 A HISTORY OF THE TOWN OF CONCORD;.... Boston: Russell, Odiorne, and Company; Concord MA: John Stacy (On or about November 11, 1837 Henry Thoreau would indicate a familiarity with the contents of at least pages 2-3 and 6-9 of this historical study.) HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CONCORD: SQUIRE DUNCAN INGRAHAM

The youngest daughter of Ephraim Hartwell (1) and Elizabeth Heywood Hartwell of Concord, Sarah Hartwell (4), married with the Reverend Bigelow of Sudbury. She would die in 1773 during childbirth.

After teaching school for a number of years in Concord, John Monroe of Concord removed to the town of Harvard, Massachusetts. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CONCORD: SQUIRE DUNCAN INGRAHAM

1773

In Concord, Ephraim Wood, John Flint, and Timothy Wheeler were Selectmen.

In Concord, Ephraim Wood was again Town Clerk.

In Concord, Abijah Bond was again Town Treasurer.

James Barrett was Concord’s deputy and representative to the General Court.

Daniel Bliss and Duncan Ingraham, loyalists, were appointed Justices of the Peace in the town of Concord.

August 11, Wednesday: Justices of the Peace for Middlesex County were confirmed: Daniel Bliss, Thomas Russell, James Tyng, Thomas Brattle, , John White, and Duncan Ingraham (William Henry Whitmore, THE MASSACHUSETTS CIVIL LIST FOR THE COLONIAL AND PROVINCIAL PERIODS, 1630-1774. BEING A LIST OF THE NAMES AND DATES OF APPOINTMENT OF ALL THE CIVIL OFFICERS CONSTITUTED BY AUTHORITY OF THE CHARTERS, OR THE LOCAL GOVERNMENT. ALBANY, 1870). HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CONCORD: SQUIRE DUNCAN INGRAHAM

1774

James Barrett was Concord’s delegate to the Provincial Congress in Boston.

Hugh Cargill, born in Bellyshannon in Ireland, came to the New World in connection with the British army. He would wind up in Boston and Concord.

Duncan Ingraham served as a local agent for the British firm of his son-in-law Frederick William Geyer.

In Concord, Ephraim Wood, John Flint, and Nathan Merriam were Selectmen.

James Barrett was Concord’s deputy and representative to the General Court. Representatives of Lincoln5

Chambers Russell ’54-57, ’59, ’62, ’63, ’5. Joshua Brooks 1809-1811.

Samuel Farrer 1766-1768. Leonard Hoar 1812-1814.

Eleazer Brooks ’74-’78, ’80, ’5, ’7, ’90-’2. William Hayden 1815, 1816.

Chambers Russell 1788. Elijah Fiske 1820-1822.

Samuel Hoar ’94, ’95, ’97, ’98, 1801, ’3-’8. Joel Smith 1824.

Samuel Farrar, Jr. 1800. Silas P. Tarbell 1827, 1828.

Not represented 1758, ’60, ’62, ’69-’73, ’79, ’81, ’82, ’86, ’89, ’93, ’96, ’99, 1802, ’17, ’23, ’25, ’26.

5. Lemuel Shattuck’s 1835 A HISTORY OF THE TOWN OF CONCORD;.... Boston: Russell, Odiorne, and Company; Concord MA: John Stacy (On or about November 11, 1837 Henry Thoreau would indicate a familiarity with the contents of at least pages 2-3 and 6-9 of this historical study. On July 16, 1859 he would correct a date mistake buried in the body of the text.) HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CONCORD: SQUIRE DUNCAN INGRAHAM

Dr. John Cuming had left Harvard College a year before graduating, to continue his education and get medical training in Britain. At this point Harvard, noting Dr. Cuming’s fame as a physician and surgeon, awarded him an honorary masters degree. When in this year 4 out of every 5 of Concord’s townsmen signed a Solemn League and Convenant pledging not to consume British goods, Dr. Cuming was in disagreement. As a Crown- appointed justice of the peace, he felt he was sworn to “uphold the king’s law.” Patriots took note of the absence of his signature, and over the following 9 months he would be chosen to moderate only one of 8 town meetings.

Duncan Ingraham also refused to sign the Solemn League and Covenant and found himself suspected of Tory sympathies — but he would of course swing around like a weathercock as the revolutionaries prospered, on account of the fact that he had no principles whatever except in regard to his own self-interest.

His eldest son Duncan Ingraham, Jr. was in Boston, keeping an eye out for the prizes being brought into port by privateering vessels in which he and his father had an interest (Robert A. Gross, THE MINUTEMEN AND HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CONCORD: SQUIRE DUNCAN INGRAHAM

THEIR WORLD, New York: Hill and Wang, 1976, pages 51, 56, 168; Duncan Ingraham, Jr., to S.P. Savage, May 18, 1776, in the Savage Papers, Massachusetts Historical Society, Boston; Duncan Ingraham, Jr. to William Barrell, July 24, 1776, in the Andrew-Eliot papers, Massachusetts Historical Society, Boston).

David Tappan began to serve as pastor of a Congregational church in Newbury, Massachusetts (until 1792).

At the Concord meetinghouse, seating was provided for a choir.

Concord began to divide up its school funds in proportion to the amount of taxes paid in its various districts, with pupils in those districts that had a higher tax basis receiving a greater degree of educational attention. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CONCORD: SQUIRE DUNCAN INGRAHAM

DO I HAVE YOUR ATTENTION? GOOD.

Squire Duncan Ingraham “Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CONCORD: SQUIRE DUNCAN INGRAHAM

1775

April 19, Wednesday: Subsequent to the militia/army dustups at Lexington and Concord, Duncan Ingraham took depositions from local eyewitnesses.

The inscription on the memorial to John Jack in the hill on the Old Hill Burying Ground near Concord’s Milldam was copied by a British officer, and would appear in an English magazine:6 SLAVERY

“GOD WILLS US FREE; — MAN WILLS US SLAVES. I WILL AS GOD WILLS; GOD’S WILL BE DONE. HERE LIES THE BODY OF JOHN JACK, A NATIVE OF AFRICA, WHO DIED MARCH, 1773, AGED ABOUT SIXTY YEARS. THOUGH BORN IN A LAND OF SLAVERY, HE WAS BORN FREE. THOUGH HE LIVED IN A LAND OF LIBERTY, HE LIVED A SLAVE; TILL BY HIS HONEST THOUGH STOLEN LABOURS, HE ACQUIRED THE SOURCE OF SLAVERY, WHICH GAVE HIM HIS FREEDOM: THOUGH NOT LONG BEFORE DEATH, THE GRAND TYRANT, GAVE HIM HIS FINAL EMANCIPATION, AND PUT HIM ON A FOOTING WITH KINGS. THOUGH A SLAVE TO VICE, HE PRACTICED THOSE VIRTUES, WITHOUT WHICH KINGS ARE BUT SLAVES.”

So, it would appear, regardless of what our naysayers might choose to believe, it appears that we did teach the Brits something or other about American freedom on this day — taught something by a Concord Tory! SLAVERY IN MASSACHUSETTS

6. According to Concord account, the British officers had selected this spot in a grove of young locust trees “as a point of observation from which they could watch the movements of the and indicate by signals to their own soldiery sent in different directions, the plan of operations which circumstances might require them to pursue.” HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CONCORD: SQUIRE DUNCAN INGRAHAM

Professor Elise Lemire’s mom, Virginia Lemire, took a photo in Sleepy Hollow recently, getting the lettering of John Jack’s memorial stone to stand out admirably by rubbing it with snow (see blowup on following screen). HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CONCORD: SQUIRE DUNCAN INGRAHAM HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CONCORD: SQUIRE DUNCAN INGRAHAM

At the Concord Centennials of the April 19th, 1775 fight, it would generally be credited to have been Joseph Spaulding of Carlisle who had been the one to fire that famous “shot heard round the world.” To my knowledge no American patriot has ever alleged that the shot he fired actually struck and killed any living person, so perhaps he was firing for effect. There has been some derogatory talk about the accuracy of American riflefire. For instance, during the redcoat march back to Boston, the militia is said to have discharged some 75,000 rounds at the men of the army and to have struck someone only approximately 274 times, which gives a “batting average” of approximately .365 for the day.

[A batting average of 365 would be, in baseball, a quite good batting average, but note, there is a decimal point in front of this particular “.365” number, indicating that it differs by a full three orders of magnitude from that fine batting average. If you ask me, that’s some shootin’ — it takes some doin’, to accomplish that many misses without someone looking over your shoulder and accusing you of missing on purpose!]

Another way to say this is that on that scorcher of an afternoon a militiaman Jonathan managed to rest his rifle on a stone wall and discharge it at a clump of army Johns walking down a road in the distance in the open in red jackets, without actually hurting anyone, a sum total of 74, 726 times.

We know that the tune to “Yankee Doodle,” which appears to date back to medieval times, had during the French and Indian campaigns been provided, by a British army surgeon, with lyrics in disparagement of American militias. On the march out to Concord in the morning this tune had been fifed to the regular army redcoats, and, while the army was on its panicked afternoon trip back to the safety of Boston, it is said that the colonial militia were singing those derogatory words7 back to them as they fired into the massed ranks from behind their stone fences. What would be Henry Thoreau’s reaction to living on this blood-stained ground sacred to human liberty? He would enter in his Journal on July 21, 1851:

Excepting the omnipresent butcher with his calf cart –followed by a distracted & anxious cow– Be it known that in Concord where the first forcible resistance to British aggression was mad[e] in the year 1775 they chop up the young calves & give them to the hens to make them lay –it being considered the cheapest & most profitable food for them– & they sell the milk to Boston. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CONCORD: SQUIRE DUNCAN INGRAHAM

And, of course, Thoreau would make a reference to this battle in WALDEN; OR, LIFE IN THE WOODS, comparing it caustically with a battle he had observed between some red Camponotus ants and some black Monomorium ants during the administration of President James Knox Polk, five years before the passage of ’s fugitive-slave bill. Even the son of Deacon Jonathan Hosmer, Abner the 21-year-old drummer for the Acton Minutemen whose face was half shot away in the first volley, figures in that battle between the ants who dismember each other to the strains of military music (text from WALDEN on following page, with added

7. Brother Ephraim fold his Cow Punk in Pye is very good And bought him a Com-mifion, And fo is Apple Lantern, And then he went to Canada Had you been whipp’d as oft as I To Fight for the Nation; You’d not have been fo wanton: But when Ephraim he came home Uncle is a Yankee Man He prov’d an arrant Coward, 'Ifaith he pays us all off, He wou’d’n’t fight the Frenchmen there And he has got a Fiddle For fear of being devour’d. As big as Daddy’s Hogs Trough. Sheep’s Head and Vinegar Seth’s Mother went to Lynn Butter Milk and Tanfy, To buy a pair of Breeches, Bofton is a Yankee town The firft time Vathen put them on Sing Hey Doodle Dandy: He tore out all the Stitches; Firft we’ll take a Pinch of Snuff Dolly Fufhel let a Fart, And then a drink of Water, Jenny Jones fhe found it, And then we’ll fay How do you do Ambrofe carried it to Mill And that’s a Yanky’s Supper. Where Doctor Warren ground it. Aminadab is juft come Home Our Jemima’s loft her Mare His Eyes all greaf’d with Bacon, And can’t tell where to find her, And all the news that he cou’d tell But fhe’ll come trotting by and by Is Cape Breton is taken: And bring her tail behind her Stand up Jonathan Two and two may go to Bed; Figure in by Neighbour, Two and two together, Vathen ftand a little off And if there is not room enough, And make the Room fome wider. Lie one a top o’to’ther.

Chriftmas is a coming Boys We’ll go to Mother Chafes, And there we’ll get a Sugar Dram, Sweeten’d with Melaffes: Heigh ho for our Cape Cod, Heigh ho Nantafket, Do not let the Bofton wags, Feel your Oyfter Bafket. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CONCORD: SQUIRE DUNCAN INGRAHAM

boldface to show the relevant sections). HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CONCORD: SQUIRE DUNCAN INGRAHAM

WALDEN: I was witness to events of a less peaceful character. One day when I went out to my wood-pile, or rather my pile of stumps, I observed two large ants, the one red, the other much larger, nearly half an inch long, and black, fiercely contending with one another. Having once got hold they never let go, but struggled and wrestled and rolled on the chips incessantly. Looking farther, I was surprised to find that the chips were covered with such combatants, that it was not a duellum, but a bellum, a war between two races of ants, the red always pitted against the black, and frequently two reds ones to one black. The legions of these Myrmidons covered all the hills and vales in my wood-yard, and the ground was already strewn with the dead and dying, both red and black. It was the only battle which I have ever witnessed, the only battle-field I ever trod while the battle was raging; internecine war; the red republicans on the one hand, and the black imperialists on the other. On every side they were engaged in deadly combat, yet without any noise that I could hear, and human soldiers never fought so resolutely. I watched a couple that were fast locked in each other’s embraces, in a little sunny valley amid the chips, now at noon-day prepared to fight till the sun went down, or life went out. The smaller red champion had fastened himself like a vice to his adversary’s front, and through all the tumblings on that field never for an instant ceased to gnaw at one of his feelers near the root, having already caused the other to go by the board; while the stronger black one dashed him from side to side, and, as I saw on looking nearer, had already divested him of several of his members. They fought with more pertinacity than bull-dogs. Neither manifested the least disposition to retreat. It was evident that their battle-cry was Conquer or die. In the mean while there came along a single red ant on the hillside of this valley, evidently full of excitement, who either had despatched his foe, or had not yet taken part in the battle; probably the latter, for he had lost none of his limbs; whose mother had charged him to return with his shield or upon it. Or perchance he was some Achilles, who had nourished his wrath apart, and had now come to avenge or rescue his Patroclus. He saw this unequal combat from afar, –for the blacks were nearly twice the size of the red,– he drew near with rapid pace till he stood on his guard within half an inch of the combatants; then, watching his opportunity, he sprang upon the black warrior, and commenced his operations near the root of his right fore-leg, leaving the foe to select among his own members; and so there were three united for life, as if a new kind of attraction had been invented which put all other locks and cements to shame. I should not have wondered by this time to find that they had their respective musical bands stationed on some eminent chip, and playing their national airs the while, to excite the slow and cheer the dying combatants. I was myself excited somewhat even as if they had been men. The more you think of it, the less the difference. And certainly there is not the fight recorded in Concord history, at least, if in the history of America, that will bear a moment’s comparison with this, whether for the numbers engaged in it, or for the patriotism and heroism displayed. For numbers and for carnage it was an Austerlitz or Dresden. Concord Fight! Two killed on the patriots’ side, and Luther Blanchard wounded! Why here every ant was a Buttrick, –“Fire! for God’s sake fire!”– and thousands shared the fate of Davis and Hosmer. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CONCORD: SQUIRE DUNCAN INGRAHAM

WALDEN: ... There was not one hireling there. I have no doubt that it was a principle they fought for, as much as our ancestors, and not to avoid a three-penny tax on their tea; and the results of this battle will be as important and memorable to those whom it concerns as those of the battle of Bunker Hill, at least. I took up the chip on which the three I have particularly described were struggling, carried it into my house, and placed it under a tumbler on my window-sill, in order to see the issue. Holding a microscope to the first- mentioned red ant, I saw that, though he was assiduously gnawing at the near foreleg of his enemy, having severed his remaining feeler, his breast was all torn away, exposing what vitals he had there to the jaws of the black warrior, whose breast-plate was apparently too thick for him to pierce; and the dark carbuncles of the sufferer’s eyes shone with ferocity such as war only could excite. They struggled half an hour longer under the tumbler, and when I looked again the black soldier had severed the heads of his foes from their bodies, and the still living heads were hanging on either side of him like ghastly trophies at his saddlebow, still apparently as firmly fastened as ever, and he was endeavoring with feeble struggles, being without feelers and with only the remnant of a leg, and I know not how many other wounds, to divest himself of them; which at length, after half an hour more, he accomplished. I raised the glass, and he went off over the window-sill in that crippled state. Whether he finally survived that combat, and spent the remainder of his days in some Hotel des Invalides, I do not know; but I thought that his industry would not be worth much thereafter. I never learned which party was victorious, nor the cause of the war; but I felt for the rest of that day as if I had had my feelings excited and harrowed by witnessing the struggle, the ferocity and carnage, of a human battle before my door. Kirby and Spence tell us that the battles of ants have long been celebrated and the date of them recorded, though they say that Huber is the only modern author who appears to have witnessed them. “Æneas Sylvius,” say they, “after giving a very circumstantial account of one contested with great obstinacy by a great and small species on the trunk of a pear tree,” adds that “This action was fought in the pontificate of Eugenius the Fourth, in the presence of Nicholas Pistoriensis, an eminent lawyer, who related the whole history of the battle with the greatest fidelity.” A similar engagement between great and small ants is recorded by Olaus Magnus, in which the small ones, being victorious, are said to have buried the bodies of their own soldiers, but left those of their giant enemies a prey to the birds. This event happened previous to the expulsion of the tyrant Christiern the Second from Sweden.” The battle which I witnessed took place in the Presidency of Polk, five years before the passage of Webster’s Fugitive-Slave Bill.

ANTS KIRBY AND SPENCE HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CONCORD: SQUIRE DUNCAN INGRAHAM

After April 19, 1851 entry in Thoreau’s JOURNAL: In ’75 2 or 300s of the inhabitants of Concord assembled at one of the bridges with arms in their hands to assert the right of 3 millions to tax themselves, & have a voice in governing themselves– About a week ago the authorities of Boston, having the sympathy of many of the inhabitants of Concord assembled in the grey of the dawn, assisted by a still larger armed force – to send back a perfectly innocent man –and one whom they knew to be innocent into a slavery as complete as the world ever knew Of course it makes not the least difference I wish you to consider this who the man was – whether he was Jesus christ or another –for in as much as ye did it unto the least of these his brethen ye did it unto him Do you think he would have stayed here in liberty and let the black man go into slavery in his stead? They sent him back I say to live in slavery with other 3 millions mark that –whom the same slave power or slavish power north & south –holds in that condition. 3 millions who do not, like the first mentioned, assert the right to govern themselvs but simply to run away & stay away from their prison-house. Just a week afterward those inhabitants of this town who especially sympathize with the authorities of Boston in this their deed caused the bells to be rung & the cannons to be fired to celebrate the courage & the love of liberty of those men who assembled at the bridge. As if those 3 millions had fought for the right to be free themselves –but to hold in slavery 3 million others Why gentlemen even consistency though it is much abused is sometimes a virtue.

Politics makes strange bedfellows: After the confrontation at Concord’s North Bridge, Dr. John Cuming, a local slavemaster and revolutionary activist, treated wounded British soldiers in the home of local Royalist sympathizer Daniel Bliss — who was a Royalist at least in part because he abhorred human enslavement as it was practiced in America. AMERICAN REVOLUTION

At some point during this eventful day Major John Pitcairn visited the home of Squire Duncan Ingraham’s stepson and upon “seeing one of Mr. Ingraham’s negroes standing by the large pear tree in the rear of the house, with his hand behind him, commenced on him, as he did on the rebels at Lexington Common a few hours previously, by pointing a pistol at his head, and, in a loud tone of voice, ordering him to give up his arms; but as the unfortunate bondsman replied to order by holding up both his hands over his head, and saying ‘Dem is all the arms I have, massa,’ the serious consequence of the Lexington order was not repeated in Mr. Ingraham’s backyard.” CATO INGRAHAM

April 28, Friday: This would be a day to remember, for a Concord resident named Titus: Know all men by these presents that For and in consideration of the sum of Fifty three pounds six shillings and Eight pence to me in hand well and truly — paid by Jonas Heywood of Concord in the County of Middlesex and Province of the Massachusetts Bay in New England Yeoman I Ann Prescott of Said Concord Widow Have sold and by these presents do sell And make over unto the Said Jonas my named Titus Negro man/servant’s time of Service During his Life to be Wholly for the Service of the Said Jonas Heywood his heirs and assigns HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CONCORD: SQUIRE DUNCAN INGRAHAM

at the same time I do utterly give JONAS HEYWOOD up and relinquish unto the Said Jonas all my right and title in Said Negro declaring also that before and at the time of this Sale the Negro Man was mine by virtue of My Late Husband’s purchase — In Witness whereof I have set my hand and seal to these presents this 28 Day of April 1775 in the 28 year of his Majesty

Witness ANN PRESCOTT Daniel —— ? —— Thomas Whiting Ann Prescott THOMAS WHITING THE HEYWOODS OF CONCORD There were some 20 slaves in Concord, including but not limited to the following 11 adult males: • Philip Barrett, a slave of Colonel Barrett, who would march in July 1775, enlist in Captain Heald’s company in 1779, serve a 6-month tour at West Point in 1780-1781, and never return to Concord • Cato, a slave of Squire Duncan Ingraham • Bristo (Brister Freeman) and Jem, slaves of Doctor/Colonel John Cuming. Bristo would serve under Colonel John Buttrick at Saratoga in 1777, see Burgoyne surrender, enlist again in 1779, return to Concord, be freed, settle atop Brister’s Hill, and marry. He and his wife Fenda would be memorialized by Thoreau in WALDEN; OR, LIFE IN THE WOODS. • Sippio Brister, a slave to the Hoar family. His burial site in Lincoln next to five British soldiers would be noted by Thoreau in WALDEN; OR, LIFE IN THE WOODS. • Caesar, a slave of Captain George Minot, who would serve 3 months during 1775-1776 and then sign for a 3-year enlistment in 1779, returning to Concord at the end of the war. • Casey, a slave of Samuel Whitney, who would flee from his owner’s son threats and snowballs to enlist in the army, achieve self-ownership, and return to Concord • Frank, a slave of the Reverend William Emerson • Caesar, a slave of Deacon Simon Hunt • Cato, a slave of Doctor Joseph Lee HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CONCORD: SQUIRE DUNCAN INGRAHAM

• Titus, the slave of the widow Ann Prescott who was being sold in this year to Jonas Heywood, as above

NOBODY COULD GUESS WHAT WOULD HAPPEN NEXT

Squire Duncan Ingraham “Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CONCORD: SQUIRE DUNCAN INGRAHAM

1777

August 14, Thursday: Duncan Ingraham was drafted into the revolutionary army in Concord at the age of 51 and would serve as a Captain under Captain William Hubbard and Colonel Brooks.8

Samuel Baker was recruited out of the Lincoln militia company of Captain Samuel Farrar of Colonel Eleazer Brooks’s regiment, to serve instead as part of the Northern Department under General Gates. AMERICAN REVOLUTION

8. The name of Duncan Ingham appears under the heading “Hartwell Brook the first Everidge” in a list of men who marched under Captain Minot, the date of enlistment and duration of service not being stated. That “Captain Minot” was likely the Captain Jonathan Minot having a company of militia from Colonel James Prescott’s regiment that marched on the alarm of April 19, 1775 and served for 3 days, and then marched in Colonel Baldwin’s regiment on January 12, 1776 for 10 days and received pay for a mileage of 52 miles. Due to age as well as social condition, it seems unlikely that this Duncan Ingham would have been Duncan Ingraham. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CONCORD: SQUIRE DUNCAN INGRAHAM

1779

From this year into 1781, the “Joshua Brooks, Jr.” house would be being constructed in Concord on a brick foundation at a site which had seen continuous family occupancy from the year 1666. The house was a two- story preclassical “box” structure with a rear ell. Brooks was one of the veterans of the North Bridge skirmish of 1775. This is a structure still in existence. OLD HOUSES The following table, exhibiting the number of deaths between several specified ages, the number each year, the aggregate amount of their ages, average age, &c. &c. during the 50 years commencing January 1, 1779, and ending December 31, 1828, was compiled from records carefully kept by the Rev. Dr. Ripley [Ezra Ripley]. Great labor has been expended to make it correct and intelligible.

Under to to to to to to to to to to to Aggre. Average Year. Total. 1 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Am. Age. Age.

1779 2 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 2 4 1 0 12 578 48

1780 1 2 1 1 0 0 1 1 3 0 0 0 10 307 30

1781 3 1 0 1 0 2 0 1 1 2 1 3 15 721 48

1782 1 2 1 0 1 2 0 1 1 5 3 1 18 933 52

1783 5 2 1 0 4 2 3 1 2 3 1 0 24 811 34

1784 4 1 1 2 2 0 0 1 1 2 1 2 17 607 35

1785 2 0 1 0 3 2 2 3 2 2 0 0 17 672 39

1786 4 1 0 4 3 1 1 0 1 2 1 1 19 590 31

1787 2 2 0 0 1 2 1 1 2 0 1 0 12 416 35

1788 2 0 2 0 2 2 2 1 2 3 3 0 19 877 46

1789 3 1 0 1 2 3 0 1 1 4 1 0 17 694 41

1790 2 5 2 2 2 0 3 0 3 4 3 0 26 970 37

1791 3 1 0 0 0 1 2 1 3 3 3 0 17 841 49

1792 5 0 0 1 4 3 1 6 2 2 1 1 26 1021 39

1793 1 0 3 0 1 2 2 4 1 3 0 2 19 894 47

1794 1 1 1 0 4 3 0 1 5 1 3 1 21 1018 49 HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CONCORD: SQUIRE DUNCAN INGRAHAM

Under to to to to to to to to to to to Aggre. Average Year. Total. 1 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Am. Age. Age.

1795 0 2 0 4 3 4 1 1 2 2 2 0 21 824 39

1796 1 8 2 0 2 2 2 2 1 6 1 0 27 926 34

1797 3 1 1 1 2 1 4 1 1 3 3 0 21 893 43

1798 4 3 0 2 2 0 1 0 1 5 2 1 21 831 39

1799 0 1 0 1 4 0 2 3 4 4 1 0 20 1006 50

1800 3 7 0 0 0 4 1 2 1 4 2 1 25 926 37

1801 3 3 2 6 3 0 2 2 3 4 4 0 32 1197 37

1802 2 4 1 3 2 2 1 3 1 6 2 0 27 1067 39

1803 2 7 2 3 4 9 3 0 3 2 2 1 38 1194 31

1804 4 4 0 3 3 1 3 3 1 4 2 1 29 1037 39

1805 12 1 0 3 6 2 0 2 2 2 5 0 35 1132 32

1806 5 4 0 1 6 2 1 3 4 1 4 1 32 1201 39

1807 7 1 0 2 6 2 3 1 3 4 2 1 32 1182 37

1808 1 5 1 0 0 1 3 2 4 0 2 0 19 722 38

1809 2 3 0 0 2 1 3 1 2 2 2 1 19 821 43

1810 5 1 1 3 3 4 4 3 6 4 3 1 38 1626 45

1811 1 2 2 0 4 1 1 2 4 2 2 0 21 881 42

1812 3 6 2 1 1 5 2 2 3 3 3 1 32 1131 36

1813 3 2 1 2 4 2 3 3 1 4 2 0 27 1094 40

1814 2 0 0 0 4 4 4 1 3 0 2 2 22 1012 46

1815 4 2 4 5 4 5 3 4 5 4 6 1 47 1910 41

1816 6 1 0 1 2 0 1 3 2 4 1 0 21 802 38

1817 2 4 2 2 4 0 5 1 1 0 0 0 21 495 28

1818 2 1 0 2 1 4 1 3 3 2 1 0 20 825 41 HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CONCORD: SQUIRE DUNCAN INGRAHAM

Under to to to to to to to to to to to Aggre. Average Year. Total. 1 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Am. Age. Age.

1819 2 2 1 4 0 3 3 4 2 4 1 1 27 1006 37

1820 2 3 0 0 2 3 2 5 0 5 6 0 28 1374 49

1821 3 5 0 2 0 1 3 3 2 10 4 0 33 1582 48

1822 2 10 1 3 5 2 2 3 2 4 2 2 38 1285 34

1823 5 3 1 1 2 1 3 3 2 1 3 1 26 970 37

1824 4 3 0 1 1 2 4 4 3 5 2 0 29 1244 43

1825 3 7 1 1 2 2 5 6 4 6 3 0 40 1645 41

1826 8 6 4 0 3 2 8 4 1 5 2 0 43 1367 32

1827 2 2 0 0 1 3 1 2 1 0 3 0 19 893 44

1828 4 4 0 0 0 1 3 1 2 5 1 2 23 1020 48

It is impossible to specify the diseases by which the several persons died. As far as can be ascertained from the Rev. Dr. Ripley [Ezra Ripley]’s records, it appears that about one seventh of the whole number died of consumption, one fifth of fevers of various kinds, one twelfth of old age, one sixteenth of canker-rash, one nineteenth of the dropsy, one twenty-fifth of paralytic affections, and nearly the same number each of dysentery and casualties. By adding the columns in the above table, we shall find that the whole number, who died during the 50 years, was 1242; of whom 153 died under 1 year of age; 137 of 1 and under 5; 42 of 5 and under 10; 70 of 10 and under 20; 119 of 20 and under 30; 101 of 30 and under 40; 106 of 40 and under 50; 106 of 50 and under 80; 106 of 80 and under 90; 28 of 90 and under 100; and a native black of 105. Of these 107 died in January, 111 in February, 118 in March, 103 in April, 88 in May, 81 in June, 88 in July, 95 in August, 115 in September, 121 in October, 121 in November, and 94 in December. These proportions generally hold good in particular years, more deaths occurring in the spring and autumn than at other seasons of the year. Of those who lived 80 years and over, 54 were males and 81 females; 90 and over, 8 were males and 21 females; 95 and over, 3 were males and 4 females. The year when the least number of deaths occurred was 1780, and when the greatest, 1815. The yearly average is 25 nearly. the least average age was in 1817, the greatest average in 1812. The aggregate amount of all the ages, for 50 years, is 49,192, and the mean average age nearly 40. Estimating our population, during this period, at an average of 1665, which is nearly HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CONCORD: SQUIRE DUNCAN INGRAHAM

correct, as will appear on reference to our account of the population, we shall find that 1 in 66 dies annually.

153 or 1 in 8 1-8 died under 1 year. 620 or 1 in 2 lived 40 and upwards.

218 or 1 in 5 2-3 died under 2 years. 570 or 1 in 2 1-3 lived 45 and upwards.

255 or 1 in 4 8-9 died under 3 years. 514 or 1 in 2 2-5 lived 50 and upwards.

270 or 1 in 4 3-5 died under 4 years. 463 or 1 in 2 3-5 lived 55 and upwards.

290 or 1 in 4 1-3 died under 5 years. 408 or 1 in 3 1-11 lived 60 and upwards.

304 or 1 in 4 1-11 died under 6 years. 354 or 1 in 3 1-2 lived 65 and upwards.

332 or 1 in 3 3-4 died under 10 years. 296 or 1 in 4 1-5 lived 70 and upwards.

358 or 1 in 3 1-2 died under 15 years. 209 or 1 in 5 1-17 lived 75 and upwards.

402 or 1 in 3 1-11 died under 20 years. 135 or 1 in 9 1-5 lived 80 and upwards.

472 or 1 in 2 3-5 died under 25 years. 69 or 1 in 18 lived 85 and upwards.

521 or 1 in 2 2-5 died under 30 years. 29 or 1 in 42 5-6 lived 90 and upwards.

571 or 1 in 2 1-3 died under 35 years. 7 or 1 in 177 3-7 lived 95 and upwards.

622 or 1 in 2 died under 40 years. 2 lived to 99, and 1 to 105.

In these calculations minute fractions are omitted. They exhibit results highly favorable to the health of the town. Few towns are so healthy.9

From time immemorial it has been the custom of the church to administer the ordinance of baptism to such adults and their children, as “owned the covenant,” without joining the church in full communion. This covenant was the same as that which admitted to full communion, with the exception of the clause which referred to the communion, and was used for both cases till 1795, when the following was adopted to be subscribed by the individuals who “own it.” Three hundred and two have signed it since 1795. “I do now seriously profess my belief in one God, who is ever all and blessed for every more. “I believe the Holy Scriptures were given by inspiration 9. In France, 1 in 31 arrives to the age of 70; in London 1 in 10; in Philadelphia, 1 in 15; and in Connecticut 1 in 8. In Salem, 1 in 48 dies annually; in Philadelphia, 1 in 45; in Boston, 1 in 41; in London, 1 in 40; in Paris, 1 in 32; and in Vienna, 1 in 22. — See History of Dedham and American Quarterly Review, Vol. VIII. p. 396. Lemuel Shattuck’s 1835 A HISTORY OF THE TOWN OF CONCORD;.... Boston: Russell, Odiorne, and Company; Concord MA: John Stacy (On or about November 11, 1837 Henry Thoreau would indicate a familiarity with the contents of at least pages 2-3 and 6-9 of this historical study.) HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CONCORD: SQUIRE DUNCAN INGRAHAM

of God, and are able to make wise unto salvation, through faith, which is in Christ Jesus; and I will endeavor to observe them as the rule of my life in faith and practice. “I believe that Jesus Christ is the Son of God; and that God so loved the world as to give his only Son to die, the just for the unjust, that whosoever believeth in him might not perish, but have everlasting life. “I believe that repentance towards God and faith in Jesus Christ are the gospel conditions of salvation, and therefore, penitently confessing all my sins to God, I look for salvation through Christ alone. “I believe that baptism is a Christian ordinance, a sign of visible discipleship to Christ, and an act of dedication to God, and that the proper subjects of it are believers in the Christian religion, and their offspring and charge. And I now promise that I will endeavor, by the grace of God assisting, to educate my children and charge according to the Christian religion. “In testimony of this my belief and promise I hereunto subscribe my name.” The covenant for admission into full communion, used by Rev. Emerson, was taken with him into the army and lost, no copy being in the records. In 1779 a new one was prepared, and used until 1795, when the following, now [1835] in use, was substituted. “Professing a firm belief of revealed religion, and that the Holy Scriptures, which contain it, are given by inspiration of God, and resolving to take them for your rule of faith and practice, you do now, as far as you know your own heart, sincerely avouch and choose the one only living and true God to be your God and portion; the Lord Jesus Christ to be your Mediator and Saviour; the Holy Ghost to be your sanctifier and guide; giving up yourself unto God, the Father, Son, and Holy Ghost, to be his and his only for ever.10 “Sensible that in many things you have offended, and that your sufficiency is of God, you do now, with penitence for your sins, humbly implore the divine aid to enable you henceforth to walk before God in love, and in all holy conversation and godliness. “Convinced of the importance of early instruction in virtue and piety, you now promise, that you will conscientiously endeavor to educate all such as are, or may be, committed to your care, agreeably to the prescriptions of God’s holy word. “You do also covenant with this church of Christ and promise, that you will walk with us as a member of our body; that you will attend on the administration of the

10. The expression, “the Father, Son, and Holy Ghost,” was stricken out in 1826. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CONCORD: SQUIRE DUNCAN INGRAHAM

word and ordinances among us, and submit to the Christian watch, discipline, and regulations of this church, so long as God shall continue your life and abode with us. “All this you profess and promise in the presence of the all-seeing God, and by the help of his spirit and grace will live agreeably to the same. “I do, therefore, as a minister of Jesus Christ, and as pastor of this church, acknowledge you a member, and receive you into fellowship; and we declare, that we do and will look upon you as a member of the same body with ourselves, and will treat you with that affection and watchfulness which your relation to us now calls for; watching over you not for your halting, but for your edification; praying God, now and ever, to build up you, and us, and all his saints, a spiritual building, an holy house, a living temple unto himself the Lord our God. Amen.” At the adoption of this covenant, some alterations in the customs of the church were made. The practice of giving relations of religious exercises of mind before admission to the communion, of “making public confession of particular crimes committed previously to any voluntary engagement and profession of religion,” and of calling for a vote on the admission of members, was discontinued. Members are now admitted before the church on examination of the pastor only, after having been publicly propounded, and no objection appearing. Since 1828, they have remained in their pews when the covenant is read to them. During the ministry of Rev. Dr. Ripley, to the ordination of his colleague, 383 persons were admitted to the church in full communion, 449 owned the covenant, 1541 were baptized, 101 were regularly dismissed and one was excommunicated. At the death of Mr. Emerson the number of communicants was estimated at 150. January 1, 1815, the church contained 156, — 54 males and 102 females. The number now [1835] is about 138. The funds of the church amount to $350. John Cushing, Esq. gave $111 for the benefit of the poor communicants. The “Minott Fund,” of $132, was begun in 1778, by Mrs. Bulah Minott and other members of the church, for the purchase of the elements and other purposes, at the discretion of the minister and deacons. Miss Abigail Dudley, in 1813, bequeathed a legacy to the church, which was set apart for a singing fund. One of the communion vessels was given by Bridges, of Ireland, April 6, 1676; another by Thomas Brown, Sen. (the Town Clerk several years from 1689); another by the wife of Duncan Ingraham, Esq.; four were purchased by the treasurer of the church in 1714; eight with a donation from John Cuming, Esq. of $222.22 for that purpose; and the baptismal basin from a part of the Minott fund. The version of Psalms and Hymns, by Sternold and Hopkins, was used in the church prior to 1766, each line of which was read separately by the deacons when sung. On the 18th of February of HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CONCORD: SQUIRE DUNCAN INGRAHAM

that year, it was voted “to sing Tate and Brady’s version three months on trial.” In June following, Watts’s version was introduced, and used till June 1, 1828, when the Cambridge collection was substituted. Singers were first seated about 1774, when the custom of giving out the line by the deacons was discontinued; and the church then voted, that Deacon Wheeler should lead in singing one half of the time and the singers in the congregation the other half. In 1779 it took into consideration “the melancholy decay of singing in public worship, and chose 20 persons, who should sit together in the seats below and take the lead in singing.” The women to sit separate from the men. They removed into the gallery soon after the repair of the house in 1792. Under various leaders the church music has improved conformably by to the spirit of the times.11

March 3, Wednesday: After taking Augusta, Georgia, a force of British and Loyalists was met by advancing Americans at Briar Creek. Some 300 of these revolutionaries led by General John Ashe were killed. The force of British and Loyalists then proceeded toward Charleston, South Carolina, until the appearance of another large rebel force caused them to head back to Savannah, Georgia. AMERICAN REVOLUTION

Was it at about this point that the following occurred? In 1855, Charles Brooks’s HISTORY OF THE TOWN OF MEDFORD, MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS, FROM ITS FIRST SETTLEMENT, IN 1630, TO THE PRESENT TIME would recount a local story about a grandson of Concord, Massachusett’s Duncan Ingraham residing in South Carolina, offering that “a foreigner named Andriesse, originally from Holland, who had served many years at the Cape of Good Hope and in Batavia as a commodore in the Dutch navy, moved into the town from Boston, where he had lost, it was said, by unlucky speculations and the tricks of swindlers, a large part of the property which he had brought to this country from the East Indies. His family consisted of a wife and four children, with from fifteen to twenty Malay slaves. He lived only a month or two after his arrival in the town; and his widow, immediately after his decease, sent back to their own country the greater part of the Malays, retaining only three or four of them for domestic service. Among these was a youth named Caesar, who was master of the tailor’s trade, and made all the clothes of the family, three of the children being boys. He worked not only for his mistress, but was permitted by her to do jobs in other families; and, being quick and docile, he became a general favorite. But, in the summer of 1805, Mrs. Andriesse was induced to return to Batavia, having received the offer of a free passage for herself and family in one of Mr. David Sears’s vessels, and having ascertained, that, if she returned, her boys might be educated there at the expense of the Dutch government, and she herself would be entitled to a pension. All her servants returned with her, except Caesar. He was sold to a son of old Captain Ingraham [Duncan Nathaniel Ingraham of South Carolina, grandson of Concord’s Squire Duncan Ingraham], who resided at the South, and owned a plantation there. Whether his mistress thus disposed of him for her own advantage, or because he was unwilling to return to his own country, cannot now be ascertained. In process of time, four or five years afterwards, Mr. Ingraham came on from the South to visit his aged father, bringing with him his ‘boy’ Caesar, who left behind a wife and two children. Caesar renewed acquaintance with his former friends, and expressed a decided preference for the freedom of the North over all the blessings which he had enjoyed at the South. They were not slow to inform him that he might be a free man if he chose; and he accordingly attempted to escape from his master. But, not having laid his plan with sufficient skill, he was overtaken in the upper part of the town, on his way to Woburn, and closely buckled into a chaise by Mr. Ingraham, who intended to drive into Boston with him, and lodge him on board

11. Ibid. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CONCORD: SQUIRE DUNCAN INGRAHAM

the vessel which was to convey both of them home. Caesar, however, had a trusty friend in Mr. Nathan Wait, the blacksmith, who had promised in no extremity to desert him; and as the chaise reached Medford Bridge, upon the edge of which stood Mr. Wait’s smithy, he roared so lustily that Mr. Wait sprang out of his shop, hot from the anvil, and, standing before the horse, sternly forbade the driver from carrying a free man into slavery. Being ordered to mind his own business, he indignantly shook his fist at Mr. Ingraham, and retorted, that he would hear from him again in a manner less acceptable. A general commotion then ensued among Caesar’s friends, and they included many of the most respectable citizens in the whole town. Apprehensions were entertained that he would be secreted, and that his pursuers might be subjected to a long, and perhaps fruitless, search. In those days, one daily coach maintained the chief intercourse between Boston and Medford. Accordingly, on the evening of this memorable day, Mr. Ingraham was one of the passengers who happened to be returning to Medford. His unguarded whisper to his next neighbor, ‘I have him safe now on shipboard,’ chanced to be overheard by some ladies, who speeded the intelligence to Caesar’s friends. Their course then became clear. Mr. Wait instantly obtained from the Governor of the State the requisite authority and officers, proceeded to the vessel, and brought off Caesar in triumph. Great pains were taken by Mr. Ingraham to ascertain the names of the eavesdropping ladies who had betrayed his counsel; but Mr. Wyman, the long- approved Medford stage-driver, was visited on the occasion by a convenient shortness of memory, which wholly disqualified him from recollecting who were his female passengers that evening; ‘women,’ as he afterwards added when telling the story, ‘never liking to be dragged into court.’ Redress by law was vainly attempted by the master. The case was tried, first at Cambridge, in the Court of Common Pleas, and then by appeal, at Concord; large numbers of witnesses being summoned from Medford. Caesar worked at his trade in Medford several years with great approbation, and afterwards removed to Woburn, where he married again, and was called Mr. Anderson. He died in middle-age.”

Later, Dr. Josiah Bartlett of Concord recorded that “Andraxisse, an old Dutch commodore, died in Medford leaving fifteen or twenty Malay slaves. One of them, Cæsar, was master of the tailor’s trade, a great favorite with the Medford people, was sold to [Duncan] Nathaniel Ingraham and carried South. Six years afterwards, on coming home to see his aged father [Nathaniel Ingraham, Duncan Ingraham’s son], he brought Cæsar with him, who, preferring the freedom of the North over all the blessings he had enjoyed at the South, thought best to escape. He was apprehended in Woburn, and, closely buckled in a chaise, was carried on board ship in Boston Harbor. On crossing the bridge in Medford Cæsar roared lustily, and aroused Wait, the blacksmith, who, seizing the horse by the head, doubling his fist, sternly forbade Ingraham to carry a man from freedom to slavery. In spite of this interruption he was carried on board. Wait, with others, the most influential men in town, proceeded to the harbor and brought Cæsar off in triumph. Redress by law was tried in vain; Cæsar for many years after was a tailor in Medford, and having changed his name to Anderson, removed to Woburn, where he died.” HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CONCORD: SQUIRE DUNCAN INGRAHAM

1780

During the conservative reaction accompanying the depression of the 1780s, Duncan Ingraham, although a relative newcomer to Concord, would become quickly acceptable to the people of that town on account of his wealth and business experience.

In Concord, Ephraim Wood, John Buttrick, and George Minott were Selectmen.

In Concord, Ephraim Wood was again Town Clerk.

In Concord, Abijah Bond was again Town Treasurer.

Joseph Hosmer was Concord’s deputy and representative to the General Court.

By this year in which, in Bohemia and Hungary, serfdom was being discontinued, in Concord, Massachusetts, Brister Freeman had become a free man (probably he became free in 1778 or 1779). In this year, therefore, his name appeared on the tax roll, as a single person. In the years ahead, struggling financially, he either could not or would not pay taxes.

In THE FIRST EMANCIPATION: THE ABOLITION OF SLAVERY IN THE NORTH (1967), Arthur Zilversmit wrote: Despite growing antislavery sentiment, when the General Court drafted a constitution for the new state it took no steps to end slavery. On the contrary, the 1778 constitution (which was rejected by the electorate) recognized slavery and denied Negroes the right to vote.... The new charter that was finally adopted did include a bill of rights that ... declared all men to be free and equal by birth. But the new constitution did not mention slavery, and there is no evidence that the convention considered its abolition. Nonetheless, the 1780 constitution became the means for eliminating slavery in Massachusetts. In a new series of freedom cases, the abolitionists succeeded in persuading the courts to interpret the constitution in a way that was probably never intended by its framers. (112-113) In Concord, as throughout Massachusetts, slaves won their freedom on a case-by-case basis.12 Caesar Robbins, who had been the slave of Simon Hunt who lived near the North Bridge, was in this year freed.13 Here is a synopsis of the Robbins family in Concord: • Rose Robbins was Caesar Robbins’s wife. She bore at least two children, Peter Robbins and a daughter for whom we have established no given name.

12. Later, in the Quock Walker cases of 1781 and 1783, “bold judicial construction” would gradually transform the 1st clause of this Declaration of Rights until by re-interpretation and construction it had been made into a virtual abolition of slavery. (However, the key word here is “gradually.”) 13. Would Miss Martha Emmeline Hunt the schoolteacher who evidently lived at her parents’ home on Ponkawtasset Hill, and who committed suicide in 1845 by drowning herself in the Concord River, be a descendant of this slaveowning Simon Hunt who had lived near the North Bridge in Concord? HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CONCORD: SQUIRE DUNCAN INGRAHAM

• Peter Robbins, son of Caesar Robbins and Rose Robbins, also lived in the area. It would have been either Peter Hutchinson or Peter Robbins that was the origin of the place-names “Peter’s Field” and “Peter’s Spring.” • The Robbinses lived across from the old Manse in the Great Meadow and the Great Fields. “Caesar’s Wood,” as part of the Great Meadows, was named after Caesar Robbins.

The Hon. Eleazer Brooks of Lincoln would be, until 1786, a senator.

Nearby Lincoln has been said to have been (despite lack of real statistics upon which to base such a claim) a reasonably healthy town:

From 1760 to 1770, to 1780, to 1790, to 1800, to 1810, to 1820, —Total.

Intentions of Marriage 56 79 65 69 73 59 =401.

Marriages 38 40 35 48 87 56 =274.

Births 185 196 186 192 168 164 =1091.

Deaths 83 122 104 86 118 94 =607.

It appears from this table that the excess of births over the deaths is 484, more than two to one; and, according to the census, that, from 1790 to 1800, one in 86 died annually; from 1800 to 1810, one in 64; and from 1810 to 1820, one in 78; a result which is highly favorable to the healthiness of the town HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CONCORD: SQUIRE DUNCAN INGRAHAM

[of Lincoln].14 Town Clerks of Lincoln15

Ephraim Flint 1746-1752, 1754, 1756-1757 Grosvenor Tarbell 1799-1803

Ebenezer Cutler 1753, 1755, 1759 Thomas Wheeler 1804-1806

Samuel Farrar 1758, 1760-1766 Elijah Fiske 1810-1821

John Adams 1767-1777 Stephen Patch 1822-1827

Abijah Pierce 1778-1779, 1781 Charles Wheeler 1828-1830

Samuel Hoar 1780, 1782, 1787-1798, Elijah Fiske 1831 1807-1809

Richard Russell 1783-1786

Representatives of Lincoln16

Chambers Russell ’54-57, ’59, ’62, ’63, ’5. Joshua Brooks 1809-1811.

Samuel Farrer 1766-1768. Leonard Hoar 1812-1814.

Eleazer Brooks ’74-’78, ’80, ’5, ’7, ’90-’2. William Hayden 1815, 1816.

Chambers Russell 1788. Elijah Fiske 1820-1822.

Samuel Hoar ’94, ’95, ’97, ’98, 1801, ’3-’8. Joel Smith 1824.

Samuel Farrar, Jr. 1800. Silas P. Tarbell 1827, 1828.

Not represented 1758, ’60, ’62, ’69-’73, ’79, ’81, ’82, ’86, ’89, ’93, ’96, ’99, 1802, ’17, ’23, ’25, ’26.

14. Lemuel Shattuck’s 1835 A HISTORY OF THE TOWN OF CONCORD;.... Boston: Russell, Odiorne, and Company; Concord MA: John Stacy (On or about November 11, 1837 Henry David Thoreau would indicate a familiarity with the contents of at least pages 2-3 and 6-9 of this historical study.) 15. Lemuel Shattuck’s 1835 A HISTORY OF THE TOWN OF CONCORD;.... Boston: Russell, Odiorne, and Company; Concord MA: John Stacy (On or about November 11, 1837 Henry Thoreau would indicate a familiarity with the contents of at least pages 2-3 and 6-9 of this historical study. On July 16, 1859 he would correct a date mistake buried in the body of the text.) 16. Ibid HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CONCORD: SQUIRE DUNCAN INGRAHAM

1782

In Concord, Massachusetts some men formed a Social Circle, limited to 25 members, meeting on Tuesday evenings from October to March. Since this group did nothing but chat and drink and smoke, they of course would dismiss the women’s group in town, when one would be formed in 1814, as the “Chattables” (this Female Charitable Society, instead of drinking and smoking while they chatted, actually did some real work that was of some real benefit to somebody, –they provided a service, –they were like servants, –or slaves, –or women — so of course they were contemptible and deserved to be demeaned).

Elnathan Jones, the husband of Mary Minot, was a founding member of this social club of the town’s economic and social elite that had evolved out of the Committee of Correspondence toward the end of the Revolutionary War. More than a third of the members of this club were high town officers. The competition between Elnathan Jones and Duncan Ingraham to outdo one another in providing the members with elaborate suppers would lead to a temporary break-up of the group. (According to Dr. Josiah Bartlett, “Another daughter of Ingraham’s married Fred. Geyer, an Englishman, a merchant in Boston, who caused the imprisonment of the notorious Dr. Ezekiel Brown, who by his loquacity and folly was the means of breaking up the first Social Club. Brown had failed, and was deeply indebted to Geyer. A daughter of Geyer was married in England, and was the mother of Captain Marryat, the novelist, who wrote one of his works at Bellows Falls, while staying at the house of one of the family, which is still held by the Geyers.” (This may well qualify more as local gossip than as history, but is an adequate warning of what we are dealing with in these records.)

April 21, Sunday: Nathan Bond, clerk to Duncan Ingraham, wrote from Boston to Tilly Merrick (a son of Ingraham’s 2d wife who had been the widow of Tilly Merrick): “Since the capture of Cornwallis toryism has ended; not one word have I heard dropped from the mouth of man since; even the old man [Duncan Ingraham] talks of the independence of his country.”

September 6, Friday: Nathan Bond, clerk to Duncan Ingraham, wrote again from Boston to Tilly Merrick (a son of Ingraham’s 2d wife who had been the widow of Tilly Merrick), about the French men-of-war in the harbor, and friendly intercourse between Bostonians and the visitors: “The tories court their acquaintance, and, what is stranger still, the old man [Duncan Ingraham] is this day gone on board to eat soup and garlic.” HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CONCORD: SQUIRE DUNCAN INGRAHAM

1783

April: Benjamin West was in the process of preparing a commemorative painting for the Treaty of Paris, and had worked up the figures of the American negotiators, John Jay, , Benjamin Franklin, Henry Laurens, and William Temple Franklin, when the British commissioners refused to pose. The painting would never be completed:

READ THE FULL TEXT Although Dr. Josiah Bartlett would aver in his reminiscence “Duncan Ingraham” that this Concord personage had been an associate of John Adams in France, in all likelihood he was confusing him with his son Duncan Ingraham, Jr., who had gone to Amsterdam (and London, and probably Paris) in 1783 in pursuit of trade. During this stay, he also traveled to London and most likely to Paris as well. (Duncan Ingraham, Jr. to Christopher Champlin and George Gibbs, Amsterdam; September 18, 1783, in the Whitmore papers, Massachusetts Historical Society, Boston; Duncan Ingraham, Jr. to Samuel Eliot, Amsterdam, November 14 and December 12, 1783, in the Norton Papers, Massachusetts Historical Society, Boston.).

During the peace negotiations between the and Great Britain, Jay would propose that “the subjects of his Britannic Majesty shall not have any right or claim under the convention, to carry or import, into the said States any slaves from any part of the world; it being the intention of the said States entirely to prohibit the importation thereof.” The response of the British negotiator, Fox, would be to point out that “If that be their policy, it never can be competent to us to dispute with them their own regulations.” No such proviso would appear in the final treaty, presumably because it was considered unnecessary. INTERNATIONAL SLAVE TRADE W.E. Burghardt Du Bois: During the peace negotiations between the United States and Great Britain in 1783, it was proposed by Jay, in June, that there be a proviso inserted as follows: “Provided that the subjects of his Britannic Majesty shall not have any right or claim under the convention, to carry or import, into the said States any slaves from any part of the world; it being the intention of the said States entirely to prohibit the importation thereof.”17 Fox promptly replied: “If that be their HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CONCORD: SQUIRE DUNCAN INGRAHAM

policy, it never can be competent to us to dispute with them their own regulations.”18 No mention of this was, however, made in the final treaty, probably because it was thought unnecessary. In the proposed treaty of 1806, signed at London December 31, Article 24 provided that “The high contracting parties engage to communicate to each other, without delay, all such laws as have been or shall be hereafter enacted by their respective Legislatures, as also all measures which shall have been taken for the abolition or limitation of the African slave trade; and they further agree to use their best endeavors to procure the co-operation of other Powers for the final and complete abolition of a trade so repugnant to the principles of justice and humanity.”19 This marks the beginning of a long series of treaties between England and other powers looking toward the prohibition of the traffic by international agreement. During the years 1810-1814 she signed treaties relating to the subject with Portugal, Denmark, and Sweden.20 May 30, 1814, an additional article to the Treaty of Paris, between France and Great Britain, engaged these powers to endeavor to induce the approaching Congress at Vienna “to decree the abolition of the Slave Trade, so that the said Trade shall cease universally, as it shall cease definitively, under any circumstances, on the part of the French Government, in the course of 5 years; and that during the said period no Slave Merchant shall import or sell Slaves, except in the Colonies of the State of which he is a Subject.”21 In addition to this, the next day a circular letter was despatched by Castlereagh to Austria, Russia, and Prussia, expressing the hope “that the Powers of Europe, when restoring Peace to Europe, with one common interest, will crown this great work by interposing their benign offices in favour of those Regions of the Globe, which yet continue to be desolated by this unnatural and inhuman traffic.”22 Meantime additional treaties were secured: in 1814 by royal decree Netherlands agreed to abolish the trade;23 Spain was induced by her necessities to restrain her trade to her own colonies, and to endeavor to prevent the fraudulent use of her flag by foreigners;24 and in 1815 Portugal agreed to abolish the slave-trade north of the equator.25

17. Sparks, DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE, X. 154. 18. Fox to Hartley, June 10, 1783, as quoted in Bancroft, HISTORY OF THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES, I. 61. Cf. Sparks, DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE, X. 154, June 1783. 19. AMERICAN STATE PAPERS, FOREIGN, III. No. 214, page 151. 20. BRITISH AND FOREIGN STATE PAPERS, 1815-6, pages 886, 937 (quotation). 21. BRITISH AND FOREIGN STATE PAPERS, 1815-6, pages 890-1. 22. BRITISH AND FOREIGN STATE PAPERS, 1815-6, page 887. Russia, Austria, and Prussia returned favorable replies: BRITISH AND FOREIGN STATE PAPERS, 1815-6, pages 887-8. 23. BRITISH AND FOREIGN STATE PAPERS, 1815-6, page 889. 24. She desired a loan, which England made on this condition: BRITISH AND FOREIGN STATE PAPERS, 1815-6, pages 921-2. 25. BRITISH AND FOREIGN STATE PAPERS, 1815-6, pages 937-9. Certain financial arrangements secured this concession. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CONCORD: SQUIRE DUNCAN INGRAHAM

1786

It was at about this time (according to some reports, although other reports say 1782) that Concord, Massachusetts’s Social Club was being formed. Membership would of course be by invitation only.

By this point Dr. Joseph Lee had been forgiven for his Toryism during the American Revolution by his fellow Concordians and was able to rejoin the local church.

At the age of 69 Duncan Ingraham also (along with his Concord spouse Mary Minot Merrick Ingraham of course) were admitted into the local church.

For the following two and a half years a local resident, Joseph Hunt, would be teaching the town’s grammar students:

1785 Nathaniel Bridge 9 months 1812 Isaac Warren 1 year

1786 JOSEPH HUNT 2½ years 1813 JOHN BROWN 1 year

1788 William A. Barron 3 years 1814 Oliver Patten 1 year

1791 Amos Bancroft 1 year 1815 Stevens Everett 9 months

1792 Heber Chase 1 year 1815 Silas Holman 3 months

1793 WILLIAM JONES 1 year 1816 George F. Farley 1 year

1794 Samuel Thatcher 1 year 1817 James Howe 1 year

1795 JAMES TEMPLE 2 years 1818 Samuel Barrett 1 year

1797 Thomas O. Selfridge 1 year 1819 BENJAMIN BARRETT 1 year

1798 THOMAS WHITING 4 years 1820 Abner Forbes 2 years

1802 Levi Frisbie 1 year 1822 Othniel Dinsmore 3 years

1803 Silas Warren 4 years 1825 James Furbish 1 year

1807 Wyman Richardson 1 year 1826 EDWARD JARVIS 1 year

1808 Ralph Sanger 1 year 1827 Horatio Wood 1 year

1809 Benjamin Willard 1 year 1828 David J. Merrill 1 year

1810 Elijah F. Paige 1 year 1829 John Graham 1 year

1811 Simeon Putnam 1 year 1831 John Brown HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CONCORD: SQUIRE DUNCAN INGRAHAM

In Concord, Ephraim Wood, James Barrett, and Asa Brooks were Selectmen.

Joseph Hosmer of Concord was a Senator.

James Barrett was Concord’s deputy and representative to the General Court.

In Concord, Elnathan Jones was Town Treasurer. Treasurers of Carlisle

Samuel Heald 1780-1785

Simon Blood, Jr. 1786-1788

Samuel Green 1789-1803

Nathan Green 1804-1819

Nathan Green 1820-1828

John Nelson 1829-——

September 10, Sunday: Duncan Ingraham laid the protest of the people of Concord in regard to the government’s reaction to Shays’ rebellion, before the Massachusetts governor and council, which because of the critical state of affairs was meeting on that day despite the fact that this was a Sunday day of rest.

The Secretary of State of Massachusetts wrote reassuringly from Boston to Joseph Hosmer in Concord. The good news is that, if you play dead, we won’t have to kill you: Boston, September 10, 1786. DEAR SIR, — The address of the town of Concord, to the several towns in the county of Middlesex, does the town great honor; and I cannot but think, that the measures you have adopted will have a happy tendency to conciliate the minds of the people and be productive of great good. Your address came in a critical moment, which his Excellency communicated to the judges of the Supreme Judicial Court, and several gentlemen of the Senate and of the House of Representatives who were assembled, by the desire of the Governor, to consult on measures necessary to be adopted at this very alarming crisis of our affairs, who expressed their approbation, in the warmest terms, respecting the proceedings of your town. And be assured that the measures that were taken in the consequence thereof gave me the highest satisfaction; and as a convincing proof, I have set myself down this evening to express it to my good friend, Major Hosmer, whose goodness of heart I have long been acquainted with through very perilous times.26 HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CONCORD: SQUIRE DUNCAN INGRAHAM

1786

September: The nominal leader of the agrarian movement in Massachusetts was the farmer Daniel Shays, 39 years of age, a man who had been present at the initial skirmish in Lexington, had been distinguished for gallantry at the Battle of Breed’s Hill, and had been present at Saratoga in 1770, and at Stony Point.

The insurgent action centered upon Springfield, Massachusetts. Groups of farmers were organizing themselves into squads and companies in order to march upon the hated debtors’ courts and intimidate them into postponing their business. Jason Parmenter, 51 years of age, was typical of these dissenters. He had been involved in the defense of Ticonderoga and had been present at the surrender of Burgoyne. At the wind-down of the revolution, he had been elected as the constable and tax collector of his town. To forestall this sort of grass-roots activity, the Congress of the Confederation had authorized the raising of troops to combat the rebels, but there was no money with which this might be accomplished. Finally Massachusetts’s governor James Bowdoin and other merchant leaders who had stakes in the outcome were forced to use their own funds to field an army. Concord being a shire town, the artillery companies of Roxbury and Dorchester, under General Brooks, marched to Concord “to support the court.” Nevertheless, some of the insurgents of Shays’ Rebellion managed to enter the town and make some demonstration there, under their leader “Captain” Job Shattuck who would be shot and captured, and tried and condemned to death at Concord court (but would afterward receive a pardon in recognition of his brave service during the French and Indian Wars and during the Revolution).

On the occasion of Shays’ Rebellion, 24 Massachusetts towns sent representatives to Concord where they drew up an address to the Governor of the Commonwealth, requesting that the calling out of the militia be canceled while a mediation was attempted. Duncan Ingraham was delegated to present this address to the Governor.

26. Lemuel Shattuck’s 1835 A HISTORY OF THE TOWN OF CONCORD;.... Boston: Russell, Odiorne, and Company; Concord MA: John Stacy (On or about November 11, 1837 Henry David Thoreau would indicate a familiarity with the contents of at least pages 2-3 and 6-9 of this historical study.) HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CONCORD: SQUIRE DUNCAN INGRAHAM

1788

The Hon. Eleazer Brooks of Lincoln, who had been from 1780 to 1786 a senator, was again elected to the Senate, and would serve until 1795.

In Concord, Ephraim Wood, Asa Brooks, and Jacob Brown were Selectmen.

Joseph Hosmer of Concord was a Senator.

In Concord, Elnathan Jones was Town Treasurer.

Duncan Ingraham was Concord’s deputy and representative to the General Court (until 1791).

William Parkman became a deacon of the 1st Parish Church of Concord. (He would serve until 1826). THE DEACONS OF CONCORD

William A. Barron, hired from elsewhere, would be teaching the town’s grammar students for the following three years:

1785 Nathaniel Bridge 9 months 1812 Isaac Warren 1 year

1786 JOSEPH HUNT 2½ years 1813 JOHN BROWN 1 year

1788 William A. Barron 3 years 1814 Oliver Patten 1 year

1791 Amos Bancroft 1 year 1815 Stevens Everett 9 months

1792 Heber Chase 1 year 1815 Silas Holman 3 months

1793 WILLIAM JONES 1 year 1816 George F. Farley 1 year

1794 Samuel Thatcher 1 year 1817 James Howe 1 year HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CONCORD: SQUIRE DUNCAN INGRAHAM

1795 JAMES TEMPLE 2 years 1818 Samuel Barrett 1 year

1797 Thomas O. Selfridge 1 year 1819 BENJAMIN BARRETT 1 year

1798 THOMAS WHITING 4 years 1820 Abner Forbes 2 years

1802 Levi Frisbie 1 year 1822 Othniel Dinsmore 3 years

1803 Silas Warren 4 years 1825 James Furbish 1 year

1807 Wyman Richardson 1 year 1826 EDWARD JARVIS 1 year

1808 Ralph Sanger 1 year 1827 Horatio Wood 1 year

1809 Benjamin Willard 1 year 1828 David J. Merrill 1 year

1810 Elijah F. Paige 1 year 1829 John Graham 1 year

1811 Simeon Putnam 1 year 1831 John Brown

Representatives of Lincoln27

Chambers Russell ’54-57, ’59, ’62, ’63, ’5. Joshua Brooks 1809-1811.

Samuel Farrer 1766-1768. Leonard Hoar 1812-1814.

Eleazer Brooks ’74-’78, ’80, ’5, ’7, ’90-’2. William Hayden 1815, 1816.

Chambers Russell 1788. Elijah Fiske 1820-1822.

Samuel Hoar ’94, ’95, ’97, ’98, 1801, ’3-’8. Joel Smith 1824.

Samuel Farrar, Jr. 1800. Silas P. Tarbell 1827, 1828.

Not represented 1758, ’60, ’62, ’69-’73, ’79, ’81, ’82, ’86, ’89, ’93, ’96, ’99, 1802, ’17, ’23, ’25, ’26.

COUNSELLORS OF LINCOLN28

Hon. Chambers Russell 1759-1766

Hon. Eleazer Brooks 1788 1792-1800

27. Lemuel Shattuck’s 1835 A HISTORY OF THE TOWN OF CONCORD;.... Boston MA: Russell, Odiorne, and Company; Concord MA: John Stacy, 1835 (On or about November 11, 1837 Henry Thoreau would indicate a familiarity with the contents of at least pages 2-3 and 6-9 of this historical study. On July 16, 1859 he would correct a date mistake buried in the body of the text.) 28. Ibid. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CONCORD: SQUIRE DUNCAN INGRAHAM

1789

Only 4 citizens are known to have served during this period both as Moderator and as Representative to the General Court in the town of Concord, simultaneously: Cuming in 117, Hosmer in 1783, and Duncan Ingraham in this year. However, James Barrett, Esq. had served as both Moderator and Selectman in 1785, and had done so again in 1786 while additionally acting as the town’s Representative to the General Court. Prior to this year in Concord, the Town Constables acted as Collectors. Subsequently, this would be a separate town office.

The church in Lincoln voted that the reading of the psalm by line, after it has been once distinctly read, be discontinued.

In Concord, Ephraim Wood, Asa Brooks, and Jacob Brown were Selectmen.

Joseph Hosmer of Concord was a Senator.

In Concord, Elnathan Jones was Town Treasurer.

John Merrick practiced law in Concord.

The town bell that Concord had procured from Hanover, weighing 500 pounds, had broken, so in this year another bell was ordered from England. This new one would last until 1826. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CONCORD: SQUIRE DUNCAN INGRAHAM

The 7 independent school “societies” in the several “quarters” or neighborhoods of Concord (East Quarter, Merriam’s Corner, South Quarter, West Quarter and Factory Village, Barrett’s Mill, Bateman’s Pond, North Quarter and Monument Street) were at this point sanctioned by law and became official Town School districts.

William Emerson of Concord, only son of the Reverend William Emerson, graduated from Harvard College. He would become, like his father, a minister.

“Four of his sons, William, Ralph Waldo, Edward Bliss, and Charles Chauncey, would be graduated at Harvard College with distinguished rank.” (This seems something of an exaggeration, as we know that Waldo was not particularly distinguished in his standing in the Class of 1789. Another error of lesser import in the following account, is that the Reverend William Emerson would die on May 12th, rather than May 11th, in 1811.)

WILLIAM E MERSON [of Concord], only son of the Rev. William Emerson, was born May 6, 1769, and graduated [at Harvard College] in 1789. He was ordained at Harvard May 23, 1792, but was dismissed on being called to a greater field of usefulness, and was installed over the First Church in Boston, October 16, 1799, where he obtained a distinguished reputation for talents, literary acquirements and piety. He died May 11, 1811, aged 42. His History of the Church, a posthumous publication, and the Massachusetts Historical Collections, Vol. I. p. 256, (Second Series) contain full notices of his character, to which the reader is referred. Four of his sons, William, Ralph Waldo, Edward Bliss, and Charles Chauncey, were graduated at Harvard HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CONCORD: SQUIRE DUNCAN INGRAHAM

College with distinguished rank.29Treasurers of Carlisle ALL CONCORD COLLEGE GRADS

Samuel Heald 1780-1785

Simon Blood, Jr. 1786-1788

Samuel Green 1789-1803

Nathan Green 1804-1819

Nathan Green 1820-1828

John Nelson 1829-——

29. Lemuel Shattuck’s 1835 A HISTORY OF THE TOWN OF CONCORD;.... Boston: Russell, Odiorne, and Company; Concord MA: John Stacy (On or about November 11, 1837 Henry Thoreau would indicate a familiarity with the contents of at least pages 2-3 and 6-9 of this historical study.) HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CONCORD: SQUIRE DUNCAN INGRAHAM

1790

The Columbia left Boston harbor to sail around the earth. This had been done before — but not by Americans.

Dr. Mann, who had been practicing medicine in Lincoln for about a decade, at about this point removed to Castine, Maine, where he got married with a daughter of Mr. John Adams.

The polls in Lincoln had increased from 143 (in 1784) to 156. The population of that town, which in 1764 had been 639 inclusive of 28 negroes, had at this point risen to 740. According to a valuation taken [in Lincoln] in 1784, it appears that there were 143 polls, 26 of whom were not rateable; 88 dwelling-houses, 84 barns, 1 tan-yard, 1 grist-mill, and 21 other buildings; 454 acres of tillage land, 429 of English mowing, 800 meadow, 1502 pasturing, 2057 wood land, 2128 ‘other land,’ and 137 unimproveable; 840 barrels of cider were made, 105 horses, 155 oxen, 266 neat cattle, 378 cows, 155 sheep, and 136 swine were held. Probably, if an estimate was made now [1835], it would not essentially vary from the above. The polls in 1790, were 156; the houses in 1801, 104. The population in 1764 was 639, including 28 negroes, and in 1790, 740; in 1800, 756; in 1810, 713; in 1820, 786; and in 1830, 709.30

Lincoln has been said to have been (despite lack of real statistics upon which to base such a claim) a reasonably healthy town:

From 1760 to 1770, to 1780, to 1790, to 1800, to 1810, to 1820, —Total.

Intentions of Marriage 56 79 65 69 73 59 =401.

Marriages 38 40 35 48 87 56 =274.

Births 185 196 186 192 168 164 =1091.

Deaths 83 122 104 86 118 94 =607.

It appears from this table that the excess of births over the deaths is 484, more than two to one; and, according to the 30. Lemuel Shattuck’s 1835 A HISTORY OF THE TOWN OF CONCORD;.... Boston: Russell, Odiorne, and Company; Concord MA: John Stacy (On or about November 11, 1837 Henry Thoreau would indicate a familiarity with the contents of at least pages 2-3 and 6-9 of this historical study. On July 16, 1859 he would correct a date mistake buried in the body of the text.) HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CONCORD: SQUIRE DUNCAN INGRAHAM

census, that, from 1790 to 1800, one in 86 died annually; from 1800 to 1810, one in 64; and from 1810 to 1820, one in 78; a result which is highly favorable to the healthiness of the town [of Lincoln].31 Representatives of Lincoln32

Chambers Russell ’54-57, ’59, ’62, ’63, ’5. Joshua Brooks 1809-1811.

Samuel Farrer 1766-1768. Leonard Hoar 1812-1814.

Eleazer Brooks ’74-’78, ’80, ’5, ’7, ’90-’2. William Hayden 1815, 1816.

Chambers Russell 1788. Elijah Fiske 1820-1822.

Samuel Hoar ’94, ’95, ’97, ’98, 1801, ’3-’8. Joel Smith 1824.

Samuel Farrar, Jr. 1800. Silas P. Tarbell 1827, 1828.

Not represented 1758, ’60, ’62, ’69-’73, ’79, ’81, ’82, ’86, ’89, ’93, ’96, ’99, 1802, ’17, ’23, ’25, ’26.

In Concord, Ephraim Wood, Asa Brooks, and Jacob Brown were Selectmen.

Joseph Hosmer of Concord was a Senator.

In Concord, Elnathan Jones was Town Treasurer.

Duncan Ingraham was Concord’s deputy and representative to the General Court. He rented his Boston house for £50 per year and erected for himself a 3-story dwelling on Walden Street, that would be for a long time the sole such tall building in town.

John Merrick practiced law in Concord.

Dr. Abiel Heywood commenced a medical practice in Concord.

Ten years after Concord had been reduced to its 1825 territorial limits, it contained 1,590 humans. These were the town tax totals for this year:

State Tax. County Tax. Minister. Incidental. Total.

£128. 9s. 4d. £32. 16s. 6d. £113. 19s. 6d. £596. 2s. 11d. £871. 18s. 3d.

Charles Miles of Concord died. (According to the Reverend Ezra Ripley, he had fallen into a “heredity delerium.”) The following table exhibits the appropriations for several 31. Ibid. 32. Ibid HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CONCORD: SQUIRE DUNCAN INGRAHAM

objects at different periods in the town of Acton:33

1750 1760 1770 1780 1790 1800 1810 1820 1830

Minister £50 £52 £70 £3,562 £80 $353 $353 $363 ___

Schools 13 12 24 2,000 49 333 450 450 450

Roads 26 70 60 800 120 400 500 600 800

Incidental 20 12 80 10,000 100 500 1,000 1,400 600

The Population [of Acton] in 1764 was 611; in 1790, including Carlisle, 853; in 1800, 901; in 1810, 885; in 1820, 1047; and in 1830, 1128.34 These were the appropriations made by the town of Carlisle:

1785 1790 1795 1800 1805 1810 1815 1820 1825 1830

Minister £91 90 85 $285 290 280 320 275 320 500

Schools 36 30 60 360 300 360 360 450 360 360

Roads 60 45 60 300 480 350 400 400 350 400

Town Charges 74 60 50 300 500 550 550 700 600 600 3 County Tax —— 11 /4 22 58 —— 117 72 99 56 22 State Tax 484 48 64 227 —— 210 130 180 —— 65

March 1, Monday: On March 1st in our national capital, New-York, the federal congress enacted a Census Act calling for a census every tenth year effective immediately. Domesday was an idea whose time had come. When conducted, this 1st US census revealed us to be a nation of 3,929,214 persons eligible to be counted. When analyzed, the census data would indicate that our 13 states consisted of roughly 500,000 slaves and 3,500,000 free citizens. About 92% of black Americans, with the Freeman household of Concord, Massachusetts being among the few exceptions, were enslaved.35

The census that would be completed by August 1st would list 7 members in this Freeman household on Brister’s Hill, although now we can identify but five: Brister, Fenda, Nancy, Amos, and Charlestown Edes. Whether Edes also had family or whether Brister and Fenda had additional children is unknown. These five persons definitely did not fit in among the enumerated roughly 500,000 American slaves, since they were no longer slaves, but then, again, they did not exactly fit in among the enumerated roughly 3,500,000 free citizens either — since it is quite a stretch to think of them as being treated as citizens.

Squire Duncan Ingraham, owner of the slave Cato Ingraham (or, we might say, “former owner and present master” — since in 1783 slavery had allegedly been done away with entirely in the sovereign state of

33. Lemuel Shattuck’s 1835 A HISTORY OF THE TOWN OF CONCORD;.... Boston: Russell, Odiorne, and Company; Concord MA: John Stacy (On or about November 11, 1837 Henry Thoreau would indicate a familiarity with the contents of at least pages 2-3 and 6-9 of this historical study.) 34. Ibid. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CONCORD: SQUIRE DUNCAN INGRAHAM

Massachusetts, and for some seven years there had been “no slaves in Massachusetts at all”), was in about this decade the most prominent citizen of Concord, having made his pile in part, but only in part, in the slave trade. The indications of this census are that more than 90 out of 100 of the persons in the United States at this point SLAVERY IN MASSACHUSETTS

with identifiably French surnames were descended from Huguenot refugees, mainly in the 3d or 4th generation but with a few survivors of the 2d and 3d generation after flight still alive (for instance, Pierre Thoreau had represented the 1st generation of the Thoreaus, the generation that had fled from the Poitou-Charentes district of France in 1685 to find refuge in St. Hélier on the island of Jersey, the 2d generation had been represented by Philippe Thoreau (1720-1800), the 3d generation had been represented by Jean Thoreau who had come to America in 1773, and in Boston, John Thoreau had just been born as a member of the 4th cohort after the great diaspora that had begun during the 16th Century, and in 1817, Henry Thoreau would be born in Concord as a member of the 5th cohort of this diaspora). This figures out to be a little over 60,000 diaspora persons.

THOREAU LIFESPANS

HENRY’S RELATIVES

35. The rise in manumissions in the post-Revolutionary period would increase the proportion of free black Americans to about 13.5% by 1810, where it would remain through 1840. A decline in manumissions in the late antebellum period, combined with the lesser fecundity of free black Americans, would then move the free-to-enslaved proportion back down to about 11% when we reached the point of civil war: Year % in Population

1790 8

1810 13.5

1840 13.5

1861 11 HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CONCORD: SQUIRE DUNCAN INGRAHAM

More on our 1st national census:

The population of Massachusetts remained overwhelmingly English in origin through the end of the eighteenth century. The first census, in 1790, reported a total population of 378,556 in the state. of those 373,187 were white and 5,369 “colored” (presumably “Indians” and blacks); to each 100 white inhabitants, there were only 1.4 “colored.” Of the 373,187 white residents, 354,528 (95%) were of English origin; 3.6 percent were Scots and 1 percent Irish, making a total of 99.6 percent from the British Isles. French amounted to only 0.2 percent, Dutch to 0.1 percent. Germans, “Hebrews,” and all other nationalities were represented by less than one tenth of 1 percent.... Boston was growing again after the decline brought about by years of Revolutionary agitation; the 18,038 inhabitants reported in 1790, however, seem a modest increase over the 1743 peak of 16,182, when the town was the largest in British North America. The census reported forty towns in the state with populations in excess of 2,000; those were almost evenly divided between the coast and inland areas. The four of these forty that exceeded 5,000 were, however, all seaports: Boston, Salem (7,921), Gloucester (5,137), and Marblehead (5,061). The situation was about to change radically and rapidly.

NEVER READ AHEAD! TO APPRECIATE MARCH 1ST, 1790 AT ALL ONE MUST APPRECIATE IT AS A TODAY (THE FOLLOWING DAY, TOMORROW, IS BUT A PORTION OF THE UNREALIZED FUTURE AND IFFY AT BEST). HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CONCORD: SQUIRE DUNCAN INGRAHAM

1791

In Concord, Ephraim Wood, Asa Brooks, and Jacob Brown were Selectmen.

Joseph Hosmer of Concord was a Senator.

In Concord, Elnathan Jones was Town Treasurer.

Captain Duncan Ingraham had been Concord’s deputy and representative to the General Court since 1788 but would at this point be succeeded by another.

John Merrick practiced law in Concord.

The town of Concord would no longer be appointing Wardens (these had been officers similar to Tythingmen).

A public stagecoach facility, that of John Vose & Company, began to operate out of Boston, passing through Concord. Public Stages were first run out of Boston into the country through Concord in 1791, by Messrs. John Vose & Co. There are now (1833), on an average, 40 stages which arrive and depart weekly, employing 60 horses between Boston and Groton, and carrying about 350 passengers; 150 have passed in one day.36 Since the Revolution new state-valuations have been taken, once in ten years, and that after the taking of the census. In these valuations various articles of personal property are required to be enumerated and described, not however uniformly alike. In

36. Lemuel Shattuck’s 1835 A HISTORY OF THE TOWN OF CONCORD;.... Boston: Russell, Odiorne, and Company; Concord MA: John Stacy (On or about November 11, 1837 Henry Thoreau would indicate a familiarity with the contents of at least pages 2-3 and 6-9 of this historical study.) HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CONCORD: SQUIRE DUNCAN INGRAHAM

the following table some of the principal only are mentioned.37

Articles of Property. In 1781. In 1791. In 1801. In 1811. In 1821. In 1831.

Polls 326 340 390 390 435 489

Dwelling houses 193 188 227 224 235 253

Barns 174 142 184 183 203 225

Other buildings —— —— 64 79 265 125

Acres of tillage land 1188 1063 1112 1156 1137 1098

Acres of English Mowing 753 721 840 992 1205 1279

Acres of Meadow 2089 1827 2236 2131 2153 2111

Acres of Pasturing 3099 4398 3800 2982 3852 4059

Acres of Woodland 3878 4436 3635 3386 3262 2048

Acres Unimproved —— —— 1282 1732 1392 2833

Acres Unimproveable —— —— 384 —— 395 612

Acres Used for roads —— —— —— 348 286 ——

Acres of Water —— —— —— 515 695 ——

Barrels of Cider 882 799 1376 1767 1079 ——

Tons of English Hay —— —— 731 838 880 836

Tons of Meadow Hay —— —— 1434 1453 1270 1370

Bushels of Rye —— —— 4738 2942 3183 2327

Bushels of Corn —— —— 10505 10052 11375 11424

Bushels of Oats —— —— 1388 1463 2372 4129

Horses 137 146 182 179 145 177

Oxen 324 288 374 326 337 418

Cows 916 775 934 831 743 725

Swine 137 308 290 269 294 408

The total valuation, in 1801, was $20,322, in 1811, $24,554, in 1821, $25,860, and in 1831, $36,681.29.

During this year, Concord’s poor cost the town £185 to keep. MAINTENANCE OF THE POOR.— This has long been an important item in 37. Ibid. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CONCORD: SQUIRE DUNCAN INGRAHAM

the expenses of the town. From the earliest town records it appears that they were supported by subscription, or by several individuals voluntarily agreeing to keep them, in rotation. The first poor-rate, £10, was raised in 1721. About 1753, a small alms-house was built, principally by subscription, where Dr. Bartlett now [1835] lives, and where part of the poor were kept for nearly 50 years. Five years prior to 1800 they were let out collectively by contract. They cost £185 in 1791, $936.50 in 1796, and $900 in 1801. In 1800, the selectmen were directed to put them out to the lowest bidder “either altogether, in lots, or singly.” This auction usually took place immediately after the town meeting in May. This practice continued till 1821, when a contract was made to keep the poor together for $1,450; in 1824, for $1,200; and in 1827, for $1,150. Since then they have been supported in the pauper establishment belonging to the town. The rent of the Cargill farm, after it came into possession of the town, was vested as a fund for the erection of an alms-house. In 1816, this fund amounted to $2,359 and the town raised the additional sum of $650 and commenced the erection of the proposed building. Just before it was completed, October 28, 1817 it was burnt. In 1827, the buildings on the farm were enlarged and repaired in their present [1835] form. For all genuine objects of charity, the people of Concord have ever been ready to bestow their aid with generosity. In 1819 the town gave $200, and individuals $110 more, to the Lunatic Asylum, in connexion with the Massachusetts General Hospital.38 This is one of many similar acts of benevolence, which might be mentioned.39

38. After acknowledging, in very complimentary terms, the receipt of this donation, James Prince, Esq., the treasurer, remarks, in a letter dated June 29, 1819;— “This act of liberality and compassion, the first which has been displayed towards the Asylum from our citizens in their corporate relation, affords additional pleasure from the circumstance, that it emanated from a town, whose citizens were enrolled in the front ranks of patriotism and valor, at a most interesting period of our national history; and the trustees cannot but hope, that the influence of their bright example will now, as it did then, stimulate to wise imitation other towns within the state, and thus essentially subserve those principles of philanthropy and charity which led to the establishment, and which must be continued to secure the continuance, of this interesting institution.” 39. Ibid. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CONCORD: SQUIRE DUNCAN INGRAHAM

1792

In about this year a bridge was first placed by Captain Hunt’s in Concord: Hunt’s Bridge or Red Bridge over the Concord River (Gleason E6).

In Concord, Ephraim Wood, Asa Brooks, and Jacob Brown were Selectmen.

Joseph Hosmer of Concord was a Senator.

John Merrick practiced law in Concord.

From this point in Concord, there would be only one Town Collector. This office would ordinarily be filled by the low bidder for the contract. Also, until 1795, Humphrey Barrett would be the Town Treasurer.

The known loyalist Duncan Ingraham was returned to the town post of justice of the peace he had held as a crown appointee 17 years earlier, prior to the American Revolution (RECORDS OF CIVIL COMMISSIONS, 1787- 1806, Massachusetts State Archives).

Jonathan Fay was Concord’s deputy and representative to the General Court. Counsellors of Lincoln40

Hon. Chambers Russell 1759-1766

Hon. Eleazer Brooks 1788 1792-1800

40. Lemuel Shattuck’s 1835 A HISTORY OF THE TOWN OF CONCORD;.... Boston: Russell, Odiorne, and Company; Concord MA: John Stacy (On or about November 11, 1837 Henry Thoreau would indicate a familiarity with the contents of at least pages 2-3 and 6-9 of this historical study.) HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CONCORD: SQUIRE DUNCAN INGRAHAM

Heber Chase, hired from elsewhere, taught Concord’s grammar students for one year.

1785 Nathaniel Bridge 9 months 1812 Isaac Warren 1 year

1786 JOSEPH HUNT 2½ years 1813 JOHN BROWN 1 year

1788 William A. Barron 3 years 1814 Oliver Patten 1 year

1791 Amos Bancroft 1 year 1815 Stevens Everett 9 months

1792 Heber Chase 1 year 1815 Silas Holman 3 months

1793 WILLIAM JONES 1 year 1816 George F. Farley 1 year

1794 Samuel Thatcher 1 year 1817 James Howe 1 year

1795 JAMES TEMPLE 2 years 1818 Samuel Barrett 1 year

1797 Thomas O. Selfridge 1 year 1819 BENJAMIN BARRETT 1 year

1798 THOMAS WHITING 4 years 1820 Abner Forbes 2 years

1802 Levi Frisbie 1 year 1822 Othniel Dinsmore 3 years

1803 Silas Warren 4 years 1825 James Furbish 1 year

1807 Wyman Richardson 1 year 1826 EDWARD JARVIS 1 year

1808 Ralph Sanger 1 year 1827 Horatio Wood 1 year

1809 Benjamin Willard 1 year 1828 David J. Merrill 1 year

1810 Elijah F. Paige 1 year 1829 John Graham 1 year

1811 Simeon Putnam 1 year 1831 John Brown

The town of Concord offered a reward for the destruction of crows.

BIRDS.— The Birds have no peculiar locality in this town. Those most troublesome to the inhabitants have been the black bird, which frequent the low meadows in great numbers, the crow, and the jay. Rewards were paid for the heads of the two latter kinds. As late as 1792, the town voted to give for destroying “those pests to cornfields, called crows,” the following rates; “for each old crow 1s., for each young crow 6d., and for each crow’s egg, that is found in said town and taken out of the nest, 3d.”41

41. Ibid. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CONCORD: SQUIRE DUNCAN INGRAHAM

William Jones’s “A Topographical Description of Concord” found its way into Volume I of the COLLECTIONS OF THE MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY:42 CARTOGRAPHY

[next screen] GOOSE POND

July 10, Tuesday: Frederick Marryat was born at Westminster near London to Charlotte von Geyer, a granddaughter of Duncan Ingraham of Concord. The lad would be educated privately before, at the age of 14, signing on with the Royal Navy.

July 18, Wednesday: John Paul Jones (born John Paul; “Jones” had been a mere pseudonym originally adopted in order to escape legal charges of murder) died of a kidney inflammation in his apartment in Paris, still relatively youthful. Nathaniel Ingraham, the Captain’s best friend, was presented with a gift: the bronze medal awarded by the US federal Congress for the action against HMS Serapis. Since his body would be buried wrapped in tinfoil in alcohol in a securely sealed lead casket in a special Parisian cemetery for foreign non-Catholics, and has been subsequently retrieved, we know exactly what he looked like (as per the photographic image on the following page: the marks across the countenance are those of the corpse’s winding sheet).

42. This was not the Sir William Jones who translated Indian classics into English. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CONCORD: SQUIRE DUNCAN INGRAHAM

WALDEN: Goose Pond, of small extent, is on my way to Flint’s; Fair-Haven, an expansion of Concord River, said to contain some seventy acres, is a mile southwest; and White Pond, of about forty acres, is a mile and a half beyond Fair-Haven. This is my lake country. These, with Concord River, are my water privileges; and night and day, year in year out, they grind such grist as I carry to them. Since the woodcutters, and the railroad, and I myself have profaned Walden, perhaps the most attractive, if not the most beautiful, of all our lakes, the gem of the woods, is White Pond; –a poor name from its commonness, whether derived from the remarkable purity of its waters or the color of its sands. In these as in other respects, however, it is a lesser twin of Walden. They are so much alike that you would say they must be connected under ground. It has the same stony shore, and its waters are of the same hue. As at Walden, in sultry dog-day weather, looking down through the woods on some of its bays which are not so deep but that the reflection from the bottom tinges them, its waters are of a misty bluish-green or glaucous color. Many years since I used to go there to collect the sand by cart-loads, to make sand-paper with, and I have continued to visit it ever since. One who frequents it proposes to call it Virid Lake. Perhaps it might be called Yellow-Pine Lake, from the following circumstance. About fifteen years ago you could see the top of a pitch-pine, of the kind called yellow- pine hereabouts, though it is not a distinct species, projecting above the surface in deep water, many rods from the shore. It was even supposed by some that the pond had sunk, and this was one of the primitive forest that had formerly stood there. I find that even so long ago as 1792, in a “Topographical Description of the Town of Concord,” by one of its citizens, in the Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society, the author, after speaking of Walden and White Ponds, adds: “In the middle of the latter may be seen, when the water is very low, a tree which appears as if it grew in the place where it now stands, although the roots are fifty feet below the surface of the water; the top of this tree is broken off, and at that place measures fourteen inches in diameter.” In the spring of ’49 I talked with the man who lives nearest the pond in Sudbury, who told me that it was he who got out this tree ten or fifteen years before. As near as he could remember, it stood twelve or fifteen rods from the shore, where the water was thirty or forty feet deep. It was in the winter, and he had been getting out ice in the forenoon, and had resolved that in the afternoon, with the aid of his neighbors, he would take out the old yellow-pine. He sawed a channel in the ice toward the shore, and hauled it over and along and out on to the ice with oxen; but, before he had gone far in his work, he was surprised to find that it was wrong end upward, with the stumps of the branches pointing down, and the small end firmly fastened in the sandy bottom. It was about a foot in diameter at the big end, and he had expected to get a good saw-log, but it was so rotten as to be fit only for fuel, if for that. He had some of it in his shed then. There were marks of an axe and of woodpeckers on the but. He thought that it might have been a dead tree on the shore, but was finally blown over into the pond, and after the top had become waterlogged, while the but-end was still dry and light, had drifted out and sunk wrong end up. His father, eighty years old, could not remember when it was not there. Several pretty large logs may still be seen lying on the bottom, where, owing to the undulation of the surface, they look like huge water snakes in motion. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CONCORD: SQUIRE DUNCAN INGRAHAM HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CONCORD: SQUIRE DUNCAN INGRAHAM

1794

November 12, Wednesday: Mary Minot Merrick Ingraham died at the age of 64. The body would be placed in the Old Meadow Cemetery in West Springfield, Massachusetts. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CONCORD: SQUIRE DUNCAN INGRAHAM

1795

These were the appropriations made by the town of Lincoln:43

Date. 1755. 1765. 1775. 1785. 1795. 1805. 1815. 1825.

2 2 Minister £56 £69 /3 £70 /3 £85 £105 $— $600 $460. 1 1 Schools 13 /2 20 13 /2 50 85 — 480 520. Highways 25 50 40 80 80 $450 600 400. 1 Incidental charges 24 /2 19 37 250 125 830 1450 500.

These were the appropriations made by the town of Carlisle CARLISLE :

1785 1790 1795 1800 1805 1810 1815 1820 1825 1830

Minister £91 90 85 $285 290 280 320 275 320 500

Schools 36 30 60 360 300 360 360 450 360 360

Roads 60 45 60 300 480 350 400 400 350 400

Town Charges 74 60 50 300 500 550 550 700 600 600 3 County Tax —— 11 /4 22 58 —— 117 72 99 56 22 State Tax 484 48 64 227 —— 210 130 180 —— 65

43. Lemuel Shattuck’s 1835 A HISTORY OF THE TOWN OF CONCORD;.... Boston: Russell, Odiorne, and Company; Concord MA: John Stacy (On or about November 11, 1837 Henry Thoreau would indicate a familiarity with the contents of at least pages 2-3 and 6-9 of this historical study.) HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CONCORD: SQUIRE DUNCAN INGRAHAM

In Concord, Ephraim Wood, Asa Brooks, and Jacob Brown were Selectmen.

In Concord, Ephraim Wood was again Town Clerk.

Jonathan Fay was Concord’s deputy and representative to the General Court.

Captain Duncan Ingraham left Concord’s Social Circle club.

In this year Concord’s educational effort would cost the town £200. James Temple, a local resident, would be teaching Concord’s grammar students for 2 years.

1785 Nathaniel Bridge 9 months 1812 Isaac Warren 1 year

1786 JOSEPH HUNT 2½ years 1813 JOHN BROWN 1 year

1788 William A. Barron 3 years 1814 Oliver Patten 1 year

1791 Amos Bancroft 1 year 1815 Stevens Everett 9 months

1792 Heber Chase 1 year 1815 Silas Holman 3 months

1793 WILLIAM JONES 1 year 1816 George F. Farley 1 year

1794 Samuel Thatcher 1 year 1817 James Howe 1 year

1795 JAMES TEMPLE 2 years 1818 Samuel Barrett 1 year

1797 Thomas O. Selfridge 1 year 1819 BENJAMIN BARRETT 1 year

1798 THOMAS WHITING 4 years 1820 Abner Forbes 2 years

1802 Levi Frisbie 1 year 1822 Othniel Dinsmore 3 years

1803 Silas Warren 4 years 1825 James Furbish 1 year

1807 Wyman Richardson 1 year 1826 EDWARD JARVIS 1 year

1808 Ralph Sanger 1 year 1827 Horatio Wood 1 year

1809 Benjamin Willard 1 year 1828 David J. Merrill 1 year

1810 Elijah F. Paige 1 year 1829 John Graham 1 year

1811 Simeon Putnam 1 year 1831 John Brown HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CONCORD: SQUIRE DUNCAN INGRAHAM

July 12, Sunday: The 72-year-old widower Captain Duncan Ingraham remarried for a 3d time, with the widow Elizabeth Hall Tufts of Medford, and went to live in her house of the colonial type on High Street there. At that point his man Cato Ingraham asked for permission to get married with the widow Tufts’s maid Philis. The Captain stipulated that such would be allowed only if the couple resided in Concord, Massachusetts, severing Cato’s ties with his master and seeking no further financial assistance from him: “on his desiring to marry, his master consented; on condition of his no longer depending upon him for support, to which he agreed.” Cato chose Philis over a secure financial future and the Captain thus abandoned him to his freedom, providing the couple only with a small house and permission to live in it on an acre of sandy land in Walden Woods. There the family would do so poorly as to be severely malnourished.44

The new Mrs. Ingraham was a member of a group of ladies in Medford who regularly supplied Marm Betty, a poor and aged schoolmistress, with food (Mrs. Ingraham sent on Thursdays).

July 27, Monday: In Concord, Massachusetts, Cato Ingraham, who had been the manservant of Captain Duncan Ingraham, and Philis, who had been the maid of the widow Elizabeth Hall Tufts, got married.

(We may wonder how many of us would venture to marry, if by marrying we were implicitly to be required to abandon any entitlement to all retirement benefits after a lifetime of labor. :-)45

44. We may well note with fascination that Squire Ingraham remained still Cato’s master, and still had the privilege of making such decisions, in Massachusetts, despite the fact that “slavery had been abolished” in the entire sovereign commonwealth, at least ostensively, since 1783, which is to say, for about the previous dozen years! 45. It was an established principle of law that slaves and bond-servants could never marry, or have sexual intercourse, without the permission of their owner, as such activities subtracted from the energies available to the use of their master. This sort of deal would not have been permitted out of kindness, but must have been a way to dispose of an elderly servant for whom, otherwise, the master would have been expected to provide during his old age. In plain language, this was a taking of advantage. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CONCORD: SQUIRE DUNCAN INGRAHAM

1798

December: Alexander Hamilton and sponsored Captain Duncan Ingraham for a position with the Massachusetts Navy.

The 1st account of Franz Joseph Gall’s system of organology and brain anatomy in own words was published in the Neue Teutsche Merkur. PHRENOLOGY

YOUR GARDEN-VARIETY ACADEMIC HISTORIAN INVITES YOU TO CLIMB ABOARD A HOVERING TIME MACHINE TO SKIM IN METATIME BACK ACROSS THE GEOLOGY OF OUR PAST TIMESLICES, WHILE OFFERING UP A GARDEN VARIETY OF COGENT ASSESSMENTS OF OUR PROGRESSION. WHAT A LOAD OF CRAP! YOU SHOULD REFUSE THIS HELICOPTERISH OVERVIEW OF THE HISTORICAL PAST, FOR IN THE REAL WORLD THINGS HAPPEN ONLY AS THEY HAPPEN. WHAT THIS SORT WRITES AMOUNTS, LIKE MERE “SCIENCE FICTION,” MERELY TO “HISTORY FICTION”: IT’SNOT WORTH YOUR ATTENTION.

Squire Duncan Ingraham “Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CONCORD: SQUIRE DUNCAN INGRAHAM

1805

Caesar was brought north a 3d time by his slavemaster, this time by a new one, a man named Ingraham, and this time he made a bid for his freedom.

However, as he was hoofing along the road through Medford on his way toward Woburn, Massachusetts, Ingraham caught up with him in a carriage and “bucked” him into the carriage to take him back to Boston harbor and confine him aboard the ship that was going to take them back to the South. As the carriage made its way back toward the Medford bridge across the Mystic River, however, they had to pass within hailing range of the smithy shop there, of Caesar’s friend Nathan Wait, so Caesar cried out for help as loudly as he could. Wait heard, and rushed out to attempt to intercept the carriage, but of course could not prevail. A few days later, however, Ingraham was back in Medford and let slip the whereabouts of his slave, and this HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CONCORD: SQUIRE DUNCAN INGRAHAM

information made its way to Wait. So the blacksmith rushed to the State House in Boston.

With the governor’s assistance Caesar was rescued. Thus, although Ingraham would make several attempts through the Massachusetts courts to recover his alienated property, the citizens of Medford would forever be able to brag46 that theirs was the first town in New England to rescue a fugitive slave.

August 24, Saturday: Cato Ingraham, former slave of Captain Duncan Ingraham in Concord, died of consumption at the age of 54. At some point he had traveled to Medford to ask his former master “when he is coming to Concord, for he is out of meal, meat, and wood, and can stand it no longer,” whereupon the former slavemaster had reminded his former slave of the agreement they had made when Cato had wanted to get married with Philis. Cato had responded “I don’t want to hear any more about that; I tell you I am out of everything” (we don’t know that the Squire made any attempt whatever to provide for his former slave in his debility and illness).47 This one man Cato Ingraham had indeed been a free person ofSLAVERY color in New England when he died in this year. However, Robert J. Steinfeld would state quite falsely, in 1991 in his THE INVENTION OF FREE LABOR, that by this Year of Our Lord 1804, “[S]lavery had been abolished throughout New England,” despite the fact that the US census of 1800 had recorded at least 1,488 slaves in New England, and despite the legal fact that post nati statutes had ended birth into slavery in but two of the New England states, Rhode Island and Connecticut, and despite the fact that, in Massachusetts and New Hampshire, ambiguous judicial decisions and constitutional interpretations were merely discouraged slaveholding rather than actually proscribing the practice. (Perhaps Steinfeld had New England momentarily confused with Canada?? –They are, after all, right next to each other!! The interesting thing is not that our white historians still had their heads up their asses in such a manner as of 1991, but that the power of the enduring “white New England” myth would be so overwhelming even in 1991 that the history profession still would be supposing itself at liberty to sponsor such prevarications.)

46. Refer for instance to Brooks, Charles. HISTORY OF THE TOWN OF MEDFORD. Boston MA: James A. Usher, 1855, page 438. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CONCORD: SQUIRE DUNCAN INGRAHAM

Here, by way of illustration, are three pieces of early Connecticut currency, featuring human slavery as it was practiced in that state:

The scene upon which this plantation-farmer family is gazing is clearly a depiction of a crew of stoop laborers under the watching eye of a foreman. Although it is not possible to make out the complexion of the men in the

47. According to a note in Ellery Channing’s copy of WALDEN, Cato’s cellar hole and walnut grove was “at the opening of the path from Walden Road to Goose Pond,” which would at the present time either be under the 2A right-of-way or at some point along the fence around the town dump/landfill:

WALDEN: East of my bean-field, across the road, lived PEOPLE OF Cato Ingraham, slave of Duncan Ingraham, Esquire, gentleman of WALDEN Concord village; who built his slave a house, and gave him permission to live in Walden Woods;-Cato, not Uticensis, but Concordiensis. Some say that he was a Guinea Negro. There are a few who remember this little patch among the walnuts, which he let grow up till he should be old and need them; but a younger and whiter speculator got them at last. He too, however, occupies an equally narrow house at present. Cato’s half-obliterated cellar hole still remains, though known to few, being concealed from the traveller by a fringe of pines. It is now filled with the smooth sumach, (Rhus glabra,) and one of the earliest species of golden-rod (Solidago stricta) grows there luxuriantly.

CATO INGRAHAM HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CONCORD: SQUIRE DUNCAN INGRAHAM

line of laborers, the presence of an overseer with folded arms clearly indicates that these laborers are slaves:

Also figured in this piece of Connecticut currency is an early sidepaddle steamboat, so it is perfectly clear that human enslavement was still being celebrated and normalized in the State of Connecticut at least into the period of steam power:

Here is a 1d piece of Connecticut currency featuring human slavery: HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CONCORD: SQUIRE DUNCAN INGRAHAM

A closeup of the white farmer taking a break while his field hands continue their labors in the background:

Here is a 3d piece of early Connecticut currency featuring human slavery:

A closeup of the scene, in which it is clearly a black laborer who is being depicted as reporting to a white HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CONCORD: SQUIRE DUNCAN INGRAHAM

master who in a long coat is decidedly not attired for labor, and who is up on his white horse:

We are left with the question, how is it possible that in these states where slavery used to be practiced, such a fine contempt for the Southern slave states has been developed, combined with such a total erasure of their own history as slave states? The answer, I believe, is that these two ingredients,

1.) this fine contempt for the other states as unrighteous, and

2.) this total erasure of their own sad history,

serve as masks for an essential third ingredient, to wit

3.) their ongoing unanalyzed and uncorrected white-racist disdain for any and all Americans of the black race: “In those parts of the Union in which the negroes are no longer slaves, they have in no wise drawn nearer to the whites. On the contrary, the prejudice of the race appears to be stronger in the States which have abolished slavery ... and nowhere is it so intolerant as in those States where servitude has never been known.” — Alexis de Tocqueville HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CONCORD: SQUIRE DUNCAN INGRAHAM

“A too confident sense of justice always leads to injustice.” — Reinhold Niebuhr, THE IRONY OF AMERICAN HISTORY Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1952, Chapter 7 READ THE FULL TEXT HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CONCORD: SQUIRE DUNCAN INGRAHAM

1811

August 9, Friday: Carl Maria von Weber left München for Switzerland.

Duncan Ingraham died at the age of 84 in Medford, Massachusetts. When his estate was probated he had nearly $900 in household furnishings and $10,923.53 in notes of hand, and $1,650 worth of real estate. The horse and chaise he left his wife, the plate he divided among his heirs, and his furnishings and money at interest all indicate that he died as he had lived, with more than a touch of class. His widow Elizabeth Hall Tufts Ingraham (1743-1830) would continue to occupy 3/4ths of their house of the colonial type on High Street in Medford, the other 1/4th being occupied by Joseph Burrage and Benjamin Tufts.

Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 6th day 9 of 8 Mo// The mind in a pretty quiet state, feeling a good degree of sweetness, for which I desire to be thankful - Brother Isaac’s wife has been much unwell thro’ the day & Sister R & E Set the eveng with us. David also called — ————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————— RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CONCORD: SQUIRE DUNCAN INGRAHAM

1830

August 30, Monday: Chickasaw Indian headmen, somehow feeling an impulse to be cooperative, “agreed” that their tribe would abandon their homes and move beyond the wide Mississippi River.

Elizabeth Hall Tufts Ingraham died at the age of 87. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CONCORD: SQUIRE DUNCAN INGRAHAM

1837

October: The North American Review published a blistering anonymous 40-page attack on the work of Thomas Carlyle and on Harriet Martineau’s book sponsoring it, obviously by the Dean of the Harvard Divinity School, that Harvard University Dexter Professor of Sacred Literature scourge of the Transcendentalists, the Reverend John G. Palfrey: “No living writer ...,” continues Miss Martineau, “exercises so enviable a sway, as far as it goes, as Mr. Carlyle.” There is much virtue in that clause, as far as it goes, inasmuch as, to supply this nation of fifteen millions, over which the author of the “SARTOR RESARTUS” “exercises so enviable a sway,” that work, — a work, too, which they have “taken to their hearts,” and which “is acting upon them with wonderful force,” — has, according to information on which we have the best reason to rely, been printed in but two editions, the first consisting of five hundred copies, and the second, after an interval of more than a year, being only twice as large.

SARTOR RESARTUS OCT. 1837, N.A. REVIEW SOCIETY OF TH. CARLYLE

Not only had the Transcendentalists sustained the American dissemination and publication of SARTOR RESARTUS, for they had proceeded directly to sponsor the publication here of his following book, his THE FRENCH REVOLUTION of 1837, and they would compound their error by proceeding directly to sponsor the publication here of his next work as well, his CRITICAL AND MISCELLANEOUS ESSAYS of 1838. Carlyle’s American reputation would persist until, by denouncing the Union cause during the Civil War as mere niggerocracy, he would entirely alienate this Northern support group. (Those who had so eagerly bought and championed his writings in the 1830s and 1840s would conclude to their sorrow during the 1860s that they should all along have been distancing themselves from such a spirit.)

Frederick Marryat wrote to his mother in England that he had been to Bellows Falls, New Hampshire to visit some Tucker cousins (his mother was a grand-daughter of Captain Duncan Ingraham of Concord). The more I see of America the more I feel the necessity of either saying nothing about it, or seeing the whole of it properly. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CONCORD: SQUIRE DUNCAN INGRAHAM

Indeed I am in that situation that I cannot well do otherwise now. It is expected by the Americans, and will also be by the English; and if I do not, they will think I shrink from the task because it is too difficult, which it really is. All I have yet read about America, written by English travellers, is absurd, especially Miss M———’s work: that old woman was blind as well as deaf. I only mean to publish in the form of a diary (but that is the best way); but I will not publish till I have seen all, and can be sure I have not been led into error like others. It is a wonderful country, and not understood by the English now, and only the major part of the Americans.(?) They are very much afraid of me here, although they are very civil; but I do not wonder at it — they have been treated with great ingratitude. I at least shall do them justice, without praising them more than they deserve. No traveller has yet examined them with the eye of a philosopher, but with all the prejudices of little minds.

(The result of the above would, of course, be 1839’s A DIARY IN AMERICA WITH REMARKS ON ITS INSTITUTIONS, published in New York by William Colyer.) A DIARY IN AMERICA, VOL. I A DIARY IN AMERICA, VOL. II

WHAT I’M WRITING IS TRUE BUT NEVER MIND YOU CAN ALWAYS LIE TO YOURSELF

Squire Duncan Ingraham “Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CONCORD: SQUIRE DUNCAN INGRAHAM

1845

Fall: Gregory R. Coyne and Dave Wilton have inquired concerning the compound modifier “Adam’s grandmother” of the noun “ways,” which Henry Thoreau originated during this period and would be inserting into his manuscript for WALDEN; OR, LIFE IN THE WOODS: HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CONCORD: SQUIRE DUNCAN INGRAHAM

WALDEN: Through want of enterprise and faith men are where they PEOPLE OF are, buying and selling, and spending their lives like serfs. WALDEN O Baker Farm! “Landscape where the richest element Is a little sunshine innocent.” * * “No one runs to revel On thy rail-fenced lea.” * * “Debate with no man hast thou, With questions art never perplexed, As tame at the first sight as now, In thy plain russet gabardine dressed.” * * “Come ye who love, And ye who hate, Children of the Holy Dove, And Guy Faux of the state, And hang conspiracies From the tough rafters of the trees!”

Men come tamely home at night only from the next field or street, where their household echoes haunt, and their life pines because it breathes its own breath over again; their shadows morning and evening reach farther than their daily steps. We should come home from far, from adventures, and perils, and discoveries every day, with new experience and character. Before I had reached the pond some fresh impulse had brought out John Field, with altered mind, letting go “bogging” ere this sunset. But he, poor man, disturbed only a couple of fins while I was catching a fair string, and he said it was his luck; but when we changed seats in the boat luck changed seats too. Poor John Field!–I trust he does not read this, unless he will improve by it,–thinking to live by some derivative old country mode in this primitive new country,–to catch perch with shiners. It is good bait sometimes, I allow. With his horizon all his own, yet he a poor man, born to be poor, with his inherited Irish poverty or poor life, his Adam’s grandmother and boggy ways, not to rise in this world, he nor his posterity, till their wading webbed bog-trotting feet get talaria to their heels.

JOHN FIELD GUY FAWKES ADAM’S GRANDMOTHER They say: “Thoreau only uses it once, and offers no clue as to its meaning. I would go along with [the] guess that it refers to a long and noble ancestry, except that would not seem to describe John Field. I have not found any slang usages of ‘Adam’ or ‘grandmother’ that would seem to fit either.” HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CONCORD: SQUIRE DUNCAN INGRAHAM

My response to them was that we have all at one time or another heard someone exclaim “Well, I’ll be a monkey’s uncle!” And in church we sometimes hear the strains of “Faith of our Fathers,” the lyrics of which suggest that whatever was once good enough for our revered ancestors is going to be proudly proclaimed to be good enough for us.

This nonce modifier “Adam’s grandmother” coined by Thoreau during this period came out of a context considerably before Charles Darwin beginning to elaborate in public on his theory of descent with modification. However, the human ancestry had at this point already become an open question. Robert Chambers had published the 4th edition of his enormously popular, anonymously scientistic, rancidly racist VESTIGES OF THE NATURAL HISTORY OF CREATION, and at this point its anonymous sequel EXPLANATIONS: A SEQUEL TO “VESTIGES OF THE NATURAL HISTORY OF CREATION” was on its way into the bookstores. Waldo Emerson had been an avid peruser of this type of material and later would be pleased to meet its author.

It was therefore well accepted even in those days that the “First Man” had indeed had an ancestry even more primitive than himself. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CONCORD: SQUIRE DUNCAN INGRAHAM

Thoreau’s phrase may be taken to have been intended as a humorous intensifier. What was being suggested was that this person was old-fashioned, respectful of tradition, deferring to the ways of the fathers, to the point of wrongheadedness. This creosote bush Larrea tridentata in the Mojave Desert, imaged below, seems to have germinated from a seed in approximately 10,000 BCE. It has been growing at its edges and dying in the center, a single ancient organism now taking the shape of a circle — the diameter of the circle is what gives us the idea of how ancient it actually is. This may well be the oldest living thing but you’ll need to admit that it’s pretty set in its ways — it’s never been anything but just another creosote bush and it’s unlikely ever to amount to more than that:

“Hey, good enough for me. Why don’t you go away?”

I went over to neighbor Hugh Quoil’s the waterloo soldier –the Colonels house the other day. He lay lately dead at the foot of the hill –the house locked up –and wife at work in town but before key reaches padlock or news wife –another door is unlocked for him and news is carried farther than to wife in town – In his old house –an “unlucky castle now” pervious to wind & snow –lay his old clothes his outmost cuticle curled up by habit as it were like himself upon his raised plank bed. One black chicken still goes to roost lonely in the next apartment –stepping silent over the floor –frightened by the sound of its own wings –never –croaking –black as night and silent too, awaiting reynard –its God actually dead. And in his garden never to be harvested where corn and beans ad potatoes had grown tardily unwillingly as if foreknowing that the planter would die – – how how luxurious the weeds –cockles and burs stick to your clothes, and beans are hard to find –corn never got its first hoeing I never was much acquainted with Hugh Quoil –the Ditcher dubbed Colonel sometime –killed a Colonel in some war and rode off his horse? Soldier at Waterloo –son of Erin. though sometimes I met him in the path, and can vouch for it that he verily lived and was once an inhabitant of this earth –fought toiled joyed sorrowed drank –experienced life and at length Death –and do believe that a solid shank bone or skull which no longer aches lie somewhere and can still be produced which once with garment of flesh and broad-cloth were called and hired to do work as Hugh Quoil. I say I have met him –got and given the rod –as when man meets man and not ghost– At distance seemingly a ruddy face as of cold biting January –but nearer –clear bright carmine with signs of inward combustion It would have made the ball of your finger burn to touch his cheek –with sober reflecting eye that had seen other sights. Straight-bodied snuff colored coat long familiar with him, he with it, axe or turf knife in hand –no sword nor firelock now –fought his battles through still but did not conquer –on the Napoleon side at last –and exiled to this st Helena Rock– A man of manners –gentleman like –who had seen this world –more civil speech than you could well attend to. He and I at length came to be neighbors not speaking nor ever visiting hardly seeing neighbors –but nearest inhabitants mutually. He was thirstier than I –drank more –probably –but not out of the pond– It was never the lower for him –perhaps HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CONCORD: SQUIRE DUNCAN INGRAHAM

I ate more than he. The last time I met him the only time I spoke with him it was at the foot of the hill in the highway where I was crossing to the spring one warm afternoon in summer –the pond water being too warm for me– I was crossing pail in hand –when Quoil came down the hill still in snuff colored coast as last winter – shivering as with cold rather with heat –delirium tremens they name it– I greeted him and told him my errand to get water at the spring close by only at the foot of the hill over the fence– he answered with stuttering parched lips –bloodshot eye –staggering gesture –he’d like to see it– Follow me there then. But I had got my pail full and back before he scaled the fence– And he drawing his coat about him to warm him to cool him answered in delirium tremens –hydrophobia dialect not easy to be written here he’d heard of it but had never seen it –so shivered his way along toward the town not to work there nor transact special business –but to get whack at a sweet remote hour to liquor & to oblivion. Sundays –and even on days of the moon and consecrated to other gods sons of Erin and of New England crossed my bean field with jugs or with unstoppled mouths as capacious –toward Quoil’s– But what for?– did they sell rum there? “Respectable people they” know no harm of them” “never heard that they drank too much” is the answer of all wayfarers Travellers went sober stealthy silent –skulking –no harm to get elm bark sundays –return loquacious sociable, having long intended to call on you. At length one afternoon Hugh Quoil feeling better, with snuff-colored coat –has paced solitary soldier look not forgetting waterloo along the woodland road to the foot of the hill by the spring –and there the fates meet him –and throw him down in his snuff-colored coat on the grass –and get ready to cut his thread –but not till travellers pass –who would raise him up –get him perpendicular –then settle –– lay me down says Hugh hoarsely– House locked –key –in pocket –wife in town –and the fate cuts –and there he lies by the way side – 5 feet 10 –looking taller than in life–. He had half contemplated a harvest much corn and many beans –but that strange trembling of the limbs delayed the hoeing. –Skin of woodchuck just stretched never to be cured –no cap no mittens wanted. Pipe on hearth no more to be lighted –best buried with him He tells us wisely whom & what to mark –saving much time. Only the convalescent are conscious of the health of nature. No thirst for glory, only for strong drink. He has gone away –his house house here “all tore to pieces” he will not come back this way– But how it fares with him whether his thirst is quenched –whether there is still some semblance of that carmine cheek –struggles still with some liquid demonic spirit –perchance on more equal terms –till he drinks him up I cannot by any means learn. –What his salutation is now what his January morning face what he thinks of waterloo what start he has gained or lost what work still for the ditcher & forester and soldier now– There is no evidence. He was here the likes of him for a season standing in his shoes like a faded gentleman –with gesture almost learned in drawing rooms– Wore clothes hat shoes –made ditches felled wood –did farm work for various people kindled fires –worked enough –ate enough –drank too much. He was one of those unnamed countless sects of philosophers –who founded no school. —— Poor John Frost48 he has let go the anchor in the Fair Haven mud even now perchance and sits there with his shiner bait & his alder rod to see what his luck will be this time. His horizon all his own none to intrude –and yet he a poor man –born to be poor. I asked for water hoping to get a sight of the well bottom –but there alas are shallow quick sands –and rope broken bucket irrecoverable– Meanwhile the right culinary vessel is selected –water is distilled and passed out to the thirsty one –not yet suffered to cool not yet to settle –such gruel sustains life here exclude these motes and those by a skilful undercurrent –and drink responsive to genuine hospitality a hearty brave draught. John Frost with his inherited Erse poverty or poor life his Adams grandmother –and boggy ways –not to rise in this WALDEN world he or his posterity till their wading webbed feet get talaria light membranous wings. 48. John Frost is known in mythology by his nickname, “Jack,” as the entity who draws white lines on winter windowpanes overnight. It is a common enough name. This eponymous John Frost is featured in one of Hawthorne’s STORIES, “A Visit to the Clerk of the Weather.” There were any number of John Frosts, including one who got married in Concord, and there was a John Frost in Boston and/or Auburn, who may or may not have been the same person, whether or not either one of them was in addition this person mentioned by Thoreau, who has previously referred to that same person as John Field:

Paley, William (1743-1805). THE PRINCIPLES OF MORAL AND POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY ... WITH QUESTIONS FOR THE EXAMINATION OF STUDENTS, BY JOHN FROST. Boston School edition. Boston: N.H. Whitaker, 1846 Frost, John. INDIAN WARS OF THE UNITED STATES. Auburn MA: Derby & Miller, 1852 HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CONCORD: SQUIRE DUNCAN INGRAHAM

In case of an embargo there will be found to be old clothes enough in every body’s garrett to last till the millenium – We are fond of news novelties new things– The bank bill that is torn in two will pass if you save the pieces, if you have only got the essential piecce with the signatures Lowell & Manchester and Fall river think you will let go its broad cloth currency when it is torn –but hold on have an eye to the signature clout the back of it –and endorse the mans name from whom you received it– And they will be the first to fail and find nothing at all in their garretts– Every day our garments become more assimilated to the man that wears them– More near and dear to us and not finally to be laid aside but with such delay and medical appliance & solemnity as our other mortal coil We know after all but few men a great many coats and breeches– dress a scare crow with your last shift you standing shiftless by –who would not soonest address the scarecrow and salute it?

Hi right back at you!

King James loved his old shoes best– Who does not? Indeed these new clothes are won and worn only after a painful birth at first moveable prisons oyster shells which the tide only raises opens and shuts –washing in what nutriment may be– Men walk on the limits –carrying their limits with them –in the stocks they stand, not without gaze of multitudes only without rotten eggs –in old torturing boots. the last wedge but one driven. –Why should we be startled at death –life is constant putting off of the mortal coil– Coat –cuticle –flesh and bones all old clothes – HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CONCORD: SQUIRE DUNCAN INGRAHAM

Not till the prisoner has got some rents in his prison walls possibility of egress without lock and key some day –result of steel watch spring on iron grate –will he rest contented in his prison Clothes brought in sewing –a kind of work you may call endless A man who has at length found out something important to do will not have to get a new suit to do it in –for him the old will do lying dusty in the garrett –for an indefinite period– Old shoes will serve a hero –longer than they have served his valet –bare feet are the oldest of shoes –and he can make them do– Only they who go to legislatures and soirees they must have new coats –coats to turn as often as the man turns in them. Whoever saw his old shoes his old coat actually worn out –returned to their original elements –so that it were not a deed of charity to bestow them on some poorer boy.– and by him to be bestowed on some poorer still –or shall we say on some richer who can do with less Over eastward of my bean field lived Cato Ingraham slave –born slave perhaps of Duncan Ingraham Esqr – gentleman of Concord village –who built him a house and gave him permission to live in Walden woods – –and then on the N E corner Zilpha –colored woman of fame –and down the road on the right hand Bristow –colored man –on Bristow’s hill –where grow still those little wild apples he tended now large trees but still wild –and farther still you come to Breeds location and again on the left by well and roadside Hilda lived Farther up the road at the ponds end Wyeman the potter who furnished his towns men earthen ware –the squatter –

Now only a dent in the earth marks the site of most of those human dwellings –sometimes the well dent where a spring oozed now dry and tearless grass –or covered deep not to be discovered till late days by accident with a flat stone under the sod. These dents like deserted fox burrows old holes. Where once was the stir and bustle of human life over head and man’s destiny –fate free will foreknowledge absolute were all by turns discussed– Cato and Bristow pulled wool– Universally a thirsty race. drank of the ton –only the strongest of waters – Still grows the vivacious lilack for a generation after the last vestige else is gone –unfolding still its early sweet- scented blossoms in the spring to be plucked only by the musing traveller planted tended nursed watered by children’s hands –in front yard plot– Now by wall side in retired pasture, or giving place to a new rising forest. The last of that strip sole survivor of that family little did the children think that this weak slip with its two eyes which they watered –would root itself so –and out live them –and house in the rear that shaded it –and grown man’s garden & field.– and tell their story to the retired wanderer a half century after they were no more – blossoming as fair smelling as sweet –as in that first spring – Its still cheerful –tender –civil lilack colors The woodland road though once more dark and shut in by the forest –resounded with a laugh and gossip of inhabitants –and was notched and dotted here and there with their little dwellings Though now but a rapid passage to neighboring villages or the woodmans team it once delayed the traveller longer –and was a lesser village in itself – You still hear from time to time the whinnering of the raccoon still living as of old in hollow trees washing its food before it eats it –the red fox barks at night The loon comes in the fall to sail and bathe in the pond –making the woods ring with its wild laughter in the early morning– At rumor of whose arrival all Concord sportsmen are on the alert in gigs on foot two by two three with patent rifles –patches conical balls –spy glass or pin hole on the barrel –they seem already to hear the loon laugh –these on this side those on that for the poor loon cannot be omnipresent if he dive here must come up somewhere– The october wind rises rustling the leaves –ruffling the pond water –so that no loon can be seen ruffling the surface– Our sportsmen sweep the pond with spy glass in vain –for the loon went off in that morning rain with one loud long hearty laugh –and our sportsmen must beat a retreat to town & stable and daily routine – Or in the grey dawn the sleeper hears the long ducking gun explode over toward goose pond and hastening to HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CONCORD: SQUIRE DUNCAN INGRAHAM

the door sees the remnant of a flock black-duck –or teal –go whistling by with out stretched neck with broken ranks but in ranger order – – And the silent hunter emerges into the carriage road with ruffled feathers at his belt –from the dark pond side where he has lain in his bower since the stars went out. And for a week you hear the circling clamor clangor of some solitary goose through the fog –seeking its mate –peopling the woods with a larger life there than they can hold. For hours you shall watch the ducks cunningly tack and veer and hold the middle of the pond far from the sportsman on the shore –tricks they have learned and practised in far Canada lakes or in Louisiana bayous. The waves rise & dash taking sides with all waterfowl. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CONCORD: SQUIRE DUNCAN INGRAHAM

1857

November 20, Friday: Dr. Josiah Bartlett recollected about the life of Squire Duncan Ingraham, on behalf of Concord’s Social Circle.

In the District of Columbia, our nation’s puzzle palace, somebody had a decent idea: To all whom it may concern be it known that I, Ann Blanchard of Washington County, District of Columbia, for divers good causes and considerations me thereunto moving, as well as in consideration of the sum of five dollars, lawful money, to me in hand paid at and before the unsealing & delivery hereof, the receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged, am releasing from slavery, liberated manumitted and set free, and by these presents do hereby release from slavery liberate manumit and set free my slave Mary Taylor aged about forty years, and able and capable to gain a sufficient livelihood and maintenance. And her the said Mary Taylor I do hereby declare to be henceforth free, and forever discharged from all manner of servitude or service to me, my heirs, executors and administrators. In testimony whereof I have hereunto subscribed my name and affixed my seal this twentieth day of November eighteen hundred and fifty seven. Signed sealed & Del in presence of Wm. R. Woodward} Ann Blanchard {seal} H.M. Nance

District of Columbia, Washington County, to wit On this 20th day of November 1857 before the subscriber a Justice of the Peace in and for the county & district aforesaid, personally appeared Ann Blanchard, party grantor in the foregoing deed of manumission and acknowledges the same to be her act and deed, agreeably to the act of assembly in such cases made and provided. Acknowledged before Wm. R. Woodward, J. Peace

November 20: High wind in the night, shaking the house, apparently from the northwest.About 9.30 A.M., though there is very little cloud, I see a few flakes of snow, two or three only, like flocks of gossamer, straggling in a slanting direction to the ground, unnoticed by most, in a rather raw air. At ten there is a little more. The children in the next yard have seen it and are excited. They are searching to see if any rests on the ground. In books, that which is most generally interesting is what comes home to the most cherished private experience of the greatest number. It is not the book of him who has travelled the farthest over the surface of the globe, but of him who has lived the deepest and been the most at home. If an equal emotion is excited by a familiar homely phenomenon as by the Pyramids, there is no advantage in seeing the Pyramids. It is on the whole better, as it is simpler, to use the common language. We require that the reporter be very permanently planted before the facts which he observes, not a mere passer-by; hence the facts cannot be too homely. A man is worth most to himself and to others, whether as an observer, or poet, or neighbor, or friend, where he is most himself, most contented and at home. There his life is the most intense and he loses the fewest moments. Familiar and surrounding HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CONCORD: SQUIRE DUNCAN INGRAHAM

objects are the best symbols and illustrations of his life. If a man who has had deep experiences should endeavor to describe them in a book of travels, it would be to use the language of a wandering tribe instead of a universal language. The poet has made the best roots in his native soil of any man, and is the hardest to transplant. The man who is often thinking that it is better to be somewhere else than where he is excommunicates himself. If a man is rich and strong anywhere, it must be on his native soil. Here I have been these forty years learning the language of these fields that I may the better express myself. If I should travel to the prairies, I should much less understand them, and my past life would serve me but ill to describe them. Many a weed here stands for more of life to me than the big trees of California would if I should go there. We only need travel enough to give our intellects an airing. In spite of Malthus and the rest, there will be plenty of room in this world, if every man will mind his own business. I have not heard of any planet running against another yet. P.M. – To Ministerial Swamp. Some bank swallows’ nests are exposed by the caving of the bank at Clamshell. The very smallest hole is about two and a half inches wide horizontally, by barely one high. All are much wider than high (vertically). One nest, with an egg in it still, is completely exposed. The cavity at the end is shaped like a thick hoe-cake or lens, about six inches wide and two plus thick, vertically. The nest is a regular but shallow one made simply of stubble, about five inches in diameter, and three quarters of an inch deep. I see many pollywogs in cold pools now. I enter the Ministerial Swamp at the road below Tarbell’s. The water andromeda leaves are brown now, except where protected by trees. In some places where many of the bright-crimson shoots of high blueberry are seen together, they have a very pretty effect, a crimson vigor to stand above the snow. Where the larches stand thick with their dark boles and stems, the ground is thickly strewn with their fine and peculiarly dark brown leaves, chaff-like, i. e. darker than those of other pines, perhaps like black walnut or cherry shavings. As where other evergreens stand thick, little or nothing grows beneath. I see where squirrels (apparently) have eaten and stripped the spruce cones. I distinguished where the earth was cast out in cutting ditches through this swamp long ago, and this earth is covered and concealed with a thick growth of cup and cockscomb lichens. In this light-lying earth. in one place, I see where some creature some time ago has pawed out much comb of some kind of bee (probably for the honey?), making a hole as big as my head, and this torn comb lies about. Returning through Harrington’s land, I see, methinks, two gentlemen plowing a field, as if to try an agricultural experiment, –for, it being cold and windy, both plowman and driver have their coats on, –but when I get closer, I hear the driver speak in a peculiarly sharp and petulant manner to the plowman as they are turning the land furrow, and I know at once that they belong to those two races which are so slow to amalgamate. Thus my little idyl is disturbed. I see a partridge [Ruffed Grouse Bonasa umbellus (Partridge)] on the ground under a white oak by Tarbell’s black birches, looking just like a snag. This is the second time I have seen them in such a place. Are they not after acorns? In the large Tommy Wheeler field, Ranunculus bulbosus in full bloom! I hear again the soft rippling of the Assabet under those black birches, which Tappan once remarked on. It is not so steep a fall as to be hoarse. The hardy tree sparrow has taken the place of the chipping and song sparrow, so much like the former that most do not know it is another. His faint lisping chip will keep our spirits up till another spring. I observed this afternoon how some bullocks had a little sportiveness forced upon them. They were running down a steep declivity to water, when, feeling themselves unusually impelled by gravity downward, they took the hint even as boys do, flourished round gratuitously, tossing their hind quarters into the air and shaking their heads at each other, but what increases the ludicrousness of it to me is the fact that such capers are never accompanied by a smile. Who does not believe that their step is less elastic, their movement more awkward, for their long domesticity? HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CONCORD: SQUIRE DUNCAN INGRAHAM

1882

April: As Robert Louis Stevenson was leaving Davos, Switzerland, “Talk and Talkers” was appearing in Cornhill Magazine.

ISMAELILLO, a book of poems by José Martí about his son, was published. He also wrote most of VERSOS LIBRES (which would remain unpublished).

Dr. Josiah Bartlett’s “Duncan Ingraham” appeared on page 127 of John Shepard Keyes’s THE CENTENNIAL OF THE SOCIAL CIRCLE IN CONCORD, MARCH 21, 1882, FIRST SERIES (Cambridge: Printed at the Riverside Press). HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CONCORD: SQUIRE DUNCAN INGRAHAM

1978

Patricia Lynch’s Ph.D. history dissertation at Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College, “The Impact of the Revolution on Local Government: Concord, Gloucester, and Pittsfield, 1763- 1789,” LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses: 3208, which contained an abundance of information on town government officials before and during the Revolutionary War.

COPYRIGHT NOTICE: In addition to the property of others, such as extensive quotations and reproductions of images, this “read-only” computer file contains a great deal of special work product of Austin Meredith, copyright 2017. Access to these interim materials will eventually be offered for a fee in order to recoup some of the costs of preparation. My hypercontext button invention which, instead of creating a hypertext leap through hyperspace —resulting in navigation problems— allows for an utter alteration of the context within which one is experiencing a specific content already being viewed, is claimed as proprietary to Austin Meredith — and therefore freely available for use by all. Limited permission to copy such files, or any material from such files, must be obtained in advance in writing from the “Stack of the Artist of Kouroo” Project, 833 Berkeley St., Durham NC 27705. Please contact the project at .

“It’s all now you see. Yesterday won’t be over until tomorrow and tomorrow began ten thousand years ago.” – Remark by character “Garin Stevens” in William Faulkner’s INTRUDER IN THE DUST

Prepared: December 19, 2017 HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CONCORD: SQUIRE DUNCAN INGRAHAM

ARRGH AUTOMATED RESEARCH REPORT

GENERATION HOTLINE

This stuff presumably looks to you as if it were generated by a human. Such is not the case. Instead, someone has requested that we pull it out of the hat of a pirate who has grown out of the shoulder of our pet parrot “Laura” (as above). What these chronological lists are: they are research reports compiled by ARRGH algorithms out of a database of modules which we term the Kouroo Contexture (this is data mining). To respond to such a request for information we merely push a button. HDT WHAT? INDEX

THE PEOPLE OF CONCORD: SQUIRE DUNCAN INGRAHAM

Commonly, the first output of the algorithm has obvious deficiencies and we need to go back into the modules stored in the contexture and do a minor amount of tweaking, and then we need to punch that button again and recompile the chronology — but there is nothing here that remotely resembles the ordinary “writerly” process you know and love. As the contents of this originating contexture improve, and as the programming improves, and as funding becomes available (to date no funding whatever has been needed in the creation of this facility, the entire operation being run out of pocket change) we expect a diminished need to do such tweaking and recompiling, and we fully expect to achieve a simulation of a generous and untiring robotic research librarian. Onward and upward in this brave new world.

First come first serve. There is no charge. Place requests with . Arrgh.