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CONTENTS Introducing Freemasonry 1. Behind the Square: Spatial Analysis and Research into Freemasonry 2. Freemasonry and Its Inheritance ANDREW PRESCOTT 3. Researching Freemasonry THE UNIVERSITY OF SHEFFIELD 4. Why Research the Royal Arch? 5. The Study of Freemasonry as an New Academic Discipline Exploring the Masonic Archive 6. John Pine (1690-1756): Engraver and Freemason 7. The Unlawful Societies Act of 1799 8. Freemasonry and the Problem of Britain COLLECTED STUDIES IN THE 9. `The Voice Conventional': Druidic Myths and HISTORY OF FREEMASONRY, 2000- Freemasonry 2003 10. Freemasonry in Greater London: A Case Study 11. A Body Without a Soul? The Philosophical Outlook Masonry before 1717 of British Freemasonry 1700-2000 20. The Earliest Use of the Word ‘Freemason’ 12. Brother Irving: Sir Henry Irving and Freemasonry 21. The Regius and Cooke Manuscripts: Some New 13. Tales from Great Queen Street 1: Travelling Masons Contexts 14. Tales from Great Queen Street 2: A Canonbury Tale 22. Men and Women in the Guild Returns of 1389 15. Tales from Great Queen Street 3: An Old Masonic Masonic Processions Hall in Sheffield 24. Cross-Domain Searching in Action: Recreating Freemasonry and the Radical Tradition in Britain Masonic Processions 16. The Devil's Freemason: Richard Carlile and his 25. Neglected Processional Cultures Manual of Freemasonry 26. Processions in the Mitchell Kenyon Archive 17. 'The Spirit of Association': Freemasonry and Early Trade Unions 18. 'The Cause of Humanity': Charles Bradlaugh and Freemasonry 19. Freemasonry and the History of the Labour Party in London: Some Approaches I transform humanities research when they help shape the INTRODUCING FREEMASONRY research agenda at the very beginning, when the fundamental problems to be addressed by a particular project are formulated. Behind the Square: Spatial Analysis and Research into Freemasonry To illustrate the point, I would like to talk about what is Paper to Electronic Cultural Atlas Initiative for me a completely new area of investigation I am Conference, British Library, 27 June 2000 currently developing within the Humanities Research Institute at the University of Sheffield. Although I have been involved in a number of electronic projects in completely different fields, it is striking how, in Despite the exciting new technical possibilities that have appraising a completely new area of research, one's recently become available to humanities scholars, we are initial analysis is nowadays fundamentally shaped by the still at an early and tentative stage in our exploration of new electronic tools that are available. This does not just the possibilities of humanities computing. For many affect the methods of investigation that will be used. I years, it has been predicted that new technologies will believe it will also affect the way in which the research is deliver a paradigm shift in humanities research, but, presented and the methods by which the results of the despite the many outstanding projects currently under research are synthesised. way, such a transformation still often seems a distant prospect. We are only just reaching the stage where we In 1969, the distinguished Oxford historian, J. M. can contemplate using new technologies to move forward Roberts, published an article in the English Historical to new orders of humanities scholarship. As an Review called `Freemasonry: Possibilities of a Neglected increasing number of electronic corpora become Topic'. Roberts pointed out that freemasonry began in available, we will begin to formulate questions which Britain, and that the first grand lodge was established in could not have been conceived through the use of England in 1717. From England, it rapidly spread conventional media. At present, the questions with which through Europe, and by 1789 there were perhaps 100,000 our research is concerned are usually generated by masons in Europe. Roberts emphasised that, despite the conventional methodologies, even when we use new fact that freemasonry is one of the social movements of technologies in trying to answer them. Digital and British origin which has had the biggest international networking technologies will only start profoundly to impact, it has been largely ignored by professional historians in Britain. This contrasts with, say, France or investigating masonic history. Margaret Jacob has Holland where freemasonry has been the subject of investigated the links between freemasonry and the elaborate scholarly investigation. Because of the neglect Enlightenment. James Steven Curl has examined the of this field by British historians, it has been dominated influence of freemasonry on eighteenth-century art and by, on the one hand, anti-masonic conspiracy theorists, architecture. Most recently, Peter Clark has produced a and, on the other, by masonic antiquarians investigating magisterial study placing freemasonry in the context of details of ritual or bureaucratic development with no the development of clubs and societies as the major sense of broader historical context. vehicles of social interaction in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. However, despite the appearance of Yet one look at a photograph like this, which shows these important studies, it still seems as if the surface of Edward VII, one of the most active and influential British masonic history has barely been scratched. English Grand Masters, and his brothers, the Duke of Connaught and the Duke of Clarence, in their masonic This is partly because the history of freemasonry is such regalia, suggests how freemasonry in deeply embedded a rich and diverse field that it is very difficult to develop in British life and is a subject deserving of thorough a research programme that does justice to all the aspects historical investigation. As Roberts forcefully puts it, of the subject. Just consider the extraordinary range of `There must surely be something of sociological interest people who have been freemasons, from authors like in an institution whose English Grand Masters have since Alexander Pope, Edmund Burke, Walter Scott, Robert 1721 always been noblemen and have included seven Burns and Arthur Conan Doyle, and a varied array of princes of the blood, while elsewhere the craft has been statesmen including Washington, Garibaldi, Ataturk and persecuted by the Nazis, condemned by Papal Bulls and Churchill, to musicians as diverse as Haydn, Sibelius and denounced by Comintern'. Duke Ellington, and actors from David Garrick to Peter Sellers. Since Roberts wrote, the area has received more attention from professional historians. David Stevenson has Nor is the list an exclusively male one: the theosophist investigated the emergence from the old craft gilds of and social reformer Annie Besant, who you can see here something recognisably akin to modern speculative in her masonic regalia, was active in promoting co- freemasonry in the Scotland of James VI. Stevenson masonry, which admitted women, in Britain. became the first non-mason to address the Quatuor Freemasonry would have meant different things to each Coronati lodge, the English masonic lodge devoted to of these people, and likewise each individual reflects a different strand in masonic history. Such a diverse list of masonic symbols were often to be seen on trade union names emphasises the difficulty in assessing the cultural banners. At the other end of the social spectrum, impact of freemasonry. For example, Sibelius's freemasonry, with the school, college and club, became involvement in freemasonry is interesting not so much in one of the bastions of male exclusivity in British society. respect of his music but more because he was a Freemasonry is at the heart of much modern British prominent Finnish nationalist, and freemasonry, despite social history, but its very diversity and all-pervasiveness its internationalist philosophy, has been closely makes it an elusive historical subject. connected with nationalist movements in Europe and America. How can one come to terms with such a vast and sprawling subject? Spatial techniques of the kind that Freemasonry is intertwined with many prominent themes ECAI are pioneering are singularly appropriate to the of British history over the past three hundred years. study of freemasonry, since the symbolism of Through regimental lodges, freemasonry spread rapidly freemasonry is permeated with ideas of space. Indeed, through the British Empire, and became, with organised freemasonry might be viewed at one level as a religion of sports and gothic architecture, one of the cultural forces geometry and space. Drawing on the craft lore developed which bound together the British Empire, as is apparent by medieval masons, speculative masonry sees geometry from this picture of a lodge in Lagos in 1900. as the queen of sciences. The symbolism of freemasonry Freemasonry is important in considering the relationship is permeated by the geometrical tools familiar to the between the English and the celtic nations in Britain. The medieval mason – the dividers, the square, and the plumb way in which the Scottish contribution to the line – as is apparent from these seal of freemason’s development of freemasonry has been underplayed by lodges in Yorkshire. When the craft gilds began to admit masonic historians provides a good illustration of members who were not actually masons, a process which Anglocentrism in social history. Many of the so-called eventually gave rise to modern freemasonry, they sought Welsh national traditions, such as the druidic component out
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