(ISSN 0043-6534) WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY The State Historical Society ofWisconsin • Vol. 75, No. 3 • Spring, 1992

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1 THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF WISCONSIN H. NICHOLAS MULLER III, Director

Officers FANNIE E. HICKLIN, President GERALD D. VISTE, Treasurer GLENN R. COATES, First Vice-President H. NICHOLAS MULLER III, Secretary JANE BERNHARDT, Second Vice-President

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ON THE COVER: Dwight Eisenhower's partisans making their wishes known during the 1952 Democratic Convention in Philadelphia. An article on Adlai Stevenson, the party's eventual nominee, begins on page 163. From the Americans for Democratic Action Collec­ tion. Wtii{XS)468'7 4 Volume 75, Number 3 / Spring 1992

WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY

Published quarterly by the State Historical Society ofWisconsin, Political Philosophy or Partisanship: 816 Stale Street, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1488. A Dilemma in Adlai Stevenson's Distributed to members as part of Published Writings, 1953-1956 163 their dues. Individual Douglas Slaybaugh membership, $25; senior citizen individual, $20; family, $30; senior citizen family, $25; supporting, "Set Free to Study": $100; sustaining, $250; patron, $500 or more; life (one person), A Student's Experimental $1,000. Single numbers from College Diary, 1927-1930 195 Volume 57 forward are $5 plus Edited by Ellen Paullin postage. Microfilmed copies available through University Microfilms, 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106; reprints of Volumes I through 20 Book Reviews 221 and most issues of Volumes 21 through 56 are available from Book Review Index 227 Kraus Reprint Company, Route 100, Millwood, New York 10546. Accessions 228 Commimications should be addressed to the editor. The Wisconsin History Checklist 234 Society does not assume responsibility for statements made Contributors 238 by contributors. Second-class postage paid at Madison, Wisconsin. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to Wisconsin Magazine of History, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1488. Copyright © 1992 by the State Historical Society of Wisconsin.

'Che Wisconsin Magazine of History is indexed annually by the editors; cumulative indexes are assembled decennially. In addition, articles are abstracted and indexed in America: History and Life, Historical Abstracts, Index to Literature on the American Indian, and the Combined Retrospective Index to Journals in Editor History, 1838-1974. PAUL H. HASS Associate Fditors Photographs identified with WHi negative numbers are from the WILLIAM C. MARTEN Historical Society's collections. JOHN O. HOLZHUETER

161 WTli{X3)468,')7

Adlai Stevenson (center), with his administrative assistant, William McCormick Blair (left) and a body guard, on the streets of Springfield, Illinois, August, 1952.

162 Political Philosophy or Partisanship: A Dilemma in Adlai Stevenson's PubUshed Writings, 1953-1956

By Douglas Slaybaugh

"N 1952, Adlai Stevenson of Illi­ twenty-second television "spots" ("Eisen­ r nois ran a high-minded and elo­ hower Answers America!"), created by a quent campaign for the presidency of the top-flight Madison Avenue advertising United States—and lost to Dwight D. Eisen­ agency, had revolutionized presidential hower, 442 electoral votes to 89 (55 per politics for all time. If Stevenson harbored cent to 44 per cent in the popular vote). any hope of unseating the president in Afterward, Stevenson and leaders of the 1956, he would plainly have to broaden the Democratic party drew several lessons from base of his .support' their defeat. One of the most important In the years leading up to his second was ofthe need not only to "talk sense" to presidential campaign, in a conscious America's better-educated minority but effort to remain in the public eye, Adlai also to communicate on a more basic level Stevenson cooperated in the writing and with its less-well-educated majority. The publication of books and articles under his support of columnists, pundits, and college name that were intended, in part, to reach professors—which at times had bordered that wider audience. This effort was not a on adulation—had no doubt been gratify­ complete success. In a sense, Stevenson was ing to the party and its candidate. But it caught in a dilemma of his own making. had proved woefully inadequate when run­ Personally, he wished to emphasize the ning against an enormously popular war complexity of the issues facing the nation hero who had hammered away relentlessly and the need for intelligent, well-informed at the scandals and other shortcomings of decision-making. Political realism, on the the Truman administration. General Eisen- other hand, said that he should simplify the hower's blunt, frequently simplistic speeches and slogans had been sniffed at by intellectuals and opinion-makers, but clearly he reached many voters that Gov­ ernor Stevenson did not. Eisenhower, ' "The coup de grace [in the 1952 election] was admin­ though a neophyte in electoral politics, istered to the hopes ofthe Democratic party... by the addi­ had surrounded himself with tough, smart tion to the Republican total of a substantial number of erst­ while Democrats. Had those Democrats stayed with professionals who believed in keeping Stevenson in 1952, . . . Eisenhower would not have gone to things simple. "I Like Ike" had proven to the White House." See Angus (jampbcll et al.. The Voter be one of the most potent political taglines Decides (Westport, Connecticut, 1971, reprint of 1954 edi­ in history, and Eisenhower's series of tion), 17; Samuel Lubell, Revolt ofthe Moderates (New York, 1956), 10.5-109.

C'opyngtit © 1992 hy Ttie, Slate Histoncat Society of Wisconsin 163 Att rigtits of reproduction in any form reserved. WHi(X.S)468,>)8

Philleo Nash, Adlai Stevenson, Horace Wilkie, and Elliot Walstead at the state Democratic convention in Green Bay, October, 1955. Photo from the Green Bay Press-Gazette Col­ lection. issues as much as possible and present him­ figure had begun when he was drafted for self to the masses as a man of the people the 1952 nomination by a Democratic party with common-sense solutions to the great on the defensive. At the time, he was the national issues. This had worked well for successful and popular governor of Illinois, Eisenhower—but Stevenson was not com­ having won an unexpectedly substantial fortable with the role. He had another victory against an entrenched Republican problem as well. The urbane, highbrow opponent in 1948. Indeed, his coattails had opinion-makers who had grown so fond of probably helped Harry Truman to win nar­ him during the 1952 campaign expected a rowly in Illinois and thus pull off the steady flow of self-deprecating humor and greatest upset in the history of the Ameri­ lofty discourse from their candidate. His can presidency. Because Stevenson had political advisors, on the other hand, been a kingmaker in 1948, by 1952 he had wanted to bring him down closer to the evolved into his party's likeliest candidate grassroots—to remind him (in so many for king.'^ words) that he was running for the presi­ dency of the United States, not of Prince­ ton. '•* John Bartlow Martin, Adlai Stevenson of Illinois: The Life of Adlai E. Stevenson (Garden City, New York, 1976), 347, Stevenson's career as a national political 518-520.

164 SLAYBAUGH: ADLAI STEVENSON S WRITINGS

In so becoming, the Illinois governor end the war in Korea, protect the govern­ had often seemed to aim his appeal pri­ ment from communist infiltration, or stop marily at an educated elite.' He was, after administration corruption.^ all, well-born and well-to-do. His schools Besides employing this strategy to galva­ were Choate and Princeton and North­ nize voters, Republicans also used a nega­ western Law; he was a New Dealer and a tive campaign against Stevenson to keep one-worlder; and if his reputation as a him on the defensive and color the voters' thinker was exaggerated, his charm and image of him. The Stevenson beloved by sophistication played well in drawing his educated admirers, who could address rooms and on college campuses. Republi­ the complexity of public issues with wit and can strategists, on the other hand, aimed eloquence, was to have his seeming their appeal at a more down-to-earth strength turned against him. The Eisen­ group, those they referred to as "stay-at- hower Research Service, which analyzed homes," the approximately one-half of the press coverage of the campaign, put the electorate that had not voted in 1948.^ strategy bluntly: "[Stevenson's] tendency Robert Humphreys, who helped formu­ to ponder issues carefully can be made to late the Republican strategy, put it suc­ appear as indecision."** In the November cinctly: "The Stay-at-Homes can best be election, Stevenson went on to win only described as protest voters because they 44.4 per cent ofthe popular vote, while his usually only vote when discontent inspires party more narrowly lost both houses of them to do so.""' To mobilize such voters, Congress.'' The Democrats in 1952 fell vic­ Humphreys believed, it was necessary to tim to the electorate's profound desire for "attack and attack on a level that will change—a desire that the Republicans fur­ ignore the detail the Democrats are so anx­ ther exploited by their superior ability to ious to reduce us to. Propose on the same simplify the issues and charge them with level."'' The Republicans succeeded at emotion—and to their own inability to keeping the 1952 campaign on a simple respond in kind. level of good guys (Eisenhower) versus bad guys (Truman Democrats, with Stevenson as their front man). Their strategy was so simple, in fact, it could be reduced to the 'N the years leading up to his sec­ formula "KiCg" made popular by Senator r ond presidential bid, Stevenson Karl Mundt of South Dakota, whom no one continued publicly to reject such an ever accused of being an intellectual. KjG^ approach. In a 1956 interview with two translated as "Korea, Communism, and speech scholars who were writing an article Corruption," in reference to Republican on Stevenson's public addresses, he asso­ claims that the Democrats were unable to ciated emotional solicitations with a lower order of politics: It never succeeds in the long run, and •> lUd, 646. the people who resort to such means '' Joseph Michael Dailey, "The Eiscnhowcr-Nixon Cam­ soon find that out. The best way to win paign Organization of 1952" (doctoral dissertation. Uni­ votes is through reason. People are versity of Illinois, 1975), 179; "The Story of Document'X'," n.d. (1959 or after), p. 1, in folder marked "1952 Cam­ paign/Document 'X'," Box 8, in the Robert Humphreys ^ Eric F. Goldman, The C^rucialDecade—and After: America, Papers, Eisenhower Library, Abilene, Kansas. 1945-1960 (New York, I960), 224-225. '' CampaignPlan ("DocumentX"), n.d., pp. 1-2, in folder * Press Summary, no. 37, August 6,1952, p. 2, Solbert Eisen­ marked "1952 Campaign/Document 'X'." hower Research Service, in folder marked "Press Releases," '• "Notes after a forenoon strategy meeting," August 3, Box .S6, in the Sherman Adams Records, Eisenhower 1952, n.p., in folder marked "1952 Campaign (1)," Box 8, Library. in the Humphreys Papers; "Document X," p. 5. •^ Martin, Stevenson of Illinois, 760-761.

165 Hostesses for a luncheon on October 8, 1952, for Adlai Stevenson sponsored hy the Dane County Democratic Club: left lo right, Mrs. Fhomas E. Fairchild, Mrs. Horace Wilkie, Mrs. William Proxmire (Elsie Rockefeller), Mrs. Cart Thompson, Mrs. fames Doyle, Mrs. Ervin Bruner, and Mrs. Waller Linderud. Photo by Arthur M. Vinje, Madison.

educable on the issues. ... If I didn't [T] here are people who talk over my believe that [it is possible to convince head, scientists for example. I haven't voters through a rational assembling the background and information to of facts], 1 couldn't believe in the understand them. But iff can give the democratic process. So my basic pur­ people the information, I don't see pose in speaking is to inform.'" that I am talking over their heads." To the charge that he "talked over peo­ At another point in the interview, Steven­ ple's heads," as even some of his friends son backed away from the assertion that it implied, Stevenson responded: was possible to inform people in general by admitting that the majority were bored by the detail inherent in a discussion of com-

'" Quoted in Russel Windcs, Jr., and James A. Robinson, "Public Address in the Career of Adlai E. Stevenson," in The Quarterly Journal of .Speech (October, 1956), 229. Ibid, 229-230.

166 SLAYBAUGH: ADLAI STEVENSON S WRITINGS plex problems. Eortunately, he said, there ufactured. But there is no use deplor­ were still many thinking voters who "rec­ ing either the results or the methods ognize that the great issues are never finally used. They have to be met by a well- or completely resolved, and that the best organized counter attack and by what­ ever additional advantages the candi­ that can be done is to work on the details." date may have. In a collective age Stevenson was still trying to define his con­ don't we have to use more collective stituency in narrow terms as those people methods?'"' who were thoughtful and independent enough to appreciate his attempts to Stevenson protested too much. The inform them. Those voters too partisan or charge he leveled against Eisenhower incurious, or even stupid, he seemed to could also have been made against Erank- imply, did not really merit his attention. lin Roosevelt.^'' Stevenson might exculpate Yet if Stevenson consistently maintained the latter, however, because he, too, had a high-minded position in public, in private been a darling ofthe intellectuals. (Had he he had come reluctantly to admit to a low­ not relied for advice on the Brains Trust?) ering of standards. As he explained to a Given Stevenson's desire to placate his lit­ friend who had counseled the need for erate admirers, it suited him to imply that more expediency in communicating with the Republicans invented political image- voters: mongering in 1952, that the Democrats had always run issue-oriented campaigns, I suspect you are right. . . that impres­ and that he had tried to follow in that tra­ sions and identifications with oneself dition in his first presidential race. If, in are more important than ideas or con­ 1956, he seemed to be trading in substance victions. It is all a little discouraging[,] for hype, Stevenson was just reluctantly and I have had a hard time coming to realize it'^ doing what the Republicans had forced upon him. Nevertheless, he could not Stevenson's shift owed much to the con­ bring himself to make this admission in tinual badgering of his advisors. They had public. grown more insistent with the approach of Even doing so in private took almost four his second campaign for the presidency, years, the pressure to alter Stevenson's style which formally hegan in November, 1955. of communication having begun during In a memorandum to his campaign advi­ the 1952 campaign itself.'"' Erom inside the sors in late February, 1956, he acknowl­ campaign, Arthur Schlesinger, Jr., on leave edged that the methods that had propelled from Harvard to write speeches, and, from Eisenhower into the White House had outside it, former Congressman Maury worked, and that if he wanted to compete Maverick of Texas, both called for simpler, he would have to emulate them: more partisan talks geared to a blue-collar audience. Schlesinger advised Stevenson to In our modern mass society we live exposed to the greatest flood of mass suggestion any people has ever expe­ rienced. Only a few people know that Eisenhower's reputation and that of '' Stevenson to W. Willard Wirtz et at, February 21, 1956, his associates is for the most part man- in folder marked, "Television, General—1956," Box 580, in the Steven.son Papers. '•* See, for example, John Morton Blum, V Was for Victory (New York, 1977), 295, on Roosevelt's efforts to disguise his '^ EdwardJ. Rothschild to Stevenson,January 12, 1956, ill-health during the 1944 presidential campaign. and reverse, January 16,1956, in folder marked, "1956 Cor­ '•• See Martin, Stevenson of Illinois, 629, 631, 638-639, 642, respondence: Selected Pre-Election Name Files: (S): 646, for references to advice from within the campaign and Speeches: 'Face the Nation,'January 8, 1956," in the Adlai within the Democratic party to make Stevenson's public E. Stevenson Papers, Princeton University. statements more direct and partisan.

167 Wlii(X'i)40.S()l

Arthur .Schlesinger, fr., speaking lo a Students for Demo­ cratic Action meeting, 1954. Photo by fohn Brook, from the Americans for Democratic Action Collection. keep his "complex and philosophical" thinking along similar lines. Based on his addresses to a minimum while emphasizing thirty years in Texas politics, he suggested "simple and militant" talks. As the profes­ the wide distribution of electioneering sor explained to a friend: "The American cards which reduced the candidate's mes­ people love a fighter. I think the Governor sage to slogan. In effect, Schlesinger and can show them that a man can hit hard but Maverick—two utterly disparate Demo­ at the same time hit clean.""' Maverick was crats—both called upon Stevenson to run a more partisan campaign, one more like Harry Truman's successful come-from- behind race of 1948. Partisanship involved "'Quoted in ilnd., 631; Schlesinger to Ralph Barton Perry, more than words, however. Truman him­ October 6, 1952, in folder marked "Schlesinger, Arthur, Jr.," Box 312, in the Stevenson Papers. self claimed to admire Stevenson's

168 SLAYBAUGH: ADLAI STEVENSON S WRITINGS

speeches, but he was offended by the gov­ He liked to believe that his speeches, ernor's unwillingness to work closely with even if challenging, could be understood the incumbent president and other party and appreciated by anyone. A cherished leaders in organizing his campaign. This, poem, written by a friend during the cam­ Truman believed, led to a less partisan but paign, summed up Stevenson's feelings: more chaotic, amateurish campaign and the loss of many potential votes.'^ Stevenson's Speech^"

John Doe, he heard a speech. It didn't plead, it didn't preach. It wasn't loud, it wasn't wild It didn't treat him like a child. N 1952, however, Stevenson It even carried one or two I firmly rejected the contention Words he hadn't known he knew. of critics, whether Republican or friendly, John Doe scratched his head: that he talked over the heads of ordinary John Doe smiled, and said: voters, or needed to present himself as "Richard wouldn't understand— more partisan.'* In a memorandum to But as for me, I think it's grand." Schlesinger, Stevenson instead admon­ ished his speech writers that what he Richard Roe, he heard it too; wanted from them was Listened hard the whole way through. It made him feel he wasn't dense— a little more sobriety about the diffi­ Addressed him like a man of sense. culties [the nation faces]—a little It made him feel, "I'm not a fool— more "sense"—than the continued I still remember stuff from school." flat assertion that we Dems can & will Richard Roe, he rubbed his eyes continue prosperity and win the With a kind of proud .surprise. peace—a little more challenge to the "'Tisn't quite in Johnny's line— people to understand the difficulties But as for me, I liked it fine." and help us solve them for their ben­ efit etc—.'•' Doe and Roe met face to face Just outside the polling-place. "Well, what's new?" said Doe to Roe. "Nothing much," said Roe to Doe. " Maverick to Wilson Wyatt, October 13, 1952, in folder "Whaddya know?" said Roe to Doe. marked, "Wyatt, Wilson W.," Box 318, in the Stevenson "Not a thing," said Doe to Roe. Papers; Harry S. Truman, Memoirs: Years of Trial and Hope In they went, and out they came. (Signet Books editions. New York, 1965), 2: .560-564. '" This was a staple of Republican propaganda in 1952. Looking just about the same. See "Governors Assail Stevenson Record," New York Times, He, and he alone (thought each) September 23, 1952; Weekly Report, no. 25, Eisenhower- Had really understood that speech. . . . Nixon Research Service, September 24, 1952, p. 5, in folder marked "RNC—1952/Stadstical Informadon," in the Tho­ mas E. Stephens Records, Eisenhower Library; "McCarthy Text: Anti-Stevenson," Neio York Times, October 28, 1952, Stevenson failed to detect the note of con­ 26-27; Herbert Brownell interview transcript, March 17, descension that permeated such verse, and 1967, Columbia University Oral History Project; Sherman that had blighted his appeals to the mass Adams interview transcript, April 10, 1967, Columbia Uni­ of voters. By the premise ofthe poem. Doe versity Oral History Project; Ray Moore interview transcript, and Roe would have been fools if they had April 18, 1972, p. 45, Eisenhower Library Oral History Pro­ ject. "Walter Johnson, cd., I'he Papers of Adlai E. Stevenson. Vol IV: "Let's Talk Sense to the American People," 1952—1955 (Bos­ ton, 1974), 150. (Hereinafter cited as PAES with volume ''" Major Campaign Speeches of Adlai E. Stevenson, 1952 (New number.) York, 1953), xxviii—xxix.

169 WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY SPRING, 1992 found the slogans and rhetoric of Repub­ Review, wrote Stevenson a memorandum lican campaigners more attractive than on the defeated candidate's future in Governor Stevenson's well-reasoned which he discussed the nature of this speeches. Whether the candidate expected responsibility. He praised Stevenson as a too much of the American voter, or simply thought too highly of his own ability to Custodian of the Public Conscience communicate ideas, the result had been a . . . [who conveys to the people] a decisive defeat at the polls. sense of largeness about public life If Stevenson learned from this mistake, and on public issues that had been too there is only limited evidence of it in his long denied them. . . . Millions of best-known publications, the collected edi­ Americans made a profound emo­ tions of his speeches, volumes of which tional investment in you. They expect appeared, on average, of once a year dur­ and indeed demand the right to rally ing the interim between his presidential around you. You could not default on campaigns. These books served two pur­ this obligation if you wanted to. . . . -'' poses. They fed the appetite of his admirers for more of his statements on the great Given such a burden, it is little wonder issues of the day. They also earned money. that Stevenson replied with what was only This was a boon, since, though he lacked a partly mock-irritation: "You try me sorely." regular job, he had to pay off campaign But he went on to agree that "my own best debts and still felt continuing financial hope for influencing opinion and exercis­ responsibilities for his three sons.^' The ing 'leadership' is as a 'citizen at large,'" books did little, however, to broaden the not as a partisan.^'' In other words, he candidate's appeal to those ordinary voters would continue to speak for those drawn whose support was vital to any future pres­ idential ambitions. to the high-minded rather than die emo­ tional and the political. Stevenson could do so and still feel that he had a chance to win over the majority of voters because he believed that the gap IKE most people, Stevenson between liberal intellectuals and the public preferred to continue rather L- was both temporary and bridgeable. As he than change what was for him a comforta­ wrote the New York drama critic Brooks ble style. In truth, his style appealed to a Atkinson: "We are ... in an interval of mis­ great many people, more than 100,000 of trust and for the moment at least the liberal whom had sent him letters and telegrams and the intellectual is 'mistrustworthy.' I commiserating his defeat but praising his am not in the least discouraged. The pen­ elevated discussion of the issues. Stevenson dulum swings wide in our country. . . . "^'' was touched by this response—he was not If many voters then had not fully appreci­ without a sense of vanity—and he felt a ated his message in the just-completed measure of responsibility toward his liter­ campaign, Stevenson believed that it was ate admirers.-- Shortly after the election, not that he had failed to communicate Norman Cousins, editor of the Saturday properly so much as that many people had been temporarily deceived by the simplis-

'•^' Stevenson to Lloyd K. Garrison, December 9, 1952, PAES rV, 218; William McCormick Blair to Garrison, July 1, '-' Cousins to Stevenson, November 12,19.52, as excerpted 1954, in folder marked "Re Publications by Adlai E. Ste­ bytheeditor, PAES fV, 221. venson: CMlto Greatness," Box 403, in the Stevenson Papers; '•" Stevenson to Cousins, December 10, 1952, PAES IV, Kenneth S. Davis, The Politics of Honor: A Biography of Adlai 221. E. Stevenson (New York, 1967), 296, 302. -' Stevenson to Atkinson, December 10, 1952, PAES IV, •« PAES IV, 191-192. 222.

170 SLAYBAUGH: ADLAI STEVENSON S WRITINGS tic, emotional appeals of the Republicans. He had faith that the majority could ulti­ mately be won over by shunning the tactics of traditional partisanship and by striving "to win long battles [rather] than little scrimmages."^*' For Stevenson's publishers, who were also among his admirers, providing the lit­ erate public with more Stevenson and turn­ ing a profit at the same time were reasons enough to want to bring out his books. Even before the end ofthe 1952 campaign. Random House, Harper & Brothers, and Doubleday were competing for the rights to a volume of the candidate's speeches. Random House had brought out a paper­ back edition of speeches through mid-Sep­ tember, and Stevenson ultimately honored the publisher's prior claim to a complete collection. Eor his next two books, how­ ever, he turned to Harper, whose chief edi­ tors, Cass Canfield and John Fischer, were good friends.^' Busy answering his post-election mail, winding up his affairs as governor of Illi­ nois, and preparing for a trip around the world, Stevenson devoted little time to the first book. It fell to Arthur Schlesinger to cull eighty-four speeches from the cam­ paign total. Erom these, Newton Minow, Stevenson's young assistant, and Random House editor Saxe Commins selected fifty which they deemed "most representa­ tive."^** At Commins' suggestion, the pub­ lisher used the original versions of the WTli(X:i)468B« speeches without any effort to rework fohn Fischer at the podium. A Cameron-King photo.

them.2^ In the book's dust-jacket blurb, the ^^ Stevenson to Stuart Gerry Brown, November 28, 1952, publishers sought to appeal to Stevenson's PAES IV, 204-205. core admirers by describing the speeches ^^ Stevenson to Lloyd K. Garrison, December 9, 1952, as pointed analyses of the great issues, leav­ PAES fV, 218. ened with Stevenson's trademark wit and '" Minow to Stevenson, January 7, 1953, in folder marked "Minow, Newton," Box 377, in the Stevenson Papers. Wal­ modesty, and free of self-serving political ter John.son writes that Stevenson himself picked out the claptrap. They were, in short, "unique in speeches included in the volume, but it seems more likely the annals of American political debate.'""' that he simply gave his approval to the selection made by In addition to the speeches, the book Minow and Commins. Sec also PAES fV, 192. '•''' Commins to Minow, January 5, 1953, in folder marked "Publications: Major Campaign Speeches of Adlai E. Stevenson, 1952," Box 378, in the Stevenson Papers. ' Major Campaign Speeches, dust jacket.

171 WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY SPRING, 1992

included a twenty-five-page introduction by Stevenson that, for the most part, outlined his family history and his own career, cul­ minating in the presidential race. He shrugged off his defeat with the sort of statement that had endeared him to many of his admirers during the campaign but may have put off many others who believed it was a politician's duty to learn from the people, not the other way around: ' 'We lost the election; we were soundly defeated. But if I talked sense, if I succeeded in express­ ing my ideas as I set out to do, if I educated and elevated any of us, then I am richly rewarded.'"" Stevenson also staked out the voters he wanted to attract in the future: that thoughtful, practical group which resided (as he put it) somewhere between "Alexander Hamilton's 'rich and well born' [and] KarlMarx's'proletariat."'^^Sig- nificantly, Stevenson wanted the votes of the largest majority among the American electorate—the middle class, broadly defined—but he phrased his desire in terms more appropriate for readers of The Nation or New Republic than of the Saturday Evening Post. WHi (X3) 46867

Newton Minow, November 11, 1961.

TEVENSON himself was no S intellectual. As his biographer, people who were intellectuals and adept at John Bartlow Martin, writes, an intellectual literary communication. It is ironic that at is "one given to creative thinking and inter­ the very time when television was coming ested in ideas for their own sake. . . . Ste­ to play such a vital role in politics, Steven­ venson [on the other hand] was interested son seemed caught in a time warp. While in ideas for what they could accomplish." savoring the written word, he failed to In Martin's view, Stevenson synthesized appreciate the power of telecommunica­ rather than created ideas.•^'' In this, of tion. For instance, he dismissed the cele­ course, he was no different than most pres­ brated TV "spots" used by the Eisenhower idents and presidential aspirants. Still, he campaign in 1952 as nothing more than relied more than most politicians upon the equivalent of commercials for laundry detergents, and he ignored their efficiency and force in presenting the General's can­ didacy to a mass audience."'''

" Ibid., p. XXX. '^ Ibid., p. xiv. "John Bartlow Martin, Adlai Stevenson and the World: The •'•' Douglas Slaybaugh, "Half-hearted Huckster: Adlai Ste­ Life of Adlai E. Stevenson, (Garden City, New York, 1977), 21. venson, Television, and the 1956 Campaign," a paper

172 SLAYBAUGH: ADLAI STEVENSON S WRITINGS

governor to deliver "a manifesto that will polarize liberal opinion," received in turn a request for such a document that might be used in the book's introduction.^'' Ste­ venson was too moderate in his politics to want to break new ideological ground, as his desire to win middle-class support indi­ cates, but he was not averse to stringing along Johnson, who helped serve as a con­ duit to the more militant liberals of the 1950'.s. If he could reject some of his intellectual friends' ideas, however, Stevenson had a much harder time abandoning their style of communication. Just after the 1952 elec­ tion, in response to a Columbia University student who had written to inform him of a new college magazine inspired by Stev­ enson's campaign, the defeated Demo­ cratic candidate explained how such a mag­ azine should communicate. By implication, he also explained how he himself should best communicate his ideas, despite the pressures to change:

Talk sense. . . . This requires a willing­ WHi(X,S)468ij.5 ness to face the facts as they are even though they may clash with the pre­ Archibald MacLeish. conceptions of either a liberal or con­ servative point of view. It means a refusal to substitute generalities & cli- ches for the painful processes of thought. It demands a readiness to One could say that Stevenson overcom- speak out for the truth as it is given to pensated for his lack of interest in televi­ one to see it, no matter how unpleas­ sion by his readiness to correspond with ant or unpopular.'^*' many of the best-known liberal thinkers of the day, alternately basking in their praise for his speeches and writing and requesting their assistance in completing upcoming speaking and writing obligations. Eor the OR Stevenson's literate admir­ introduction to Major Campaign Speeches, F ers, at whom the collection of for example, Archibald MacLeish, the poet campaign speeches was aimed, this mes­ and former New Deal official, received a sage proved both pleasant and popular. request for some of his graceful literary The book appeared in March, 1953. By writing. Gerald Johnson ofthe New Republic and Baltimore Sun, who had called on the

" Stevenson to MacLeish, January 6, 1953, and to John­ son, December 28, 1952, PAES IV, 242, 236-237. delivered at the Eisenhower Centennial Symposium at Get­ '* Stevenson to John B. Milder, Jr., December 29, 1952, tysburg College, October 13, 1990. PAES rV, 237-238.

173 WHi(X3)46866

Adlai Stevenson appearing before supporters.

May it had twice reached the New York Times thousand before the turn of the year— bestseller list, and readers had ordered especially if you keep on wowing the public 1,500 autographed copies.*" By mid-Sep­ the way you did last night.'"*** tember sales ofthe regular edition reached Stevenson could sometimes be per­ 32,000 copies, a figure Random House suaded to go further and meet with book­ publisher Bennett Cerf found remarkable sellers personally. After an appearance at a considering the state of the hardbound Chicago book party later that fall, Cerf book-publishing business. Cerf predicted wrote him enthusiastically that the book­ further sales if the book continued to be sellers had been very pleased to meet him. publicized at Stevenson's public appear­ Cerf asked that their pushiness be put in ances. "I still think," the publisher wrote, perspective. "I do believe," he added, "we'll manage to sell another couple of "that every last one of them will sell your

" Commins to Carol Evans, May 7,1953, in folder marked '^ Cerf to Stevenson, September 16, 1953, in folder ''Major Champaign Speeches," in the Stevenson Papers. marked ''Major Campaign Speeches," ibid.

174 SLAYBAUGH: ADLAI STEVENSON S WRITINGS book with renewed vigor ... in the vital country, assailed him, in effect, for not run­ pre-holiday weeks to come."'*' ning as a noble loser: Reviewers' plaudits also helped promote He is, or so we had been led to believe, the book. Commonweal, the liberal Catholic a man of dignity and character, in monthly, praised it for bringing back the brief, a superior man. He must find it feelings of the campaign as Stevenson per­ excessively difficult to talk down to the ceived them.'*" As others made clear, their level of a Saturday night supper in best feelings were tied to the idealistic way Sioux City or Dubuque. Perhaps he Stevenson had run. Alistair Cooke, Ameri­ can pull it off. And if he does—if he can correspondent for the BBC and the manages to stifle every visible mani­ Manchester Guardian, for instance, praised festation of intelligence, if he confines the candidate for articulating what is best himself ruthlessly to the sort of imbe­ in American life.'" New York Times editor cilities he delivered last night—he James Reston further refined the obliga­ may yet win 35,000,000 votes. He may even be elected. Eisenhower was. But tion to admirers that Norman Cousins had he will hate himself in the morning.'''^ earlier discussed: Stevenson's responsibility as a spokesman for liberal idealism as dis­ Given such criticism, it is more under­ tinct from, even superior to, the activities standable why, prior to his second presi­ of the working politician: dential campaign, Stevenson moved only tentatively to tinker with his style. Mr. Stevenson is a good public He felt pressure, on the one hand, from speaker and a good politician, but he is first and foremost a philosopher those who wanted a statesmanlike exami­ and a writer. . . . [His speeches are nation ofthe issues and, on the other, from even better in print where] they are those who wanted him to seek wider public removed from the emotion and the support by lambasting the Republicans. As theatre of the campaign platform.''^ Stevenson confided to one of his closest friends, the newspaper publisher Alicia Pat­ Reston's statement expresses the terson, in the fall of 1953: "It's damn hard dilemma Stevenson's admirers helped cre­ to be 'responsible' and 'helpful' and all ate for him: that it was more important to those sweet things, and when you are the them that he be an articulate and princi­ [Republicans] beat you up. But maybe 1 pled, not necessarily a winning, politician. don't care enough—and certainly not Whenever his discourse drifted too close to enough for my more aggressive Demo­ the lowest common denominator, he cratic brethren."'''' would have to anticipate a hail of brickbats from disappointed admirers. For example, when Stevenson made several quite con­ ventional political speeches at the opening F such pressures had any effect of the 1956 campaign, the Richmond News on Stevenson's next book, it was Leader, in an editorial that the Republican r clearly the pressure to act as an elevated National Committee subsequently spokesman that affected him most. The reprinted and distributed around the

" Republican National Committee reprint of editorial in " Cerf to Stevenson, November 2, 1953, in folder marked Richmond News Leader, September 14, 1956, in box marked 'Major Campaign .Speeches," ibid. "Miscellaneous Republican Campaign Literature, 1956," * Commonweal, June 19, 1953. in the Williams College Library. " New York Herald-Tribune Book Reoiew, April 26, 1953. ^^ Stevenson to Alicia Patter.son, September 19, 1953, « New York Times, April 19, 1953. PAES rV, 273.

175 WHi(X.'!)46876

Part of the Swarthmore College chapter of Students for Democratic Action in the 1950's, including, standing on the far left, Howard Temin, now a University of Wisconsin pro­ fessor of oncology and 1975 recipient ofthe Nobel Prize in Medicine. kind of book produced also depended on together such a book. Nor did he necessar­ the author's lack of time and the special ily agree with Canfield that another book requirements of Harper & Brothers. Cass was the best way to add to his readership. Canfield believed that a book of varied Instead, he thought about disseminating material, including the Godkin Lectures the lectures more widely through a mass- on foreign policy that Stevenson delivered circulation magazine. Doing so would also at Harvard in March, 1954, and a commen­ pay more.'*'' tary by the author on his trip around the In December, 1953, John Fischer wrote world in 1953, would be most likely to Stevenson to dissuade him from that temp­ increase the audience by attracting many tation. The editor argued in favor of seri- Americans who might not otherwise "read a serious book on the international situa­ tion."'*'' Stevenson did not have time to put * Fischer to Stevenson, December 15, 1953, in folder marked "Major Campaign Speeches"; on Stevenson's interest in making money from the book, see William McC. '' Canlield to Stevenson, April 5, 1954, in folder marked Blair to Lloyd Garrison,July 1, 1954, in folder marked "Call "Various Titles," Box 403, in the Stevenson Papers. to Greatness," in the Stevenson Papers.

176 Stevenson writing a campaign speech on the dock of Dr. Clark Finnerud's .summer home in Minocqua, 1952. APWirephoto.

alizing the addresses for a receptive, intel­ he was trying to persuade Gardner Cowles, ligent audience of 200,000 in Harper's the publisher of the mass-circulation pic­ Magazine, followed by the possibility of a ture magazine Look, to print at least one or best-selling book, and against taking quick two of the lectures. Cowles rejected them cash and a wider but less responsive audi­ as "on the sober side" and "[not] very ence. As Fischer pointed out, in what must exciting" and asked instead for Steven­ have been an appeal to both Stevenson's son's assessment of the contemporary polit­ desire to appease his admirers and to his ical scene for a summer issue.'*" By June, business acumen, if the lectures appeared 1954, Harpers decided to forgo any publi­ in a mass-circulation periodical, it would cation in their magazine and concentrate make it very difficult to sell them in the instead on promoting a book based on a form of a book.''' Stevenson took time to lightly reworked version of the lectures convince, for as late as the following spring

" Cowles to Stevenson, April 30, 1954, in folder marked Ibid "Various Titles," ibid. ni WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY SPRING, 1992

alone."*^ The nature and language of such The title itself had given Stevenson a book seemed to guarantee that it would pause, especially when it led some wags to be read largely by those who were already remark that the book must have been Stevenson admirers. intended as a self-portrait.'''' Canfield Canfield, however, still presumably try­ assured him that the title was fine, defi­ ing to maximize readership, wanted to de- nitely better than the original title of the emphasize the source of the book as a set lectures, A Troubled World:'* Call to Greatness, of highbrow lectures previously delivered even if its contents might bore the less lit­ to a Harvard audience. He advised relegat­ erate, had the kind of positive-sounding ing mention of this fact to the back of the title that marked a change from the som- book."'" He may have reasoned that a berness of much of Stevenson's rhetoric greater number of readers could be during the 1952 campaign, when Steven­ attracted if the material in the book son had said, in effect, we face great prob­ appeared to be as new as possible; calling lems and must meet them with fortitude. attention to the source of the contents not General Eisenhower, by contrast, had won only served as a reminder that the contents by calling upon the American people to fol­ were not original but might also alienate low him in a crusade. Stevenson, in calling those potential readers under the influ­ them to greatness in 1954, seemed ready at ence of the anti-intellectualism of the day. last to play a variation on the winning Nevertheless, Stevenson was firm. Admir­ theme. ers' telephone calls and letters already indi­ Although the book's contents and lan­ cated to him that they anticipated a book guage might seem to have had little mass filled with entirely new material, and, if he appeal, special attempts were made to had to disappoint them, he was loath to reach beyond Stevenson's core group of appear to be duping them also. He con­ admirers. It was arranged that Call lo Great­ fessed that he did not have time to correct ness appear as a Book-of-the-Month Club weaknesses he found in the lectures and selection for September, 1954.'''' The fol­ turned "textual changes and matters of lowing April, perhaps to boost flagging taste" over to his editors. (In fact it does sales but also valuable in spreading Stev­ not appear that other than very minor enson's image and ideas to a wider audi­ changes were made.)''* When the book. ence, an excerpt appeared in the Reader's Call to Greatness, appeared in the fall, it Digest, earning the author $1,200, which he seemed to pay the price for Stevenson's split with Harpers.'"'* candor and the decision to have it consist entirely of his Harvard lectures. The sales never reached more than modest levels. An important reason, Stevenson's assistant, TEVENSON made a personal William McCormick Blair, wrote Fischer, effort to help sell his book, was that the book must have seemed S including an appearance with Dave Gar- "rather heavy stuff to the average reader."''''^

"'^ Blair to Fischer, September 7, 1954, in folder marked "Call to Greatness," in the Stevenson Papers. •" Fischer to Blair, June 29, 1954, in folder marked "Call '"•^ Stevenson to Hagen, June 26, 1954, p. 1, ibid. to Greatness," Box 403, ibid. •^^ Canfield to Stevenson, June 29, 1954, in folder marked '" Canfield memorandum on Call to Greatness, June 8, "Call to Greatness"; Stevenson, Call to Greatness, i. 1954, in folder marked "CMU to Greatness," ibid. "*' Ralph Thompson to Stevenson, September 2, 1954, in =' Stevenson to Beulah Hagen, June 26, 1954, pp. 1-2, in folder marked "Call to Crreatness," in the Stevenson Papers. folder marked "Call to Greatness"; Stevenson, Call to Great­ ''•• Canfield to Blair, February 11, 1955, in folder marked ness (New York, 1954), ix-x. "Call to Greatness," ilnd.

178 NOREM WHITE mm RF CONGRESS

J0(fr« MAGIC

WHi(X3)46877

The storefront setting for these campaign posters provoked much local merriment in She­ boygan in October, 1952.

roway on The Today Show in August, 1954. low advertising budget. Harpers did man­ Although his commitment to work for age a full-page advertisement in the New Democratic candidates in the fall political York Times Book Reoiew of October 17, 1954, campaign precluded other direct pitches, inspired by the hope of pushing sales to the Stevenson's electioneering did provide an 50,000 mark.''-' At that point the book had indirect opportunity to sell the book." As sold about 27,000 copies. By Christmas, Random House had done in promoting sales reached just under 35,000. If it fell Major Campaign Speeches, Harper & Broth­ ers arranged with booksellers in the cities " Blair to Ramona Herdman, August 17, 1954, in folder where Stevenson spoke during the cam­ marked "Call to Greatness," ibid. paign to offer "special promotions," "'" Fischer to Stevenson, September 23, 1954, in folder including displays of the book in the audi­ marked "CJallto C}reatness," ibid. toriums.-'** Despite the handicap of the '•'' Herdman to Blair, July 6, 1954, and Canfield to Steven­ son, October 1, 1954, in folder marked "CaKto Greatness," book's low price ($2.25) and consequent ibid.

179 Stevenson preparing his acceptance .speech after being nominated by the Democratic party in 1956. APWirephoto, Chicago, August 17.

short of the goal. Call to Greatness had done thousands to whom it is addressed approximately as well as Stevenson's book [consider it a vitally important book. of campaign speeches and ultimately They are] the individual Americans earned him almost $12,000.''" who "in the privacy of their homes, hearts and souls," must learn the first The sales figures likely indicate that the step in our new role in world affairs.'*' same Stevenson admirers who bought the first book also bought the second. The The contents of the book indicate why advertisement in the New York Times Book admirers bought it. The lectures reprised /?ayira; characterized such readers and their the same message Stevenson had made his concerns with care: trademark in 1952. Their very titles bespoke the emphasis on difficulty and [Adlai Stevenson] is a professional politician. But he is more than that. complexity that appealed to liberal intel­ He is first of all, a statesman and a lectuals: "Ordeal of the Mid-Century," patriot. That is why . . . the many "Perpetual Peril," and "America's Bur-

'•" Canfield to Stevenson, October 4, 29, and December 20, 1954, in folder marked "CMU to Greatness," ibid. New York Times Book Reviezu, October 17, 1954.

180 SLAYBAUCiH: ADLAI STEVENSON S WRITINGS

den.""^ As he had during the campaign, with the recognition that neutralism, John Stevenson opened his lectures with a mod­ Foster Dulles to the contrary notwithstand­ est, witty introduction. He emphasized his ing, was preferable to communism and amateurishness. Citing his credentials for must be accepted by the United States.'** discussing foreign policy before a well- Once again, a book by Adlai Stevenson informed audience, he neglected to men­ received high praise from the liberal press. tion his diplomatic service during and just The New Republic gloried in the intellectual after World War II, and instead pointed to analysis, and the Saturday Review could only a life-long interest in world travel and the quibble that the lectures did not push the knowledge he had gained in his unofficial analysis far enough. The Christian Science trip around the world the previous year.'*^ Monitor, however, wondered if the "sweet In so doing, Stevenson placed himself in a reasonableness" of the lectures would be distinguished American tradition stretch­ replaced by partisanship if Stevenson were ing back to Benjamin Franklin, and includ­ again to run for president.**'* It was the kind ing Henry Adams, Mark Twain, and Lin­ of comment that indicated Stevenson's coln Steffens, all of whom had masked supporters were still ready to make it diffi­ their shrewd insights into the foreign world cult for him to drop the role of disinter­ with a show of innocence. If Stevenson ested intellectual for that of partisan can­ intended to sound innocent, however, he didate. undermined his goal by borrowing quota­ tions liberally from Adams, St. Paul, Edmund Burke, Alexis de Tocqueville, Oli­ ver Wendell Holmes, Sr., and George Ken- "^OT until the final book of this nan. These were references that would, for period, ¥/hat I Think, did Ste­ the most part, have sailed over the heads N' venson shift, and then only reluctantly, to of the ordinary voter. accept the idea of using his writing in a The substance of Stevenson's message more explicitly political way that would was a call for Americans to stand firm in potentially reach a larger audience. Origi­ the moderate position of resisting the Sovi­ nally he had wanted this collection of his ets, without succumbing to anticommunist major speeches and articles since 1952 rhetoric or ignoring the fact that "the rev­ (excluding the Godkin Lectures) to come olution of rising expectations" in the so- out in December, 1955. Stevenson feared called Third World posed problems equal that such a book would lose relevance if to those of expansionist communism. Ste­ published the following March, after the venson went on to praise the great efforts presidential nominating campaign had of the Truman administration in creating begun, as Canfield and Fischer wanted. the Marshall Plan and the NATO alliance. Given the political nature of most of the He repeated the need for a united Western speeches, this "fear" sounds more like an alliance based on cooperation, together inability to admit his own ambition. Can- field, with a more realistic feel for readers' demands and the possible political bene­ fits, felt that by March public interest in Ste­ venson would be peaking. The editor and '^'^ For comparison, note some of the chapter titles of Arthur Schlesinger, Jr.'s influential The Vital C^enter: The Pol­ itics of Freedom (Boston, 1962), xx, which had originally appeared in 1949: "Politics in an Age of Anxiety," "The Failure ofthe Right," "The Failure ofthe Left," "The Chal­ «-' Ibid, 1, 25-27, 38-39, 55, 74-76, 100, 107. lenge of Totalitarianism," "The Communist C^hallengc to ''•* Christian Science Monitor, September 10, 1954; NCAO America." Republic, September 6, 1954; Saturday Review, August 8, ''" Stevenson, Call to Greatness (New York, 1954), ix. 1954.

181 Stevenson reviewing his speech backstage at the Studebaker Theatre, Chicago, before a nationwide television broadcast on October 21, 1952. APWirephoto.

the author finally compromised on a mid- wanted to conclude the book with the January publication, with Canfield making November 15 announcement that he the purely commercial argument that by would run for president. Canfield, how­ then the bookstores would be emptier and ever, liked a political speech the governor readers would be on the lookout for seri­ delivered on the nineteenth so much that ous new titles.'*'* Even then, Stevenson he persuaded him to include it.**^ Steven-

" Canfield to Stevenson, July 12, 1954; reverse, July 15, <*' W. Willard Wirtz to Hagen, November 21, 1955; Can- 1954; reverse, July 26, 1954, in folder marked "What 1 field to Blair, November 24, 1955; reverse, November 25, Think," all in Box 417, in the Stevenson Papers. 1955, in folder marked "Wliat I Think," ibid.

182 SLAYBAUGH: ADLAI STEVENSON S WRITINGS

son did have the last word in his effort to ernor of Illinois, his modesty had gone so keep the book overtly out of campaign pol­ far as to cause him to prohibit any portrait itics. Although he had originally dated his of himself being hung in state offices.) In introduction to the book as Thanksgiving a second matter, when his friend and 1952 Day (when he had actually finished writing campaign manager Wilson Wyatt reviewed it), he suggested to Fischer that it be pre­ What I Think for the equally friendly iMuis- dated to October 15, a whole month prior ville Courier-Journal, whose owner, Barry to his announcement. Harpers complied.'*** Bingham, was an intimate, Stevenson Stevenson almost failed to finish his passed off the blatant favoritism with a book at all, partly because he was so busy, joke.''2 This was especially ironic in view of but also, perhaps, because he was hesitant the book's central concern with the role about fully committing himself to the exi­ that responsible criticism plays in public gencies ofthe upcoming presidential race. life. After some prodding by his publisher, Ste­ In his introduction to the book, pub­ venson met on October 17 with Canfield lished just as the 1956 campaign began, and Fischer in a New York hotel room in a Stevenson gave several indications that he final push to edit the speeches into pub- was now moving from the role of candid lishable form.**^ Canfield also had to cajole intellectual to that of partisan, perhaps Stevenson to write the introduction, again even expedient, candidate. One indication falling back on the financial argument that was that the book's contents had been it would sell more copies of the book. In edited enough since their original presen­ agreeing to do one, Stevenson revealed the tation to merit mention of that fact. This specialized audience at whom the book hinted at the possibility of "packaging" the would once again be aimed, declaring that candidate's message, as the unedited col­ he wanted to discuss "the role of criticism lection of speeches from 1952 and the God­ in public life."™ kin Lectures had not been. Stevenson also In two small matters Stevenson con­ shrugged off the mantle of intellectualism sented to the manipulation of his image for his admirers had tried to place on him and the promotion of his book. For the first made light of any pretensions to author­ time, he rejected the original choice for a ship he may have acquired: "Like age, [it] cover photograph of himself. He accepted creeps up on a man. . . . From being an a replacement from among shots made by involuntary author I am well on the way to Yousuf ELarsh of Ottawa in a session at the becoming a compulsive one."^' He also governor's farm at Libertyville, Illinois.^' finally admitted the political rationale for Stevenson had shown no previous percep­ making most of the speeches that com­ tible concern over which photographs of prised What I Think. As titular party head, him were used for publicizing either his Stevenson said, it had been his duty to crit­ books or his campaigns. (Indeed, as gov- icize mistakes of the other party, especially Eisenhower's failures in foreign policy and in standing up to Senator Joseph McCar­ thy. He had also been concerned to raise the money to pay off the 1952 campaign '* Stevenson to Fischer, November 30, 1955, in Walter Johnson, ed., 'The Papers of Adlai E. Stevenson, Vol VI: "Toward debt, and this his speeches at fund-raisers a New Amenca," 1955-1957 (Boston, 1976), (PAES'VT), 11. had done. " Canfield to Stevenson, October 1, 1955; Blair to Can- field, October 6, 1955, in folder marked " What I 'Think," in Stevenson went on to defend the vital the Stevenson Papes. •'" Canfield to Stevenson, October 31, 1955; reverse, November 2, 1955, in folder marked "What 1 Think," ibid. "" Hagen to Blair, October 18, 1955, in folder marked '•-' Stevenson to Wyatt, March 20, 1956, PAES VI, 89. " What I Think," ibid. '•* Stevenson, What I Think (New York, 1956), ix.

183 WHi(N48)148

Yousuf Karsh, the famous photographer, photographed by fohn Newhouse on the Stale Historical Society's first floor in the early 1950's. Erom the Nervhouse Collection.

role of criticism for the party out of power to the cognoscenti—that although he as the only means to bring about reform might seem to be pandering to political democratically. In case his admirers necessity, his heart remained in the right thought he had abandoned his principles, place. however, Stevenson concluded: "If what Unfortunately, not everyone was receiv­ I've said falls short of what I think, well, ing the message. At the same time he was '. . . a man's reach should exceed his grasp, mulling over what to say in the introduc­ or what's a heaven for?'"''' I twas like a wink tion, Stevenson lamented to his friend Agnes Myers, "I said somewhere that I was against erratic foreign policy, single inter­ Ilnd., ix, x, xi, xii-xv. est government and moral duplicity—and

184 SLAYBAUGH: ADLAI STEVENSON S WRITINGS

the reaction was that I was attacking the the Saturday Review.'^^ Writing for popular President's morals!"''' magazines presented a better opportunity Reviewers of the book assumed that his to do so. In Look magazine, Stevenson message came through, but they noted that found the ideal venue for reaching a mass Stevenson admirers might be in for a dis­ audience. Look, like its rival Life, sought to appointment, and that less-well-educated attract readers through a blend of striking readers, if any bothered to pick up the photographs and relatively brief articles on book, would probably conclude that they a wide array of topics, from global issues to were not part of the intended audience. As health to celebrity profiles, all hedged the Christian Science Monitor put it, the con­ about with advertisements for the cornu­ tents of Stevenson's new book tended to be copia of consumer goods pouring forth more political and less fluent than were the from American assembly lines. Look was in previous ones. Nevertheless, the Monitors its heyday in the 1950's, before television reviewer added, acutely, that Stevenson's made fatal inroads in its readership and latest book showed a man "never quite in advertising. It had begun to allocate a high tune with the thought ofthe common man proportion of its articles to such civic- but [instead] guided by a strong sense of minded topics as education, mentally history. "''* The New York Herald-Tribune retarded children, highway safety, and reviewer reinforced the Monitor's point by urban problems. By the mid-fifties, the noting that the author's intellect some­ magazine's circulation surpassed 4 mil­ times undermined his political leadership, lion.'-' Thus, for Stevenson, Look offered and pointed to the quotations from Brown­ the promise of a mass readership attuned ing and Burke and the references to Soc­ to reasonably serious treatment of impor­ rates and Goethe. He added that Stevenson tant issues. "is at his happiest before a college audi­ Stevenson's relationship with the maga­ ence."'' Gerald W.Johnson, seeking in the zine began when it paid him $50,000 to New Republic to explain the author's appar­ travel around the world during early 1953. ent decline in grace and fluency, noted This led to a series of articles on American that it was "because [Stevenson's] purpose foreign relations with nations in Asia, the was not to entertain but to inform the Middle East, and Europe, published in reader of the course his thought has been eight installments between May and Sep­ taking." This may have helped accommo­ tember. Stevenson's message continued to date Stevenson's better-educated admirers, be the same as that ofthe 1952 campaign— but it did not address the recurring prob­ namely, to have patience and fortitude in lem of his failure to reach ordinary voters. On the eve of his second run for the pres­ idency, the image Stevenson created in his books remained that of a man who would be more comfortable in a faculty seminar room than in a factory worker's kitchen. " Stevenson to Agnes Myers, October 27, 1955, PAES fV, 563. '^'' Christian Science Monitor, February 27, 19.56. " New York Herald-Tribune, February 26, 1956. ™ "The Reputation ofthe Government," Harper's, April, 1954; "Ideas and PoliUcs," New Refmblic, November 22, ARDBOUND books of 1954; "Great Unfinished Business," New Republic, May 14, H speeches were not a likely 1955; "Challenge ofthe Post-Geneva World," New Refmblic, means of reaching large numbers of ordi­ November 14, 1955; "A World .Safe for Diversity," Saturday nary voters anyway. Nor were the articles Reoiew, February, 28, 1953. ™ Frank Luther Mott, American Journalism: A History, Stevenson wrote for liberal-intellectual 1690-1960 (3rd cd.. New York, 1962), 683; Theodore Peter­ journals like Harper'.s, the New Republic, or son, Magazines in the Twentieth CMtury (Urbana, 1956), 318.

185 Adlai Stevenson getting ready for his around-the-world trip for the Look Magazine series of articles. Midway Airport, Chicago, February 26, 1953. APWirephoto.

fighting the good fight of containment— more-or-less, the desired tone. As pub­ but the medium made it more likely that lished in Look, the articles were largely ordinary voters would get it.™' made up of direct, personal observations Even before he had written the articles, about climate, geography, and people, Stevenson showed his appreciation for the especially the politicians, journalists, and need to keep them in a format that most readers would find congenial. He planned to present the pieces "" Martin, Stevenson and the World, 17. The series on the world trip appeared in the issues of May 19, June 2, 16, July in the form of letters to my sons, light 14, August 11, 25, and September 8, 22, 1953. Stevenson treatment, geography, what I saw, who wrote three other articles for/.oo/iduring this period: "Must I talked to, what 1 heard, etc., reserv­ We Have War?" November 16, 1954; "Memo to the Presi­ ing the more ponderous thought for dent: Let's Make the Two-Party System Work," September the second portion of a book to follow 20, 1955; and "Africa: the Giant Awakens," November 15, the letters.**' 1955. Aversion ofthe Windes and Robinson article that ran in 'The Quarterly Journal of Speech appeared at the same time in LookeLs "Stevenson Answers Twenty Questions," October The help of William Attwood, the Look 16, 1956. correspondent who had accompanied him "' Steven.son lo Lloyd K. Garrison, December 29, 1952, on the trip, enabled Stevenson to achieve. PAES rV, 239. The book was never written.

186 SLAYBAUGH: ADLAI STEVENSON S WRITINGS academics Stevenson had met. Clear met­ series with a story on Eisenhower's golf aphors abounded, as when Stevenson game, including suggestions on how to referred to the failure of agricultural South lower his score.**'* Korea to reunite with industrialized North Maps, photographs, and "sidebars" Korea as leaving the United States with "an added clarity and simplicity to the text of ally with a strong heart and a weak back."**^ Stevenson's Look articles, each of which From the opening lines ofthe first article included a large, simplified drawing of the (' 'As a boy, I collected stamps and dreamed particular region under discussion and its of far places and strange peoples") to the relationship to China, the Soviet Union, or concluding lines ofthe final one ("I don't both. Even by Look's standards as a picture recommend a working trip around the magazine, the articles included a plenitude world to anyone who likes to keep cool, of photographs. They showed Stevenson sleep in the mornings or take Sundays off. meeting with world leaders (including But I strongly recommend it to anyone who Jawaharlal Nehru of India, David Ben-Gur- thinks the world's problems are simple, or ion of Israel, and Josip Broz Tito of Yugo­ that we can solve them all"), Stevenson's slavia); they showed him with ordinary peo­ real voice came through. He did not talk ple (handing out candy bars to Korean down to his readers, but spoke directly to orphans, talking with a girl who had partic­ them in understandable language. If his ipated in the recent popular uprising in message was about the complexity of world East Berlin). While most of the photos were problems, as his last sentence made clear, serious, many showed Stevenson smiling. he also offered straighdbrward responses. Two were absurdly comical: in Bangkok a In the piece on Indochina, Stevenson grinning Stevenson shook hands with an briefly ticked off six actions to defeat com­ ancient bronze statue of a mythical bird/ munism (a clear statement of intentions by woman who grinned back at him; in India the French; the same by French-supported he smiled broadly at two sober performers Vietnamese leaders; an increased role for costumed as monkey gods.**'' During the Vietnamese in fighting the war; free elec­ 1952 campaign, Stevenson's verbal wit, tions; land reform; and greater acceptance while much beloved by his literate admir­ of the United States' role in determining ers, had been attacked by the Republicans Indochinese policy). Similarly, he con­ who played on its alleged incomprehensi­ cluded bis final article with six brief rec­ bility among ordinary American voters. ommendations to guide American foreign The value of the photos with the Siamese policy (for the U.S. to regain trust in itself statute and the Indian monkey gods was and its ideals; support a strong Germany; that they could appeal to both the high­ recognize the continuing threat posed by brow and the lowbrow voter without any China and Formosa as a bulwark against risk of verbal misunderstanding. her; .support the economic growth of the other major industrialized nations; win the Finally, the sidebars conveyed Steven­ war against communism in Indochina; and son's main points in brief, pithy fashion. recognize that the present challenge to Even those readers who only looked at the U.S. global interests is a moral as well as a photos and scanned the sidebars could material one). The magazine helped to come away with a positive impression of reinforce the image of Adlai Stevenson as Adlai Stevenson. The pictures showed an a man seriously engaged with world prob­ affable man who was actively engaged with lems by preceding the second article in the

"^ Ibid, May 19, 1953, p. 29; September 22, 1953, p. 46; June 2, 1953, p. 38. •Loo^, May 19, 1953, p. 29. « Ibid, September 22, 1953, p. 46; June 2, 1953, p. 38.

187 ^iMm 'M

Stevenson relaxing al the Barbados home of Ronald 'Tree on January 29, 1953. APWirephoto.

the people he met. The sidebars presented ated the journalistic equivalent of Maury forceful summaries of what he was learning Maverick's Texas electioneering cards. (and teaching) on his world tour: "Unlike Russia and China, India is attempting a rev­ olution by consent." "The Cold War began to turn our way a long time ago in ONE of Stevenson's other writ- Europe." "Incessant anti-communist talk N°:g for popular magazines means little to Asians who don't know how brutal communism is."'^'' To put it another »'• Ibid,]u\y 14, 1953, pp. 40-41; August 25, 1953, pp. 62- way, these sidebars in the Look series cre­ 63; September 8, 1953, p. 42.

188 Premier Shigem Yoshida greeting Stevenson in Tokyo on March 12, 1953, just before Ihefapanese Diet brought down his pro-United States government for "running counter to the tenets of democracy. "APWirephoto. surpassed the Look series as a vehicle for cated voters and, in effect, to drastically reaching ordinary voters. In it, Stevenson dilute his style. If Attwood, for Look, had managed to project his seriousness and kept his editing unobtrusive. Coronet passion for reason in a simple, direct way expected greater changes.**'* The magazine that combined text, summaries, and pic­ had staff writer Stanley Frankel, who was tures. Unfortunately, his other major effort also Newton Minow's brother-in-law, com­ to communicate with a mass audience pose a draft that would "make it a bit easier through a popular magazine. Coronet, surely failed. This was at least partly due to "'' Edward P. Doyle, cd.. As We Knew Adlai: 'The Stevenson pressure on him to talk down to les.s-edu- Story by 'Twenty-Two E^riends (New York, 1966), 159.

189 WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY SPRINCi, 1992 for the Governor in working up his own to life, which do not disturb or individualized version."**' frighten . . . which may be read at bed­ As an incentive for doing the article, time without causing the reader to Frankel tried to convince Stevenson of its stay up all night worrying about what he has read. We don't expose, vilify, likely "favorable influence on the Coronet or condemn. Even when we should. parcel ofthe electorate." The Reader's We just avoid that kind of subject.**^ Digest and other magazines would probably reprint such a piece and widen its impact. This group included many of the "stay- As an added inducement. Coronet promised at-homes" identified by Republican strate­ to publish the article with 18,000 newsstand gists in 1952: those voters who preferred a posters; 1,119,500 magazine bands; and bit of optimistic escapism to thinking about also an announcement on the front cover the great problems of the day.®" They were of the magazine itself. This would provide neither the thoughtful independents who publicity to every metropolitan area of the prided themselves above all on their will­ country except Boston, Baltimore, and Pas­ ingness to face facts, at whom Stevenson adena. Finally, Frankel held out the possi­ usually aimed, nor the traditional Demo­ bility of radio and television advertising.**** crats whom Schlesinger and Maverick Coronet readers included a group of vot­ believed could be kept voting for the party ers crucial for Stevenson to reach if he was with direct, simplified, partisan appeals. to broaden his political base beyond the Frankel conceded that the governor readers of Harper's and the New Republic could write the article as he pleased, but and seriously bid for the presidency. As that he (Frankel) had taken the liberty of Frankel explained: making "some concessions to our audi­ ence" in his proposed draft. The circulation is 3,000,000. The readership is somewhere between 10 It may read a bit more simply than his and 12 million. 55% ofthe readers are speeches, or his articles in higher women, 45% men. We have a middle brow publications. The vocabulary is income, moderately well-educated, more limited. The sentence structure family audience. There's always some­ is less involved. The rhythms are more thing in Coronet for the wife, some­ those of a mass magazine piece than thing for the husband, and something a public address. for the teen-age children. ... It could be developed further, although we find articles of too great He went on to explain how the magazine length start losing readers on the set out to appeal to its readers: third and fourth pages. We'd rather Our overall editorial plan is quiet, have the reader wanting more, than relaxed, inspirational, perhaps innoc­ less.9* uous. We believe that a reader can Stevenson compromised by taking a find all of the blood and thunder, re'vised draft of the article by Frankel and fright and worry, in his daily newspa­ per, in other magazines, on radio and giving it some of his own touches.®^ TV. Our niche is a consistent flow of subjects and treatment which say 'yes'

"'' Frankel to Minow, March 16, 1955, ibid. '"' Dailey, "The Eisenhower-Nixon Campaign Organiza­ tion of 1952," pp. 171-181; "The Story of'DocumentX'," *" Frankel to Minow, July 7, 1955, in folder marked "Var­ pp. 1-2; "Notes after a forenoon strategy meedng," in the ious Titles," Box 417, in the Stevenson Papers. Humphreys Papers. "" Frankel to Minow, March 16, 1955; Coronrt promotional "' Ibid outline for December, 1955, in folder marked "Various '''' Frankel to Minow, July 7, 1955, in the Stevenson Tides," Box 417, ibid Papers.

190 'WIli(X.S)4687.>)

Robert B. Textor giving a copy of his book. Failure in Japan: An Inquiry into Mac- Arthur's Conduct of the Occupation, to Telsu Katayma. from the Americans for Democratic Action Collection.

The published article, "If I Were 21," Eisenhower's spell, let alone any ofthe cru­ has Stevenson's earnest, public-spirited sading rhetoric that had brought usually tone, with some of his own memories of apathetic voters to the polls in 1952 to being a young man. Although it appeared sweep the Republicans to victory. Although on newsstands at about the time he praising youthful rebelliousness up to a announced his second run for president, point and upholding the need for "change the article treated politics only in a general and progress," Stevenson blunted any way. Stevenson encouraged voting and a potential crusade by cautioning the young questioning, open-mindedness about to "go slow" and to ".suspend . . . final issues. Any criticism of Eisenhower was judgment." A few years later, John F. Ken­ indirect, as in the deprecation of "a July nedy would win the presidency, in part, 4th political orator who throws back at a through his vigorous appeals to "a new noise-deaf crowd the platitudes it wants to generation." Stevenson hoped to win their hear." The article, reflecting Coronet's votes himself, but he lacked the desire or timid editorial policy and probably Stev­ the means to stir them up. The overall tone enson's own predilections, contained noth­ of his article is one of a well-bred, middle- ing specific enough to rally the partisan­ aged man dispensing gentle, avuncular ship of Democrats who had fallen under advice. Stevenson conveyed no sense of

191 M-f

MfHf (it(\Mli(X:l)24:!L> l Dwight David Eisenhower being sworn in as President of the United States, fanuary 20, 1953. himself as leader of an inspired movement; A distinguished American advises a instead, he joked about his lack of exercise new generation that it is not the years and its possible connection to deficient in your life but the life in your years mental processes.'"'^ that counts.-" To augment the article. Coronet used no illustrations and only one sidebar, features that had helped make the Look series so much more appealing-looking and acces­ 'N his books, Stevenson (and his sible to ordinary readers. Most Coronet arti­ I friends and editors) assembled cles, in fact, were already so simplified and his speeches and writings in a manner cal­ innocuous that such embellishments culated to please well-educated independ­ would have seemed redundant The single ents. As the reviews appearing in some of sidebar for Stevenson's piece, printed their favorite publications indicated, such opposite the title, only reinforced the sense readers endorsed his attempts to think of vacuity: deeply and write fluently on a broad spec­ trum of public issues, both foreign and domestic. Among other policies, Stevenson

'» "If I Were 21," Coronet, December, 1955, pp. 74-78. Ibid, 75.

192 SLAYBAUGH: ADLAI STEVENSON S WRITINGS

advocated a strong Western alliance to lost to Eisenhower by a greater margin than oppose world communism by both arms he had in 1952, by 457 electoral votes to 74 and economic means; and a reasoned, (and a margin of 58 per cent to 42 per cent compassionate approach to welfare, civil in the popular vote) .^^ rights, health, education, and other domes­ In a harsh critique written in 1954, the tic affairs. His admirers clearly appreciated literary critic and social democrat Irving his droll witticisms, his worldly acknowledg- Howe had argued that for all their preten­ ment of the complexities of men and sions to rationality and democracy, Stev­ events, his allusions to historical and liter­ enson's supporters were drawn to the Illi­ ary figures, and the general air of learning nois governor because of his patrician style, and gentility which permeated Stevenson's which could be summed up as a world- speeches and writings. His admirers—one weary ambivalence regarding power—a is tempted to say his "fans"—scarcely mirror-image of their o-wn position. The encouraged him to behave like a "good proof of this, for Howe, was the grudging politician" who, of necessity, must reach support such people accorded Harry Tru­ out (or down) to that majority of voters man, who was more genuinely liberal on who are not as a rule drawn into intellec­ the issues but whose style seemed unbear­ tual discourse; and few if any ever sug­ ably gauche next to Stevenson's.®'* gested that their hero should reduce his This preference for world-weary ambiv­ ideas to television "spots" or what would, alence could be reflected in indecisiveness. a few years later, be known as "sound At least that is how young Robert F. Ken­ bites." nedy saw it, sitting in on a strategy session Of all his writing between presidential with Adlai Stevenson and several of his bids, only the Look articles were packaged political advisors during the 1956 cam­ in a form that projected Stevenson's per­ paign. Kennedy came away disillusioned sonality and thinking relatively undiluted, with his former political hero after an but did so in a way that was quite accessible entire day had been wasted on meandering to ordinary people. His other writing discussions of subjects like the guest list for helped keep his name before the public, an upcoming television appearance, tech­ but either it was designed only for a small, nical details of the H-bomb that none of if influential, portion of the electorate (as the non-scientists present seemed to know in the case of his books and his article for much about, and whether to attack Vice- liberal-intellectual magazines) or else it President Richard Nixon. Kennedy later expressed such bland, conventional opin­ wrote: "These matters were discussed ions that it would have done little to stir rather pleadingly, and ... no decisions voters to action (as in the case of his article were made. Stevenson was just not a man for Coronet). The Look series might have of action at all."®' served as a model for introducing a new, more audacious, more down-to-earth pres­ idential candidate for 1956. Instead, Ste­ venson largely acquiesced in abandoning his high-minded tone, not in favor of a shrewd blend of personality, issues, and s-"" Mardn, Stevenson and the World, 232-235, 391-392; packaging as in the Look series, but rather Davis, Politics of Honor, 336-338; Charles C. Alexander, Hold­ ing the Line: The Eisenhower Era, 1952-1961 (Bloomington, for the manner of a conventional, partisan 1976), 170; John Patrick Diggins, The Proud Decades: America candidate. As a re.sult, he alienated many in War and Peace, 1941-1960 (New York, 1988), 306-307. of his well-placed and well-educated sup­ * Irving Howe, "Stevenson and the Intellectuals," in Dis­ porters without winning over many new sent {Winter, 1954), 12-21. '^' Quoted in Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., Robert Kennedy rank-and-file Democrats. In the end, he and His Times (New York, 1978), 146.

193 WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY SPRING, 1992

If Howe and Kennedy were correct, then then, discovering that he was after all it is little wonder thatjohn Bartlow Martin, only human, blamed him for having who worked in both Stevenson presidential limited power, for being himself.®** bids, noted the disillusionment of many of Adlai Stevenson may have understood all his candidate's admirers with the 1956 along the perils of trying too hard to please campaign: his intellectual admirers if he seriously [Compared to 1952] the novelty was, wanted to become President of the United simply, gone; he was known. And his States. But, as his published writings idolators expected too much. He between presidential campaigns show, he once said that he enjoyed approval could never quite break the smothering but disliked adulation because he embrace that bound him to them. knew that it would be followed by dis­ illusionment. His idolators, he com­ plained, expected miracles of him. '* Martin, Steoenson and the World, 359.

WHi(X.S)4687,^

Milwaukee, November 11,1956. Photo by Foster C. Slanfield.

194 "Set Free to Study": A Student's Experimental College Diary, 1927-1930

Edited by Ellen Paullin

N 1927 the University ofWiscon­ cluded that he was mostly surface, in 1925 I sin had a new president—Glenn he seemed to nearly everyone to be pre­ Frank, former editor of Century Magazine— cisely the man to lead the University ofWis­ and a new educational venture: the Exper­ consin out of the doldrums. Glenn Frank imental College founded, at Frank's invi­ was the candidate of a coterie of "progres­ tation, by Alexander Meiklejohn, former sives" on the university's Board of Regents, president of Amherst College. All three— led by the novelist and playwright Zona Frank, Meiklejohn, and the so-called Ex Gale. She and several other earnest and College—made headlines, heralded articulate trustees promoted him as the changes, broke new ground, provoked con­ man who would restore the school's former troversy, and soon passed from the scene. glory as a first-rate research institution, as But like comets, they briefly lit up the sky a place of social and educational experi­ over Madison. mentation and of the Wisconsin Idea.' Of the three, Glenn Frank is today per­ After he was appointed president in haps the best known, though as much for 1925, Glenn Frank approached Alexander the manner of his leaving the university as Meiklejohn and proposed to him that he for the traits and ideas that brought him there. (He became an enemy of Governor Philip La Follette, who packed the Board ' The essentials about Glenn Frank, Alexander Meikle­ of Regents and arranged his firing in john, and the Experimental College may be found in a 1937.) Frank was something of a celebrity book and two articles which were used freely for this brief in his day. Although he lacked all academic introduction: Lawrence H. Larsen, 'The President Wore Spats: credentials .save for his bachelor's degree A Biography of Glenn Frank (Madison, 196.5); Steven D. Zink, "Glenn Frank of the University ofWisconsin: A Reinter- from Northwestern University, he had prctation," in the Wisconsin Magazine of History, 62:91—127 served a business apprenticeship at the (Autumn, 1978); and Cynthia Stokes Brown, "The Experi­ right hand of the Boston millionaire-phi­ mental College Revisited," also in the Wisconsin Magazine of lanthropist Edward Filene, and as editor of History, 66:91-105 (Winter, 1982-1983). Details about peo­ ple and places mentioned in Ted Paullin's diary were the Century he had earned a national rep­ located in Madison city directories. University ofWisconsin utation through his literary skills and his newspapers and yearbooks, and in the University of Wis­ eloquence on the platform. He was under consin Archives, which holds records of students and ofthe forty; he was handsome and urbane, even Experimental College. The editor would like to thank uni­ versity archivistj. Frank Cook and his staff for their courtesy magnetic; and if some people later con­ and assistance in helping to annotate the diary.

Copyrigfit © / 992 tfy 'I'tie State Histoncat Society of Wisconsin 195 Att rights of reproduction in any form reserved. Alexander Meiklejohn and GlennFrank (front row center in hats, left and right respectively) during the halcyon days of the Experimental College at the University ofWisconsin. From the Meuer Album, volume 14, University of Wisconsin Archives. revitalize the university's understaffed and already proven himself an innovator at overcrowded liberal arts program (the Col­ Amherst. (Indeed he was so innovative that lege of Letters and Science) by creating a in 1923 a nervous board of trustees had radical new college within the university. forced him to resign his post.) Frank wanted to improve the quality of For Meiklejohn, who was then scraping instruction for undergraduates at Wiscon­ by on what he could earn through writing sin, and he believed that Meiklejohn pos­ and lecturing, Frank's proposal was like a sessed the vision to create a new environ­ dream come true. As director of this ment for learning. He was a philosopher "experimental college," he would estab­ but also an activist, a man of ideas with a lish the curriculum, recruit the faculty and fierce commitment to democratic ideals. students, in effect write his own ticket. He ("I don't believe some people are unfit for accepted a professorship at Wisconsin for college education. College education 1926-1927 and quickly went to work on should be so contrived that it is fit for every­ plans for the Experimental College. As he body.") Meiklejohn had thought and writ­ envisioned it, a small number of male stu­ ten much about the need for academic dents (there being no provisions then for reform in America—Frank had come to co-educational rooming) would live know him through an article published in together in separate quarters with their the Century early in 1925—and he had dedicated teachers, eschewing the stan-

196 PAULLIN: EXPERIMENTAL COLLEGE DIARY

dard university curriculum and making they included more out-of-staters than the their individual and collective ways towards rest of the freshman class. Of the original self-awareness and social responsibility. (As 119 students, only forty-four (or 37 per it turned out, the professors worked quite cent) were from Wisconsin, including Alex­ as hard as their students.) ander Meiklejohn's son. Overall, Wiscon­ Instead of taking specific courses or stud­ sin residents comprised 74 per cent of the ying different periods of history, freshmen university's enrollment. would immerse themselves in fifth-century Among the forty-four entering Ex Col­ Athens throughout their freshman year lege freshmen from Wisconsin was Theo­ and in nineteenth-century America in their dore Paullin of 101 South Chestnut Street, sophomore year. For two full years they Green Bay. Like most of his classmates, he would gorge on the Greek and Latin clas­ had compiled a fine record in high school. sics as well as works by modern thinkers: (At Green Bay West he had earned A's in Henry Adams, Louis Brandeis, R. H. Taw- every subject except Caesar and Cicero— ney, the Lynds. Guided and stimulated by courses which in all likelihood are no their advisers both in and out of class, they longer taught in Wisconsin's public would think, talk, and write at length about schools.) He was bookish without being the interconnections among history, liter­ monkish, and to a greater degree than ature, economics, art, and society—ancient many persons at seventeen, he was intro­ one year and modern the next. Learning spective and self-reliant. He had known was to be the main thing; grades would some tough times growing up. When he matter less than in the College of Letters was seven his father, a Baptist minister in and Science. Most importantly, the Ex Col­ Green Bay, abandoned his family for a lege students would engage daily in the nunse he had met while serving with the intellectual combat of the seminar rather YMCA in France during World War I. His than simply plodding through textbooks or mother, Grace Boyden Paullin, had grown attending lectures. The aim was to immerse up in a small Wisconsin farming commu­ students for two years in an intensive, truly nity. She had only an elementary-school liberal education before passing them education, but she had taught school for a along to the regular university curriculum few years after graduating from eighth for their final two years. grade. (Teaching certificates were not required in rural schools.) In 1917 she therefore resumed teaching in a rural school to help support herself and young Ted. After several years of summer course- 'N the fall of 1927, the first Ex work, she earned her teaching certificate College class assembled in Mad­ I and taught in elementary schools in Green ison, 119 strong, to embark upon Meikle- Bay the rest of her life. Her credo was hard john's voyage of discovery. They were work and thrift. In 1927 she was earning aware of their special status as "guinea just $300 a month; of this, half went to Ted pigs" (as they were soon known), but they so that he could attend the University of were not, as was often assumed, a specially Wisconsin full-time without having to hold recruited elite. Some had responded to a job as well. He supplemented this by newspaper stories about the innovative working summers at a soda fountain in a course of study; others had been directed Door County resort where his mother was to Wisconsin by high school advisers and employed as a housekeeper. teachers. To be sure, they were bright and highly motivated. Their Scholastic Apti­ Just before leaving for Madison in the tude Test scores were thirty points higher summer of 1927, Ted Paullin bought a than those of the average freshman, and blank book of lined paper and began what

197 WHi(X3)47005

Ted's mother, Grace Boyden Paullin, Green Bay, 1925. Family photos courtesy the author. he intended to be a frank, intensely per­ about some of the larger issues of the day. sonal record of his education and matura­ In his heart he knew that he was no more tion. What follows is most of what he than a fairly smart seventeen-year-old kid recorded in his diary during his two years from a smallish city who had a lot to in the Ex College, and in the succeeding learn—from his professors, from his class­ year. A few obscure or redundant refer­ mates, from life in general. Impressionistic ences to family matters have been excised; as it is, his diary conveys a vi-vid sense of these are indicated by ellipses. It is really what it was like to be a freshman at the Big little more than a fragment, since, like U, with all its delights and temptations and many diarists before and since, he was soon possibilities, and especially what it meant to forgetting to make daily entries, next apol­ be part of that very first batch of guinea ogizing, then resolving to do better, and pigs in Dr. Meiklejohn's Experimental Col­ finally putting it aside for months at a time. lege. It is possible to discern in the diary of Nothing he recorded was particularly start­ this Wisconsin boy the outlines of the man ling or profound, and sometimes he who was to leave Madison eight years later slipped into the idiom ofthe young and the with a doctoral degree in history. What pompous. Still, he did not lack a sense of happened to Ted Paullin later still is humor or a capacity for self-deprecation. recounted in the brief epilogue following He was thoughtful and observant; he the text of his Ex College diary. clearly cared about his fellow man and —E. P.

198 PAULLIN: EXPERIMENTAL COLLEGE DIARY

Eriday, September 9, 1927 was here that my education, so successfully begun in Madison Street School in Milwau­ At last, in the final purchase of this book, kee, was to be carried on for the first time I feel that I shall be able to satisfy a long­ within the limits of a country school. The standing desire, a desire to keep a meager experience, I believe, was valuable, record of some of my aims, achievements, although the schooling may not have been defeats, victories, joys, sorrows, hopes, dis­ as efficient as that experienced before and appointments—a desire to place down my since. During the next year, during which ideals and aspirations in some permanent I was in the sixth grade, I went for a short form, so that in days to come, if I advance time during the winter to McCartney as I have hopes of advancing, I shall be able school in the city. It was this splendid to look back fondly to the happy days which school in which I was destined to spend the I believe are about to open before me. In next two years and from which I was to pass this book I desire also to have a confidant, into West Green Bay High School. It was a friend to whom I may bring my secrets, here that I made my first real contacts with and by the mere telling, lighten my hours my teachers, and, therefore, since educa­ of depressions and magnify my hours of tion is largely a matter of contact between joy. It is to this end that I shall, on the instructor and pupil, I feel that at this time threshold of a college career, begin to keep my real education began. this diary. Then began a new phase—high school. As an introduction I shall sum up some My career began slowly but gathering of my former achievements and record a speed like a falling body it ended in a blaze few past happenings. of what might be considered glory. My I was born in Denver, Colorado, on June scholastic record was always good and I felt 18, 1910. My father was a Baptist minister amply repaid when I received a letter from sprung from an Eastern stock. My mother Malcolm Sharp, who is caring for enroll­ had come from Green Bay, the town in ment in the Experimental College, in which she and I now make our home. which he said "On the basis of your pre­ At the age of one, I was taken on a tour paratory school record, I can assure you, ofthe East. How often I have regretted that . . . etc." It is from the recognized achieve­ I was not older at the time so that I might ment that one gets the greatest enjoyment. have appreciated what was being done for And now that is also over and I stand on me, but it seems that no one appreciates the threshold of a new undertaking, the what others do for him half as much as he procuring of a college education. What this appreciates what he has done for himself. adventure holds in store I do not know. I From then until I was five years of age I am to enter the Experimental College at lived in the little town of Pontiac, Illinois, the University ofWisconsin. It is indeed a where my father was again engaged with satisfaction to know that one is to be a the duties of a minister. In 1915 we moved member of a group of 120 who are to per­ to Milwaukee where I was to spend the next haps help to inaugurate a system of edu­ five years of my life. It was during this cation which may be adapted through [out] period that the war came, and with it the the country or throughout the world. The leaving of my father. The whole responsi­ preparations have all been made and 1 shall bility was thus shifted to the shoulders of leave next Thursday. my mother, who has borne it capably and Part of the necessary money I have bravely ever since. . . . earned during the past summer by working In the spring of 1920, now over seven in a soda fountain at Ephraim, Wisconsin. years ago, my mother and I moved to my Here I had the experience of working with grandmother's home near Green Bay. It the most unreasonable and disagreeable

199 Wlli(XS) 47003

Ted Paullin in Ephraim, summer, 1930.

person against whom it has ever been my since last spring. At first I was shocked, fortune to run. However, the owner was rather hurt, and extremely humiliated. I well satisfied with my work and despite Mrs. didn't want it to be so, and yet I know that Golden, my immediate superior (in her things have worked out for the best. As I own conception), I have been offered the walked home I felt a certain freedom which place for another year. I have not felt since I first started to go with And now today I have received a jolt, her. I could have shouted for joy; yet I was severe in a way, yet welcome in another, sorry. I knew that Betty Wright, whom I had and all con.sidered probably beneficial. The admired and liked for an extremely long first girl with whom I ever have gone at all time, had "given me the mitten." And yet became angry because I did not call her up I didn't care. In a hard-hearted way, my on my return from a trip to Wausau and only regret was that 1 had not gone with did not see her until today. At supper time Russell Swanson to the show earlier in the I received a call to her house and was given evening. And now the first pangs have all back the ring which she has been wearing worn off. I have gone about my usual busi-

200 PAULLIN: EXPERIMENTAL COLLEGE DIARY ness in the usual way and shall continue to Evening Post]. Since nothing presented do so. However, these events may mean a itself after lunch, I decided to go to severance of ties between me and my old another show. On my way I was lucky friends. Bob and Junior Wright [Betty's enough to meet Gene McCole. We had brothers], Richard Barclay, and Garth Ray- quite a long talk—standing on the street ome, who at the present time are headed corner. It certainly seemed good to see an for "points west" in an antiquated and old classmate and it reminded me that the rigged-up old Dodge touring car on some loss of the day before might, after all, be sort of a fool trip. I hope not, but if they atoned for, since there are a few other girls do [make the trip], perhaps it will be the around this little world of ours, many of best thing that can happen to me for I fear whom will willingly become a fellow's com­ that with them I had almost reached a stag­ panion without thinking that they have a nation point. At any rate, they are gone, permanent lease on him. and I shall not see them for some time. After my little talk, and after drinking a All my friends who are left are going to malted milk, I proceeded to the movies school. . . . My old friendships must, for a alone but in high spirits. I certainly enjoyed time, be discarded and I must strike bravely the picture. It was The Poor Nut, featuring out in strange waters, waters in which I Jack Mulhall—a story of an impossible col­ hope to find others swimming like myself, lege fellow who was forced to make good a fellows that are as fine and pure as any that bluff, and did. It was uproariously funny. I have ever known before, fellows with After the show I returned home to wait whom I may form friendships which will for Uncle Allan to come. I read the Post build us together in a friendship un­ until he did and then had to watch Charles touched by pettyjealousies, a pure and holy while he did some shopping. friendship of men. And may my one and We finally were on our way. After arriving only experience with girls teach me to be a it was necessary to while away the hours bit more careful lest, as this one did, they until an early bed time. I did so by playing take things a bit too seriously. with the kids. So much for an introduction. From now This morning, as usual when there are on may this book be merely a humble rec­ children around, I was awakened quite ord of a college student's life, the life of a early. I determined to spend a lazy day and boy trying to enter the place of a man. Will settled myself to read. Upon emerging he succeed without slipping? Only the from a trip into the house, however, I was future can tell. agreeably surprised to find Mildred, Marie, and Uncle Herman there. In vain I attempted to beat Mildred at a game of Sunday, September 11, 1927 horseshoe. I was beaten twice and decided that it was time to quit. Because of the fact that I went to Grand­ In a little while the Holzes drove up and ma's yesterday and forgot to take my diary added themselves to our little party. Frank with me, I was unable to write in it yester­ Chase was with them. Bill is bubbling over day. with football enthusiasm and is sure that After arising and attending to my usual Marinette will have a championship team. duties I walked across the river to get my He says their new coach is even better than trousers which were being cleaned. Upon Tom Johnson. Henrietta is all ready to go my return I helped to wrestle furniture and to Lawrence [in Appleton]. She has then settled down to read the last two arranged to room with a fine senior girl installments of "The Mad Masquerade" by and I believe is quite lucky. However she Kenyon Gambler, in the S.E.P. [Saturday says that she would rather go to Madison.

201 WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY SPRING, 1992

In the afternoon, after the usual amount room made me long for the one that will of coaxing we took the Ford and came to be mine at Madison, but the sight of the the football game. It was the first Packer dinky little campus made me glad that I am game of the season. They played Milwau­ going to something a great deal bigger and kee and, although the day was pretty warm, a great deal better, I hope. Things in the the game was quite snappy. The Packers dorms are much nicer at Madison because won quite easily, 34-0. Their team looks bet­ everything is furnished; at Lawrence one ter than ever with the addition of Red must furnish his own bed covering, lamp, Dunn and Lawie [LaVern] Dilweg. This curtains and just about everything else. will probably be the only chance that I shall After a morning spent in reading, the lit­ have to see them in action but I shall be tle trip certainly was welcome. It was quite boosting for them to win. I have already bet hot but no one seemed to fall under it. On Frank Chase 25 that they beat Red the way home it was cooler. We stopped at Grange's [New York] Yankees on October Hall's and had a soda and came on up. 23. That will probably be the last time for a I returned to Grandma's only to be long while that I shall go there. There are hauled back. This evening mother and I only two days left. went to church and heard [the Rev. Edwin] I was glad this morning when Francis Simpson talk on British labor. His talk was Euclide called me and said that he was based on material gathered during his trip going down to Madison. He will enter the abroad. It was very interesting and well College of Engineering and will stay out­ worth while.^ side, but the realization that one has a real Afterwards I talked with him and with friend in town is comforting. He is lea'vdng Miss Leavit [a high school teacher]. They tomorrow so we will not have the pleasure both think that the boys were foolish to of going down together. I hope that I shall take their trip. So do I even yet. So much be able to see him sometime. for now. I bought a bar of tar soap this morning and began giving my scalp treatments. I also used some on my knees and elbows Monday, September 12, 1927 and hope that it will do some good [for mild psoriasis]. After reading Grandma's Today brings college one day closer and doctor book, I feel certain that the condi­ has made it seem closer and made me want tion is not serious but neither does it look it more than I have for a long time. This extremely nice. was because I went down to Appleton to I am still reading "Lost Ecstacy" by Mary help Russell Swanson with his things. He Roberts Rinehart, in the Post. It is an now has everything in his room settled and engrossing though perhaps not very uplift­ will go down tomorrow for good. Seeing his ing story and I hope I can finish it before I leave. Tonight Russell and I went to see Harry ^ The Rev. Edwin Simpson was minister of the First Bap­ Langdon in Three's a Crowd. His cunning tist Church at 120 North Chestnut in Green Bay. He was little baby face almost makes one cry—by much admired by Ted Paullin as a progressive thinker. As first taking a course of violent laughter. will be seen in a later entry. Rev. Simpson was considered "controversial" by some members of his congregation. When it comes to the perfect fool he has However, the published history of the church makes no them all beaten. Some ofthe people in the mention of any controversy and declares that he was par­ theater actually sang the illustrated songs, ticularly effective in raising money for overseas missions and Russ and I among them. Might as well try was "highly esteemed by all. . . ." See J. H. Taylor, One Hun­ dred Years of the Eirst Baptist Church, Green Bay, Wisconsin, to be collegiate (bar! bar! Rich and very 1859-1959 (Green Bay, c. 19.59). deep laughter on the part of all).

202 PAULLIN: EXPERIMENTAL COLLEGE DIARY

After the show I said goodbye to him for and read some poetry. As usual, however, the last time. It looks as if just about every­ my feet turned showward, this time to see one is gone and I am holding the fort Norma Shearer in After Midnight. The pic­ nearly alone, but it won't be long before I ture was good, filled with pathos and too hit the trail and leave familiar places human feeling. I liked the powerful end­ behind me. I'll be pretty busy tomorrow ing—sad yet hopeful. This makes the getting ready, so now to bed. fourth picture I have seen since Thursday. After the show I went to the Y for a little Tuesday, September 13, 1927 rest. Finley Peacock was there playing the piano. I wish that I could hammer the keys And still I have nothing done. Today has as he does. passed like the rest—a thousand and one Mother wasn't home tonight so I ate my things to do and yet time hanging heavy on supper here and there on the installment my hands. Tomorrow I shall be in a last plan. I tried out Cliffs Place* for a sandwich minute rush and have to do everything at but it was so full of flies that I don't believe once. I shall return. I must say that the loafer has the worst I started out for a walk about 6:30 and possible kind of a life. I hate even the few ran into Lenore Gaffney and Fudge Wolfe days that I have with nothing to do and I coming home from the show. I turned am more anxious than ever to get to Mad­ around and walked with them. I talked to ison and have something to do. Lenore for about an hour about everything This morning I got dressed and then in general. It certainly seemed good to feel pressed a pair of pants. After picking up a that I was welcome to talk to her. It made little I went down to the depot to see about me feel less like an outcast from the old trains. There are two, one at 7:00 and one gang than Betty's action last Friday did. I at 3:10. Both make good connections but must say that Lenore is "all there." the morning train is the best because it will She wanted to go to a party so I went over get in at a decent hour. . . . to the Y. I looked at a couple of magazines On the way to the depot I met Ernie Hut- and talked to Mr. Nue, Mr. Harker, and ton. Every old friend looks good after being Ray Robinson. Mr. Nue feels the same as away so long. I suppose that now old everyone else that I have talked to about friends will change to fond memories. the boys' trip. He is "surprised and disap­ And more mail from Madison. It seems pointed" in Bob. So am I. that everyone from the bootblack to the And so ends another of my days of wait­ president is interested in helping the fresh­ ing. man—most of them to fatten their own pocketbooks. This time it was a YMCA booklet and a letter from the Co-op."^ The Wednesday, September 14, 1927 latter is a slick business organization all right: I think I'll steer clear. Today has been a quiet and uneventful Around noon I read some more of "Lost day. Since I decided to take a trunk, I had Ecstacy," but tiring of that I walked across to go to Grandma's and get it. This trip also the river. I finally ended up in the library gave me an opportunity to .say good-bye. Uncle Allan brought me and the trunk in about 2:30. ' The Young Womens Christian AssociaUon was at 207 W. Washington; the University Co-op, owned and run by stu­ dents, was at 702-706 State Street on the lower campus. Paulhn later changed his mind about "steering clear" of ^ No such place was listed in the Madison city directories the Co-op. for the period 192.5-1930.

203 WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY SPRING, 1992

As soon as I got back, I ran all over town The payment of fees, however, took inquiring about transportation. The St. longer. I had to wait until after dinner and Paul has a train leaving at 1:15 A.M. It goes then stand in line for some time before I by way of Milwaukee and arrives in Madison was able to go. at about 9:30. This is the best thing so far After the fees were paid, I had to come and I believe that 1 shall take it Friday out here again after an assignment and morning. The fare is $5.36. then back to the gym. I elected to take mil­ After I returned home I finished "Lost itary science in the field artillery division. I Ecstacy." It was a good story as modern sto­ had to pay an additional five dollars for ries go. . . . this. I met a fellow who is here at the Exp. College too and we went together for Eriday, September 16, 1927 almost the whole afternoon. We finished at about three-thirty and I came up here, Yesterday was rather unimportant and unpacked my trunk, and then lay down for since I wanted to get some rest I didn't an hour. I got up and walked along the lake write here last night. All I did all day was to shore, watched the bathers, and then went get ready to go and buy my ticket. I did see for a tramp way down to the capitol. Janice MacGregor, but beyond that the day I went to the Irving tea room for dinner.'' was uneventful. The refectory out here won't be open until But today—that's different. The day Wednesday. started about midnight. I took the 1:15A.M. After supper I bought some paper and train and, after sleeping most of the way, envelopes and wrote Mother a letter. I arrived in Milwaukee at about 5:20. I walked to the Y after a stamp. . . . I'm just roamed the streets there for about two about dead from climbing hills so 1 guess hours. I had expected them to be familiar, I'll take a shower and turn in. but they were strange. Everything except a couple of show houses looked different. I don't know whether it was the town or me Saturday, September 17, 1927 that [had] changed, but at any rate I didn't get a great kick out of it. The store windows Today has been most profitable to me. 1 looked commonplace and the goods unat­ have to meet the fellows with whom I shall tractive enough, but all this may have been be associated here. One of them rooms because I was tired and prone to find fault. next to me [in Adams Hall on the lake- I ate breakfast there and then took the 7:15 shore] . He seems to be an extremely nice for Madison. fellow and he is very studiously inclined. I When I got there I arranged to have my met him at noon, walked up to the campus trunk sent out, and then immediately pro­ with him, and then met him again about ceeded to get lost. However, with the help .supper time. We went and ate together at of the map from Brown's I was able to find Lathrop.' Upon leaving there we walked my way." I reached the dormitory feeling as into a blind alley and picked up another though I had been pulled through a bailer. E.G. student who had followed us in. I was shown to my room and, after washing, Mosely is the first fellow's name and Denn, I went to register. It was a whole lot easier than I had expected it to be. I was through with the actual registering in no time. '' Actually the lr\ing Cafeteria at 417 Sterling Place, in the Irving Apartments. ' Lathrop Hall, a university dormitory at 1016 University •'•' Brown's Book Store at 621-623 State Street. Ave n lie.

204 'WHi(D487)2111

The newly constructed dormitories near Lake Mendota on the western edge ofthe University ofWisconsin campus in 1926. Adams Hall, which housed the Experimental College students, is on the left, nearest the lake. From the Diemer Collection. the other's.** "Mose" had some books up Because I had nothing else to do I went here, one on drama and the other on The to see The Big Parade at the Strand [at 16 E. Greek View of Life. We three went into his Mifflin]. The picture was good but without room and read from the latter until just the special music it was not the impressive now. We had some real discussion concern­ spectacle it must originally have heen. It ing it. I believe that this is the type of thing cost me fifty cents and I don't suppose that which we will find in the Experimental Col­ I should have done it. However the picture lege and the taste makes me long for more. was good and it gave me a chance to see The three of us and another fellow are the theater. It is a large and very nice one, going to the Episcopalian church in the well finished and with a very good organ. morning. After I returned I went in for a dip with Besides these two I met and had ice "Mose." The water was warm and I'll be cream with a fellow named Frisch. He's going in again. here too and he showed me where to get And so closes an enjoyable and profita­ ice cream at the U. Dairy for 20^ a pint. I'll ble day. have to make use of that. . . .

Sunday, September 18, 1927 " Baron Mosely of Racine and David Bcnn of Richmond, Indiana. This has been the first real Sunday that

205 WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY SPRING, 1992

I have seen since last spring. I have We went to breakfast together and then attended church twice and have otherwise walked out to the [Henry Vilas] Zoo and followed those pursuits common to an watched the animals. On the way, we also ideal Sunday. had a look at Camp Randall [the football After rising and taking a shower I went stadium]. We ate at a hot dog emporium down to Pete's for breakfast with Benn. We where the service was rotten and the hot returned to get Moseley and had perfectly dogs worse. good intentions of going with him to the In the morning we purchased frosh caps Episcopalian church. He, however, had evi­ for 750 with the idea that we were saving dently already gone and I haven't seen him money. However, upon examining this all day. We then set out for the Baptist year's model, I found several differences. church but eventually ended up in the However, I had no difficulty in having my Methodist. They were very friendly and money refunded so I bought another at the iu'vited us to their young people's service Co-op. This was the first time I had been this evening. We took them up and went inside and it impressed me very favorably. over for a light cost supper and the meet­ The store is large and attractive and seems ing afterward. The group was rather small to carry a very good line-up of goods. I and uninteresting and I believe that one almost believe that I shall eventually join it could find a much better one at one of the if I can scrape up $2.50. U. church houses. I certainly shall attempt Saw Moseley for a moment tonight but to at any rate. went to supper with Benn and two fellows During the afternoon I hung around the from here at Tarrant.® We walked around den getting acquainted with the fellows until about 8:30. and tonight I went over to "B" den with When I got back I got into a card game Benn. I really liked the fellows there better in the den and played until just now. Clas­ than those here. However, I am satisfied. ses start day after tomorrow and I am anx­ Before going to church this afternoon ious to see what things will be like. we looked over the capitol but were unable to get out on the dome. The whole thing is certainly beautiful and well worth any­ Tuesday, September 20, 1927 one's while to look at. I learned today that books are apt to cost At last we are on the threshold of our quite a bit and I am afraid that my money great adventure. Tomorrow we will embark won't hold out. Here's hoping it does. upon our cruise of exploration into the Only two more days before classes start oddities and mysteries of the civilization of and I am anxious to get to work. However, the Greeks. I am glad that I had these few extra days to As a preliminary to this beginning, each get acquainted. dormitory section held a meeting this eve­ That's all till next time. ning to discuss plans. According to the work outlined we will be almost entirely on Monday, September 19, 1927 our own responsibility. We will have our own library in the building and will study Another day spent in getting acquainted by ourselves. We will meet our advisors and wandering around. This morning, once a day and have discussions once or although awake, I did not rise until Dave twice a week. There will be written reports Benn rapped on the door and asked me to go swimming. I did so. The water was warm but the air was cold and I nearly froze my ' No such name appears in the Madison city directories feet on the ground. of the period.

206 PAULLIN: EXPERIMENTAL COLLEGE DIARY on what we have done and occasional quiz­ put it, have been "set free" to study in the zes. Each advisor will take charge often stu­ only real type of study that the world has dents. Language must be taken outside. ever known. The work as outlined seems very interest­ Our big meeting was held at eleven. ing and desirable. Glenn Frank was there and gave a short talk Hooray! The refectory also opens tomor­ about the course. Without doubt we are the row. No more worrying about meals and only students here who were welcomed to prices—^we can eat now. Again I say "hoo­ our first classes by the university president. ray' '! In his usual clear, precise way he outlined Today was spent in hiking and loafing as the plan of action, stating that the manner usual. I walked out to the zoo with Moseley of procedure was not new since it was the and on the way we got a glimpse of the foot­ natural way to study, but that it was merely ball team in practice. They didn't look so different from the systems followed by the good. other higher schools of this country. Went out to supper with Coyle and Dr. Meiklejohn also gave a talk of wel­ Munro, two fellows from New Haven.'" On come and explanation, and his enthusiasm the way back we walked through the Greek carried itself to his listeners, inspiring them quarters and looked at the [fraternity] to do their best work even though they will houses. All of which reminds me that rush be unhampered by the regulations and week left me rushless. I'm just as well sat­ restrictions usually attendant to university isfied because I didn't want tojoin one any­ life. He said that we would work entirely by way, but one must get a certain satisfaction ourselves with the exception of an occa­ out of being rushed. sional conference with our "advisor" and I don't believe that my money will hold a weekly meeting of our particular group. out so I wrote home for more. I hope I can Each student will be required to write one get it because I need to buy a lot of books paper a week concerning the phase of the and am pretty hard up. work then under consideration. The weather is bitter cold and even fur At 3:30 I met with the group. Mr. Rogers coats are coming into evidence. The heat is the advisor." Little was said in addition was turned on here this afternoon so we are to what had already been told us. Confer­ warm now. However, it was pretty cool ences and meetings were arranged for. before, and George Ray, of Memphis, was At 9:00 A.M. I reported for Military Sci­ nearly dying of the cold. He's more fun ence. Nothing was done except call roll. I than a circus, with his peculiar drawl and hope that everything will be O.K. because rare sense of humor. He would, I believe, I believe that I shall enjoy it ever so much. be liked anywhere. Today also commemorated our first I received my laundry case full of clean meal in the refectory. Breakfast is served clothes today but besides that I have not cafeteria-style and the rest of the meals in had any mail from home. I hope to get the other manner. The food seems good some tomorrow. And now some rest to pre­ and there is plenty of it. For Moseley and pare for an earlier, though not early, rising Pete and Mr. Phillips, near whom I have on the morrow, in preparation for our first chosen to sit, the meal hour presents a meeting. great chance for discussion of theories cov-

Wednesday, September 21, 1927 '" Francis V. Coyle and J. A. Munro, Jr., both of New Haven, Connecticut. At last we are under way. We have had " Samuel G. A. Rogers, associate professor of French, our first meeting and, as Dr. Meiklejohn about whom more later.

207 I'M.^:

'Fed Paullin, kneeling in the front row, seventh from the left, with his fellow students and the faculty during the first year of the Experimental College. Photo courtesy of Helen Mei­ klejohn.

ering a rather wide range.'^ I sit there lis­ spent about six hours in actual study. I pur­ tening, but the very discussion, most of chased some note paper on which to keep which is upon subjects about which I know notes and some shoe polish. I spent most nothing, show me how much I have to of the afternoon in studying but I went to learn. I believe that during the coming year the freshman convocation in the gym at I shall have every opportunity to do so. 4:30. The talk was more applicable to reg­ Today also marked my first invitation to ular L. and S. .students [i.e.. College of Let­ a fraternity function. A fellow from Antigo ters and Science], but the advice was good. who has pledged Phi Kappa Psi asked me He advised us to work, play, and sleep. over to supper, but in view of the fact that I received a letter from home with $20 I have no intention of pledging a fraternity in it so now 1 am all set for some time. I for at least two years, and that I did not care also got the first [Green Bay] Press Gazette, to impose on hospitality, I declined. which mother had ordered. I have bought all but one of the books Immediately after dinner we had a song listed so far. The cost is much less than I fest upstairs in the refectory. We were had expected, the six books costing only instructed in the proper way to sing Wis­ $6.29. consin songs and how to yell her yells. Both I also received my first letter from home Little and Thistlethwaite gave talks.'-^ We this morning. are to have one of these each week.

Thursday, September 22, 1927 '- Peter Nchcmkis of Newark, New Jersey, and Burr W. Phillips, professor of history. '' Glenn F. Thistlethwaite, professor of physical educa- Today was my first under the new system. don and head football coach, and George E. Little, the I had not a single appointment all day, but universitv's director of athletics.

208 PAULLIN: EXPERIMENTAL COLLEGE DIARY

After this we, Fred Thomas,'** Moseley, . . . Saturday we had a talk by Mr. Agard"' and myself, walked to the top of the hill on Greece in the Soils Building at eleven and back and retired to Fred's room to so there was not much studying in the read Thucydides. We stopped about 10 but morning. In the afternoon I went down I got a great deal out of having it read town with Fred and on the way back I went aloud. to the library [i.e., the State Historical Soci­ ety library] to get a book. I went in and stood awed before the row on row of files. Of course I had to pick out the wrong one Eriday, September 23, 1927 and couldn't find my book listed. Fred knew better what to do since he has been ... I had my first individual conference accustomed to the Congressional Library. but it was cut short because of the varsity What seemed so big and intricate to me, welcome. Mr. Rogers advised me to read seemed small and insignificant to him. some history and general background With his help I finally managed to emerge work. victorious with a copy of [Alfred] Zim- Then came the Varsity Welcome. I saw mern's Greek Commonwealth, a book which I Gov. [Fred R.] Zimmerman for the first have since been reading and find both time. He gave a talk of welcome on behalf interesting and helpful to our present of the state. Dr. F. L. Paxson [Frederic L. study. Paxson, professor of history] welcomed us . . . Last night I attempted to write a on behalf of the faculty, Doughby, Bucklin, theme but made a poor attempt. I deter­ and Clyde Kluckholn for the Upper Class­ mined to read some more and make men, and Glenn Frank on behalf of the another attempt. I did so this evening but University. As usual Frank surpassed them I believe that my second is almost as bad as all. His speech was inspiring to say the least. my first attempt. He spoke of new methods of education. Today we had our first drill in ROTC. It Giving another man's ideal which almost wasn't much but it gave us an example of exactly corresponded with the experimen­ what is to follow. Not so bad though." tal college. I got two papers from home today. The This afternoon I went with Alfred''' to Packers won their game of a week ago as buy an athletic coupon book and joined well as the one yesterday. The scores were: the Co-op. I also had my name stamped on Packers 14, Dayton O; Packers 12, Cleve­ my fountain pen. land 7. Tonight I have studied. I am now getting The other day I got quite a thrill out of into the spirit of the thing and am begin­ seeing my picture in the [Green Bay] paper ning to get enough of the background to as being in the experimental college. I make the work interesting. I like it more can't say that I expected anything like that. and more as we go on. I should say that this The fellows here got hold of it and kidded is an ideal way of spending a vacation me generally about it. rather than of working on an education. Wonder how West came out with the Everyone seems to like it. Alumni Sat?

Monday, September 25, 1927 " Frederick H. Thomas of Washitigton, D.C. " Alfred L. Kipinger of South Dakota. I've not written here for three days "' Walter Agard, professor of classics. '" The principal reason young Paullin Joined the ROTC because 1 either haven't had time or hav­ was because it entitled him to a free uniform and filled out en't taken time to do so. . . . his meager wardrobe.

209 WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY SPRING, 1992

Tuesday, October II, 1927 and impressed me as being a happy but rare combination of the Victorian and the Over two weeks have elapsed since last I modern. Their apartment is enchanting. It wrote here. It seems that I get busier and is furnished with antiques and decorated waste more time as the weeks go on. A lot with rare prints, ancient statuary, Dutch of things have happened since last time, China, and several pieces of art—that is, but it has been so long that I cannot painting from both the old and the new remember them. Let's see—Tuesday— schools. The floors are covered with ori­ what happened Tuesday. Nothing that I ental rugs. Shelves of books are much in remember. We had a house meeting evidence. On the whole one would think Wednesday, though, and it was almost as he was in fairy-land upon entering. bad as the one of the whole college. We However, the furnishings but reflect the didn't accomplish anything. Dave Blair characters of their owners. Mr. Rogers is added spice to it by announcing that he certainly fine. He has the mind of a scholar didn't care what we did—he was going to and yet the imagination of a novelist. In form a government of one. A lot of us went fact, he has written several novels, one of up to his room to josh him but we ended which. The Sombre Elames, is now on sale up in a "bull session" to discuss possible downtown. I enjoy my association with him forms of organization for the college. We very much. His reading of the play certainly decided that we should organize by small clarified it in our minds. Meetings of this groups so that we might really accomplish sort are the type which I dreamed and something. This unofficial meeting proved hoped might await me in college. The that we could accomplish more in this way whole thing reminded me of the professor than in any other. Nehemkis and Meikle­ in The Bent Twig.'-'" It was not the same sit­ john'* had been chosen to represent us on uation of course, but it was indeed similar. a committee of organization. Pete was at On Friday, the season for open houses our little conclave and promised to present started. Just out of curiosity Fred and I went our plan at the committee meeting. This to a couple of them. To me they seem like was the first real discussion that I had been stupid affairs. There were always about a party to. I liked it so well that I would like three fellows for every girl and a person to have more of them. could hardly enjoy himself in the crowd. Thursday I don't recall except as to what The purpose of these affairs, theoretically, happened in the evening. There was to be is to introduce the sorority pledges. I really a Freshman meeting on the lower campus don't see how the end is accomphshed. We in preparation for Saturday's class rush. went to three, left two without dancing, but However, Mr. Rogers was having a meeting had better luck at the other. I had about a at his house to read The Clouds of Aristoph­ quarter of a dance before being cut in on. anes to us. The fellows that went to the Because I was so bashful I didn't get any meeting got into several fights, got more. Fred fared better but I don't believe drenched in the rain, and then some of that even he really enjoyed himself. This them got thrown in the lake. I think we had was the first that I had had to do with girls a much better time. Mr. Rogers' wife is for an extremely long time—not much at quite charming.'^ She seems quite cultured that. It showed me that I should learn to dance—but how? Who's to teach one? You answer—I can't.

'" Meaning Gordon Meiklejohn of Madison, the Experi­ mental College director's son. " Professor Rogers and his wife Marian lived in Apt. K at '"' The Bent 'Twig was a novel by Dorothy Canfield pub­ 304 Princeton, Just west of the imiversity campus. lished in 1917.

210 The Ex College's cast for The Clouds by Aristophanes. The leads, left to right in the front row, Ed Rose, Neat Kuehn, Chick Frisch, and Dave Connolly. Ted is on the far right in the chorus. From the Meuer Album, volume 14, University ofWisconsin Archives.

However, even this did not make me for­ eryone there seemed dumber than we were get that I have rather lost my faith in girls. (which is saying quite a bit). And so, after I just don't seem able to enjoy them in the heroic efforts on our part, we slipped out same way that I did last spring. I don't know and away. Registered—one poor first im­ whether it was my long vacation or whether pression of the Baptist people of Madison. it was what happened directly after it that has brought about the change. At any rate I seem almost to deem them unworthy of Tuesday, October 18, 1927 consideration. More power to the women! From the evil ways ofthe frantic, bashful, One week more since my last writing. I penniless freshman, seeking to enter into just can't seem to get at this diary. I'll just college society so to speak by crashing the begin where I left off. back door, or in other words, by attending From the Baptist church, we went over an open house which costs nothing and to the Congregational, where they were from the point of enjoyment is worth less, having another party. This was more like it. I suddenly changed tactics and went to a There was at least a crowd and they at least church party. I still was trying to figure out were marching around to the music of a the girls—queer creatures that they be. piano, and there were at least some good- Would I meet one at church? First we looking girls, one of which was graciously dropped in on the Baptists. In a spirit of bestowed upon me by a fellow who had carnival and revelry I was given the name some work or another to do but who soon of Jupiter and told to hunt yon fair damsel returned, lea'ving me in a rather uncertain named Juno, a task which, throughout the position, dangling as it were. But she cer­ course of about twenty minutes of rever­ tainly was good-looking. However, she sion to the foolish games of childhood, was would hardly stoop so low as to speak to quite a hit more formidable than one me. Her indifference made me feel more might think. Fred was bored to death by inferior than ever. She was a freshman stay­ the party and I didn't blame him a bit. Ev­ ing at one of the dormitories. When her

211 WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY SPRING, 1992

original escort returned, she began to I went with the gang down State but not recount some of the things which the all the way. I desired to go to the Cornell upper classmen forced them to do, and, game that afternoon, so after a formation having nothing else to do, I merely lis­ for yelling, I came back to the dorms and tened. I am certainly glad that I am a boy got cleaned up. I went to the game with and don't have to act quite so foolishly. . . . Bob Cullen [of Janesville]. The freshmen Then came Saturday, the day ofthe rush. had crashed the gate and were there in a I think that we had a meeting in the Soils body. They marched around the field dur­ Building at 11:00 but that was unimportant ing the half and in their ragged, motley alongside of the other.^' garb they certainly looked formidable. I Nearly every frosh in the dorms left here should have liked to join them but I together. We all marched down Bascom shouldn't have felt right in clean clothes. Hill together and over to the lower campus. The game was too one-sided to be inter­ The rush had started. We all rushed in esting. It was the first I had witnessed since through the crowd of spectators and becoming a member of the student body started to pull on the rope lines with others and I must admit that I didn't get half the like ourselves. Most of us pulled the wrong thrill from the big score that I used to in way. No matter. We soon realized our mis­ high school. However, I hoped that I take. Everything came our way. We pulled .should soon get a real college spirit. Per­ bag after bag to our side and started to look haps a closer game might have given it to for more. There was but one left and the me. The score was 31-6. Cornell made their rope was lost from that. There was a grand touchdown on passes at the very end ofthe scramble in midfield. It was just a sample game. Everyone seemed to be well satisfied of what the old rush must have been. It was with the team's showing. I know that I was. here that I got my shirt torn off. It wasn't Saturday evening I went to see Beau Geste fun. It was merely suffocating. A mass of at the Parkway [at 6-10 W. Mifflin]. It was half-naked bodies shoving, shoving and one of the best pictures that I had seen for accomplishing nothing. I don't believe that sometime. It was almost purely a picture of the bag moved an inch after the rope was men. Love for women had but little bear­ lost. How the thing worked when none of ing on the plot. The whole thing was mas­ them had ropes is more than I can see. terfully done. Ronald Colman played the When the gun shot off, someone title role. announced that the frosh had won and a shout of victory rose. We all marched down Sunday morning — Curses!!! (October State Street, singing, yelling, almost beside 23) ourselves with joy. It was great to have SOPHS TIE FROSH IN BAG TUG won—and so easily too. No one had been Affair Calm and Uninteresting seriously injured. Neil Kuehn [of Janes­ ville] , from our floor, had his hand cut. He These headlines greeted us in the Daily was the only casualty. Cardinal. Could you feature that? Here we thought that we had won overwhelmingly and then it was declared a tie. High indig­ nation prevailed; but what could be done ^' The freshman-sophomore "bag rush" was a vestige of about it? We couldn't have persuaded the the hazing which had been outlawed in the early 1920's judges to reverse their opinion so we had because of increasing violence and injuries. The rush was to abide by it. However, we knew that we enjoined each year on the lower campus, where the two held the upper hand and would have to classes met on a muddy quadrangle and contested the "cap­ ture" of a number of large, heavy bags. By the late 1920's fear little from the sophs this year. it was more comic ritual than outright mayhem. For the first time I decided to go to the

212 Some of the men of the Ex College gathered in the den of Adams Hall. From the Meuer Album, volume 14, University of Wisconsin Archives.

Baptist church to Sunday morning service. think about it at all—not even myself. I There was a communion and nothing else wonder where all our patriotic spirit has was done at the whole service. I wasn't gone. much impressed by the minister, either, I'm sorry that I haven't kept up this and I disliked the look ofthe congregation. diary. There have been a lot of interesting I may go to the service again but I doubt it. things going on. I should have told about I wasted the afternoon away. That eve­ my start here and our work; about the mak- ning I went with Kuehn and Bill to the Wes­ ing up with Betty, about my various ley Foundation for a cost supper.'-^^ The fel­ "hikes," home and to Milwaukee, and a lows wanted to go to the show, so [we] hundred interesting little incidents which skipped out before the meeting, but there have happened—Dockhorn's trip to the was a disagreement on shows so I came Lincoln statue among others.^'^ Then there home and studied or read, I don't know is my formation of friendships and acquain­ which. tances, the struggle to get down to busi­ I don't know what happened. I am trying ness, my application for a Wisconsin Schol­ to keep track of events by following my cash arship. Besides there is my new interest in account, but I didn't spend any money church and my reading ofthe Bible. There until Wednesday or so. However, I believe that this was the day of our first meeting of the college for organization. This meeting was a disgrace. '" The Wesley Foundation at 1127 University Avenue was an adjunct of the University Methodist Episcopal Church. '•" The Ex College students were in many respects no dif­ Sunday, Eebruary 12, 1928 ferent than any other university students. As a prank, there­ fore, Wayne Dockhorn of Janesville was "kidnapped" by some of his classmates and tied to the statue of a seated Lincoln's Birthday—I don't know what Abraham Lincoln which overlooks the campus from the has been wrong, but no one has seemed to crest of Bascom Hill.

213 WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY SPRING, 1992 would have been something to say about I can't get much of a kick out of the each of my advisors, Mr. Rogers, Mr. [Mal­ town. I don't know why. I don't believe that colm] Sharp, Mr. [Paul A.] Raushenbush, I'm too sophisticated for it, but something something to say about French classes— is wrong. Perhaps a date or two with the how I got 93, Mr. Gullette, and now my new right girl would help, but who is that. and better teacher, Miss Covert.^'' Some­ Funny how even my mind turns to girls thing too to be said about my program— as soon as I get away from school. I'm afraid arising at 5:30 and the like. There should that I should spend too much time with have heen some pages devoted to athletic them if I ever stayed home and got a job. contests and some to books, others of Maybe my interest in study is only skin deep recorded opinions. But it is too late now. after all. Goodness knows that I haven't These opportunities have passed forever. A done any of that which I should have done dimming memory is all that retains these since coming home, despite my drawing six things. It was the fault of time. It takes time books on the League of Nations from the to make these little comments and time I library. I'm writing a history topic on that did not have. Thus almost an entire glori­ subject. ous winter has passed away and spring is It seems that there is always something almost at hand—spring with its ever-new else to do at home. Friday night I went to promise and new life. I hope that it will a party at the "VWCA [at 122 State Street] hold some of it for me. . . . and had my hat stolen. I had to buy Time presses me again and I must stop. another. There goes some more money What shall I do? Shall I make another that might have been used for a more wor­ attempt to keep this diary? If I do, shall I thy cause. With Christmas too I shall be try to make it as presumptuous as before? practically strapped when I get back to Better not. That was too much like fun. I school. One good thing is that I can get shall write just a wee bit, with now and then along there without spending much. If I try a comment. That will be better. So long, till it here I get bored to death. What is there then. to do? I don't feel like studying and every­ thing else seems to cost money. Yesterday I [Here, it should be noted, occurs a gap of more spent almost all day in church. Heard two than a year. Wfien the diary resumes, Ted Paul­ Christmas cantatas. One was the Messiah, lin is a junior in the regular College of Letters but it was messed up horribly. There was and Science at the university.] one good solo, but that couldn't make up for all the rest. In the morning I heard [Rev. Edwin] Monday, December 23, 1929 Simpson, for next to the last time. He has resigned here, I think under pressure Home for the holidays. Have been since because his ideas were too radical for some last Thursday. It's wonderful to be home of our wealthy DAR members. I think that and all that, but I don't like arrangements First Baptist Church will have a hard job where Mother and I have to live in one replacing him. I don't like the church here room. Neither one of us seems able to get much anyway. It's too small, and its people anything done. are too small. I'm surprised Simpson stayed as long as he did. I'm glad, though, to have known him. He has been intellectually stimulating. Incidentally, I should like once more to '^ Malcolm Sharp, professor of law; Paul A. Raushenbush, professor of economics; and Cameron C. Gullette and Mar- try keeping a brief record of the things I jorie A. Covert, both instructors at the university. do. I wonder if I shall.

214 PAULLIN: EXPERIMENTAL COLLEGE DIARY

Eriday, December 27, 1929 holidays ofthe "holiday season" have little in common. Back from several days in the country Without children the whole idea of over Christmas. Grandma and Uncle Christmas would be unbearable to me. Allan's folks are living separately and eve­ After all, it should be a child's holiday and rything seems strange. It is too bad that as such it is at its best. I couldn't help but people can't get along with one another if enjoy the pleasure that the kids got from they are forced upon each other too much. their few simple presents. It was better than I doubt that I shall ever be so troubled. I receiving a lot of them myself. As I watched hardly am willing to force myself enough. them and wondered I began to lose some Perhaps it is just as well and the world will of my hardboiled attitude toward life in like me better for it. Meanwhile it seems general and started to dream of a love nest that I am shut off from society, because I and children of my o-wn and all that sort of accept none but direct invitations. That too thing, but like the rest of America, I shall is probably just as well. After all, our forget tenderer sentiments in a week and "social" system is largely a sham and an get back to my endless round of study in excuse for petty, selfish people to make the abstract, and my plans of bachelor­ themselves important. Sounds like sour hood. So goes it, till something else starts grapes, doesn't it? me off. I really believe that I am extremely I just saw another rotten movie, though, sentimental at heart but am too much that demonstrated the same thing—our ashamed to admit it to my friends, who are social hypocrisy.^"^ What use can it possibly extremely not so, or at least put up a bolder play in a world where there are so many front about it than I do. problems demanding great minds to work Dimnet [The Art of Thinking by Ernest upon them? It is too bad that so much of Dimnet] thinks that all great thoughts arise our effort must be expended in such worth­ from the heart. I guess that he is more right less effort. than I am in my normal mood. Most of his­ Christmas has gone again, and I am not tory's heroes have been men who have sorry. The sentiment is fine, but the hypoc­ been fired by emotional forces to do the risy spoils the whole business. Or rather things that they have done. A Jesus, a Napo­ business is the only thing that profits by it. leon, a Washington, a Lincoln, a Wilson. I wonder how much of the business expan­ They have all been led on emotionally by a sion at Christmas time arises from the sale cause greater than the strength of their of needless luxuries into whose manufac­ own wills, yet governed by them. And yet, ture has gone labor that should be used to these men have been only the heroes. relieve some of the poverty that surrounds There have been others working behind us today. The season is beautiful, and for a the scenes who have probably done as brief moment America forgets herself and much. 1 cannot forget Fred's reference to is kind, but it never lasts, and our generous Alfred Zimmern's statement that the men spirits are forgotten sooner than our of action win the pitched battles but that Christmas trees, and everyone begins to the thinkers win the campaigns. Perhaps look forward to raising Cain and making our heroes are such only because it has heap big Whoopee on New Years. The two been they who have dramatized the cli­ maxes. And yet we need heroes to worship until we can learn to worship our own ide­ als. Only would that the heroes might be the heroes of peace and not of war. '^^ The movie was probably The Awful Truth, a Pathe vehi­ cle starring Ina Claire. Sec Green Bay Press-Gazette, December The world's attitude is too well repre­ 27, 1929. sented this very day by the French worship

215 WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY SPRING, 1992 of a statement of [Ferdinand] Foch made ing what he truly believed and depending in 1926 about German occupation, when upon their common sense to see his point all France would be turning with peace- and support him. He should have used loving eyes to a London Disarmament Con­ more deceit, or "diplomacy" as it is com­ ference that might help bring peace to the monly called. He might have got farther at world if only nations could forget their jeal­ the time. Americans hate anyone who has ousies and hatreds. But France must have confidence in himself and shows it. 1 am her armies and will probably wreck the con­ inclined to think, though, that history will ference, despite the fine start made toward thank him for his obstinacy, egotism, and better international understanding made lack of tact. He at least created a living by [Ramsay] MacDonald's visit to the monument of his genius in the form of a United States. France says that the Kellogg League of Nations. May we hope and work pact is not enough.-" It is .such assertions to keep it and its ideal of peace alive in the that serve to weaken it even more. She will hearts of men everywhere. deal only through the League of Nations. I have been reading Ernest Dimnet's The The United States is not a member, so such Art of Thinking. It is an entertaining and tactics mean practical nullification of all thought-provoking book. I hope that it may thatwe have been led to hope that the Lon­ also prove helpful to me. Many of the don Conference could accomplish. I won­ things he advocates 1 already do. Many der if France would still make her assertion more I do not do. I am not convinced that of faith in the League if the U.S. were a he is always right, but I shall keep the book member and its decrees might be effective. close at hand and try to re-read parts of it [Aristide] Briand seems to be working ear­ constantly. Its very presentation of the nestly for peace. I hope that he will be suc­ problems besetting him who tried to think cessful in winning France to his ideal. may help in their solution. However, I must If Wilson's dream might have been ful­ be careful not to become so absorbed in filled, all might now be well, but he pre­ studying the process that I forget the ends. sumed too greatly upon the wisdom of I have been reading magazines a bit mankind, and after making the world safe since I have been home. I am convinced for democracy was defeated and rejected that they are a waste of time, but I cannot by his own. at all blame people for becoming absorbed I have spent the afternoon in reading in them. They are entertaining, if not use­ Senator [Henry Cabot] Lodge's story of ful. Perhaps they are better than many peo­ the Senate action on the League [of ple might do. They have the most impor­ Nations]. His attacks on Wilson seem those tant place, I should say, in the great process of a petty inferior, jealous of one who has of standardizing America. It is little wonder succeeded better than he. I am almost con­ that we produce so few of the individual vinced that the League was defeated thinkers for whom Mr. Dimnet pleads. As because of personalities, party politics, and be says, even our colleges fail to produce the desire of the Senate to assert its power. them. Wilson aggravated people too much by say- Even though our colleges may not be lit­ tle bits of heaven, I am anxious to get back to my own particular one. I get bored with the old home town after about two days. ^" The Kellogg-Briand Pact was a treaty renouncing war There is nothing to do. I have almost given as an instrument of national policy, originally proposed by up studying at home as a bad job, and I French foreign minister Arisdde Briand and enthusiasti­ don't care enough about the social con­ cally endorsed by Frank B. Kellogg, American secretary of state. The pact was signed by fifteen nauons in August, tacts I make to go after them. ... I guess I 1928, and eventually by forty-eight others. am too self-centered to care for anything

216 PAULLIN: EXPERIMENTAL COLLEGE DIARY

but comparative solitude and a chance to readjust themselves to a strong and rather think and study about the things I am inter­ unfriendly system. ested in. I am not sure that I succeed, but The event, along with impending exams, school offers me an excellent opportunity makes me realize that another year is prac­ for the kind of life I like. tically finished. The work is over, and there We may go to Marinette for New Year's. is nothing left to do about it. I feel that I I hope we do. It will relieve me of making have accomplished little. I am no farther any other plans. I begin almost to shrink advanced than I was before I started. As to from social contacts. I haven't even been to work, it has been a year of readjustment see Wrights or Barclays or Garth or anyone. New methods require new approaches. I I wonder whether I ought to reform and have not succeeded any too well in con­ become a "social animal" as a good human quering the system. I have not been able to being should—after I go back to school. As get the marks which are its only end. Per­ it is now, I shall never get my dear topic on haps I should be glad and say that the sys­ the League written, I'm afraid, but I have tem has not conquered me. become interested in Wilson. . . . I have got a little recognition outside of the classroom in being elected president of [Here ensues another long gap in the diary. the Congregational Student's Association When it resumes in 1930, Ted Paullin is a jun­ and secretary ofthe Glee Club. These seem ior and a history major at the university.] like hollow honors, and petty things when there are so much bigger ones about, being picked up by people that I can hardly Tuesday, May 27, 1930 respect for their abilities. The secret of success is getting started I am reading Henry Adams again in right. That is, building up a pull and a rep­ extract. It is great! It has such breadth of utation. I didn't do that in the College. I views. Somehow I feel kindred with it. I have been too inconspicuous, I have hesi­ think I should include him in my list of tated to assert myself. The result has been greatest Americans. that I have never been noticed except in small, intimate groups. 1:00 A.M. Home from glee club serenad­ Thursday, May 9, 1930 ing in the rain. We only sang a couple of numbers at Barnard, where I have a little I am re-reading part of [Ralph Waldo] special interest. Most fun at the Alpha Chi Emerson's journals. They rather disap­ Omega domicile where they have a nice point me, because they do not live up to porch. Six of us gave a little private sere­ my first impression of them. The ideas still nade while waiting for a cab the girls called seem good; the great force that I had felt for us. Nice girls—evidently. in them before seems lacking. Have I I wonder why I didn't try enjoying col­ changed so as to reject all such religious lege while there was still time. Now I have ideas, except intellectually? only one year left and it is too late to get into a fraternity or start a new life. I sup­ pose, though, that it is because I have Wednesday, June 4, 1930 tasted a bit of "Greek" social life with Gerda Meier^' and the Alpha Gamma Delta Tonight there will be an Experimental College banquet as a sort of farewell to the Sophomores. They will now be ordinary '" A Milwaukee girl who was engaged to Ted Paullin for students like the rest of us and will have to several years while he was still at the university.

217 WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY SPRING, 1992 parties that I begin to feel that way. Before Sharp and Paul Raushenbush, his adviser. I had a pure ideal of scholarship. Now I Professor Samuel G. A. Rogers, summed have begun to interest myself in another things up: "His mind, I think, is not bril­ side of life. I hate to hang between "two liant; but it is clear, thorough, and propor­ lives" in this way. If I could plunge wholly tioned." Another faculty member, or per­ into the social side now and then—if I haps Meiklejohn himself, wrote his mother could join a fraternity, I might be able to in late June, 1929: "Your boy has been one stop thinking about the social side all the of the best students in his class. He is quiet time, and make a sensible division of my and unpretending and at first did not time so that my scholarship would not suf­ attract much attention. But in the later fer, but so that I could still enjoy a wider months he has gone steadily to the front by range of interests. What to do? I don't sup­ clear-cut, accurate and thorough study. He pose that it is ethical to ask people to let has a fine mind and an excellent attitude." me join their fraternity, but to join seems During his two years in the College, Ted to me to be the best policy. Paullin had written at least thirty papers, Experimental College banquet tonight. averaging in length perhaps six pages (the [Professor Joseph K.] Hart, who is leaving longest was thirty-three), on a wide variety Wisconsin, spoke of the responsibility that of topics. As a freshman, for example, he we have toward such a group as the Col­ wrote essays on ' 'A Dialogue Between Two lege. In his usual inspiring manner. Dr. of Socrates'Jurors" and "Electra: A Com­ Meiklejohn spoke of the three things a col­ parison of Her Character as Given by Aes­ lege should do: It should teach us to regard chylus, Sophocles, and Euripides." In addi­ social and economic inequalities and try to tion, he wrote a one-act play. Between his do something about them. My mind is a freshman and sophomore years, as complete blank on the other two and the required, he wrote a "regional study" of hour is late. I may write them down if I his own community somewhat along the remember them.-^** lines of the Lynds's Middletown, which all the Ex College students had read and dis­ [Excerpts from the diary end here.] cussed. Of this paper, "The Lower Fox Valley: A Regional Study with Emphasis Epilogue Upon Green Bay and Brown County," the university's distinguished historian Carl By the close of his two years in the Exper­ Russell Fish commented in part, "anyone imental College—despite those many trips who could write this should spend his life to the movies and his chronic anxiety about as a historian." wasting his time or failing to meet the chal­ Whether or not it was a deciding factor. lenges of the curriculum and college life— Fish's observation proved remarkably pre­ young Ted Paullin had earned a grade of scient. History did in fact become Ted Paul­ 93 and won the respect of his ad'visers. lin's major field of interest for the rest of After consulting with Professors Malcolm his life. He received his bachelor's degree in 1931, by which time the Great Depres­ sion had settled like darkness on America. There were no jobs to be had, so he '" In fact Meiklejohn said: "There are three ideas that I should like to see embodied in the Experimental College. entered the graduate program in history in The first is that we must deal with the problems of society Madison. His doctoral dissertation was enti­ to bring about a better world. A second is that, although tled "Money and Credit in Western Trade, we are a part of nature and determined by it, we also in a 1816—1836." After receiving his Ph.D. in very real sense mould the world in which we live. Lastly, that college should be the place where we learn to live beau­ May, 1935, he applied for an instructor's tiful lives." See the Daily Cardinal, June 5, 1930. job in sociology and history at Park College

218 WHi(X3)4700V

Ted in front of the Lincoln statue on Bascom Hill, gradu­ ation day, 1931.

in Parkville, Missouri. After one year he the outbreak of World War II, when his joined the faculty of the University of Kan­ long-standing reservations about war and sas in Lawrence as an instructor in history. the use of force coalesced into outright pac­ There he met and married Ellen Payne, a ifism. (As an undergraduate at W^isconsin young woman who had graduated in 1936 he had tried to be a good ROTC recruit, from Kansas State University in Manhattan. but was appalled at the drill sergeant's Together, they participated in efforts to admonition: "Shoot 'em in the legs, boys, integrate KU (whose black students could it takes two to carry 'em off the field!") He not attend dances in the student union), registered as a conscientious objector in and organized, among other things, a pac­ October, 1940. As a consequence, in 1942, ifist discussion group and a rally for the after several discussions with the dean and Socialist presidential candidate, Norman president, his contract was not renewed. Thomas. With his wife and five-week-old daughter, Ted Paullin remained in Lawrence until he went eastward, where he found ajob in

219 WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY SPRING, 1992

Philadelphia writing for the Pacifist he maintained a connection with the Research Bureau, an adjunct of the Amer­ Experimental College. He was present ican Friends Service Committee (Quak­ when the Meiklejohn Foundation was ers). He and his wife became members of established in Berkeley, California, and the Swarthmore Friends Meeting (Quak­ although he suffered a physically debilitat­ ers) while he was teaching part-time at ing stroke in 1982, this did not keep him Swarthmore and Haverford colleges. from attending, in a wheelchair, all such Because he was deaf in one ear, his draft reunions through the 1980's. He died in board pronounced him 4-F, and he was not March, 1989. interned in a camp for conscientious objec­ Just as Alexander Meiklejohn and the tors, as many of his friends were. His com­ College's faculty might have hoped, Theo­ mitment to Quaker beliefs continued dore Paullin reflected towards the end of throughout his life; he served on many his career upon that unique two-year voy­ regional and national Quaker committees, age of discovery on the campus of the Uni­ and spent two years as director ofthe Inter­ versity ofWisconsin. It had been a pivotal national Student Seminar Program for the experience, he said, and one that he AFSC in Paris. recalled with gratitude and zest: "The In 1947 he joined the history faculty of Experimental College opened up a whole Central Connecticut State University in new world to me. First came the contacts New Britain, where he taught until his with students from other parts of the coun­ retirement in 1978. "Fortunately," he try, many of whose ideas were completely observed dryly, "I ended up in a college unknown to me. Then came the influence where teaching was more highly regarded of the faculty, who forced one to think than research, and spent most of my pro­ things through, individually and rationally. fessional career doing what I wanted to do It was the method rather than the nature most." He served two terms as departmen­ of the curriculum that was important. . . . tal chairman, was named Distinguished To a considerable extent I give credit to the Professor the first year such an honor was College and its faculty for introducing me established, and was active in many civic to those things which have meant, apart activities. from family and personal relationships, Throughout his forty years in academe, most to me in my life."

220 BOOK REVIEWS

Disputed Waters: Native Americans and the voluminous documentation determined Great Lakes Eishery. By ROBERT DOHERTY. the principles at issue, resulting in the deci­ (University Press of Kentucky, Lexington, sion that the plaintiff tribes had unregu­ 1990. Pp. viii, 172. Map, notes, index. ISBN lated fishing rights. A white backlash imme- 0-8131-1715-1, $24.00.) diately erupted with violent scenes, vigilante actions, and a series of crises, all Nationwide Indian treaty issues enter caught up in rhetoric that the court ruling into regional and local affairs in ways the would deplete the resources and wreck the average citizen does not often grasp. Many, tourist industry. indeed most instances, connect with nor­ Several unique features characterize the mal noncontroversial questions important case. The popular agitation influenced in the work-a-day world of a complex soci­ state politicians who utilized the crisis for ety ranging from law enforcement to tour­ political ends in anti-treaty terms to an ism. Some have been divisive. One extent not seen in several similar cases occurred in Michigan in 1979 when a fed­ across the nation. Largely as a result of con­ eral court decision, United States v. Michi­ fusion the state delayed a concerted gan, concluded that several bands of Chip­ counter-attack on the decision until Presi­ pewa and Ottawa clustered around the dent Ronald Reagan assumed office. With shores of upper Lake Michigan had treaty- changed personnel, philosophy, and polit­ reserved fishing rights on the lake, unleash­ ical ends, Michigan then negotiated an ing a fierce anti-treaty protest that suffused agreement with the tribes under the legal the political structure of the state. instrument of a special court-appointed Many similarities exist between the case master. The device, while useful in many and other recent treaty suits throughout complex court cases, worked adversely on the United States, including Wisconsin. In the tribes by stripping them of the equal­ treaties of 1836 and 1855 the tribes had izing mechanism of the rules of construc­ reserved fishing rights, but through vio­ tion for federal Indian treaties. The impov­ lence directed against them, the judge said erished tribes suffered from a lack of in his opinion, the dominant society even­ resources and staff in the hectic sessions tually blocked their exercise. An apparently with a powerful and well-structured adver­ trivial initiating incident led to the com­ sary. Essentially, they relinquished fishing plex court trial where expert witnesses and rights to the lower lake waters and the in-

221 ''U.-^'WS ^0.

WHi(W6)13.5.Sl

The Chippewa spearing fish in winter during the mid-nineteenth century. Drawn by Cap­ tain Seth Eastman for Henry R, Schoolcraft's The Indian Tribes of North America. shore fisheries for open-water, regulated Western Rivermen, 1763—1861: Ohio and Mis­ netting in the northern areas of Lake Mich­ sissippi Boatmen and the Myth of the Alligator igan. Horse. By MICHAEL ALLEN. (Louisiana State Professor Dougherty served as a paid University Press, Baton Rouge and Lon­ expert witness for the Grand Traverse don, 1990. Pp. xiii, 261. Illustrations, notes, Band but presents his argument with objec­ glossary, bibliography, index. ISBN 0-8071- tive criticism of both sides, pointing to 1561-4, $25.00.) weaknesses and strengths. His early chap­ ters place the case in a historical framework of tribal natural resource use that many will Wisconsin appears once in the index to find to be too brief. The chapter on the Michael Allen's splendid account of boat­ tourist fish business and remarks through­ men on the western rivers: lead first went out on the opposition are exceptionally out of the state on flatboats and keelboats. informative. The political manipulation of La Crosse has its own index entry: rivermen the issue, popular opposition, and tribal there, upset by how they were treated at a political structure could all have been floating brothel, chased away the proprie­ expanded into separate chapters. Perhaps tor and his "staff," drank the available these will be addressed by the author in whiskey, and burned the bordello to the future work. waterline. Rich anecdotes drawn from extensive DAVID R. WRONE research in primary documents enliven the University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point author's description of the rivermen's

222 BOOK REVIEWS labors and adventures and buttress his gen­ men, and common hands. Changes eralizations about the meaning of their through time in all these aspects receive experience. Allen imparts to his prose a attention. vivid sense of immediacy, having himself Comparing the rivermen of myth with worked for three years as a towboat deck­ the early rivermen of history, Allen finds hand and cook on the upper and lower them to "quite a large extent" the same in Mississippi River and several of its tributar­ their "[s]wearing, smoking, gambling, ies. drinking, fighting, and promiscuity." The The cast of characters is colorful: Mike difference came in the emotional overlay Fink playing the leading role, the support­ given the mythic rivermen. "The Alligator ing players including Andrew Jackson, Horse of folklore and literature was a Abraham Lincoln, Robert E. Lee, and the romantic character, but there was abso­ thousands of rivermen whose true history, lutely nothing romantic about the lifestyle in Allen's judgment, has been ignored. of the lonely, womanless, alcoholic drifters This he terms "a missing link in the history who worked the western waters during the of the early American frontier." preindustrial era." The myth that made all rivermen proto­ Western Rivermen, in its adroit comparison types of Mike Fink, braggart Alligator of myth and history, in its careful tracing Horses, rough and tough and prone to vio­ of the rise and fall of flatboating on the lence, Allen argues, embodied a national Ohio and the Mississippi, in its graphic nostalgic wish-fulfillment during the Jack­ recapturing of a significant segment of sonian and pre-Civil War period, as the American life in the early west, merits the complexity of industrialism began to attention of readers with an interest in the replace what seemed in retrospect "a sim­ nation's past. pler and more virtuous frontier past." Bound down by "sedentary, routine lives," JAMES HARVEY YOUNG most Americans admired the mobility, free­ Emory University dom, and turbulent escapades of the riv­ ermen, somewhat as "some Americans today secretly fantasize about working as Snow Belt Cities: Metropolitan Politics in the truck drivers or rodeo cowboys." All the Northeast and Midwest since World War II. published tales about Mike Fink fostered Edited by RICHARD M. BERNARD. (Indiana this myth. The rivermen themselves came University Press, Bloomington, 1990. Pp. to believe it. ix, 275. Maps, tables, notes, index. ISBN 0- Besides explicating the myth, Allen fills 253-31177-2, $35.00. in the missing historical gap. He describes the craft and character of the rivermen The scheme of the book is to explain in during two major periods, the preindus- the introduction the economic and social trial, from 1763 to 1823, and the industrial, situation which has developed in the U.S. after the arrival of the steamboat, from during the forty-five years since the end of 1823 to 1861. An epilogue brings the story World War II and then put twelve of the to the end ofthe century. The flatboats and largest cities in the Snowbelt region under keelboats are described, the geography of specific scrutiny. The introduction analyzes their river routes traced, the economics of by broad regions such as South, West, etc. their commerce analyzed. The duties of The case studies of the twelve chosen Snow those who manned the boats—women Belt Cities use the framework of the intro­ were very rare—are explained, as is their duction in a very loose way. mode of life: wages, food, illnesses, recre­ The states ofthe Snowbelt are defined as ation, even accent. Four categories of men states bounded by Maine, Minnesota, Mis­ floated boats down the rivers: merchant souri, and Maryland. Additionally, they navigators, farmer flatboatmen, agent boat­ may be identified as the states above the

223 WHi(X3)4(i429 Michael Ridhert clearing a path to his family's garage in the snow-belt city of Milwaukee, January 12, 1963. Photo by George P. Koshollek.

Potomac, Ohio, and Missouri rivers. He the manufacturing base—which has histor­ moves between comparing the Snowbelt ically been concentrated in the Snowbelt with the Sunbelt (which excludes the old cities and environs. border states such as Kentucky, and the Reading one chapter at a time about a Pacific Northwest, Mountain states, and City during sessions on an exercise bike others) and with the South and the West. helped to make the chapters devoted to This is a bit troublesome to follow at times. individual cities palatable. Trying to read The introduction is deftly handled. It straight through might produce mental provides a heavily, but not exclusively, indigestion from an almost endless stream quantitative analysis of trends which have of names of mayors, city council presidents, led to the current state of the Cities. Editor business leaders, and reformers identified Bernard interprets these trends as indicat­ by the twelve authors, including Bernard ing that the relative weakening ofthe Snow who writes about Milwaukee. Belt Cities will continue as they are com­ The summary of the City chapters which pared to the South, Southwest, and West Bernard provides in the introduction is sections of the country. He deals with sev­ that the major thrust of urban politics in eral purported causes of the relative the region has been toward control and decline ofthe Snowbelt. He concludes that acceleration of economic development the broad tax system, more than national activities. Individual cities have taken sev­ government redistribudon through spend­ eral paths to this common theme, but it has ing, hurts the Snowbelt. Most important in been a rather uniform response to the well- his mind as a pro-Sunbelt factor is the documented problems of the urban cen­ change in the international economy ters. For the immigrant or child of immi­ wherein the lessening of U.S. competitive­ grants from, say, Chicago who now lives in ness has shown up mostly in, and harmed. a suburb or simply another place such as

224 BOOK REVIEWS

Madison, the relevant chapter provides a ists. This is not a book about settlers strug­ summary of some of the history the family gling with unfamiliar conditions, or sol­ experienced and observed. A friend bor­ diers involved in the clash of weapons and rowed it to read about Cleveland and Pitts­ cultures with the Plains Indians. Instead, burgh, in both of which he has a root. Hyde is interested in how changing percep­ Reporters needing story background tions of the Far West—mainly its topogra­ should value it. Many of the chapters read phy, but also its Indians—helped Ameri­ like stories that might appear in a feature cans to see themselves as a distinct people series of one ofthe city newspapers. An aca­ separate in an aesthetic sense from Euro­ demic specialist might use a chapter as a peans. Her well-written narrative is tied sketch from which to begin detailed closely to more than seventy illustrations, research. Perhaps there are city politics making many ofher arguments more vivid. junkies around to make up another poten­ Hyde starts her narrative with a discus­ tial reader group. sion of how trans-Mississippi explorers like The writing quality in the chapters is John C. Fremont lacked a vocabulary and generally high, for which the editor is to be a sense of aesthetics that could explain the commended, and commended for the landscape they saw to an American audi­ quality of the introduction as well. ence taught to see natural beauty from a Strangely, the most poorly written chapter European context. Fremont and other is the editor's chapter on Milwaukee. explorers found little that was picturesque Mechanical errors of language in it are too about the Rocky Mountains for these were frequent; usage is often awkward; cliches no "American Alps"; even worse, the Great are found that should have been left lying Basin could only be described as threaten­ fallow. ing and forbidding. Only the word "sub­ This is a book which should appeal to lime" from the European aesthetic vocab­ several specialized audiences—perhaps ulary, combining "awe and a thrilling none of those potentials I noted above. sensation of fear," could begin to describe Broad appeal is unlikely. for eastern Americans parts of the Far West. EDWARD SCHTEN The central portions of Hyde's book University of Wisconsin-Madison describe the effect of the railroad in first, interpreting the West within the European aesthetic, and then toward the end of the nineteenth century, changing to a celebra­ tion of the uniqueness of the Far West. Hyde does an effective job of explicating An American Vision: Far Western Landscape the texts of railroad tourist guides. She and National Culture, 1820-1920. By ANNE shows how the guides promised travelers FARRAR HYDE. (New York University Press, on the Union Pacific such sights as the New York, 1990. Pp. xiv, 346. Illustradons, beauty ofthe Great Plains grasses, buffaloes notes, index. ISBN 0-8147-3466-9, $29.95.) that wandered near the tracks, the majesty of the Wasatch range, and the tidiness of Anne Farrar Hyde follows in an honora­ Salt Lake City. The Central Pacific usually ble tradition of scholars trying to explain traversed the Great Basin at night leaving the significance of the trans-Mississippi the traveler anxious to see California, the West for American history and culture. The "Italy of America" the next day. By the "American Vision" with which she is con­ turn of the century, railroads realized that cerned is the image of how the Far West there was a public interest in the natural appeared to eastern Americans as medi­ wonders such as Yellowstone and the ated through the observations of explorers, Grand Canyon. The resort hotels built by journalists, railroad companies, and tour­ the railroads, called "log palaces" by Hyde,

225 WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY SPRING, 1992 reflected an American style quite different tables, notes, references, index. ISBN 0- from earlier western spas that imitated 8032-3689-1, $47.50.) Europe. "By the end of the nineteenth century," she writes, "the struggle to inter­ Historical atlases have long been prized pret the far western landscape had given reference tools for historians of the Amer­ Americans the seeds of an independent ican West. They permit a wealth of infor­ culture, which would flower in the twenti­ mation to be depicted on each page and eth." the maps included in them have the ability Hyde admits that her "study does not fit to communicate not only stark spatial fea­ neatly into a historiographic niche." tures but also a wide range of other types Although she is knowledgeable about the of historical detail. Francis Paul Prucha's recent writing on western history as a story Atlas of American Indian Affairs is a most wel­ of "conquest," her book does not actually come addition to this aspect of historical contribute to that school of interpretation. study. Long a leading historian of the Instead, this is a book within the American Indian experience in America, Prucha now Studies tradition; its closest kin is Kevin captures with great comprehension the Starr's series of books on the development spatial dimensions of both the historical of California as the source of modern and contemporary events of Native Ameri­ American culture. As such, it displays the cans. tendency to see America as unique without This atlas consists of 109 maps divided questioning if similar tendencies of inde­ into ten individual sections and presented pendence from the European aesthetic chronologically. Collectively they illustrate were developing on comparable frontiers, quite well the westward movement of the notably Canada, or even in the East. And Indian frontier in the nineteenth century while Hyde makes much about the early and the continued importance of Indian failure of language to describe the stark ethnicity in the twentieth. There are maps West, she is not entirely convincing in her relating to tribal lands and culture areas, argument that a new vocabulary emerged census information, land cessions, reserva­ to make the West American: she offers only tions, the Indian experience in different four words (buttes, mesas, plateaus, and regions of America, the Indian wars, and canyons) as e-vidence. This reviewer also cultural aspects such as Indian agency loca­ wishes that Hyde had spent a bit more time tions, Indian schools, and Indian hospitals. linking time to the changes she sees in the Prucha has kept the narrative in this book perception of the western landscape. Why to a minimum—including only a short was the turn of the century so critical? preface, introductory statement to each of Could it be connected to the emergence of the ten major sections, and an outstanding the overseas American empire? These explanation of themes in explanatory ref­ questions do not diminish Hyde's impres­ erences at the end of the book. The phi­ sive command of sources and disciplines in losophy that less is more paid off: the indi­ a book that deserves a wide readership. vidual maps are generally quite easy to understand and pack a wealth of informa­ JAMES W. OBERLY tion. For example, I was especially inter­ University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire ested to follow chronologically Indian pop­ ulation statistics as compiled in the census from 1890 through 1980, as well as urban Indian populations between 1960 and 1980. The growth and diffusion of Ameri­ can Indians throughout the continental Atlas of American Indian Affairs. By FRANCIS United States during the period since PAUL PRUCHA. (University of Nebraska World War II was especially intriguing. Press, Lincoln, 1990. Pp. x, 191. Maps, For all that such a capable work as this

226 BOOK REVIEWS

has to recommend it, maps have intrinsic the landscape are moderately interesting, limitations. Only so much information can the level of detail hinders ready under­ be displayed in any given map and in any standing. They are also strikingly different atlas. The question of what topics to cover, from other maps published in the book the amount of data to include, and how which are much less busy. The biggest neg­ best to display it for ready interpretation ative factor in this publication, however, is are challenging issues. Overall, Prucha has its whopping $47.50 price tag, something done a commendable job of this. Although which is understandable in our present the book is printed in a black and white economy but still unfortunate. format, good use of shading enables read­ These criticisms are certainly minor. ers to understand nuances of information This book will become a standard refer­ with relative ease. Some maps were harder ence work on the subject and should be in to understand than others, however. For the library of every self-respecting historian instance, Prucha's depiction of military interested in Native Americans. posts presents some interpretation prob­ lems because of the use of a topographical map upon which were placed the location or installations along with their dates of ROGER D. LAUNIUS operation. While the physical features of NASA Chief Historian

Book Reviews

Allen, Western Rivermen, 1763-1861: Ohio and Mississippi Boatmen and the Myth ofthe Alligator Horse, reviewed by James Harvey Young 222

Bernard, Snow Belt Cities: Metropolitan Politics in the Northeast and Midwest since World War II, reviewed by Edward Schten 223

Doherty, Disputed Waters: Native Americans and the Great Lakes Eishery, reviewed by David R. Wrone ' 221

Hyde, An American Vision: Ear Western Landscape and National Culture, 1820-1920, reviewed by James W. Oberly 225

Prucha, Atlas of American Indian Affairs, reviewed by Roger D. Launius 226

227 Accessions Claire residents. Masons, and other topics; presented by the Eau Claire Public Library. Services for microfilming, xeroxing, and photostat­ Records, 1952-1971, of the Eau Claire ing all but certain items in its manuscript collections Civic Music Association, an organization are prorided by the Society. formed to sponsor concerts and encourage enjoyment of music in the Eau Claire area, including legal papers, committee reports, Area Research Centers Collections correspondence, financial statements, and musical program information; presented Eau Claire: Additional papers, 1821-1934, by Mrs. Harriet Christy, Eau Claire, and by 1944-1962, of William W. Barllell (1861- the Eau Claire Public Library. 1933), a prominent local historian in Eau Annual announcements, 189.5-1961, of Claire, consisting of personal papers con­ the Eau Claire Woman's Club, containing taining biographical and family informa­ lists of committee members and meetings, tion and correspondence, and of writings, financial statements, and the general mem­ research notes, and source materials con­ bership rosters; presented by the Eau cerning Eau Claire and Wisconsin history, Claire Public Library. particularly lumbering and the activities of Essay, 1939, by Ruth Goweron the history the Daniel Shaw Lumber Company; pre­ of Lake Hallie located north of Eau Claire, sented by the Eau Claire Public Library. mentioning topics such as the post office, Essay, ca. 1952, hy Jean Ann Calkins on stagecoach routes, schools and churches, the history of the McLellan Stagecoach Sta­ and area families; presented by the Eau tion located near Eau Claire, with photo­ Claire Public Library. graphs, drawings, maps, and a 1952 letter Papers, 1973-1980, of Wisconsin femi­ from George B. McLellan to Miss Calkins; nist Margo House (1928- ) documenting presented by the Eau Claire Public Library. her work with the Eau Claire chapter of Records of the Clark County Old Settlers NOW, the Governor's Commission on the Picnic Association (Loyal, Wisconsin), con­ Status of Women, the Wisconsin Feminists sisting of minutes, 1913-1916, ofthe social Project Fund, and several educational pro­ organization's annual meetings, including grams about women's issues; presented by the program, a list of members present, Helen Sampson, Eau (]laire. their town of residence, and year of settle­ Essay, n.d., on the history of the Eau ment; presented by Harry L. Watson, Claire Visiting Nurse Association, 1903- Chapel Hill, North Carolina. 1942, by Mar^ Ann Taken; presented by the Typed and bound volume, 1949-1950, Eau Claire Public Library. containing a governor's survey on health, Materials, 1926-1931, pertaining to Old welfare, recreation, and education, and a Abe, the eagle which was the Civil War mas­ constitution and committee reports of the cot of Co. C, 8th Wisconsin Volunteer Co-Ordinating Council of Eau Claire County, a Infantry, including clippings, articles, pho­ private organization concerned with civic tographs, and pamphlets. Compiled by Wil­ improvement and general welfare activities liam Bartlett and Marshall Cousins; pre­ in Eau Claire County; presented by the Eau sented by the Eau Claire Public Library. Claire Public Library. Brief records, 1901-1903 and 1906- Addidonal papers, 1861-1864, 1918- 1907, of the Phoenix Manufacturing Co., an 1947, oi Marshall Cousins (1869-1939) con­ Eau Claire manufacturer of lumbering cerning his research in local history includ­ machinery, including business correspon­ ing correspondence, drafts of writings, a dence, miscellaneous materials, and letter­ cashbook of C. C. Spafford, records of heads of numerous companies from Wis­ Grand Army ofthe Republic Eagle Post No. consin and other states; presented by the 52 (Eau Claire), and transcribed historical Eau Claire Public Library. information concerning the Civil War, Eau Handwritten transcript of an interview

228 iL^j \j^iUj^l WHi(X:i)8179

A Lombard Steam Log Hauler made by the Phoenix Manufacturing Company of Eau Claire al wcrrk on the Arpin Lumber Company land near Bruce, about 1910-1915. Records from the Phoenix company are described on page 228.

with Gardner Callahan Teall, an Eau Claire Agency, Eau Claire Office, including lists of native, concerning his career as an author, accommodations available and monthly an artist, and editor, and a collector of breakdowns of numbers of applicants, reg­ books, coins, and art; presented by the Eau istered housing, and rentals; presented by Claire Public Library. the Eau Claire Public Library. Article, n.d., about the history of the World War I Materials consisting of cor­ Twelve Mile House, a popular Chippewa respondence, newsletters, and lists pertain­ Valley tavern during the late nineteenth ing to the Eau Claire County Council of and early twentieth century; by an Defense, Wisconsin War History Commis­ unknown author. Accompanied by photo­ sion, war training courses, and records of copied illustrations. Presented by the Eau military and civilian service by area men Claire Public Library. and women. Compiled by William Bartlett Statistical reports and summaries, 1942- and Marshall Cousins; presented by the 1944, prepared by the U.S. National Housing Eau Claire Public Library. World War II

229 WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY SPRING, 1992

Materials, 1941-1947, including hsts of vet­ cellaneous papers, 1925-1945; presented erans and casualties, civil defense member­ by Myer Katz, La Crosse. ship cards, material pertaining to the Wis­ consin and the Eau Claire County Councils Milwaukee: Scattered records, 1968, of the of Defense, and lists of local church mem­ Ad Hoc Committee on Police Administration in bers serving in the war as well as newsletters Milwaukee, a citizens' group which sought which some of these churches published. to make the Milwaukee Police Depart­ Perhaps compiled by staff at the Eau Claire ment's administration more responsive to Public Library; presented by the Public the community and to reduce tension Library. between police and inner city residents, including brief minutes, correspondence, reports on similar concerns elsewhere, and Green Bay: Correspondence, 1925-1929, of clippings; presented by Sandra Brown, Mil­ Benjamin Abrahams (1865-1941), a Green waukee. Bay furrier, relating to his work as chair­ man ofthe Green Bay branch ofthe United Records, 1947-1966, of B'nai B'rith— Jewish Appeal; presented by Abe Abro- Waukesha Chapter 156, the women's chapter hams. Green Bay. of Temple Emanu-El, including member­ Additional records of Congregation ship lists, minutes (some of joint meetings Cnesses Israel, including minutes, 1922- with the Temple Emanu-El Sisterhood), 1929 (partially in Yiddish); account books, newsletters (1963-1964), clippings, and 1936-1945; a membership list, 1938-1939; Temple Emanu-El dedication booklets and historical materials compiled in 1984 (1960, 1963), documenting in part leader­ containing a chronology of major events in ship of the chapter's president, Nettie Green Bay's Jewish community, an account Israel, in Anti-Defamation League, inter- of the congregation's early years, and bio­ faith, and human relations activities. Pre­ graphical and genealogical information on sented by Mrs. Israel, Waukesha. several founding families; presented by the Records, 1939-1949, ofthe Bureau of Jew­ Congregation via Marion Miller. ish Education, an organization formed to Papers, 1936-1950, of paper company promote and coordinate Jewish education executive Charles R. Seaborne concerning his in Milwaukee, including by-laws, corre­ interest in improving the condition of the spondence, minutes, and reports, with Fox and Wolf rivers, including correspon­ information on the 1947 consolidations of dence with members of related organiza­ the Beth Israel and United Hebrew Schools tions such as the Fox River Water Power and the Milwaukee Talmud Torah and Yid­ Users Association, the Fox and Wolf River dish Folk Shule. Also including files of the Control Association, and the Wolf River Bureau's predecessors, the Joint Commit­ Reservoir Company; transcripts of public tee on Jewish Education and the Milwau­ hearings, minutes, reports, photographs, kee Talmud Torah Association. Presented charts, and maps. Transferred from the by George Laikin, Milwaukee. State Archives. Records, 1955-1959, 1962, of Congrega­ tion Sinai, Milwaukee, a Reform Jewish Temple founded in 1955, including La Crosse: Records, 1934-1971, of B'nai minutes, constitutions of the congregation B'rith—La Crosse Lodge 1093, a Jewish fra­ and its Brotherhood, correspondence and ternal organization, consisting primarily of clippings concerning their formation, and minutes, membership lists, and financial a 1962 committee report outUning Temple reports; presented by Myer Katz, La Crosse. policies on such issues as mixed-faith mar­ Additions to the Sons of Abraham Congre­ riages and rabbis' honoraria; presented via gation records, including congregation Rabbi Jay R. Brickman, Milwaukee. minutes, 1923-1938, a 1948 dedicauon Biographical materials, 1940's and 1978, booklet, and additional financial and mis­ of Zalman Eriedman (1914- ), a Lithuanian

230 'WHi(X.S)47072

Rabbi Leonard Goldstein leading the procession lo move the Torah to the new Congregation Cnesses Israel synagogue in Green Bay, 1952. Additions to the Congregation's papers are described on page 230.

231 WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY SPRING, 1992

Jew who immigrated to Milwaukee in 1938, (1945-1947), clippings, documents such as including an autobiographical sketch, vita, letters of discharge and pension certifi­ clippings comparing his experiences in the cates, and books of rituals, ceremonies, and Lithuanian and U.S. armies, and photocop­ songs; presented by Mrs. Peter Fields, She­ ied photographs of Nazi atrocities; pre­ boygan. sented by Mr. Friedman, Milwaukee. Papers, 1967, 1971, of U.S. District Court Parkside: Papers, 1975-1984 (mainly 1981- Judge Myron L. Gordon (1911- ), Milwau­ 1984), of John J Maurer (1922- ), a Dem­ kee, consisting of clippings regarding his ocratic state senator from Kenosha, includ­ 1967 nomination, and commentary on the ing bill files, correspondence, press ethnic composition of the federal courts releases, speeches, and subject files; pre­ and the role of his Jewish religion in the sented by Mr. Maurer, Kenosha. nomination. Also present are congratula­ Records, 1949-1954, ofthe Racine County tory letters, a transcript of the induction Industrial Union Council, an organization of proceedings, and a 1971 testimonial. Pre­ Racine County locals of the United Auto sented by Judge Gordon, Milwaukee. Workers, including minutes of the Execu­ Miscellaneous biographical and family tive Board and general membership, materials of Irma Greenthal (1891-1986) monthly financial reports, a constitution of and Alex P. Greenthal (1888-1982) of Mil­ Racine District Council #8, and correspon­ waukee, including a 1909 travel diary, two dence on the council's reorganization in journals (1903-1907), certificates, clip­ 1951; presented by the Racine Trades and pings, letters, invitations, and travel and Labor Council. family photographs of the Greenthal and Wetzler families, including photos of Lizzie P/(2^^m/fe.-Reminiscence written ca. 1922 by Black Kander, Mrs. Greenthal's aunt; pre­ Dr. Norton W.Jipson about his childhood in sented by Mr. and Mrs. Greenthal, Milwau­ the Sugar River area of northern Green kee. County, ca. 1866-1888, discussing activities at school, evening lyceums, religious reviv­ Records, 1906-1981 (mainly 1931- als, social gatherings, and local figures in 1969), of several women's organizations the community; presented by William H. which helped finance, operate, and main­ Matchett, Bremerton, Washington. tain the Milwaukee Jewish Home, an Ortho­ Photocopied papers consisting of a daily dox nursing home founded in 1906 as the journal, 1875-1888, of Lucinda Scott Ruggles Milwaukee Home for Aged Jews, including (1808-1888) and an account book, 1854- bulletins, minutes, financial records, and 1875, of William Page Ruggles containing other records; presented by the Home via accounts for Ruggles Inn, a stagecoach inn Nita L. Corre. in Ridgeway, primarily documenting its Records, 1925-1975, primarily in Yid­ dealings with the Wisconsin Stage Com­ dish, of the Milwaukee Oestreicher Kranken pany; presented by Genevieve McKenzie Unterstuetzing Verein (Austrian Sick Benefits via Betty Kilsdonk, Greenbush. Association), a Jewish cooperative insur­ ance association formed in 1906 and dis­ River Ealls: Letters, 1911, written by Maud solved in 1975, including announcements, Little Hoag of Everett, Washington (for­ a constitution, minute books, membership merly of River Falls, Wisconsin) to Sadie applications, papers on the dissolution, Johnson of River Falls, containing details of and a photograph of past presidents taken daily activities punctuated with recipes, in 1924; presented by Oscar Hianny, Mil­ clippings, memorabilia, fabric swatches, art waukee. work, and photographs; presented by Alice Records, 1892-1957, ofthe Sons of Union Chapman, River Falls. Veterans ofthe Civil War, Carl Witte Camp No. 37 (Sheboygan), including minute books Stevens Point: Portion of a U.S. Forest Ser­ (1892-1910, 1943-1947), a cash book vice cultural resource survey report, 1989,

232 ACCESSIONS authored by MarkE. Bruhy and others, con­ and records of the Baptist Young People's cerning Velebit, an abandoned Croatian Union (1933-1947) and the Rusk Bethel farming community near Eagle River, ca. Baptist Mission Circle (1931-1984); pre­ 19T5-1930, including a map, photocopied sented by Margaret Kent, Rusk. photographs, and information about build­ Cemetery inscriptions from the newer ings, individuals, community customs, and part of Halvorson Cemetery, Town of additional sources; presented by Walter Menomonie, Dunn County, transcribed by Goldsworthy, Three Lakes. Laura Mo5^and Ann Yurcisin, ca. 1984; pre­ Typescript history, 1983, ofthe Bernard sented by Laura Most. and Celia Garber family and their experi­ Cemetery inscriptions from Mound ences as Jews in Russia and in Wisconsin Cemetery, Dunn County, compiled in 1986 Rapids, written by Barbara Garber Essock by George and Margaret Mullen; presented by (1934- ); presented by Barbara Essock, the River Falls Area Research Center. Madison. Four-page typescript "History of the Jew­ Whitewater: Records, 1918-1939, 1964- ish People in Langlade County, Wiscon­ 1969, of Congregation B'nai Abraham, Beloit, sin," by Bemice Eromstein, concerning the including a cashbook (1937-1939), a Sun­ period 1903-1947; presented by Ms. Erom­ day School attendance book (ca. 1927), stein, Antigo. and a ledger for the congregation's sister­ A brief biography, written ca. 1990 by hood (1964-1969), plus a minutebook of Marion D. Oldershaw, of Daniel Gagen the Beloit Hebrew Ladies Aid Society (1835-1908), an English immigrant who (1925-1932) and a ledger of the Zionist came to northern Wisconsin in 1852. District of Beloit and Janesville (1918- Active primarily as a fur trader, mail car­ 1921). Presented by Mollie Putterman, rier, and carpenter, he also played an active Beloit. role in local government. Included is infor­ Pages from a family Bible bearing gene­ mation on his family. Presented by Walter alogical information, 1756-1944, on the Goldsworthy, Three Lakes. ancestors of Cora Hatfield Kile (1881- ), Evansville, with information on the family Stout: Records, 1895-1984, of Bethel Baptist names Reed, Rowley, Doolittle, and Hat­ Church, Rusk, including correspondence, field. Accompanied by a typed transcrip­ clerk's and treasurer's records, Sunday tion. Presented by Jack Holzhueter, Madi­ School and Vacation Bible School records. son.

233 Wisconsin History Behm, Betty C. Pieper & Runge Eamilies of Checklist Wisconsin. (La Valle?, Wisconsin, 1991? Pp. 233. Illus. No price listed. Available from Mrs. Charles W. Behm, S 922A Recently published and currently available Wiscon­ Netherlands, La Valle, Wisconsin siana added to the Society's Library are listed below. 53941.) The compilers, Gerald R. Eggleston, Acquisitions Librarian, and Susan Dorst, Assistant Acquistions Librarian, are interested in obtaining information Blahnik, Francis L. 1891-1991, St. John's about (or copies of) items that are not widely adver- Evangelical, Evangelical & Reformed, dsed, such as publications of local historical societies, United Church of Christ, Manitowoc, Wis. family histories and genealogies, privately printed (Manitowoc, Wisconsin, 1991. Pp. 32, 9. works, and histories of churches, institutions, or organizations. Authors and publishers wishing to Illus. $6.00 plus $1.50 postage and han­ reach a wider audience and also to perform a valua­ dling. Available from St. John's United ble bibliographic service are urged to inform the Church of Christ, 1501 Marshall Street, compilers of their publications, including the follow­ Manitowoc, Wisconsin 54220.) ing information: author, title, location and name of publisher, date of publication, price, pagination and address of supplier. Write Susan Dorst, Acquisitions Carow, John. Autobiography ofjohn Carow. Section. (Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1991? 38 leaves. Illus. No price listed. Available from author, 2027 Hill Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104.) Carow was born in Ladysmith in 1913 and lived there until 1877-78 Atlas of Pierce County, Wisconsin the early 1930's. With an Index. (River Falls, Wisconsin, cl991. 1 vol. Illus. $7.00 plus $1.55 post­ Gary, Elizabeth. Old Peshtigo River Days. age and handling. Available from Pierce (Marinette, Wisconsin, cl991. Pp. -vi, 50. County Historical Association, c/o Illus. $9.00. Available from author, 2814 Ursula Peterson, 936 West Maple, River Shore Drive, Marinette, Wisconsin Falls, Wisconsin 54022.) 54143.) Author's early years at a Peshtigo River logging camp. Aurora Crossroads in Time, Aurora, Wisconsin, 75 Years. (Aurora, Wisconsin, cl991. Pp. Cusack, John. Diary of John Cusack (1858— 206. Illus. $34.00 including postage and 1926), Darien, Wisconsin for the Year 1881, handling and sales tax. Available from edited by Gerald E. Porter. (Marshfield, Ronda Jacobs, H.C. 1, Box 131A, Niag­ Wisconsin, 1992? 38 leaves. No price ara, Wisconsin 54151.) listed. Available from editor, 803 S. Adams Avenue, Marshfield, Wisconsin Barash, Harvey L. and Dicker, Eva Barash. 54449.) Our Eather Abe: the Story of a Deaf Shoe Repairman. (Madison, Wisconsin, cl991. The Debt Shall Die With the Debtor: the Story of Pp. xix, 252. Illus. $12.95. Available from CUNA Mutual Insurance Society. (Madi­ Harvey Barash, 205 North Prospect Ave­ son, Wisconsin, cl991. Pp. ix, 198. Illus. nue, Madison, Wisconsin 53705.) Barash No price listed. Available from Martha was a Madison businessman. Ann Robbins, Manager, Information & Library Services, CUNA Mutual Insur­ Bartelt, Ken. The Moser Eamily: Descendants ance Group, 5910 Mineral Point Road, of Hugh & Catherine (Beltz) Moser, 1820- P.O. Box 391, Madison, Wisconsin 1989 (Pecatonica, Illinois, 1991. Pp. 264, 53701.) [42]. Illus. No price listed. Available from author. Box 693, Pecatonica, Illi­ Emery, Donna, and Arend, Mark W. Beaver nois 61063.) Dam Argus Name Index, 1940—1949. (Bea-

234 WISCONSIN HISTORY CHECKLIST

ver Dam, Wisconsin, 1992. 1 vol. No Jackson County, Wisconsin, Index to Deaths, price listed. Available from Beaver Dam 1876 to 1907, Volume 1. (Black River Falls, Community Library, 311 North Spring Wisconsin, 1991? Pp. 50. $5.00 plus $1.00 Street, Beaver Dam, Wisconsin 53916.) postage and handling. Wisconsin resi­ dents add 5.5% sales tax.) Gurda, John. The Making of "A Good Name in Industry ": Falk, a History of the Ealk Cor­ Jackson County, Wisconsin, Index to Marriages, poration, 7592-7992. (Milwaukee?, Wis­ 1854-1867, Volume IIIA. (Black River consin, 1992. Pp. 192. Illus. No price Falls, Wisconsin, 1991? Pp. 3. $3.00 plus listed. Available from Jack M. Blank, $1.00 postage and handling. Wisconsin President, The Falk Corporation, P.O. residents add 5.5% sales tax.) Box 492, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201- 0492.) Jackson County, Wisconsin, Marriage Index, 1859-1869, Volume 1. (Black River Falls, Halama, Daniel J. Baptisms: Information Wisconsin, 1991? Pp. 6, 6. $3.00 plus Taken Erom SS Peter &' Paul Records. $1.00 postage and handling. Wisconsin (Whitehall?, Wisconsin, cl991. Two vols. residents add 5.5% sales tax.) $48.50. Available from author. Route 2, Box 100, Whitehall, Wisconsin 54773.) Jackson County, Wisconsin, Marriage Index, 1865-1885, Volume n. (Black River Falls, Hamilton, Mary Jane. The Meeting House: Wisconsin, 1991? Pp. 29, 29. $7.00 plus Heritage and Vision. (Madison, Wisconsin. $1.00 postage and handling. Wisconsin Friends ofthe Meeting House, 1991. Pp. residents add 5.5% sales tax.) The above 32, Illus. No price listed. Available from five publications are available from Jack­ author, 7940 Deer Run, Cross Plains, son County, WI Footprints, c/o Sue Wisconsin 53528.) History of the Frank Eddy, Route 1, Box 253, Black River Lloyd Wright-designed Unitarian Meet­ Falls, Wisconsin 54615. ing House. Jolliffe,Jean Saxe. Our Back Pages: Obituaries Historic Landmark Tour, Brookfield - Elm of Cornish and North Devonshire Settlers of Grove, Wisconsin. (Brookfield, Wisconsin, Jefferson, Walworih and Waukesha Counties, cl991. Second Edition. Pp. 72. Illus. No Wisconsin, USA, Volume 1. (Brookfield, price listed. Available from Kettle Wisconsin, 1992. 1 vol, various pagings. Moraine Questers No. 349, Mrs. Helen Illus. No price listed. Available from Osgood, 2925 Princeton Road, Brook­ author,2405NorthBrookfieldRoad3rook- field, Wisconsin 53005.) field, Wisconsin 53045.)

Index to the 1890 Plat Book of Dodge County, Kindschi, Donald. Johann Kindschi Eamily Wisconsin. (Beaver Dam, Wisconsin, History, 1800-1990 (Prairie du Sac, Wis­ 1992. 1 vol. No price listed. Available consin, 1990. Pp. 130. Illus. $15.00. Avail­ from Beaver Dam Community Library, able from author, 45 Winnie Avenue, 311 North Spring Street, Beaver Dam, Prairie du Sac, Wisconsin 53578.) Wisconsin 53916.) Leary, James P. Yodeling in Dairyland: a His­ Jackson County, Wisconsin, Cemeteries, Volume tory of Swiss Music in Wisconsin. (Mount 1, Riverside Cemetery. (Black River Falls, Horeb, Wisconsin, 1991. Pp. 63. Illus. Wisconsin, 1991? 1 vol., various pagings. $8.00 plus $1.00 postage and handling. Illus. $15.00 plus $2.50 postage and han­ Available from Wisconsin Folk Museum, dling. Wisconsin residents add 5.5% 100 South Second Street, Mount Horeb, sales tax.) Wisconsin 53572.)

235 WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY SPRING, 1992

Lemanski, Cheryl D. The Wagner Eamilies of unteer Soldiers, Northwestern Branch, Eairview, Grant County, Wisconsin, 1828- Milwaukee, Wisconsin. (Wauwatosa, Wis­ 1991. (Fennimore, Wisconsin, 1991. Pp. consin, 1991. Pp. XV, 341. $20.00 plus 232. Illus. $32.50. Available from author, $2.50 postage and handling. Available 1424 Ebenezer Road, Fennimore, Wis­ from author, P.O. Box 27590, Milwau­ consin 53809-9723.) kee, Wisconsin 53227.)

Marriages for Grant County, WI, Index Book lA Milwaukee Catholicism..• Essays on Church and - Bride &" Groom. (Glen Haven?, Wiscon­ Community, edited by Steven M. Avella. sin, cl991. 105 leaves. $15.00 plus $2.50 (Milwaukee, Wis cousin. Knights of postage and handling.) Pamphlet covers Columbus, 1991. Pp. ix, 194. $10.00. the early records to 1859. Available from ed itor, Department of History, Marquette University, Charles L. Marriages for Grant County, WI, Index Book IB Coughlan Hall, M ilwaukee, Wisconsin - Bnde &' Groom (1859 to 1871). (Glen 53233.) Haven?, Wisconsin, cl990. 147 leaves. $15.00 plus $2.50 postage and han­ Missling, Lorraine. A History ofthe "EiveEab- dling.) ulous"Misslings. (Eau Claire?, Wisconsin, cl991. 42 leaves. $5.00. Available from Marriages for Grant County, WI, Index Book 2 author, 2821 Richard Drive, Eau Claire, - Bride & Groom. (Glen Haven?, Wiscon­ Wisconsin 54701-6340.) sin, cl991. Pp. 227. $20.00 plus $2.50 postage and handling.) Marriages listed occurred between 1871 and 1890. The Monroe, Bergetta Frances. The Hendry Eam­ above three publications are available ily: Descendants of Charles Hendry, Bom in from Helen Mumm, 13272 Bluff Street, Scotland, ca: 1775. (Burnsville?, Minne­ Glen Haven, Wisconsin 53810.) sota, 1991. Pp. xiv, 266. Illus. No price listed. Available from author, 13119 Pleasant Place, Burnsville, Minnesota Martin, Adrian R. "Cyclone" McClone: the 55337-2674.) Story of the Zephyr Whirlwind Who Took the Sports' Scene and the Business World by Storm. (New London, Wisconsin, 1991? O'Neill, Dora. New Chester Congregational Pp. 248. Illus. $17.95 plus $1.50 postage Church, 1858-1980: l\mm of New Chester, and handling. Available from author, Adams County, Wisconsin. (Stevens Point, P.O. Box 182, New London, Wisconsin Wisconsin, 1990. Pp. 80. No price listed. 54961.) McClone was an athletic coach Available from Mrs. R.J. Toser, 411 Lin- for four decades at St. Mary's High wood Avenue, Stevens Point, Wisconsin School in Menasha. .54481.)

Mentzer, Michael. Eond du Lac County: a Quandt, Val V. The Classic Kissel Automobile. Gift of the Glacier. (Fond du Lac, Wiscon­ (Hartford, Wisconsin, cl990. Pp. x, 123. sin, cl991. Pp. viii, 212. Illus. $29.95 plus Illus. $19.95. Available from author, 2.50 postage and handling. Wisconsin Hartford Heritage, Inc., 147 North Rural residents add $1.50 sales tax. Available Street, Hartford, Wisconsin 53027.) from Fond du Lac County Historical Society, P.O. Box 1284, Fond du Lac, Rausch, Cletus J. Joh Jacob Rausch I, Eamily Wiscon.sin 54936-1284.) History, 1660-1990'. (Hales Corner?, Wis­ consin, 1991? Pp. 187. Illus. $30.00 plus Miljat, Leslie E. Admission Applications, $3.00 postage and handling. Available 1867-1872, National Home for Disabled Vol- from author, Sacred Heart Seminary,

236 WISCONSIN HISTORY CHECKLIST

Box 429, Hales Corner, Wisconsin P.O. Box 6444, Glendale, California 53130.) Cover title \s Jacob Rausch, a Eam­ 91225.) ily History, 1660-1990 Swiggum, Pearl. Stump Ridge Earm. (Madi­ Reitan, Norman. Bright Patches, edited by son, Wisconsin, William C. Robbins and Rolf H. Erickson and Wilbert S. Peter­ Straus Printing Company, cl990. Pp. son. (Evanston?, Illinois, cl991. 1 vol., 100. Illus. $10.95. Available from Pro­ various pagings. Illus. No price listed. motions and Community Activities Available from Rolf Erickson, 1116 Davis Department, Madison Newspapers, Inc., Street, Evanston, Ilhnois 60201.) Mem­ P.O. Box 8056, Madison, Wisconsin oirs of Reitan's childhood in Shawano 53708.) Compilation of newspaper col­ County. umns about the author's life on her farm in Crawford County. Remembering Rural Schools of St. Croix County. (River Falls, Wisconsin, cl991. Pp. viii, Van Galder, Marge. Taming the Blue: the 209. Illus. $8.00 plus $1.48 postage and Thrills and Challenges of One Man's Journey handling. Available from St. Croix in Private Aviation. (Beloit, Wisconsin, County Extension Homemakers, 1060 cl991. Pp. ii, 107. Illus. $11.95 plus $1.50 Tenth Avenue, P.O. Box 6, Baldwin, Wis­ postage and handling. Wisconsin resi­ consin 54002.) dents add 5% sales tax. Available from Plum Tree Publications, #10 Plum Tree Rentmeester, Les, and Rentmeester, Village, Beloit, Wisconsin 53511.) Bio­ Jeanne. The Wisconsin Eur-Trade People. graphy of Russell Van Galder's four and (Melbourne?, Florida, cl991. Pp. in, 317, one half decades in aviation. A-5. Illus. No price listed. Available from authors, 1131 Rivermont Drive, Mel­ Waechter, Lorna M. HembeL (West Bend, bourne, Florida 32935.) Wisconsin, 1990. Pp. ii, 294. Illus. No price listed. Available from author, 228 Rewey, John D., and Rewey, Louise E. The University Drive, #16, West Bend, Wis­ Rewey - ReuweeEamilies in America: Descen­ consin 5.3095.) dants ofjohn (Rue) Rewey of Haverhill, Mas­ sachusetts Bom ca. 1680. (Ogema, Wiscon­ Wolfe, Kathleen. Marriages for Cyrant County, sin, 1991. Pp. V, 502. Illus. No price listed. WI: Index of Parents of Brides & Grooms. Available from authors, 25501 Trost (Potosi, Wisconsin, 1991? 2 vols. $40.00 Boulevard, (Lot 10-29), Bonita Springs, plus $5.00 postage and handling. Avail­ Florida 33923.) able from author, 5176 Old County Highway B, Potosi, Wisconsin 53820.) Richter, John Henry. Prom the Rhineland to Cover titles are Index of Parents on Grant Wisconsin. (Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1990. County, Wisconsin, Marriages. Marriages 252 leaves. Illus. No price listed. Availa­ included are from 1890 to 1914. ble from author, P.O. Box 7978, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48107.) Ziehli, Rosemary. A Time Gone, 1940-50. (Belleville?, Wisconsin, 1983. Pp. 91. No Sakar, Larry A. Speedrail: Milwaukee's Last price listed. Available from Belleville Rapid Transit? (Glendale, California, Public Library, South Vine Street, Box 1991. Interurbans Special 117. Pp. 62. M, Belleville, Wisconsin 53508.) History Illus. $19.95 plus $4.00 postage and han­ of Belleville during the war and postwar dling. Available from Interurban Press, years.

237 Contributors

DOUGLAS SLAYBAUGH was born and ELLEN PAULLIN, a graduate of Kansas reared in Iowa. He earned B.S. (1970) State University, lives in Newington, Con­ and M.A. (1973) degrees in history from necticut. Active in politics, the Greater Iowa State University and a Ph.D. (1982) Hartford Writers Group, and the Society in history from Cornell University. He of Friends (Quakers), she was for many has taught at Cornell, Texas Tech, SUNY years director of public relations at Hart­ (Cortland), Wells College, and Ithaca ford College for Women. She discovered College and is now assistant professor of and edited Etta's Journal for the Year 1874, history and American studies at Saint the personal testament of a Kansas pio­ Michael's College in Colchester, Ver­ neer woman, and is the author of four mont. At present he is completing a biog­ books for children. She has also written raphy of William I. Myers, agricultural a biography of Anne Hutchinson (as yet economist, governor of the Farm Credit unpublished). Her account of her hus­ Administration in the 1930's, and dean of band's stroke, Ted's Stroke: The Caregiver's agriculture at Cornell in the 1940's and Story, was published in 1988. Her daugh­ 1950's. ters, Karen Paullin Will of Hartford and Marcia Paullin of Philadelphia, assisted her in editing Ted Paullin's student jour­ nal.

Correction In the Winter, 1991-1992 issue of the Magazine, it was three times Stated on page 88 that Racine was the scene of events relating to the rescue ofthe escaped slave Joshua Glover. In fact those events took place in Milwaukee, not Racine. The editors regret their error, and are grateful to Harry H. Anderson, Director of the Milwaukee County Historical Society, for calling their attention to it.

238 Corporate Sponsors

AAL LINCOLN STATE BANK Appleton Milwaukee ALEXANDER COMPANIES MADISON GAS AND ELECTRIC Madison Madison AMERICAN FAMILY INSURANCE GROUP MADISON NEWSPAPERS, INC. Madison Madison APPLETON MILLS FOUNDATION MAINTENANCE SERVICE CORPORATION Appleton Milwaukee ARTHUR ANDERSEN AND COMPANY MARQUETTE ELECTRONICS Milwaukee Milwaukee ROBERT W. BAIRD & Co. FOUNDATION, INC. MARSHALL ERDMAN AND ASSOCIATES, INC. Milwaukee Madi-son BANTA CORPORATION MAYNARD STEEL Menasha Milwaukee THE BUSINESS FORUM MENASHA CORPORATION FOUNDATION Madison Neenah J. I. CASE COMPANY MILLER BREWING COMPANY Racine Milwaukee CONSOLIDATED PAPERS FOUNDATION, INC. MoDiNE MANUFACTURING COMPANY Wisconsin Rapids Racine J. P. CULLEN AND SONS, INC. NELSON INDUSTRIES, INC. Janesville Stoughton CUNA MUTUAL INSURANCE GROUP FOUNDATION NORTHWE.STERN MUTUAL LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY Madison Milwaukee DEMCO, INC. OSCAR MAYER FOOD CORPORATION Madison Madison CARL AND ELISABETH EBERBACH FOUNDATION PARKER PEN USA LIMITED Milwaukee Janesville FIRST WISCONSIN FOUNDATION, INC. PiERsON PRODUCTS, INC. Milwaukee Janesville FIRST WISCONSIN NATIONAL BANK OF MADISON PLEASANT COMPANY Madison Middleton GOLDEN STATE WARRIORS POLISH WOMEN'S CULTURAL CLUB Oakland, California Milwaukee GOODMAN'S, INCORPORATED RACINE FEDERATED, INC. Madison Racine GTE TELEPHONE OPERATIONS RAYOVAC Sun Prairie Madison HARLEY-DAVIDSON, INC. W. T. ROGERS COMPANY Milwaukee Madison HEARTLAND ADVISORS, INC. RURAL INSURANCE COMPANIES Milwaukee Madison THE HOUSE ON THE ROCK RYAN BROTHERS COMPANY Spring Green Janesville HUFCOR, INC. C. G. SCHMIDT, INC. Janesville Milwaukee INTREPID CORPORATION SCIENCE RELATED MA i ERIALS. INC. Milwaukee Janesville S. C.JOHNSON WAX SUPERIOR DIE SET CORPORATION Racine Oak Creek JOHNSON CONTROLS, INC. SYCOM, INC. Milwaukee Madison JOURNAL/SENTINEL INC. TRAPPERS TURN GOLF COURSE Milwaukee Wisconsin Dells JUPITER TRANSPORTATION COMPANY TWIN DISC, INCORPORATED Kenosha Racine THE KOHLER (COMPANY WALGREENS Kohler Madison

239 WEBCRAFTERS-FRAUTSCHI FOUNDATION, INC. WISCONSIN ENERGY CORPORATION FOUNDATION Madison Milwaukee WEST BEND COMPANY WISCONSIN NATURAL GAS COMPANY West Bend Racine WESTERN PUBLISHING, INC. WISCONSIN PHYSICIANS SERVICE Racine Madison THE WINDWAY FOUNDATION, INC;. WISCONSIN POWER & LKJHT COMPANY Sheboygan Madison WISCONSIN BELL Milwaukee

Patrons

JANET BALDING THOMAS MOUAT JEFFRIS II Mequon Janesville OSCAR AND PATRICIA BOLDT JOHN P. KAMINSKI Appleton Madison BOB AND ANNE BOLZ RUTH DE YOUNG KOHLER Madison Kohler GERALDINE DRISCOLL HAMILTON RODDIS FOUNDATION Winneconne Wausau MRS. PETER D. HUMLEKER, JR. GERALD AND MARION Visri: Fond du Lac Wausau ROBERT H. IRRMANN JOHN AND BARBARA WINN Madison Madison MRS. K. W.JACOBS,JR. Hartford

Fellows

VERNON CARSTENSEN ROBERT (;. NESBI i Washington Washington RICHARD N. CURRENT ALICE E. SMIIH Ma.ssachusetts (California MERLE CURTI PAUL VANDERBILT Madison Madison

Curators Emeritus

JOHN C;. GEILFUSS HOWARD W. MEAD Milwaukee Madison JANET HARTZELL ROBEKl B. L. MUKI'HY Grantsburg Madison NATHAN S. HEFFERNAN LOUIS C. SMITH Madi.son Cassville RoBERi H. IRRMANN PHYLLIS SMYTHE Madison Milwaukee HELEN JONES Mii.o K. SWANION Fort Atkinson Madison

240 THE BOARD OF CURATORS

THOMAS H. BARLAND MRS. PETER D. HUMLEKER, JR. Eau Claire Fond du Lac JANE BERNHARDT THOMAS MOUAT JEFFRIS II Cassville Janesville PATRICIA BOGE RASMUS B. A. KALNES La Crosse Eagle ELBERT S. BOHLIN ERROI. R. KINDSCHY Mineral Point West Salem DAVID E. CLARENBACH RUTH DE YOUNG KOHLER Madison Kohler GLENN R. COATES BEN LOGAN Racine Gays Mills JOHN M. COOPER VIRGINIA MACNEIL Madison Bayside HARRY F. FRANKE GEORGE H. MILLER Milwaukee Ripon PAUL C. GARTZKE JAMES A. OGILVIE Madison Washburn LYNNE GOLDSTEIN JERRY PHILLIPS Whitefish Bay Bayfield GREGG GUTHRIE MARY CONNOR PIERCE Lac du Flambeau Wisconsin Rapids VIVIAN GUZNICZAK FRED A. RISSER Franklin Madison EDNA GWIN PEGGY A. ROSENZWEIG Hudson Wauwatosa BETTE HAYES BRIAN D. RUDE De Pere Coon Valley FANNIE E. HICKLIN GERALD D. VISTE Madison Wausau RICHARD H. HOLSCHER LVNNE WEBSTER Milwaukee Oshkosh

STEPHEN R. PORTC.H, As.sociate Vice-President, Academic Affairs, ROBERT S. ZIGMAN, President of the Wisconsin History Foun­ University of Wisconsin dation NANCY ALLEN, President, Eriends of tlie State Historical Society Roi.E ETHUN, President ofthe Wisconsin Council for Local His­ of Wiscon.sin tory

Board of the Friends of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin

NANCY ALIEN, West Bend MAGGIE GAGE, Williams Bay President Secretary WALTER VO<;L, TWO Rivers PATRICIA FRITSCHEL, Madison Eirst Vice-President 'Treasurer LA VONNE SENN, Madison THEODORE E. CRABB, Madison Second Vice-President Past President THE HISTORICAL SOCIETY SHALL promote a wider appreciation of the American heritage with particular emphasis on the collection, advancement and dissemination of knowledge of the history of Wisconsin and of the West. —Wisconsin Statutes, Chapter 44

Adams Halt on the University of Wisconsin campus, which housed the students of the Experimental College from 1927 to 1932. The diary of an Ex College student begins on page 195.

^KVE HISTQp I sbs t en 0 n 1H40 ^^ OF WIS*''