Trinity Term [2018] UKSC 27 On appeal from: [2017] NICA 42 JUDGMENT In the matter of an application by the Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission for Judicial Review (Northern Ireland) Reference by the Court of Appeal in Northern Ireland pursuant to Paragraph 33 of Schedule 10 to the Northern Ireland Act 1998 (Abortion) (Northern Ireland) before Lady Hale, President Lord Mance Lord Kerr Lord Wilson Lord Reed Lady Black Lord Lloyd-Jones JUDGMENT GIVEN ON 7 June 2018 Heard on 24, 25 and 26 October 2017 Appellant Respondent (1) (NIHRC) (Department of Justice) Nathalie Lieven QC Tony McGleenan QC Laura McMahon BL Paul McLaughlin BL David Blundell Emma McIlveen BL (Instructed by Northern (Instructed by Ireland Human Rights Departmental Solicitors Commission) Office, Department of Finance and Personnel) Respondent (2) (Attorney General for Northern Ireland) John F Larkin QC Attorney General for NI Martin Chamberlain QC Denise Kiley BL (Instructed by Office of The Attorney General for Northern Ireland) Interveners Counsel details Instructed by 1st Intervener – Humanists Caoilfhionn Gallagher QC Bhatt Murphy UK Fiona Murphy Mary-Rachel McCabe 2nd Intervener – Helen Mountfield QC Deighton Pierce Glynn United Nations Working Zoe Leventhal Group on the Issue of Anita Davies Discrimination Against Frances Raday Women in Law and Practice 3rd Intervener – (JR76) Karen Quinlivan QC Stephen Chambers Solicitors Sean Devine BL Ltd 4th Interveners – Monye Anyadike-Danes QC KRW Law (a) Sarah Ewart Adam Straw (b) Amnesty International 5th Interveners – Mark Hill QC MW Solicitors (a) Christian Action and Research in Education (CARE) (b) ADF International (UK) (c) Professor Patricia Casey 6th Intervener – Centre of Lord Goldsmith QC Debevoise and Plimpton Reproductive Rights LLP (Written submissions only) 7th Interveners – Dinah Rose QC Leigh Day (a) Family Planning Jude Bunting Association (b) British Pregnancy Advisory Service (c) Abortion Support Network (d) Birthrights (e) Royal College of Midwives (f) Alliance for Choice (g) Antenatal Results and Choices 8th Intervener – Bishops of Brett Lockhart QC Napier and Son Solicitors the Roman Catholic (Written submissions only) Dioceses in Northern Ireland 9th Intervener – The Society Adrian Colmer BL Hewitt and Gilpin Solicitors for the Protection of Unborn (Written submissions only) Children (SPUC) 10th Intervener – Equality Jason Coppel QC Equality and Human Rights and Human Rights Commission Commission (EHRC) (Written submissions only) LADY HALE: 1. This has proved an unusually difficult case to resolve. Not only are the substantive issues, relating to the compatibility of abortion law in Northern Ireland with articles 3 and 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights (the ECHR or the Convention), of considerable depth and sensitivity; but there is also the procedural issue raised by the Attorney General for Northern Ireland, who challenges the standing of the Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission (NIHRC) to bring these proceedings. The court is divided on both questions, but in different ways. 2. On the substantive compatibility issues, a majority - Lord Mance, Lord Kerr, Lord Wilson and I - hold that the current law is incompatible with the right to respect for private and family life, guaranteed by article 8 of the Convention, insofar as it prohibits abortion in cases of rape, incest and fatal foetal abnormality. Lady Black agrees with that holding in the case of fatal foetal abnormality. Lord Kerr and Lord Wilson also hold that it is incompatible with the right not to be subjected to inhuman or degrading treatment, guaranteed by article 3 of the Convention. Lord Reed and Lord Lloyd-Jones hold that the law is not incompatible with either article 8 or article 3. 3. On the procedural issue, a majority - Lord Mance, Lord Reed, Lady Black and Lord Lloyd-Jones - hold that the NIHRC does not have standing to bring these proceedings and accordingly that this court has no jurisdiction to make a declaration of incompatibility to reflect the majority view on the compatibility issues. A minority - Lord Kerr, Lord Wilson and I - hold that the NIHRC does have standing and would have made a declaration of incompatibility. 4. In these unusual circumstances, it is not possible to follow our usual practice and identify a single lead judgment which represents the majority view on all issues. We have therefore decided to revert to the previous practice of the appellate committee of the House of Lords and print the judgments in order of seniority. It is for that reason only that my judgment comes first. Far more substantial judgments on all issues follow from Lord Mance and Lord Kerr. Introduction 5. The substantive questions in this case are legal issues - specifically related to the implementation in UK law, by the Human Rights Act 1998 (HRA), of the ECHR, Page 3 which in turn has to be interpreted in the light of other international treaties to which the UK is a party, in this case the United Nations Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women 1979 (CEDAW) and the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities 2006 (CRPD). Moral and political issues, important though they undoubtedly are, are relevant only to the extent that they are relevant to the legal issues which have to be resolved. 6. The starting point for any discussion of the legal issues has to be the right of all human beings, male and female, to decide what shall be done with their own bodies. This right has long been recognised by the common law: it is the reason why consent is needed for invasive medical treatment however well-intentioned: see Montgomery v Lanarkshire Health Board (General Medical Council intervening) [2015] AC 1430. It is also recognised by the ECHR: see Pretty v United Kingdom (2002) 35 EHRR 1, where it was said that “the notion of personal autonomy is an important principle underlying the interpretation of its guarantees” (para 61). For many women, becoming pregnant is an expression of that autonomy, the fulfilment of a deep-felt desire. But for those women who become pregnant, or who are obliged to carry a pregnancy to term, against their will there can be few greater invasions of their autonomy and bodily integrity. 7. The point is vividly made in Professor Thomson’s famous article (“A Defence of Abortion”, reprinted in R M Dworkin (ed), The Philosophy of Law): “You wake up in the morning and find yourself back to back in bed with an unconscious violinist. A famous unconscious violinist. He has been found to have a fatal kidney ailment, and the Society of Music Lovers has canvassed all the available medical records and found that you alone have the right blood type to help. They have therefore kidnapped you, and last night the violinist’s circulatory system was plugged into yours, so that your kidneys can be used to extract poisons from his blood as well as your own. The director of the hospital now tells you, ‘Look, we’re sorry the Society of Music Lovers did this to you - we would never have permitted it had we known. But still, they did it, and the violinist is now plugged into you. To unplug you would be to kill him. But never mind, it’s only for nine months. By then he will have recovered from his ailment, and can be safely unplugged from you’.” There can be no doubt that the grossest invasion of your legal rights has taken place: the question is whether you are now under a legal duty to endure that invasion for the next nine months. Page 4 8. By definition we are here considering the cases of women and girls who either did not want to become pregnant at all, or having experienced the joy of a wanted pregnancy, have reached the agonising conclusion that because of the foetal abnormalities, they do not wish to carry the pregnancy to term. There will of course be women who decide that they do wish to continue the pregnancy despite the circumstances. Any woman or girl who finds herself in such a situation and wants an abortion will have made her own moral choice, often a very difficult moral choice. The question is whether others, many of whom will never be placed in that situation, are entitled to make a different moral choice for her, and impose upon her a legal obligation to carry the pregnancy to term. 9. The present law, contained in sections 58 and 59 of the Offences Against the Person Act 1861, an Act of the UK Parliament, and section 25(1) of the Criminal Justice Act (NI) 1945, an Act of the Northern Ireland legislature, does impose that obligation upon her, unless there is a risk to her life or of serious long-term or permanent injury to her physical or mental health. Indeed, it does more than that. It has, as the United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women has recently pointed out, a “chilling effect” upon clinicians, who are reluctant to discuss the options for fear of being thought to “aid, abet, counsel or procure” an abortion which might be unlawful. It also discourages women who have had abortions, lawful or unlawful, from seeking proper after-care, because of section 5 of the Criminal Law Act (NI) 1967: anyone who knows or believes that an offence has been committed and has information which might be of material assistance in securing the apprehension, prosecution, or conviction of the person who committed it, commits an offence if they fail without reasonable excuse to give that information to the police within a reasonable time. The Departmental Guidance for Health and Social Care Professionals on Termination of Pregnancy in Northern Ireland (March 2016) draws professionals’ attention to both these risks.