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A Revision of the Flora of the Latah Formation

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A Revision of the Flora of the Latah Formation A REVISION OF THE FLORA OF THE LATAH FORMATION By EDWARD WILBER BERRY INTRODUCTION evergreen mesophytic forests of the Oolumbian region A prelinrinary account of the flora of the Latah to the west and the Rocky Mountain ranges to the fornlation by F. H. Knowlton was published in Janu­ north and east-what is usually termed the Oanadian ary, 1926, in connection with an account of the geology zone. These forests consist largely of needle-leaved by J. T. Pardee and Kirk Bryan. l The materials conifers, and the assemblage becomes more hygrophil­ were largely contributed by local students. During ous on the Pacific slopes of the mOlmtains west of the summer of 1926 Knowlton visited the area and Spokane and on the corresponding slopes of the moun­ made large additional collections, which had not been tains of Montana and Idaho. There is a considerable unpacked at the tinle of his death. It is much to be admixture of broad-leaved deciduous trees, especially regretted that he did not live to work up this collection, along streams. In the heavier stands of evergreens for it contained many novelties, and its excellent there is a relative scarcity of undershrubs and herba­ preservation was a eonstant source of pleasure to him. ceous species. It became my duty to identify this material in order to This transition zone is both forested and treeless in prepare a collection of duplicates for the Spokane the inlmediate vicinity of Spokane. The somewhat l\1useunl, and in this t.ask I encountered so much that less arid forested portion includes such arborescent was new and important that it has seemed desirable and shrubby genera as Abies, Acer, Pinus, Populus, to prepare the present report. During the course Pseudotsuga, Rhamnus, Salix, Taxus, Thuya, Tsuga, of the work I have received valuable additional mate­ Alnus, Amelanchier, Oeanothus, Ohimaphila, Linnaea, rial fronl Prof. T. A. Bonser and Messrs E. E. Alexan­ Lonicera, Menziesia, Opulaster, Pachystima, Ribes, der and O. O. Fernquist, of Spokane. Rosa, Rubus, Salix, and Vaccinium. Of these the The region fronl which the Latah flora was collected g~nera Acer, Pinus, Populus, Salix, Alnus, Amel­ has a presp.nt altitude in the neighborhood of 2,000 anchier, Oeanothus, Menziesia, and Vaccinium were feet. The Spokane Weather Bureau station shows an present in the region in upper or middle Miocene average annual precipitation (for a 24-year period) (Latah) time. of 18.23 inches. This drops to less than 10 inches a The present account of the Latah flora contains short distance to the southwest, but rises to around 75 152 species, as against 95 in Knowlton's preliminary inches on the Pacific-facing slopes of the mountains account. Of this number 6 are referred to Phyllites, west of the Spokane area and t.o 90 inches on the Pacific 6 to Oarpites, and 1 to Oarpolithus, all but the Oar­ coast. The Latah area is characterized by summer polithus under names proposed in Knowlton's paper. droughts. The normal annual mean temp~rature is I have not named a considerable number of new forms 45.9° F., which is not low relatively, but the climate is represented by poor material in the present collection. marked by extremes of temperature, both in winter and The notable additions to the flora comprise a char­ summer. Oonsequently the nights are cool, and both acteristic new fern of the genus Asplenium; a large late and early frosts result in a relatively short growing and diversified representation of seeds and leaves of season. Pinus; two species of sweet fern, Oomptonia; the It is beyond the scope of the present paper to discuss leaves of several hardwoods hitherto unknown in the these climatic factors in their bearing on the existing Latah flora, such as the hickory (Hicoria) , beech flora of the region, and this has already been done in a (Fagopsis) , sycamore (Platanus), horse chestnut general way by more competent botanists. My purpose . (Aesculus), and linden (Tilia); or tree genera hitherto is merely to hint at the present conditions as a back­ unknown in the western Miocene, such as the tulip ground for discussing the conditions in Miocene time. tree (Liriodendron) and sassafras (Sassafras). Floristically the Spokane region is in the transition There is of. course some duplication involved in zone between the .northern extension of the Great ?,iving separate names to leaves and fruits, especially Basin arid region (Sonoran) and the (in general) In the genera Pinus, Alnus, Acer, mmus, Liquidambar, and Quercus. There are also undoubtedly too many 1 U. S. Geol. Survey Proc. Paper 140, pp. 1-81, 1926. species recogni7.ed among the poplars, birches, and 225 226 SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY, 1928 oaks. These have been retained for the most part, Pteridophyta: out of respect for Knowlton's opinion ·and partly Polypodiales- Polypodiaceae- because of the impossibility of drawing satisfactory Asplenium occidentale Berry. specific lines among the leaves of these trees, although Woodwardia praeradicans Berry. I have indicated my opinions on these points in the W oodsia bonseri Berry. systematic discussion. Pteris sp. Berry. The Latah flora now contains 75 genera in 51 fanl­ Coniferophyta: Ginkgoales­ ilies and 29 orders. The largest order is the Fagales, Ginkgoaceae­ with 2.5 nominal species; next come the Sapindales, Gi~kgo adiantoides (Unger) Reer. with 14; the Pinales Hnd Salicales, with 13 each; the Pinales­ Ericales, with 8; and the Laurales, with 7. Taxaceae- . Similarly the largest family is the Fagaceae, with Tumion bonseri Knowlton. Cupressinaceae- 16 nominal species; next in specific representation is Sequoia langsdorfii (Brongniart) Reer. the family Salicaceae, with 13; followed by the Betu­ Sequoia sp. Knowlton, wood. laceae, with 9; the Lauraceae, with 7; the Pinaceae, Taxodium dubium (Sternberg) Reer. Oupressinaceae, and Papilionaceae, with 6 each; and Taxodium, staminate ament. the Aceraceae, with 5. The largest genus is Quercus, Libocedrus praedecurrens Knowlton. Glyptostrobus?, staminate aments. with 13 nominal species; next come Phyllites and Pinaceae- Oarpites, with 6 each; and Pinus, Salix, Acer, and Vac­ Pinus latahensis Berry. cinium, with 5 each. Most numerous individually Pinus macrophylla Berry. are the leaves of the oaks, poplars, Sequoia, and bald Pinus monticolensis Berry. cypress. Pinus tetrafolia Berry Pinus sp. Kno\vlton. As probably the largest and best-preserved western Tsuga latahensis Berry. Miocene flora except that from Florissant, 0010., the Spermatophyta: Latah flora is of especial interest. In addition to the Angiospermae­ plants the scales, rays, and vertebrae of a small Monocotyledonae­ cyprinoid fish are not uncommon in these deposits. Pandanales­ Typhaceae- These remains are not sufficiently conlplete for precise Typha? sp. Knowlton. identification, but they probably represent the genus Naiadales- Leuciscus and may be identical with Leuciscu8 turneri Naiadaceae- Lucas, of the Esmeralda formation of western Nevada. Potamogeton heterophylloides Berry. I have illustrated two of the characteristic scales in Palaeopotamogeton fiorissanti Knowlton. Arales­ the present paper. (See pI. 49, figs. 1,2.) Araceae- In Knowlton's account of the Latah flora he renlarks Arisaema hesperia Knowlton. on the rarity of insect remains, an anonlalous feature Graminales­ because of the fine-grained texture and lacustrine Poaceae- character of the sediments. Only one species, a Grass, unnamed. Liliales­ carabid beetle, Oalosoma fernquisti Oockerell, was Smilaceae-. recorded. The more recent collections bid fair to Smilax lamarensis Knowlton. remedy this situation, containing several other beetles, Juncaceae?- flies, dragon flies, etc. These will be described in a Juncus? crassulus Cockerell. separate contribution. Dicotyledonae­ Choripetalae­ Flora of the Latah formation J uglandales- Bryophyta: J uglandaceae- Musci­ Hicoria juglandiformis (Sternberg) Knowlton. Mniaceae- Myricales­ Archaeomnium patens E. G. Britton. Myricaceae- Polytrichaceae- Comptonia hesperia Berry. Polytrichites spokanensis E. G. Britton. Comptonia insignis (Lesquereux) Cockerell. Moss, unnamed. Salicales- Lepidophyta: Salicaceae- Lycopodiales­ Salix fiorissanti Knowlton and Cockerell. Lycopodiaceae- Salix inquirenda Knowlton. Lycopodium hesperium Knowlton (fertile spike). Salix perplexa Knowlton. Arthrophyta: Salix remotidens Knowlton. Equisetales- Salix? sp. Knowlton. Equisetaceae- Salix, pistillate fiower. Equisetum, rhizome with tubers. Salix, stipule. FLORA OF THE LATAH FORMATION 227 Spermatophyta-Continued. Spermatophyta-Continued. Angiospermae-Continued. Angiospermae-Coritinued. Dicotyledonae-Continued. Dicotyledonae-Continued. Choripetalae-Continued. Choripetalae-Continued. '3alicales-Continued. Rosales-Continued. Salicaceae-Continued. Drupaceae- Populus heteromorpha Knowlton. Prunus rustii Knowlton. Populus lindgreni Knowlton. Rosaceae- Populus washingtonensis Knowlton. Amelanchier scudded Cockerell. Populus, amentiferous bract. Cercocarpus praeledifolius Berry. Populus, bud scales. Caesalpiniaceae- Popul us, pistillate ame!lt. Cassia idahoensis Knowlton Fagales- Cassia spokanensis Berry. Betulaceae- Cassia sophoroides (Knowlton) Berry. Betula fairii Knowlton. Cercis? spokanensis Knowlton. Betula heteromorpha Knowlton. Papilionaceae- Betula largei Knowlton. Sophora alexanderi Knowlton. Betula, winged fruit. Sophora spokanensis Knowlton. Alnus elliptica Berry. Meibomites knowltoni Berry. Alnus prerhombifolia Berry. Meibomites lucens Knowlton. Alnus sp. Knowlton, cones. Leguminosites bonseri Berry.
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