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Aircraft Systems Conceptual Design Linköping Studies in Science and Technology Dissertations No. 1805 Aircraft Systems Conceptual Design An object-oriented approach from <element> to <aircraft> Ingo Staack Division of Fluid and Mechatronic Systems Department of Management and Engineering Linköping University, SE–581 83 Linköping, Sweden Linköping 2016 Cover: The cover shows <aircraft id="35"> at <Malmen rwy="19"> and an illustration of the on-board power systems network Copyright c Ingo Staack, 2016 Aircraft Systems Conceptual Design An object-oriented approach from <element> to <aircraft> ISBN 978-91-7685-636-9 ISSN 0345-7524 Distributed by: Division of Fluid and Mechatronic Systems Department of Management and Engineering Linköping University SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden Printed in Sweden by LiU-Tryck, Linköping 2016. To my parents Es gibt nichts Gutes, außer man tut es ” Erich Kästner 1899-1974 Abstract Aircraft Conceptual Design (ACD) is facing new challenges on the way to enhanced fidelity level required in, nowadays complex, system design. The challenge during this early design phase is the use of higher-fidelity methods typically applied in later development stages. Integration of models and simulations to enhance analysis capability while maintaining a streamlined, transparent, and low cost (low effort regarding task time and workforce) work process is therefore required. In this thesis, the use of object-oriented KBE methods to enable an early integration of simulation models, based on incomplete data, is pre- sented. Before this, careful investigations of modelling and simulation approaches of multi-domain systems are carried out, and their use in the ACD phase is examined regarding the efficiency between effort and result accuracy. A central, parametric information model approach to make this possible is presented. By the means of the extended use of XML, XSD and XSLT, domain-specific architectural models can be translated from this dataset, supporting a direct CAD domain integration and au- tomated model creation. Modelling systems as graph networks is a simple approach for unified modelling in the conceptual design stage. Based on this theory, the similarity of different modelling approaches like Dependency Structure Matrix (DSM), MDDSM, or Channel-Agency Networks is shown. Using object-oriented programming, all these and more aspects such as e.g. Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) can be handled globally as one graph set. Based on the outcomes of the theoretical part, the development of a conceptual aircraft design framework is described. Backed by a cen- tral XML-based namespace, this framework integrates a complete CAD environment to ensure an appropriate environment for the geometric do- main modelling. In addition, the use of KBE for automated simulation i model integration is exemplified by a hydraulic aircraft flight control system (FCS) simulation model. In conclusion, an example of multi- aspect modelling using object-oriented handling of a graph network is shown. For future scenarios, unified modelling and semantic approaches are mentioned. ii Populärvetenskaplig Sammanfattning Med nya, mer komplexa och mer integrerade flygplansgrundsystem står konceptutvärderingsfasen (ACD) inför nya utmaningar. Multi- disciplinärt, anpassningsförmåga, konstruktionsautomation, förbättrad analysnoggrannhet och modellbaserad integrerad utveckling (MBSE) är några nyckelord. I denna avhandling diskuterats användning av objektorienterade Knowledge Based Engineering- (KBE) metoder i konceptutvärder- ingsfasen som möjliggör en tidig integration av simuleringsmodeller baserade på ofullständiga designuppgifter. Denna integration av mod- eller och simulering ska leda till en ökad analyskapacitet och samtidigt bibehålla en strömlinjeformad, transparent och snabbt arbetsprocess. I avhandlingens teoretiska del behandlas universella modelleringsme- toder (som DSM och Channel-Agency Nätverk) och simuleringsstrate- gier. Dessutom analyseras och beskrivs en omsorgsfullt parametris- erad informationsmodell samt integrationsstrategier för analysmetoder av olika domäner och noggrannhet. Baserat på den teoretiska delen beskrivs utveckling av ett ramverk för konceptuell flygplandesign. Uppbyggd runt en systematisk parametris- erade, centralt XML-baserad informationsmodell integrerar detta ramverk ett fullständigt 3D CAD verktyg för att säkerställa en lämplig miljö för den geometriska modelleringen. Dessutom visas en användnin- gen av KBE-metoder för integration av en hel flygplansimuleringsmodell inklusive dess hydrauliska styrsystem. För framtida möjligheter nam- nges unifierade modelleringsstrategier och semantiska metoder. iii iv Zusammenfassung Mit steigenden Anforderungen durch immer mehr optimierte, leistungs- fähigere, zuverlässigere und langlebigere technische Produkte nimmt die Modellierung und Simulation einen immer größeren Stellenwert ein. Um das Zusammenspiel von Systemen bereits im Flugzeugvoren- twurf analysieren zu können, bedarf es einer geschickten Systemmodel- lierung und geeigneter Arbeitsprozesse, die die Erstellung von Simula- tionsmodellen auf Basis unvollständiger Daten- und Informationslage ermöglichen. Vor Allem, um das volle Optimierungspotential mod- erner, integrierter elektrischer Systemarchitekturen ausschöpfen zu kön- nen, ist eine Einbeziehung dieser in das Gesamtkonzept innerhalb des Flugzeugvorentwurfs notwendig. In dieser Arbeit wird ein wissensbasierter Arbeitsprozess (englisch: Knowledge-Based Engineering) für den Flugzeugvorentwurf präsentiert, welcher die Zusammenführung unterschiedlicher Informationen – wie z.B. Domänen- und Produktspezifischer Daten ermöglicht. Dies soll die Einbeziehung der Bordsystemarchitekturen dienen, um die gestiegenen Genauigkeitsanforderungen im Flugzeugvorentwurf bewältigen zu kön- nen. Dem vorausgehend werden verschiedene Modellierungsgrundsätze erörtert und ihre Anwendungsmöglichkeit im Hinblick auf die mögliche Implementierung und Anwenderfreundlichkeit im Flugzeugvorentwurf diskutiert. Ausgehend von den theoretischen Überlegungen wird die Entwicklung eines XML-basierten Flugzeugvorentwurfsprogramms beschrieben, das die vollständige Integration eines kommerziellen CAD-Werkzeuges er- möglicht. Des Weiteren werden die Möglichkeiten aufgezeigt, welche sich durch den Einsatz eines universalen Modells im XML-Format ergeben. Durch Interpretation der Produktdaten in Form eines Graphennetzw- erks werden verschiedene Modellierungs- und Analysemöglichkeiten wie v Beispielsweise DSM und C-A Net Modell erörtert und die Integration von Teilaspekten wie der Systemzuverlässigkeit aufgezeigt. Ziel ist ein universeller Modellierungsansatz, der eine plausible, verständliche und anwenderfreundliche Integration der verschiede- nen Teilaspekte des Flugzeugvorentwurfs ermöglicht sowie die Ein- bindung domäne-spezifischer Programme (wie z.B. CAD) mit Hilfe einer parametrischen, auf XML basierenden Datenbank erlaubt. vi Acknowledgements The work presented in this dissertation has been carried out as a Ph.D. study at the Division of Fluid- and Mechatronic Systems (Flumes) at Linköping University together with Saab Aeronautics as industrial part- ner. The research was mainly funded by the Swedish Governmental Agency, VINNOVA’s National Aviation Engineering Research Programms NFFP5 2010-1251 “Konceptmetodik”, NFFP6 2014-0927 “CADLAB” and Clean Sky SFWA, the Swedish Aeronautical Development and Demonstration Programm. There are several people I would like to thank for their support and advice during all these years. First I want to thank my supervisor Prof. Petter Krus for his guidance and support. Thank you, Petter, for the fruitful working environment and the freedom you gave me which made this research so interesting and challenging. Thank you for your patience and trust in my work! Secondly, thanks to all my colleges at LiU for all the unforgettable geek-coffee brake discussions. Thanks also to all Flumes flight group members Raghu Munjuruly, Tomas Melin and David Lundström for all the interesting meetings, debates, and collaborations! I also want to thank the people at Saab who were involved in this research; Mats Bergman and Pål Sarwe for their patience in guiding me through my first research project and the members of the Conceptual Aircraft Design Department, namely Kristian Amadori, Patrick Berry, Peter Furenbäck and Christopher Jouannet for their close collaboration. It was a pleasure to work together with all of you! vii Warm thanks also to the whole open-minded CEAS Technical Com- mittee Aircraft Design (TCAD) society, especially Prof. D. Scholz and the guys from DLR, namely Björn Nagel and Daniel Böhnke; it was a pleasure to meet you all over the world for a beer or two and talk Hamburger-Bavarian language: Moin moin und Grüß Gott! Thanks also to my brother for all the sports adventures and chal- lenges; we finally survived;-) My greatest gratitude, finally goes go to my parents, who supported and encouraged me in any matter, sports career, hobbies, and education. Thank you so much for your endless love and for believing in me! Linköping, October 2016, Ingo Staack viii Abbreviations 6DOF Six Degrees of Freedom ACD Aircraft Conceptual Design AOG Aircraft on Ground ASCD Aircraft Systems Conceptual Design ATA 100 Air Transport Association Specification 100 BLT Block Lower Triangular BPR Bypass Ratio C-A net Channel-Agency Net CAD Computer Aided Design CAE Computer Aided Engineering CPACS Common Parametric Aircraft Configuration Schema DAL Design Assurance Level DMM Domain Mapping Matrix DOC Direct Operating Costs DOM Document Object Model DSE Degree
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