fermentation Review Wine and Non-Dairy Fermented Beverages: A Novel Source of Pro- and Prebiotics Alice Vilela * , Fernanda Cosme and António Inês CQ-VR, Chemistry Research Centre, Department of Biology and Environment, School of Life Sciences and Environment, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal; [email protected] (F.C.); [email protected] (A.I.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +351-259-350-973; Fax: +351-259-350-480 Received: 28 October 2020; Accepted: 17 November 2020; Published: 20 November 2020 Abstract: Probiotics and prebiotics are microbiota-management instruments for improving human health once they may be beneficial for maintaining a healthy community of gut microbiota and bowel function. Probiotic’s main target is the gut, via the gastrointestinal tract, although direct application to other body zones such as the vaginal tract, the oral cavity, and skin have been studied. The major source of probiotics is fermented dairy products, however, currently, there is a need for novel and non-dairy probiotics, due to the increasing number of lactose-intolerant persons in the world population, tied with the adverse effect of cholesterol contained in fermented dairy foods as well as the increasing number of strict vegetarians. In this review, we describe gut-derived effects in humans of possible microorganisms isolated from wine, such as Saccharomyces and non-Saccharomyces yeasts and bacteria, and other non-dairy fermented beverages. Those microorganisms can be grown and consumed as recommended probiotics, moreover, wine, and other beverages may also be a source of prebiotics such as polyphenols. Keywords: wine-yeasts; lactic acid bacteria; prebiotics; probiotics; human health 1. Introduction Although people often think of bacteria and other microorganisms as harmful “germs,” many are helpful. Some bacteria help digest food, destroy disease-causing cells, or produce vitamins. Many of the microorganisms in probiotic products are the same as or like microorganisms that naturally live in our bodies. Probiotics are part of a larger picture concerning microbes and our body—our microbiome. These microbes are a combination of bacteria, fungi (including yeasts), viruses, and protozoa. Everyone’s microbiome is unique, and two people have not the same microbial cells [1]. The most common place linked to beneficial microbes is our gut (mostly the large intestine). The human gut contains over 100–1000 microbial species, more or less than about 1011–1012 CFU/g [2], which modulates the host internal environment and thus, play a major role in host health. Specifically, these organisms play key roles in defense function, good digestion (catabolism and anabolism), and impact brain-gut responses [3]. So, the main acts of the microbiota can be categorised into three groups—metabolic, protective, and trophic functions [4]. Moreover, besides the human gut, several locations in and on our body host good microbes. These locations are in contact with the “outside world” and include the mouth, vagina, urinary tract, skin, and lungs. Bacterial colonisation of the human gut evolves and transforms over a lifetime. It begins at birth when newborns are exposed to a non-sterile environment [3] which alters the gut microbiome to a predominance of anaerobes within a few weeks of life [5]. It changes over time, depending on a dynamic relationship between the diet, genome, lifestyle, and the composition and number of drugs Fermentation 2020, 6, 113; doi:10.3390/fermentation6040113 www.mdpi.com/journal/fermentation Fermentation 2020, 6, 113 2 of 22 Fermentation 2020, 6, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 21 used, such as antibiotics. It can shift according to age, mainly around the time that the immune system startsused, to decline such as [3 antibiotics.,6]. It can shift according to age, mainly around the time that the immune system Instarts adults, to decline the human [3,6]. gut microbiota appears to have a leading phylogenetic core [7]. It was possible, byIn adults, using the the human 16S rDNA gut microbiota sequencing appears technique to have to a identifyleading phylogenetic Gram-negative core Bacteroidetes,[7]. It was Gram-positivepossible, by Firmicutes, using the and16S rDNA Gram-positive sequencing Actinobacteria technique to identify as the dominantGram-negative phyla Bacteroidetes, [8]. Arumugam and collaboratorsGram-positive [9 Firmicutes,] by applying and direct Gram-positive metagenomic Actinobacteria sequencing as the methods dominant have phyla identified [8]. Arumugam and defined threeand clusters collaborators/enterotypes, [9] by each applying characterised direct metagenomic by a specific sequencing set of networked methods have bacterial identified genera—the and defined three clusters/enterotypes, each characterised by a specific set of networked bacterial Bacteroides-, the Prevotella- and the Ruminococcus (Figure1). This research highlights this phenomenon genera—the Bacteroides-, the Prevotella- and the Ruminococcus (Figure 1). This research highlights this as occurringphenomenon worldwide; as occurring although, worldwide; as it was although, mentioned as it was before, mentioned everyone’s before, microbiota everyone’s profile microbiota is unique, all humansprofile shareis unique, a common all humans pattern share of guta common microbiota. patte Usually,rn of gut however, microbiota. the Usually, composition however, of the the basic intestinalcomposition microflora of the is stable basic duringintestinal adulthood microflora [1 ,is10 stable], at least during until adulthood the elderly [1,10], age (thoseat least over until 60 the years). With advancingelderly age age,(those microbial over 60 diversity,years). With and advancing composition age, ismicrobial primarily diversity, driven and by dietarycomposition factors is and the microbiota,primarily driven may significantly by dietary factors influence and the the microb inflammatoryiota, may significantly tone and health influence status the immuneinflammatory function, whichtone declines, and health increasing status theimmune number function, of facultative which declines, anaerobes, increasing shifting the thenumber ratio of of facultativeBacteroides to firmicutesanaerobes, species, shifting and the marked ratio of decrease Bacteroides in to bifidobacteria firmicutes species, [11,12 and]. marked decrease in bifidobacteria [11,12]. Figure 1. The human gut microbiota—main enterotypes [1,9]. Adapted from Arumugam et al. [9]. Figure 1. The human gut microbiota—main enterotypes. Co-occurrence networks of the three enterotypes.The “colonisation Unclassified resistance” genera under or beneficial a higher rankusage are of marked intestinal by asterisksmicroflora, [1, 9is]. considered Adapted from the Arumugam“barrier effect”, et al. a [ 9mechanism]. used by the autochthonous gut bacteria to maintain their existence and confer protection against ingested microorganisms, including pathogens [13]. So, manipulation of the Thegut “colonisationmicroflora by increasing resistance” the or relative beneficial number usage of “helpful of intestinal bacteria”, microflora, will beneficially is considered influence the “barrierthe effect”,immune a mechanism function, used digestion, by the me autochthonoustabolism, and brain-gut gut bacteria communication to maintain [14]. their Alterations existence andin gut confer protectionmicrobiota against diversity ingested may microorganisms, result in several disorder includings and pathogens diseases that [13 ].can So, be manipulation treated with several of the gut microfloradrugs, bythat increasing do not always the work relative and numberare cost-effective, of “helpful and inconvenient bacteria”, will for common beneficially use. Therefore, influence the immunea simple, function, low-cost, digestion, friendly, metabolism,and natural way and to improve brain-gut host communication health has become [14 a ].critical Alterations issue in the in gut microbiotapresent diversity day. In this may perspective, result in several probiotics disorders tend to serve and diseases as bio-supplement that can be to treatedthe host withmicroflora several and drugs, that doprovide not always protection work against and are various cost-e entericffective, pathogens and inconvenient [15]. for common use. Therefore, a simple, low-cost, friendly,Probiotics—a and word natural of the way modern to improve era, the host deno healthtation has“for becomelife”—are a live critical microorganisms issue in the that present are intended to have health benefits when consumed or applied to the human body [16]. They can be day. In this perspective, probiotics tend to serve as bio-supplement to the host microflora and provide found, naturally, in yogurt and other fermented foods and beverages. The microbiota of fermented protectionproducts against is an various intricate enteric microbial pathogens community [15]. made of indigenous microorganisms inherently Probiotics—aassociated with word the raw of the materials modern and/or era, the those denotation that are present “for life”—are on the equipment live microorganisms and surfaces that of are intendedprocessing to have sites health where benefits chosen when microorganisms consumed ormay applied be used to as the starter human cultures body [17]. [16]. They can be found, naturally, inSupplementation yogurt and other with fermented probiotics, foodsprebiotics, and and beverages. synbiotics The has microbiota shown promising of fermented results against products is an intricatevarious microbial enteric pathogens community