Hindawi Publishing Corporation Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine Volume 2013, Article ID 102714, 29 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/102714

Research Article The ‘‘Hidden Diversity’’ of Medicinal Plants in Northeastern Brazil: Diagnosis and Prospects for Conservation and Biological Prospecting

Deyvson Rodrigues Cavalcanti1,2,3 and Ulysses Paulino Albuquerque1

1 Laboratory of Applied Ethnobotany, Department of Biology, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Avenida Dom Manoel de Medeiros s/n, Dois Irmaos,˜ 52171-900 Recife, PE, Brazil 2 State University of Alagoas, AL 115 Km 3, 57601-000 Palmeira dos Indios,´ AL, Brazil 3 Federal Institute of Education, Science and Tecnology of Alagoas, Avenida das Alagoas s/n, Palmeira de Fora, 57601-220 Palmeira dos Indios,´ AL, Brazil

Correspondence should be addressed to Deyvson Rodrigues Cavalcanti; [email protected] and Ulysses Paulino Albuquerque; [email protected]

Received 25 April 2013; Accepted 8 June 2013

Academic Editor: Romuloˆ Romeu Nobrega´ Alves

Copyright © 2013 D. R. Cavalcanti and U. P. Albuquerque. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Increases in ethnobotanical studies and knowledge in recent decades have led to a greater and more accurate interpretation of the overall patterns related to the use of medicinal plants, allowing for a clear identification of some ecological and cultural phenomena. “Hidden diversity” of medicinal plants refers in the present study to the existence of several species of medicinal plants known by the same vernacular name in a given region. Although this phenomenon has previously been observed in a localized and sporadic manner, its full dimensions have not yet been established. In the present study, we sought to assess the hidden diversity of medicinal plants in northeastern Brazil based on the ethnospecies catalogued by local studies. The results indicate that there are an average of at least 2.78 different species per cataloged ethnospecies in the region. Phylogenetic proximity and its attendant morphological similarity favor the interchangeable use of these species, resulting in serious ecological and sanitary implications as well as a wide range of options for conservation and bioprospecting.

1. Introduction the empirical knowledge retained in different areas and with different origins is aggregated, conserved, and spread. Thus, Medicinal plants are freely circulated in Brazil, particularly the regional public markets are the pillars of a complex, open, in informal trade settings where several types of plants are and dynamic system of knowledge [1]. marketed for a wide range of illnesses (see [1]). Limited access Although promising for the biological prospecting of to specialty medicine and an increasing interest in the so- novel drugs and pharmaceutical products, actual research at called natural treatments account for the rapid increase of the such markets has some limitations, as the identity of the vast tradeinsuchproductsinBrazil[2]. majority of the plant species traded there cannot be safely The most important vendors of medicinal plants are established by means of conventional methods [1, 5–7]. located in urban centers, namely, in fairs and public markets, In contrast with community-based ethnobotanical sur- where consumers have easy access to a wide variety of medici- veys, where the investigated resources are directly accessible nal plant species together with the corresponding therapeutic in loco [8–11],researchatmarketsandfairsismuchmore indications [3]. More specifically, the regional public markets complex, as a significant proportion of the plant prod- act as spaces representative of the cultural production and ucts offered to the consumers are uncharacteristic or lack biological diversity of a given area [1, 4]andascenterswhere the elements required for accurate taxonomic identification 2 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

(see [1, 5, 6]).Asarule,onlypartsoftheplantsaresold, It is safe to assume that in Brazil, as a function of the to wit, the ones allegedly containing the active therapeutic plant biodiversity, environmental diversity, and multicultural components, such as barks, roots, seeds, flowers, and leaves, and ethnic composition of the country [33], the number which are sometimes dehydrated, chopped, and/or ground. of homonym ethnospecies and consequently also the phe- As a result, it becomes quite easy to mix or mistake a similar nomenon of hidden diversity of medicinal plants is much species with or for another. more comprehensive and significant than suggested from the Several authors have previously expressed such concerns few occurrences recorded in the scientific literature. In the andproposedsomemethodologicalsolutionstotheproblem present study, we sought (1) to measure the hidden diversity, [1, 12]. Various palliative techniques have been suggested for that is, the number of medicinal plant species subsumed cataloging all medicinal plants available to the consumers underthesamecommonnameintheBraziliannortheast at public markets, some of which are quite specialized and region; (2) to establish the different types of underdiffer- expensive [13–15], whereas others are feasible but not always entiation of homonym ethnospecies; and (3) to assess the viable [16, 17]. influence of biological diversity on the number of homonym In addition to morphological similarities between ethnospecies.Finally,wesoughttoindicatesomeofthepossi- species, another factor that makes it difficult to interpret the ble implications for conservation and biological prospecting. ethnobotanical data collected at public markets is the fact Assuming that the variety of homonym ethnospecies in a that multiple plants species are frequently known by the same given region depends on the region’s biodiversity, one might vernacular name. Such events of semantic correspondence expect the following: (1) for the variation in the number of in ethnobotanical studies were initially detected by several homonym ethnospecies to be directly proportional to the size authors [18–21] and then properly systematized by Berlin of the sampled area, as larger areas theoretically include a [22] in a study that sought to determine the relationships wider variety of environments, and consequently, also greater between the biological and traditional classification systems, biological diversity and (2) that a significant number of the thus establishing the grounds of ethnotaxonomy. homonymethnospeciesshouldberepresentativeofthenative Within that ethnotaxonomic approach, Berlin [22, 23] flora compared to the group of species with one-to-one established the notion of underdifferentiation to define the correspondence. semantic correspondence between different species that share a vernacular name, of which two types were described. Underdifferentiation type 1 occurs when the species involved 2. Materials and Methods belongtothesamegenus,andtype2occurswhentheybelong to different genera. When only one species corresponds toa 2.1. Characterization of the Study Area. The northeast region given ethnospecies, correspondence is defined as one-to-one of Brazil includes nine federal units and represents a total area 2 or biunivocal [22, 23]. Several studies of local communities of 1,558,196 km ,whichcorrespondsto18%ofthecountry’s have employed these notions to identify similar patterns territory. It is located in an intertropical zone limited by the of semantic correspondence between different species24 [ – AtlanticOceantotheeastandnorth,theAmazonianrain- 28]. The species subjected to underdifferentiation have been forest to the northwest, and the Cerrado (Brazilian savan- termed ethnohomonyms. nah) domain to the west and southwest [34]. The vegeta- Althoughquitewelladjustedtothelocalsystems,such tion is mainly xerophytic, being the Caatinga (Brazilian xeric correspondences tend to overlap and become complex when shrubland), a highly peculiar biome with a high degree of different cultural origins become somehow intertwined [29, endemism [35–37]. Atlantic ombrophilous forest predomi- 30]. The overlapping of homonym ethnospecies makes the nates in the coastal area. Currently, this forest is one of the understanding of ethnobotanical data originating in environ- most seriously threatened biomes in the world, and only 5% mentswherecomplexculturalnetworksareestablishedeven of its original area remains [38, 39]. Enclaves of Cerrado and more difficult, as is the case with ethnobotanical studies at rainforest are widely present as areas of disjunct vegetation regional public markets (see [6]). [40–43], making the Brazilian northeast region a strategic We define here the “hidden diversity” of medicinal plants area from the perspective of global richness and biological as the set of different homonym ethnospecies “hidden” under diversity [44, 45]. the same vernacular name. We coined the term “hidden From the demographic point of view, the total population diversity” based on the analogy with the notion of a “hidden of the northeast region comprises approximately 49 million harvest,” which denotes the progressive and unofficially inhabitants, primarily distributed along the coastal area documented appropriation of the plant biodiversity in a given wheremoststatecapitalsandmajorcitiesarelocated,which area [31, 32]. together host approximately 40% of the population [34]. According to Krog et al. [6]theimpossibilityofdistin- The cultural diversity of the northeast region is high due to guishing among homonym ethnospecies is one of the major the ethnic miscegenation resulting from the colonization limitations to the advancement of ethnobotanical research of Brazil [46, 47], and the population includes Europeans, in public markets, particularly in the case of ethnopharma- mostly Portuguese and Dutch, black slaves from Africa, cological studies of plant conservation and bioprospection. and the various indigenous peoples. In addition, it is worth Although that phenomenon has previously been detected in observing that in the last ten years, the economic growth of a localized and sporadic manner, its full dimensions have not the region was significantly higher than the national average yet been established. [34]. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 3

2.2. Data Survey. Six of the nine northeastern states were used the generic term “herbalist” (locally known as “erveiro”) included in the analysis based on the need to survey the to allude to any type of vendor of medicinal plants. The term widest possible diversity of cultural representations and ethnospecies is used in the present study to allude to the environments and the need to take into account the logistics common or vernacular names given to the medicinal plants. of access and permanence at the study sites. For the purposes Using a field notebook, we made records of the catalogs of the present study, we assumed that the expression of of plants traded by the herbalists as mentioned in semistruc- the regional culture is more diversified at the state capitals tured interviews [48].Forthepurposesofthestudy,theplants because they exhibit the largest population density, including availableinstockatthetimeofthestudyaswellasthose immigrants from other states and/or the inland cities. traded in the previous 12 months were taken into consid- The states and corresponding capitals sampled were as eration. The common names of the plants were recorded as follows: Maranhao/S˜ ao˜ Luiz, Ceara/Fortaleza,´ Para´ıba/Joao˜ spelled by the respondents. Pessoa, Pernambuco/Recife, Alagoas/Maceio,´ and Sergipe/ Aracaju. The primary site of medicinal plant trade in each 2.3. Data Analysis. The ethnobotanical data supplied by the state capital was identified, and thus the following markets herbalists in the various studied northeastern states were were selected: the Mercado Central (Central Market) in Sao˜ transcribed and entered in digital spreadsheets using MS Luiz/MA, Mercado de Sao˜ Sebastiao˜ (St. Sebastian Market) in Excel 2003 software, thus creating a Market Relational Fortaleza/CE, Mercado Central in Joao˜ Pessoa/PB, Mercado Database (MRD). The MRD was used to map the geograph- Sao˜ Jose´ (St. Joseph Market) in Recife/PE, Mercado da ical distributions of the ethnospecies across the Brazilian Produc¸ao˜ (Production Market) in Maceio/AL,´ and Mercado northeast region and identify the most frequently occurring Albano Franco (Albano Franco Market) in Aracaju/SE. ones. Following an initial exploratory visit, an appointment was In parallel, an Ethnobotanical Survey Database (ESD) was made for data collection. The plant vendors at each selected created and populated. For that purpose, 55 ethnobotanical marketwereinformedastothenatureofthestudyandinvited surveys of the northeastern states were identified, and the to participate. Some vendors refused immediately, and others listed species and ethnospecies were entered in the ESD. The initially agreed and then went back on their original agree- plants not identified at the species level were not included. ment. As a result, a total of 22 respondents were interviewed Only relevant studies were selected: most (45) were published and provided a representative sample of the vernacular names in major scientific journals, seven were Master’s dissertations, oftheplantstradedintheregion.InthestateofPernambuco, one was a doctoral thesis, one a book, and one the Develop- the ethnobotanical studies in public markets are already more ment Plan of a major Brazilian university (Federal University advanced. Albuquerque and colleagues [1] previously found of Bahia—Universidade Federal da Bahia, UFBA). a significant decrease in the availability of plant vendors in The data entered in both databases (MRD and ESD) this state based on only two samples obtained over an eight- were then crosschecked to produce a detailed list of the year period. The in situ observations and data collected for ethnospecies mentioned both in the ethnobotanical surveys the present study suggest that this decrease in availability may and by the respondents in our study, with the correspond- represent a general trend that can be explained by several ing species. This step allowed for the identification of the factors. For instance, the lack of regulation and control of homonym species and their clustering around the corre- the sector in regards to health and ecological aspects may sponding ethnospecies. generate mistrust and insecurity among vendors. The vendors We selected a sample corresponding to 40% of the eth- may also experience a lack of return research or “benefits” nospecies included in both databases (MRD and ESD) based that would otherwise entice them to be informants. In on their frequency in the ethnobotanical surveys. Thus, only addition, the harsh economic conditions of the country have the 165 most frequent ethnospecies out of a total of 406 listed removed a significant number of vendors from the market, in the ethnobotanical surveys were selected for analysis. and unrelenting derogatory campaigns have undermined the Thesamplingcriteriausedwerebasedontwoassump- informal trade markets in the media. Vendors in the informal tions: (1) ethnobotanical research is still incipient in most trade markets also experience increasing competition with of the northeast region, and thus, infrequent ethnospecies food stores, which are common in large urban centers and might suggest a merely temporary pattern of semantic cor- usually have better infrastructure, availability, and sanitary respondence, consequently masking the results, the number conditions. There is also a lack of interest in new generations of one-to-one correspondences in particular and (2) the to continue the family traditions of using and trading medic- ethnospecies most frequently mentioned in the regional eth- inal plants. nobotanical surveys might represent the patterns of semantic After the study was explained, the respondents freely correspondence in a more unequivocal and reliable manner. signed an informed consent form. The study was approved The corresponding species were allocated to three groups: by the Research Ethics Committee of the Federal University of one comprised the species with one-to-one correspondences, Pernambuco (Universidade Federal de Pernambuco—UFPE) the second, the homonym ethnospecies with type 1 under- no. 0039.0.172.0000-10, FR (Folha de Rosto—Title Page) differentiation, and the third, the homonym ethnospecies 3139660. with type 2 underdifferentiation, according to Berlin’s23 [ ] Although some authors [1] have reported that several classification. The corresponding species were subjected to terms are used to describe vendors of medicinal plants, even- synonym analysis; the names that are currently valid were tually including hierarchical criteria, in the present study, we duly recorded based on the List of Species of the Brazilian 4 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

Flora 2012 [49]andthedatabaseoftheMissouriBotanical 100 Garden [50],whichwerealsousedtoestablishthebiogeo- 90 graphicstatusofeachspeciestoclassifythemasnativeor 80 exotic. 70 To assess whether underdifferentiationsensu ( Berlin 60 [23]), expressed as the number of homonym ethnospecies, 50 varies as a function of the biological diversity of a given 40 area, we compared the results corresponding to the northeast (%) Species 30 region with a geographically narrower sample, based on the 20 assumption that the larger the area, the wider the environ- 10 mental variety, and thus, the more diversified the flora. 0 Thatnarrowersamplewasrepresentedbythestateof PE NE Pernambuco, which is the northeastern state most thoroughly studiedfromanethnobotanicalperspective.Thenumbersof One-to-one ethnoespecies homonym ethnospecies and one-to-one correspondences of Under-differentiated ethnoespecies the northeast region were compared to those of Pernambuco. Figure 1: Percentages of ethnospecies that exhibited one-to-one cor- The frequency of species in the respective categories of respondence and underdifferentiation marketing in the northeast semantic correspondence (i.e., one-to-one and underdiffer- region and the state of Pernambuco, Brazil. entiation) was analyzed by means of 𝐺 tests [51]aswerethe percentages of native and exotic species in each group. 100 90 80 3. Results 70 The ethnospecies (𝑛 = 165)sampledbasedonthedatacol- 60 lected at the visited markets exhibited correspondence with 50 459 species, corresponding to 228 genera and 90 families 40 Species (%) Species (Table 1). The ratio of species to ethnospecies was 2.78. From 30 the total number of analyzed ethnospecies, only 41 (25%) 20 exhibited one-to-one correspondence, whereas 124 (75%) 10 exhibited underdifferentiation and correspondence to 418 0 One to one Under-differentiated species. Approximately 62% of the homonym ethnospecies exhibited two or three corresponding species, although in Native some cases, a single ethnospecies included up to nine corre- Exotic sponding homonym species, as, for example, “quebra-pedra” (stonebreaker) (Table 1). Figure 2: Percentages of native and exotic species in the group Analysis of the data corresponding to the state of Pernam- of ethnospecies that exhibited one-to-one correspondence and buco alone identified 138 out of the 165 ethnospecies found in underdifferentiation marketing in the northeast region and the state the northeast region, which exhibited correspondence with of Pernambuco, Brazil. 203 species. The ratio of species to ethnospecies was 1.46. The pattern of correspondence included 89 (64%) instances of one-to-one correspondence and 49 (36%) of underdiffer- under-differentiated ethnospecies compared to the one-to- entiation; the homonym ethnospecies represented a total of one ethnospecies (𝐺 = 22.52;df=1; 𝑃 < 0.00001). 114 species. Among the 418 homonym ethnospecies, 256 (61.3%) Comparison of the data from the state of Pernambuco were congeneric (type 1 underdifferentiation), and 77 (18.4%) and the northeast region showed variation in the number of exhibited correspondence at the genus level only (type 2 one-to-one correspondences that was inversely proportional underdifferentiation). That is to say, 61% of the species bear tothesizeofthesampledarea,whereasthenumberof correspondence to at least one other species of the same homonym ethnospecies varied in proportion to the size of genus with the same vernacular name, whereas 18.4% of the the sampled area, as shown in Figure 1. Consequently, the homonym ethnospecies exhibited correspondence with one homonym ethnospecies predominated in the northeast (NE) or more species belonging to other genera in the same family. sample (𝐺 = 48.41;df=1; 𝑃 < 0.00001). In some cases (20.3%), the homonym ethnospecies belonged In the group of homonym ethnospecies, 309 (74%) to different families, such as the ethnospecies “fedegoso” were representative of the native flora, and 109 (26%) were (coffee senna) and “capeba” (cow-foot leaf)Table ( 1). exotic species. In the group of ethnospecies with one-to- one correspondence, 15 (37%) were representative of the 4. Discussion native flora and 26 (63%) were exotic species (Figure 2). The proportion of native species relative to the proportion 4.1. Hidden Diversity in Regional Markets. Knowledge of the of exotic species was therefore significantly greater for the hidden diversity of medicinal plant species represents an Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 5 PE,PB,SE,CE,PI, MA, RN, BA PE, PB, PI, BA PE,PB,CE,RN PE,PB,RN,BA PE,PB,CE,PI,RN, BA – – – ] , 62 85 , 76 88 , 62 , , , 60 82 , 74 80 , 60 ] – ] , 59 , ]PE,RN,BA , 76 72 94 77 ]PB,CE,MA,BA 76 , ] 59 , , – 84 , 56 , , 79 – 67 78 70 76 92 , 73 , 55 – , , , , 54 79 , 78 , – 63 – 52 72 69 71 88 , ]MA ]PE,PB ]PE , 53 ]MA ]PB,CE , , , – , 65 52 , ]PE ]PE 62 9 , 70 , 68 65 89 57 91 68 , , 70 67 85 70 , ]CE ]RN – , , , ]PB ]PB ]BA ]BA ]PB ]SE ]BA , ]PB ]PI ]BA 52 11 , ]RN 11 3 3 65 65 , , , , ] , , , , , , , 95 79 57 79 83 60 82 1 1 61 1 89 78 88 66 56 77 68 3 56 90 85 3 56 1 1 81 [ 64 64 87 67 [ [ 80 [ N[ N[ N[ N N[ N N ˜ ao N [ (Vell.) H. ˜ ˜ ao) A. C. ao) A. C. (Less.) H. (Mart.) J. B. (L.) H. Rob. N [ Pdre N)Pedersen [ (Vell.) Allem . (L.) Kuntze N [ (L.) Benth. N [ Raddi N [ (Mull.) S. F. Mull. Arg. N [ (Allem (Allem DC. N [ Sw. N [ (Bong.) Cabrera N [ Mart. N [ Mart. ex Mull. Arg. N [ Mart. N [ Mart. N [ Sw. N [ L. N Mart. N [ (Spreng (Aubl.) Willd. N [ Mart. N [ Mart. N [ Vernonanthura phosphorica Rob. Luehea grandiflora Verbesina macrophyllaBlake ennnhr ferruginea Vernonanthura Rob. Myracrodruon urundeuva Commiphora leptophloeos Gillett Luehea candicans Vernonanthura brasiliana Spondias mombin Amburana cearensis Sm. Amburana cearensis Sm. Anadenanthera colubrina Brenan Schinus terebinthifolius Acalypha multicaulis Gochnatia velutina Luehea divaricata Annona coriacea Guettarda platypoda Guettarda angelica Annona crassiflora Luehea ochrophylla Pfaffiaglomerata Centrosema brasilianum Alternanthera brasiliana Lygodium venustum Lygodium volubile Dipteryx odorata ˜ ao )Less. . (Vell.) ˜ ˜ ao) A. C. ao) A. C. (Mart.) J. B. )Pedersen (Vell.) Allem . (L.) Kuntze (L.) Benth. ˜ ao Raddi (Mull.) S. F. (Vell.) Benth. Mull. Arg. (Spreng (Allem (Allem DC. Mart. Sw. Less. (Bong.) Cabrera Mart. Mart. ex Mull. Arg. Mart. Mart. Sw. L. Allem Mart. (Spreng (Aubl.) Willd. Mart. Mart. Willd. Pers. L. Schinus terebinthifolius Luehea speciosa Luehea candicans Vernonia scabra Vernonia ferruginea Gochnatia velutina Guettarda angelica Acalypha multicaulis Luehea grandiflora Verbesina macrophyllaBlake Luehea ochrophylla Centrosema brasilianum Luehea divaricata Pfaffiaglomerata Amburana cearensis Annona coriacea Vernonia polyanthes Myracrodruon urundeuva Amburana cearensis Guettarda platypoda Annona crassiflora Anadenanthera colubrina Alternanthera brasiliana Brenan Gillett Commiphora leptophloeos Brenan Piptadenia colubrina Torresea cearensisDipteryx odorata Spondias mombin Spondias lutea Sm. Sm. Lygodium venustum Bursera leptophloeos Lygodium volubile Anadenanthera macrocarpa Table 1: Ethnospecies marketed in the Northeast Brazil and the corresponding species cataloged in the scientificliterature. Euphorbiaceae Fabaceae Tiliaceae Fabaceae Asteraceae Burseraceae Schizaeaceae ´ a Anacardiaceae ˆ onito Amaranthaceae ¸oita Vernacular name FamilyAroeiraCaj Scientificname Anacardiaceae in theAbre original sourceCaminho Valid scientificAc cavalo Ac name Literature Origin Amburana Cumaru State Angelica Fabaceae Araticum Rubiaceae Angico Annonaceae Fabaceae Assa-peixe 6 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine PE,PB,SE,CE,RN PE,PB,CE,PI,BA PE,PB,SE,CE,PI, RN – , ] ] PE, PB, CE, RN 71 ] , 89 97 90 97 , , , 67 , , 87 94 77 94 , , , 63 , ]PE , 86 93 75 ]PE,CE,MA 66 , , 94 , 60 , , , 92 82 89 70 ]SE , 59 , , 65 , 59 – , 96 , 66 63 88 67 , ]PB ]PB,PI ]PE,MA , , 57 , 56 – , 56 , , 61 95 88 85 , 56 56 86 75 ]SE ]BA ]MA ]PB ]CE ]CE ]BA , 11 , ]BA ]BA ]CE ]PB ]PI , , ]PE 60 ]PE ]PE 3 11 , , ] , , , , , , 73 58 78 75 82 53 84 67 96 11 86 85 11 1 82 3 1 9 98 56 72 98 57 74 68 98 [ [ 73 77 N[ N[ N[ N[ N[ N[ E[ Cass. N [ (DC.) R. M. Kunth N [ (L.) DC. N [ (L.) Urb. N [ A. Juss. N [ (G.Don)D.F. (Spreng.) Taub. N [ A. Juss. N [ L. N [ (Benth.) Killip N [ (Benth.) Barneby Dryand. N [ Willd. N Jacq. N [ L. N [ DC. N (Benth.) L. O. (Mart.) Barneby and (DC.) H. S. Irwin (Jacq.) Merr. E [ Urb. N [ (Benth.) H. S. Irwin L. N [ Mart. and Zucc. N [ Table 1: Continued. Albizia inundata J. W. Grimes Conocliniopsis prasiifolia King and H. Rob. Senna martiana and Barneby Begonia reniformis Operculina macrocarpa Samanea tubulosa andJ.W.Grimes Senna spectabilis and Barneby Peltophorum dubium Piper marginatum Piper umbellatum Ageratum conyzoides Operculina alata Byrsonima sericea Centratherum punctatum Operculina hamiltonii Austin and Staples Byrsonima verbascifolia Hirtella ciliata Albizia polycephala Ipomoea dumosa Williams Byrsonima coccolobifolia Samanea saman Byrsonima correifolia Erythrina velutina Byrsonima gardneriana Urb. Miq. Piper peltatum Cass. (DC.) R. M. )Hayne Kunth . (L.) DC. (L.) A. Juss. Silva Manso (G. Don) D. F. (Jacq.) Benth. (Kunth) R. M. (Spreng.) Taub. A. Juss. L. (L.) (Benth.) Killip (Benth.) Barneby Dryand. Willd. Jacq. L. DC. DC. (Mart.) Barneby and (DC.) H. S. Irwin Urb. (Benth.) H. S. Irwin Schott (Wender Mart. and Zucc. Peltophorum dubium Albizia inundata J. W. Grimes Piper umbellatum Begonia reniformis Begonia huberi C. Pothomorphe peltata Piper marginatum Lourteigia ballotifolia King and H. Rob. Centratherum punctatum Albizia polycephala Byrsonima verbascifolia Conocliniopsis prasiifolia King and H. Rob. Ageratum conyzoides Operculina alata Senna martiana Begonia vitifolia and Barneby Byrsonima sericea Operculina convolvulus Hirtella ciliata Samanea tubulosa andJ.W.Grimes Byrsonima coccolobifolia Pithecellobium saman Senna spectabilis and Barneby Operculina macrocarpa Byrsonima gardneriana Byrsonima correifolia Erythrina velutina Ipomoea purga Operculina hamiltonii Austin and Staples Piperaceae Chrysobalanaceae Asteraceae Convolvulaceae Begoniaceae Fabaceae ıstula Fabaceae ´ ˜ ao de Vernacular name FamilyBalaio de veio Scientificname in the original source Valid scientificBatata de Purga nameBurd Literature Origin Canaf State Capeba Murici Malpighiaceae Mulungu Fabaceae velho Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 7 PE, PB, CE PE,PB,CE,RN,BA PE,PB,CE,PI,RN PE, PB, PI, MA, RN, BA PE,PB,SE,CE,RN ]PE,CE,RN,BA , , , ] 93 99 66 , 72 , , , , 99 72 , ] 84 92 – 71 65 , , , , , 71 95 99 63 , , , 83 79 65 62 , , , , , 64 90 90 56 ]PE,MA,RN 81 , 76 , – 61 59 , , , , , 93 85 62 ]CE 84 ]MA 55 , ] 78 , ] 67 59 , 57 , , , , , , 81 98 68 94 78 ] 93 75 , , ]BA 53 ]PE,SE 60 , 56 – , 57 – 65 , 56 , , , , , 83 , 92 68 95 66 100 71 92 92 75 ]RN ]PE ]BA ]BA ]BA ]PE , 52 11 ]SE , ]CE ]CE , ]PI ]PE 9 , 58 ]CE , 11 11 , , , , , , , , , , , 1 79 56 75 69 3 1 9 75 94 78 3 61 78 58 69 9 57 74 80 90 78 55 [ [ [ 76 75 68 [ 94 [ 73 N E[ N[ ex Benth. N [ and Schltdl. N . (K. Schum. and L. N [ (Chodat) Iltis N [ L. N [ L. E [ (Bong.) Steud. N L. E [ Benth. N [ Cambess. N [ Wittm. N [ Aiton N [ (Aubl.) L. P. Schumach. and Roxb. N [ Moric. N [ Cham L. N [ L. N Link N [ (Jacq.) Raf. N Mart. ex Zucc. N [ L. E [ Table 1: Continued. Phyllanthus tenellus Euphorbia hyssopifolia Sambucus nigra Phyllanthus amarus Thonn. Tarenaya spinosa Euphorbia thymifolia Euphorbia prostrata Sambucus racemosa Phyllanthus niruri Phyllanthus flaviflorus Lauterb.) Airy Shaw Caryocar coriaceum Tarenaya hassleriana Phyllanthus urinaria Sambucus australis Bauhinia cheilantha Caryocar brasiliense Oxalis divaricata Bauhinia forficata Phanera outimouta Queiroz Bauhinia acuruana Bauhinia ungulata Bauhinia subclavata Bauhinia smilacifolia Burch. ex Benth. and Schltdl. Mull. Arg. . (L.) Small (K. Schum. and L. L. L. (Bong.) Steud. L. Benth. Cambess. Aubl. Wittm. Aiton Schumach. and Roxb. Moric. Chodat Cham L. L. Link Mart. ex Zucc. L. Jacq. aesyce hyssopifolia Phyllanthus flaviflorus Euphorbia prostrata Sambucus nigra Cleome spinosa Phyllanthus tenellus Phyllanthus corcovadensis Euphorbia hyssopifolia Cham Euphorbia thymifolia Sambucus racemosa Phyllanthus amarus Thonn. Caryocar coriaceum Cleome hassleriana Bauhinia cheilantha Phyllanthus niruri Caryocar brasiliense Sambucus australis Phyllanthus urinaria Oxalis divaricata Lauterb.) Airy Shaw Bauhinia forficata Bauhinia ungulata Bauhinia outimouta Bauhinia acuruana Bauhinia smilacifolia Burch. Bauhinia subclavata Euphorbiaceae Oxalidaceae ˆ e Cleomaceae ´ o Fabaceae ¸amb Vernacular name FamilyMuc Scientificname in the original sourceMoror Valid scientificPiqui name Literature Origin Caryocaraceae Quebra pedra State Sabugueiro Adoxaceae 8 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine PE,PB,SE,PI,RN, BA PB,SE,CE,PI,RN PE,PB,CE,PI,MA PB, SE, PI, BA PE,PB,CE,RN , , , ]PB,SE,CE,RN ] , ]PE,CE ] 71 88 , 65 95 94 73 , 76 88 , , , ] , , , 63 61 84 , 89 92 , 95 73 70 , 77 , ]PB,CE,PI,BA , , , , , 62 ]PB,CE,PI 60 83 , 88 92 90 94 , , 74 64 64 , 88 , ]PE,PB,MA ] , – , , 56 – , ]PE,PB,RN 57 80 , 78 78 72 71 85 , 89 88 , 63 ]PE,PB,BA , 62 74 72 , , , , , , , 55 , , , 56 , 69 – 89 62 74 68 71 70 , 80 85 71 ]PB , , 60 , 59 59 , ]PE,MA , , , , , , 52 58 , , , 11 , 71 , 86 67 59 80 93 , 54 68 62 76 76 ]MA ]CE ]MA , ]PE 60 52 ]PB ]SE ]SE ]SE , ]PI , 9 57 ]PE 53 , , , 9 11 , , , ] , , , , , , , , , 69 57 61 9 3 3 95 58 55 75 11 53 1 77 68 56 1 66 95 3 60 57 85 9 75 [ [ 60 [ [ 66 [ 75 [ 95 N[ N[ N[ N[ N[ and Mill. E [ and Bonpl. Pic. Serm. Britton (Vell.) Taub. N [ Hoffm. ex Pohl N Cambess. N [ Kunth N L. N ) Lundell N [ (L.) (L.) (L.) Link E [ Mull. Arg. N [ (Willd.) DC. N [ Aubl. N [ (L.) Link N A. St.-Hil. N [ L. E (Vell.) Reitz N [ L. N [ Sm. N [ Netto Baill. N [ (Mill.) H. S. Irwin and ( Table 1: Continued. Croton campestris Periandra mediterranea Cnidoscolus quercifolius Croton heliotropiifolius Croton sonderianus Croton betaceus Mimosa somnians Humb. Senna uniflora Barneby ex Willd. Heliotropium elongatum Roem. and Schult. Mimosa sensitiva Turnera subulata Turnera guianensis Senegalia tenuifolia Turnera ulmifolia Guapira noxia Heliotropium indicum Uncaria tomentosa Echinochloa colona Rose Turnera chamaedrifolia Senna occidentalis Heliotropium procumbens Guapira opposita Lycopodiella cernua (Mull. Arg.) Mill. and Bonpl. (Vell.) Taub. Hoffm. ex Pohl Cambess. Kunth L. ) Lundell (L.) Pic. Serm. Willd. (L.) Link Baill. Aubl. Mull. Arg. (Willd.) DC. (L.) Link A. St.-Hil. L. Pax and K. Hoffm. Willd. (Vell.) Reitz L. Sm. Mart. ex Benth. Netto (Mill.) H. S. Irwin and ( Croton campestris Croton tenuifolius Croton heliotropiifolius Croton moritibensis Croton sonderianus Cnidoscolus phyllacanthus Pax and L. Hoffm. Turnera subulata Turnera guianensis Periandra mediterranea Turnera chamaedrifolia Heliotropium indicum Cnidoscolus quercifolius Croton rhamnifolius Periandra dulcis Turnera ulmifolia Senna occidentalis Mimosa sensitiva Uncaria tomentosa Acacia paniculata Echinochloa colona Guapira noxia Mimosa somnians Humb. ex Willd. Guapira opposita Lycopodiella cernua Senna uniflora Barneby Heliotropium procumbens Heliotropium elongatum Roem. and Schult. Rubiaceae Alismataceae Boraginaceae Lycopodiaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae ˜ ao Mole Nyctaginaceae Vernacular name FamilyFedegoso Scientificname in the original source Valid scientificFavela name Euphorbiaceae Velame Literature Origin Acansu Euphorbiaceae State Chanana Fabaceae Jo Turneraceae Unha de gato Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 9 PE, PB, PI, BA PE, PB, CE PE, PB, BA , , – 89 73 74 , , , ] 86 72 67 , , , 94 , 78 63 63 ]PB,MA,RN,BA , , , 93 ]PB,SE,CE,BA , 65 56 56 100 , , , 88 88 , ]PB,SE,RN ]PE,PB,BA , ]PE,MA , ] 53 56 53 ]PE 99 93 , , , 90 83 94 86 85 , , , , , 65 , , 53 52 52 , , , , 84 86 89 78 63 80 84 ]MA ]MA , ]CE ]RN ]BA , ]PE ]SE ]BA ]RN ]SE ]PI ]PI ]PI , ]SE , ]BA ]BA ]CE ]PB ]PI ]PI ]CE , 11 11 56 11 ]PE ] , , , , , , 97 78 58 85 55 79 66 87 82 11 74 61 74 87 82 59 87 69 66 58 90 1 1 95 58 56 60 1 80 1 66 77 [ 94 [ [ 76 N[ E[ N[ N[ . ˜ ao) Dunal N [ Murray N [ Vell. N [ Spreng (L.) Benth. N [ (Allem (Forssk.) (Mart.) Griseb. N [ Scop. N [ Moric. N [ L. N [ L. N L. E [ Agra N [ A. St.-Hil. N [ L. E [ Moric. N [ Kunth E [ L. N [ um Mart. N [ (Aubl.) Pers. N Choisy N [ M. Nee N [ Benth. N [ Dunal E [ Mart. ex Benth. N [ L. E [ L. N ich Vell. N [ Mart.exBenth.N[ Schweinf. ex Table 1: Continued. Solanum paludosum Solanum mauritianum Solanum granuloso-leprosum Solanum absconditum Ducke Luetzelburgia auriculata Solanum scuticum Solanum polyrtr Solanum albidum Solanum lycocarpum Talinum portulacifolium Asch. Andira paniculata Pityrocarpa obliqua subsp. brasiliensis (G. P. Lewis) Luckow and R. W. Jobson Vismia brasiliensis Luehea grandiflora Heliotropium angiospermum Heliotropium indicum Solanum paniculatum Cedrela fissilis Celosia argentea Plumbago scandens Vismia guianensis Ocimum americanum Andira nitida Andira vermifuga Cedrela odorata Centrosema brasilianum Elephantopus mollis Origanum majorana .Echinodorussubalatus . Chrysophyllum splendens ˜ ao) . Heliotropium transalpinum Murray Spreng Cham (L.) Benth. (Allem (Forssk.) (Mart.) Griseb L. L. L. Agra Vell. Aiton Moric. A. St.-Hil. L. D. Don Moric. Kunth L. (Pers.) J. F. Macbr. Mart. (Aubl.) Pers. Choisy Benth. um Dunal Mart. ex Benth. L. L. ich Vell. Mart. ex Benth. Schweinf. ex Solanum absconditum Solanum polytr Solanum paludosum Solanum auriculatum Solanum erianthum Solanum tabacifolium Solanum albidum Solanum lycocarpum Heliotropium angiospermum Heliotropium tiaridioides Andira paniculata Ducke Luetzelburgia auriculata Vismia brasiliensis Luehea grandiflora Centrosema brasilianum Heliotropium indicum Plumbago scandens Solanum paniculatum Cedrela fissilis Vismia guianensis Ocimum americanum Andira nitida Piptadenia obliqua Andira vermifuga Echinodorus subalatus Cedrela odorata Chrysophyllum splendens Talinum portulacifolium Asch. Elephantopus mollis Celosia cristata Origanum majorana Plumbaginaceae Alismataceae Sapotaceae Tiliaceae Fabaceae Boraginaceae Asteraceae Solanaceae Meliaceae Amaranthaceae Portulacaceae Vernacular name FamilyLingua de Vaca Scientificname in the original source ValidLacre scientific Clusiaceae Jurubeba name Literature Origin Cedro State Crista de galo Manjerona Lamiaceae Angelim Fabaceae 10 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine PB, CE, PI, MA, RN, BA PE, PB, BA PE,PB,SE,CE,RN, BA , , , 78 , 83 67 , 74 , , 79 64 , ]PB,CE,PI,BA 71 , – , 72 88 63 88 , , 67 ] , , , 69 74 98 58 86 , , 66 , , ] , , 71 ]PE 67 96 56 88 ]MA,BA , 82 61 ]PE , ] , , , , 53 , , 69 67 93 54 53 95 94 83 76 , ]CE , ]RN ]BA ]MA ]PB ]CE ]PB ]BA ]BA ]BA ]PB ]PB ]PB 59 ]SE , ]CE ]CE ]CE ]PE ]PE ]PE ]PB ]PI ]PI ]PI ]PI ]PE , 11 ]PE , , , , , , , 66 89 60 93 78 67 57 76 11 93 1 67 74 78 68 85 9 93 98 53 54 78 74 84 88 88 11 67 73 74 86 58 90 60 80 [ [ 90 84 [ 73 N[ N[ N[ N[ N[ N[ N[ N[ N[ N[ and . L. N [ Mart. N [ (Mart.) O. Tul. N [ L. N [ (Cham G. Mey. Griseb. (Vell.) Stellfeld L. N [ . W. T. A i t o n E [ DC. N [ Mart. N [ Cham. and (L.) L. N [ L. N [ L. E [ L. N [ L. E [ Kunth N [ Kunth N [ (L.) DC. N [ (Sw.) Steud. N [ L.L. N N [ L. N [ Kunth N [ Mart. ex L. E L. N Hook. f. E [ L.) Micheli Table 1: Continued. Erythroxylum vacciniifolium Borreria scabiosoides Schldl. Erythroxylum amplifolium E. Schulz Borreria verticillata Echinodorus grandiflorus Schltd Anemopaegma arvense and J. F. Souza Polygala paniculata Capraria biflora Smilax rotundifolia Emilia sonchifolia Equisetum arvense Nasturtium officinale Polygala gracilis Equisetum giganteum Cenostigma macrophyllum Cybianthus detergens Scoparia dulcis Equisetum hyemale Illicium verum Miconia albicans Plantago major Polygala paniculata Lantana camara Lantana camara Zornia latifolia Sm. Oxalis psoraleoides Cardiospermum corindum Cardiospermum halicacabum Verbesina diversifolia Lantana canescens and . L. Mart. Tul. (Mart.) O. L. (Cham Griseb. Smilax cissoides (Vell.) Stellfeld L. L. W. T. A i t o n DC. Mart. Cham. and ianum L. L. L. Benth. Wedelia calycina Rich L. L. Kunth (L.) DC. St.-Hill. (Sw.) Steud. L. L. L. Kunth Mart. ex L. L. Sm. Hook. f. Gardner L.) Micheli Erythroxylum vacciniifolium Spermacoce verticillata Borreria scabiosoides Schldl. Polygala paniculata Nasturtium officinale Smilax rotundifolia Emilia sonchifolia Cenostigma Erythroxylum amplifolium E. Schulz Echinodorus grandiflorus Schltd Capraria biflora Equisetum arvense Cybianthus detergens Polygala gracilis Equisetum giganteum Anemopaegma arvense and J. F. Souza Smilax japecanga Griseb.Smilax cissoides Smilax japecanga Griseb. Equisetum hyemale Smilax campestris Griseb. Smilax campestris Griseb. Lantana camara Lantana camara Miconia albicans Scoparia dulcis Plantago major Polygala paniculata Oxalis insipida A. Cardiospermum corindum Cardiospermum halicacabum Verbesina diversifolia Lantana canescens Wedelia scaberrima Illicium verum Zornia latifolia Polygalaceae Brassicaceae Asteraceae Rubiaceae Scrophulariaceae Fabaceae Primulaceae Erythroxylaceae Alismataceae Polygalaceae Verbenaceae Melastomataceae Bignoniaceae Plantaginaceae Plantaginaceae Oxalidaceae Verbenaceae Sapindaceae Asteraceae Fabaceae ´ a Vernacular name FamilyArrozinho Anil estrelado Scientificname Cavalinha Schisandraceae in the original source Valid scientific Equisetaceae Chumbinho nameCamar Literature Origin Canela de velho Catuaba State Japecanga Smilacaceae Vassourinha Transagem Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 11 PE,PB,SE,CE,RN PE,PB,SE,CE,RN, BA PB, CE, RN ] PE, PB, CE, PI, RN ] PE, SE, CE, RN, BA , 90 , ]PE 99 , 59 , , 73 94 81 , – , , 58 94 , , 75 70 75 76 ] – , , , , ]PE,CE,MA 83 56 99 71 , , 70 ]PE 74 64 67 78 , , ] ] , , ]PB,CE ]PE,CE,BA , , , 53 78 75 95 , , 70 95 72 99 , 83 ]PE,BA 88 60 63 61 63 , , , , , , , , , , , 52 69 73 84 71 , 90 , 67 80 85 , ]CE,PI ]PB,BA 85 59 , 60 59 ]MA,RN ]MA,BA , 56 56 , , , , , 11 , , , , , 60 81 , 64 60 84 63 62 67 63 88 78 77 ]SE ]SE ]SE , ]PB ]BA ]CE 53 55 77 , ]SE – ]PE ]CE ]PB , ]PI , 9 52 , ]CE , , 53 55 ]PE , , , , , , , , , , , 11 57 80 52 1 3 68 96 95 9 55 55 78 85 58 3 9 96 96 57 72 61 9 1 63 98 76 86 [ 62 76 77 [ [ 72 N[ N[ N[ N[ N N[ (Tul.) L. P. (Mart. ex G. Mill. N [ Mull. Arg. N [ DC. N [ Kunth N [ (Tul.) L. P. L. E [ L. N [ Baill. N (Benth.) Harley N [ L. E [ Mull. Arg. N [ (L.) Philipson N [ Barb. Rodr. N [ L. E [ (Baker)R.M.King Lam. N [ (Kuntze) E. Santos N [ Noblick N [ Aubl. N [ (Mart.) Becc. N [ L. E [ (Kuntze) K. Schum. N [ Benth. N L. E [ Table 1: Continued. Gymnanthemum amygdalinum (Delile) Sch. Bip. ex Walp. Poincianella bracteosa Queiroz Poincianella microphylla Don) L. P. Queiroz Cynara cardunculus Queiroz Gymnanthemum amygdalinum (Delile) Sch. Bip. ex Walp. Poincianella pyramidalis Prolobus nitidulus and H. Rob. Ocimum basilicum Ocimum campechianum Croton sonderianus Syagrus picrophylla Syagrus cearensis Ageratum conyzoides Stilpnopappus scaposus Croton blanchetianus Blainvillea acmella Polygala violacea Ocimum gratissimum Curcuma longa Bidens pilosa Licania rigida Ceiba glaziovii Hypenia salzmannii Croton heliotropiifolius Croton urticifolius Croton argyrophylloides Chorisia glaziovii . . Becc. Syagrus oleracea (Tul.) L. P. (Mart. ex G. Mill. Mull. Arg. ) K. Schum. DC. Cass. L. Tul. L. Baker (Benth.) Harley Willd. Mull. Arg. Barb. Rodr. L. (Baker)R.M.King Lam. (Kuntze) E. Santos L. Noblick Aubl. (Mart.) Kuntze L. ( Benth. L. Gymnanthemum amygdalinum (Delile) Sch. Bip. ex Walp. Cynara scolymus Poincianella microphylla Don) L. P. Queiroz Queiroz Caesalpinia bracteosa Poincianella pyramidalis Ocimum campechianum Croton sonderianus Syagrus cearensis Syagrus picrophylla Stilpnopappus scaposus Syagrus oleracea Ageratum conyzoides Vernonia condensata Ocimum basilicum Caesalpinia pyramidalis Tul Croton blanchetianus Baill Blainvillea rhomboidea Prolobus nitidulus and H. Rob. Polygala violacea Ocimum gratissimum Curcuma longa Ceiba glaziovii Licania rigida Bidens pilosa Hypenia salzmannii Croton rhamnifolius Croton urticifolius Chorisia glaziovii Croton argyrophylloides Polygalaceae Asteraceae Malvaceae Lamiaceae Bombacaceae ˜ ao Zingiberaceae ´ e Arecaceae ˜ ao Asteraceae ¸afr Vernacular name FamilyAlcachofra Asteraceae ScientificAc name in the original source ValidAlfavaca scientificCatol Lamiaceae nameMentrasto Literature Origin Catingueira State Fabaceae Marmeleiro Euphorbiaceae OiticicaPic Barriguda Chrysobalanaceae 12 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine PE,PB,SE,CE,PI, MA, RN, BA PE,PB,SE,CE,PI, RN ]PE,CE,RN,BA – ] 99 , , 67 97 ]PE,MA,BA , 81 ] , , 94 , 65 84 101 90 ]PE,PB,BA – , , 79 – , 93 , , 57 83 63 94 99 78 , , , 78 , ]PE,CE 81 , , , , 55 75 57 84 94 74 , , 94 76 – , ]PE,CE,BA ]PE,CE,PI , 69 , , , , 53 69 52 83 78 93 63 , 70 93 75 ]MA , , ]RN,BA , ]BA , ]BA , ]PB,CE , 56 , , , 11 , 11 68 68 69 69 79 90 67 , 78 78 55 ]PB , 62 72 84 , , ]RN ]MA ]MA ]CE , , , ]BA , ]PE , ]PE , ]PI , ]PB 9 , 53 ]PE ]MA ]RN 9 , , , , , , 72 67 67 100 53 52 67 66 66 61 68 1 56 67 90 72 57 56 54 57 3 9 98 68 81 65 [ 69 83 [ 60 N[ E[ N[ ˜ ao N [ ) Link . Allem (L.) Kuntze N [ L. E [ L. E [ Andrews E [ L. E [ W. T. A i t o n E [ L. E [ L. N L. N [ (Spreng (Hook. and Arn) L. E [ L. E [ L. E [ L. E [ (Spreng.) Pedersen N [ (L.) Skeels E [ (L.) R. K. Jansen N [ A.St.-Hil. and Moq. N [ Jacq. N [ L. E (Camb.) A. Lima E [ L. E [ (Kunth) Cass. N [ ex Benth. Otto Table 1: Continued. Jodina rhombifolia Reissek Justicia gendarussa Burm. f. Artemisia vulgaris Pfaffiaglomerata Ocimum carnosum and Justicia pectoralis Alternanthera brasiliana Mentha pulegium Mentha spicata Gossypium arboreum Gossypium herbaceum Chrysophyllum arenarium Gossypium barbadense Polygala paniculata Gossypium hirsutum Plectranthus barbatus Ruta graveolens Acmella oleracea Ximenia americana Polygala bryoides Nasturtium officinale Artemisia vulgaris Prunus domestica Acmella ciliata Syzygium cumini Rorippa pumila ˜ ao Allem (L.) Kuntze L. L. Andrews L. W. T. A i t o n L. L. L. Hook. and Arn. L. L. L. L. (Spreng.) Pedersen (L.) R. K. Jansen A. St.-Hil. and Moq. Jacq. (L.) Druce L. (Camb.) A. Lima L. (Kunth) Cass. Benth. Pfaffiaglomerata Alternanthera brasiliana Iodina rhombifolia Justicia pectoralis Artemisia vulgaris Justicia gendarussa Burm. f. Mentha pulegium Gossypium arboreum Gossypium herbaceum Ocimum selloi Mentha spicata Gossypium barbadense Polygala bryoides Polygala paniculata Nasturtium officinale Plectranthus barbatus Acmella oleracea Gossypium hirsutum Ximenia americana Ruta graveolens Prunus domestica Chrysophyllum arenarium Acmella ciliata Artemisia vulgaris Eugenia cumini Rorippa pumila Asteraceae Amaranthaceae Acanthaceae Lamiaceae Polygalaceae Brassicaceae Olacaceae Lamiaceae Sapotaceae Myrtaceae Rosaceae Asteraceae ısia Asteraceae ´ ˜ ao Malvaceae ˜ ao Vernacular name FamilyVique Scientificname in theAgri original source Valid scientificAlgod nameAmeixa Literature Origin Anador State ArrudaArtem Rutaceae Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 13 PE,PB,CE,BA PE,PB,SE,CE PE, RN, BA PE,PB,SE,CE,PI, MA, RN, BA , – ] , , 79 66 , , 99 71 83 , , ] , 77 63 – , , 94 67 97 81 81 ]PB,CE,PI , – , – 61 , ]PE,CE,RN,BA 75 , , 98 63 92 76 95 79 99 , , ]PE,BA , , 58 , 71 , , – , 87 89 69 69 60 88 78 , 94 – , , , , , ] 56 60 , , , , 78 52 87 58 56 63 77 93 75 ]CE , 92 ] PI, MA , ]PE , , , , ] , 54 53 – , , 9 , , 71 98 74 , 53 56 53 86 93 71 56 88 75 ]MA ]PE ]BA ]BA ]BA ]BA , ]PE ]BA , ]CE 11 , 11 79 3 , , , , , , , , , , , , , 84 66 78 69 78 84 1 82 11 80 11 54 1 1 61 9 11 56 94 [ 54 73 83 [ 68 [ [ 84 84 E[ N[ N[ N[ N[ E[ N[ (Mart.) DC.) Benth. N [ Wall. ex A. ( L. N Mart. N [ G. B. Ownbey E (Gardner) (Gomes) Benth. N [ (Mart.) Plumel N [ (Spruce ex J. Presl E Nees and Mart. N [ Nees and Mart. N [ Gaert. E [ (L.) Voss E [ Schrad. ex J. C. Mart. N Table 1: Continued. Bambusa vulgaris Wendl. Himatanthus sucuuba Mull. Arg.) Woodson Himatanthus bracteatus Woodson Abarema cochliacarpos Barneby and J. W. Argemone subfusiformis Gochnatia oligocephala Cabrera Dendrocalamus giganteus Munro Himatanthus drasticus Stryphnodendron adstringens Coville Bambusa bambos Maytenus distichophylla Carduus benedictus Maytenus rigida Stryphnodendron coriaceum Plathymenia reticulata Nectandra cuspidata Anacardium occidentale Cinnamomum verum Nectandra leucantha Mart. (Mart.) DC.) Benth. Blume Wall. ex A. ( L. Mart. G. B. Ownbey (Gardner) (Gomes) (Retz.) Willd. Benth. (Mart.) Plumel (Spruce ex Nees and Mart. L. Nees and Mart. Gaert. Schrad. ex J. C. Mart. Himatanthus drasticus Bambusa vulgaris Wendl. Argemone subfusiformis Himatanthus sucuuba Mull. Arg.) Woodson Bambusa arundinacea Maytenus distichophylla Carduus benedictus Woodson Stryphnodendron barbatimam Abarema cochliacarpos Barneby and J. W. Pithecellobium cochliacarpum (Gomes) J. F. Macbr. Stryphnodendron coriaceum Argemone mexicana Plathymenia reticulata Gochnatia oligocephala Cabrera Dendrocalamus giganteus Himatanthus bracteatus Maytenus rigida Munro Nectandra cuspidata Stryphnodendron adstringens Coville Cinnamomum zeylanicum Anacardium occidentale Nectandra leucantha Asteraceae Asteraceae Papaveraceae Fabaceae Lamiaceae Lauraceae ˜ ao Fabaceae Vernacular name FamilyBambu Scientificname in the original source Poaceae Janauba Valid scientific Apocynacaee Barbatim name Literature Origin Bom nome State Celastraceae CajuCardo santo Anacardiaceae Candeia Canela 14 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine PE,PB,SE,CE,RN, BA PE,PB,SE,CE,PI, MA, RN, BA , ] 58 , , , 100 76 80 57 , , , ] PB, CE, PI, MA, BA , – 75 99 71 78 ]PE,CE,MA,RN,BA 55 , , , , ]PE,MA,RN,BA ]PE,PB,RN,BA , 58 93 , 72 95 68 ]PE,PB 76 , ]PE,CE 53 ]PB,MA,BA 99 99 , – , , , , , 56 89 92 65 85 , 69 93 67 75 , , 52 , 83 , 84 ] , – , , , , , 53 86 84 56 82 , 11 95 71 83 67 , 60 ]MA , , , 79 72 , , – , , , , 52 , 9 81 85 55 , 66 67 , 63 93 79 63 ]MA , ]PE ]BA ]MA ]PB ]BA , ]SE 57 ]PB ]PB ]PI ]CE ]PI ]PI ]PE , , , ]RN 9 65 68 3 , , , ]CE , – , , , , 1 1 94 1 56 66 87 68 84 81 74 75 77 74 78 61 53 86 61 9 69 1 9 97 66 77 60 88 [ [ 61 78 N N[ Pirani N [ L. N [ Vogel N [ ´ ecul N [ Poelln. E [ . Tr Desf. N [ Cav. E [ (Jacq.) R. Br. E [ (L.) Mill. E [ (L.) R. Br.a E [ (Jacq.) L. N [ Ducke N [ (Lam.) Pers. E [ (Andrews) Haw. E [ (Andrews) Haw. E [ A. St.-Hil. N [ Mart. N [ (Cambess.) Miers N [ L. E [ Palau E [ Willd. N [ DC. N Dwyer N [ L. N [ Spreng (Mill.) N. E. Br. ex Britton Table 1: Continued. Kalanchoe pinnata Lippia alba and P. Wilson Leptolobium dasycarpum Cecropia peltata Cereus jamacaru Cecropia pachystachya Opuntia ficus-indica Copaifera coriacea Copaifera lucens Copaifera reticulata Copaifera officinalis Cecropia palmata Copaifera langsdorffii Kalanchoe blossfeldiana Malvaviscus arboreus Kalanchoe crenata Cardiospermum halicacabum Zanthoxylum hamadryadicum Leonotis nepetifolia Guatteria australis Eschweilera ovata Aloysia citriodora Baccharis crispa Kalanchoe crenata Melissa officinalis Leucas martinicensis Pirani L. ´ ecul (Vogel) (Lam.) Oken Poelln. Salisb. Tr Cambess. Cambess. Desf. Cav. (Jacq.) R. Br. (L.) Mill. (L.) R. Br. (Jacq.) L. Ducke (Lam.) Pers. A. St.-Hil. Mart. (Cambess.) Miers (Less.) DC. L. Willd. DC. Kunth Dwyer L. (Mill.) N. E. Br. ex Britton Bryophyllum calycinum Kalanchoe pinnata Bryophyllum pinnatum Cecropia peltata Opuntia ficus-indica Copaifera coriacea Copaifera lucens Lippia alba and P. Wilson Copaifera reticulata Copaifera officinalis Kalanchoe brasiliensis Cecropia palmata Cecropia pachystachya Cereus jamacaru Copaifera langsdorffii Zanthoxylum hamadryadicum Acosmium dasycarpum Yakovlev Kalanchoe blossfeldiana Kalanchoe brasiliensis Malvaviscus arboreus Leonotis nepetifolia Guatteria australis Cardiospermum halicacabum Eschweilera ovata Leucas martinicensis Baccharis trimera Lippia citriodora Melissa officinalis Crassulaceae Verbenaceae Crassulaceae Malvaceae Annonaceae Sapindaceae Rutaceae Fabaceae Lecythidaceae Lamiaceae Lamiaceae ´ uba Urticaceae ˜ ao de ˜ ao Francisco S Vernacular name FamilyMandacaruCarqueja Cactaceae Scientificname in the original source ValidCidreira scientific Asteraceae Pra tudo name Literature Origin Copaiba Fabaceae State Courama Cord Emba Imbiriba Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 15 PE,PB,CE,MA,RN, BA PE,PB,CE,RN,BA PE,PB,CE,MA,RN, BA PE, PB, PI, MA, BA PE,PB,SE,CE,PI, MA, RN, BA , , , , ] , 68 , 83 , 76 – 93 ]PE,PB,PI , 84 , , 88 100 – 65 , 62 , , 75 , , 68 84 100 74 , ]PE,BA 79 , , ]PE,PB,CE 86 93 , , 63 , , 60 , 69 , 94 72 63 78 , 93 72 , 78 ] , , , , ]PE 85 ]PE,BA 92 , – ] , 56 , 59 , 63 , 84 56 63 , 68 76 72 94 70 , 100 81 95 76 ]PB,MA,BA , , , , , 83 , , ]PE,RN,BA , ] , , 53 , , 57 , 56 , 52 52 , 79 57 69 76 69 66 93 68 , 99 93 75 81 99 80 , , , ]PB , , , , , , , 52 , , , , , , 11 56 11 11 , 72 88 , , 63 63 67 57 54 ]PB 84 , , 67 72 92 93 78 79 94 ]CE ]BA , ]BA ]BA ]PE ]PB , 9 9 11 , , ]PE , , , , 3 3 , ] , , , , , , , , , , , 68 100 80 53 89 60 67 84 3 53 53 3 1 81 56 52 1 3 77 53 52 [ 78 [ 94 [ [ [ 69 92 93 64 76 89 Benth. N [ L. E [ L. E L. E [ Mill. E [ Mill. E [ Mill. E [ Reissek N [ L. E H. Rainer N [ Mart. ex Reissek N [ (Brongn.) Vogel N [ (Nees) Mez N [ Roscoe E L. E Mart. N Mart. and Schauer N [ (Mart.) Kausel N [ (Seub.) Franco E [ L. E [ Vattimo N [ Table 1: Continued. Laurus azorica Annona cherimola Ocotea duckei Calliandra depauperata Ziziphus joazeiro Laurus nobilis Annona muricata Annona neosericea Foeniculum vulgare Anethum graveolens Lippia thymoides Zollernia ilicifolia Maytenus ilicifolia Pimpinella anisum Foeniculum vulgare Ocotea glomerata Ocimum gratisssimum Ziziphus cotinifolia Rosmarinus officinalis Zingiber officinale Plinia cauliflora Benth. L. L. (Mart.) O. Berg L. Mill. Mill. Mill. Reissek L. Mart. ex Reissek (Brongn.) Vogel (Nees) Mez Roscoe L. Mart. Mart. and Schauer (R.E.Fr.)R.E.Fr. (Seub.) Franco L. Vattimo Laurus azorica Annona cherimola Calliandra depauperata Lippia thymoides Ocotea glomerata Ocotea duckei Rollinia sericea Foeniculum vulgare Anethum graveolens Maytenus ilicifolia Zollernia ilicifolia Annona muricata Ziziphus joazeiro Laurus nobilis Pimpinella anisum Foeniculum vulgare Ziziphus cotinifolia Ocimum gratisssimum Rosmarinus officinalis Zingiber officinale Myrciaria cauliflora Verbenaceae Fabaceae Celastraceae Fabaceae Lamiaceae ´ a Rhamnaceae Vernacular nameEspinheira Familysanta Gengibre Scientificname in theGraviola original source Zingiberaceae Valid scientificJaboticaba Annonaceae Ju Myrtaceae name Literature Origin LouroErva doce Lauraceae State Endro Apiaceae Alecrim Apiaceae 16 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine PE, PB, RN PE,PB,MA,RN,BA PE,PB,CE,MA,RN, BA PE, PI, MA, RN, BA PE,PB,CE,MA,RN, BA PE,PB,SE,CE,RN, BA PE,PB,SE,CE,PI, MA, RN, BA , , , , ] 94 , , , 99 68 76 99 78 , , ] , 56 , 93 , – – , 81 , 66 69 ]SE,BA 101 , 94 76 , 92 55 55 – – ] , , 79 , , , 76 , 101 62 67 , – 93 75 81 99 89 ] PI, MA, BA ] PI, MA , 53 53 , , , , , , , 66 ] , , 63 67 74 79 , 84 59 67 , 72 , 88 79 84 94 , , 93 52 52 , , ] , , , , , , 57 , , , ]PB,CE,BA 53 53 , 53 69 68 83 11 11 , 101 , 66 78 69 83 84 93 ]PE,BA , , , , ]PB 84 ]BA 89 , , , , – , , , , , 56 , , 11 ]PE,CE ]PE 9 52 11 9 , 94 83 79 77 , 66 66 , , , , 63 99 76 81 83 67 77 79 66 ]CE ] ]RN ]PE ]BA , , , , ]BA 82 ]CE ]PE , , ]BA 9 ]PE 3 3 3 78 93 3 11 , ] , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , 57 79 67 93 99 52 69 67 60 1 1 3 67 1 1 94 11 1 57 9 1 1 70 78 83 [ 100 [ 57 [ [ 79 [ 63 76 69 69 99 [ [ [ 78 94 N[ N[ N . L. E . Schltr. E [ Andrews E (DC.) Stapf E Hogg ex Sweet E [ Chaix E [ L. E L. N [ Mill. E (L.) Poit. N [ L. E [ L. N [ (L.) Poit. N [ (L.) Cogn Cham Cav. E [ L. N [ (Jacq.) Sw. N [ Molina E (L.) Hitchc. N [ (Jacq.) Roscoe N [ Schult. and Schult. f. E [ (L.) Burm. f. E Table 1: Continued. Plectranthus barbatus Costus arabicus Gymnanthemum amygdalinum (Delile) Sch.Bip. ex Walp. Aloe vera Costus spiralis Plectranthus neochilus Hyptis pectinata Lavandula officinalis Hyptis suaveolens Lavandula spica Matricaria chamomila Costus spicatus Physalis angulata Chiococca alba Peumus boldus Coreopsis grandiflora Persea americana Passiflora foetida Polygala paniculata Averrhoa carambola Luffa operculata Aloe socotrina Cymbopogon citratus L. . Aloysia lycioides Schltr. Andrews (DC.) Stapf Hogg ex Sweet Baker Chaix L. L. Mill. (L.) Poit. L. L. Mill. (L.) Poit. (L.) Cogn. (Andrews) Benth. [ Cham Cav. L. (Jacq.) Sw. Molina (L.) Hitchc. (Jacq.) Roscoe Schult. and Schult. f. (L.) Burm. f. Coleus barbatus Plectranthus barbatus Costus spiralis Costus arabicus Plectranthus neochilus Hyptis pectinata Lavandula officinalis Hyptis suaveolens Lavandula spica Aloe vera Aloe barbadensis Matricaria chamomila Costus spicatus Aloysia lycioides Coreopsis grandiflora Vernonia condensataVernonia bahiensis Toledo Peumus boldus Physalis angulata Chiococca alba Aloe socotrina Passiflora foetida Polygala paniculata Persea americana Luffa operculata Cymbopogon citratus Averrhoa carambola Lamiaceae Verbenaceae Lamiaceae Monimiaceae Solanaceae Rubiaceae Passifloraceae Polygalaceae ˜ a Asteraceae Vernacular name FamilyAbacateAlfazema Lauraceae Scientificname in the original source Valid scientificAlum Babosa name Literature Origin Xanthorrhoeaceae Boldo Cabacinha State Camomila Cucurbitaceae Cana de Asteraceae macaco Costaceae Canapum Caninana Capim santoCarambola Poaceae Oxalidaceae Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 17 PE,PB,CE,BA PE, RN, BA PE, PB PE,PB,CE,MA,BA PE,PB,CE,PI PE,PB,CE,PI,RN, BA , , ]PE,BA , 72 , 76 , , , , 94 75 93 ] PE, PB, CE, RN , , 93 72 , 69 ]PE,PB ] PE, PB, CE, MA, BA , 60 , , 92 93 72 ]PE , 84 93 , 71 , , 94 84 , 68 , , 57 65 , , , 81 63 , , 84 76 , ] 89 , ]PE 69 , ]PE,PB 78 92 ]PE,CE,BA ]PE,CE , 63 , ] , 56 63 , , , 67 83 56 , , 93 94 76 75 71 94 100 , 92 , , , 67 , 83 76 , , , , , 56 , 53 53 , , , 53 , 52 , , ]PB,CE 76 69 65 69 63 63 , 56 94 ] , , ]PE,PB 84 63 , , 65 68 , , , 53 , , ] 52 52 , , 92 11 , , 11 , , , 72 , , 56 55 86 67 , 56 55 56 100 81 93 88 ]CE ]CE , ]PB 53 57 11 ]PE 55 9 9 , , , , 11 11 3 , , , ] , ] , , , , , , , , , , , , 98 98 76 11 9 53 11 9 1 9 3 11 3 53 1 67 1 53 53 3 89 99 94 92 [ [ 76 [ [ 88 [ [ 79 .) A. Gray E [ DC. E L. E [ Mill. E L. E [ Hemsl Hook. E [ ( Labill. E R. E. Fr. N [ L. E [ L. E L. E L. E [ Aubl. N [ (Mart.)R.E.Fr. N [ Jacq. N [ Mart. N [ (Blume) D. Dietr. E L. E [ L. E [ L. E [ Table 1: Continued. Annona tomentosa Annona coriacea Alpinia speciosa Allium cepa Annona squamosa Sesamum orientale Helianthus annuus Tithonia diversifolia Justicia pectoralis Tagetes erecta Eucalyptus globulus Xylopia frutescens Eucalyptus citriodora Dianthus caryophyllus Carica papaya Acanthospermum hispidum Ricinus communis Symphytum officinale Solanum americanum Xylopia laevigata )A.Gray DC. L. Mill. L. Hemsl. Hook. ( Labill. R. E. Fr. L. L. L. L. L. (Pers.)B.L.Burtt Aubl. (Mart.)R.E.Fr. Jacq. Mart. (Blume) D. Dietr. L. L. L. Annona tomentosa Annona coriacea Tithonia diversifolia Allium cepa Alpinia speciosa Alpinia zerumbet andR.M.Sm. Eucalyptus globulus Annona squamosa Sesamum orientale Helianthus annuus Xylopia frutescens Allium ascalonicum L. Allium ascalonicum L. E [ Eucalyptus citriodora Justicia pectoralis Dianthus caryophyllus Acanthospermum hispidum Xylopia laevigata Tagetes erecta Ricinus communis Symphytum officinale Solanum americanum Carica papaya Sesamum indicum Liliaceae Caryophyllaceae Asteraceae Asteraceae ´ a Acanthaceae ˆ onia Zingiberaceae Vernacular nameCarrapateira FamilyCebola branca Euphorbiaceae Chamb Scientificname Col in the original source Valid scientificConfreiCravo branco Erva moura Boraginaceae Espinho de cigano Solanaceae nameEucalipto Literature Origin Pinha Myrtaceae Mamoeiro State Gergelim Annonaceae Caricaceae Girassol Pedaliaceae Imbira Asteraceae Annonaceae 18 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine PE,PB,CE,RN PE,PB,CE,PI,MA, BA PE, PB, SE, CE, PI, BA , , , 71 77 , 65 , , ] ]PE,PB,BA 68 75 , , 60 84 , 100 ] , 71 66 , , , 58 76 , 89 100 , 59 63 ] , , – , , 56 65 , 94 85 93 85 ]PE,RN,BA , 56 61 , , , , ]PE,PB,CE , , 54 63 80 ]PE,RN , 93 74 92 80 ]CE,BA 93 ]PB,PI ]PE,CE , , 55 55 , , , , 81 , 11 , , ]PE , 98 , 92 86 62 56 70 90 89 76 , ]PE 54 , 53 53 ]BA ]BA ]BA ]BA ]PE ]PI ]PI , 9 , , 11 65 , , , , , , , , , , 63 74 82 82 74 69 82 1 56 74 1 82 3 9 53 93 9 9 53 88 75 87 [ 69 [ [ N[ N[ N[ N[ N[ N[ N[ N[ N[ N N[ N[ E[ (Mart. (Mart. (Mart. (Mart. (Rizzini) (Cham.) (Brot.) L. Mart. Mart. (L.) Oken N L. E [ Hayne N [ L. N (Ridl.) Sandwith N [ L. E [ Y. T. Lee and (Silva Manso) Benth. (Silva Manso) Benth. . Table 1: Continued. Tabebuia aureaand Hook. f. ex S. Moore Hymenaea aurea Langenh. Handroanthus chrysotrichus ex DC.) Mattos Handroanthus spongiosus S.Grose Hymenaea stigonocarpa ex Hayne Handroanthus impetiginosus ex DC.) Mattos Carapichea ipecacuanha Andersson Handroanthus serratifolius (A.H.Gentry) S. Grose Tabebuia roseoalba Hymenaea martiana Handroanthus impetiginosus ex DC.) Mattos Tabebuia aureaand Hook. f. ex S. Moore Hybanthus calceolaria Handroanthus impetiginosus ex DC.) Mattos Handroanthus ochraceus Mattos Artemisia vulgaris Aeollanthus suaveolens ex Spreng Artemisia absinthium Hymenaea courbaril A. (L.) Baill. Mart. (Brot.) Stokes (Brot.) A. Rich. (Mart. ex DC.) (Mart. ex DC.) Mart. (L.) Oken (Mart. ex Lorentz Lorentz ex L. Lorentz (Vahl) G. Hayne L. (Ridl.) Sandwith Rizzini (Cham.) Standl. L. (Mart.) Bureau Y. T. Lee and (Silva Manso) Benth. (Silva Manso) Benth. . . Tabebuia caraiba Tabebuia roseo-alba and Hook. f. ex S. Moore Tabebuia aurea Hymenaea aurea Langenh. Tabebuia chrysotricha Psychotria ipecacuanha Hymenaea martiana Cephaelis ipecacuanha DC.) Standl. Tabebuia spongiosa Hymenaea stigonocarpa ex Hayne Tabebuia avellanedae ex Griseb. Tabebuia serratifolia Nicholson Artemisia vulgaris Griseb. Tabebuia impetiginosa Standl Hybanthus ipecacuanha Hybanthus calceolaria Hymenaea courbaril Tabebuia aureaand Hook. f. ex S. Moore Tabebuia avellanedae Tabebuia avellanedae Artemisia absinthium Aeollanthus suaveolens ex Griseb. ex Spreng Tabebuia impetiginosa Standl. Tabebuia ochracea Rubiaceae Violaceae ´ a Fabaceae Vernacular name FamilyIpe Scientificname in the original source Valid scientific Bignoniaceae Pau d’arco roxo Bignoniaceae name Literature Origin Pau d’arco Bignoniaceae State Pepaconha LosnaMacassa Asteraceae Lamiaceae Jatob Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 19 PE,PB,SE,CE,RN, BA PE, CE, MA, RN, BA , , 84 ]PE,PB,MA 67 , ] , ] PE, PB, CE, PI, BA 81 100 , 101 60 88 ]PB,RN , , , , 79 77 93 , 88 59 69 , , , , ]PE,PB,BA , 78 71 76 , 53 84 , ]PE 69 67 , , , , , 69 ]PE 62 76 11 68 , 78 , , 56 ]RN ]RN , 60 , ] , 93 , , 9 , 59 66 69 ]PB 99 99 , 56 99 75 ]RN ]BA ]BA , ]PE , ]PE ]PE ]PB ]PB ]SE ]SE ]CE ]CE ]CE ]PB 53 ]PE ]CE , ]PE , , 3 57 11 , , , ]CE ]PB , ]PB ]PB , , , 81 78 95 55 89 3 67 81 78 3 56 1 53 3 69 9 56 75 1 85 80 100 1 11 95 52 54 3 56 90 78 77 [ 92 [ 72 E[ N[ E[ . Codd E [ (Lam.) DC. N [ Hort.exL.H. L. E [ Schrank N [ Andrews E [ L. N [ Mart. N [ N. E. Br. N [ L. N [ L. N [ (Jacq.) Sweet N [ Humb. and Bonpl. L. E [ R. Grether N [ L. E [ Ulbr. N [ (Willd.) Briq L. E [ Benth. N [ L. N [ L. E [ L. E [ Benth. N [ Mart. ex Colla N [ L. N [ (L.) Less. E L. E (L.) Cav. E [ L. N [ J. Presl and C. Presl E [ Cav. N [ Table 1: Continued. Sida galheirensis Plectranthus unguentarius Citrus medica Malva erecta Sida linifolia Cucurbita argyrosperma Bailey Piriqueta guianensis Mentha piperita Waltheria americana Mimosa somnians ex Willd. Urena lobata Althaea rosea Mentha spicata Plectranthus barbatus Melochia tomentosa Geranium erodifolium Cucurbita pepo Mimosa invisa Sida cordifolia Mimosa pudica Melochia tomentosa Hyptis martiusii Piriqueta racemosa Citrus aurantium Egletes viscosa Mangifera indica Mimosa candollei Mimosa misera Achyrocline satureioides Gomphrena demissa Waltheria rotundifolia . Coleus forskohlii (Lour.) (Lam.) DC. Hort.exL.H. L. Schrank Andrews DC. Mart. N. E. Br. L. L. (Jacq.) Sweet (Christm.) Swingle Humb. and Bonpl. L. L. Ulbr. (Willd.) Briq L. Benth. L. Risso L. L. Benth. (L.) L. (L.) Osbeck Mart. ex Colla L. (L.) Less. L. (L.) Osbeck Cav. L. ia leptocarpa . Sida linifolia Piriqueta guianensis Mentha piperita Malva sylvestris Spreng Plectranthus barbatus Geranium erodifolium Coleus forskohlii Mentha viridis Plectranthus amboinicus Citrus aurantiifolia Citrus limon Citrus limonum Piriqueta racemosa Cucurbita pepo Mimosa invisa Citrus limonia Waltheria indica Schrank Mimosa pudica Urena lobata Achyrocline satureioides Hyptis martiusii Alcea rosea Cucurbita argyrosperma Bailey Egletes viscosa Mangifera indica Melochia tomentosa Waltheria rotundifolia Sida cordifolia Mimosa somnians Melochia tomentosa Sida galheirensis ex Willd. Mimosa misera Gomphrena demissa Lamiaceae Geraniaceae Malvaceae Asteraceae Lamiaceae Lamiaceae Lamiaceae Arecaceae Sterculiaceae Anacardiaceae Sterculiaceae Sterculiaceae Malvaceae Malvaceae ˜ ˜ a a ˜ aozinho Gomphrenaceae ˜ ao Rutaceae miuda grauda Vernacular name FamilyJerimumHortel Cucurbitaceae Scientificname in the original sourceHortel Valid scientificLim Macela name Literature Origin Malicia State Fabaceae Malva Manga espada Capit Malva rosa Malva branca 20 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine PE,PB,SE,CE,PI, MA, RN PE,PB,SE,CE,RN, BA PE,PB,MA,BA PE, CE, BA PE,PB,CE,PI,RN, BA PE,PB,SE,PI,RN, BA PE,PB,CE,PI,MA, RN, BA PE,PB,CE,PI,MA, RN, BA , , 61 , , 85 ] , , , , , 78 75 95 79 72 63 59 , ] ] , ] 82 , ] – , – , , , 76 99 95 69 76 93 94 101 ] 55 69 57 62 , , , , , 69 , – – , , , , , , , 75 94 88 75 67 79 93 100 90 66 53 94 53 ]PE,BA ]PE,CE,PI,BA , 67 59 , , , , 66 , , , , , , , , , , , 71 93 93 72 92 63 80 81 83 76 78 ]CE,BA 52 63 , 94 52 , , ]PB,RN 65 58 , , , , , , , , 56 , , – – , , , 69 69 83 83 90 11 11 56 77 66 90 75 79 79 61 76 , , ]PB,PI , , 92 53 55 – , , , ] , , , , , , , – , 54 , , , 9 9 , 57 71 78 70 60 55 67 , , 52 85 94 72 73 75 78 78 59 60 ]CE ]PE ]BA ]BA ]MA ]BA , ]PE , , , 83 ]PI 53 52 , ]PE , , ]MA 11 3 3 , ] , , , , , , , , – ]CE , , , , , , 55 84 68 57 3 1 1 74 1 57 62 94 84 9 53 60 53 3 11 56 53 56 61 80 63 76 [ [ [ [ 57 86 69 99 [ 57 [ [ 76 [ 70 81 83 L. E A. DC. N [ Mart. N (Loefl.) Stuntz N [ Eichler N [ L. E [ Kunth N [ L. E Mart. N [ L. E [ L. N Kunth N [ L. E [ Lam. N Mill. E [ Mart. N [ L. E Baill. N [ DC. N [ (L.) Blume N [ L. E [ L. E (Pohl) Baill. N [ L. N Table 1: Continued. Boerhavia coccinea Ocimum tenuiflorum Ocimum minimum Ocumum americanum Ocimum basilicum Boerhavia diffusa Combretum leprosum Guazuma ulmifolia Eugenia uniflora Croton conduplicatus Croton heliotropiifolius Croton cordiifolius Trema micrantha Combretum fruticosum Aspidosperma pyrifolium Eugenia pluriflora Mentha pulegium Aspidosperma parvifolium Jatropha gossypiifolia Combretum mellifluum Jatropha ribifolia Chenopodium ambrosioides Momordica charantia Luehea ochrophylla L. A. DC. Mart. (Loefl.) Stuntz L. Eichler L. Mart. L. Kunth Willd. L. Lam. Mill. Mart. L. Baill. L. (L.) Blume L. L. Jacq. (Pohl) Baill. L. (O. Berg) Kiaersk. Boerhavia hirsuta Boerhavia coccinea Ocimum minimum Ocimum sanctum Ociumum americanum Combretum leprosum Ocimum basilicum Aspidosperma parvifolium Aspidosperma pyrifolium Eugenia pitanga Combretum fruticosum Boerhavia diffusa Eugenia uniflora Croton conduplicatus Croton rhamnifolius Croton cordiifolius Combretum mellifluum Jatropha ribifolia Trema micrantha Guazuma ulmifolia Jatropha gossypiifolia Mentha pulegium Chenopodium ambrosioides Momordica charantia Luehea ochrophylla Ulmaceae Sterculiaceae Apocynaccae Cucurbitaceae Tiliaceae ˜ ao ˜ ao Lamiaceae ˜ ao roxo Euphorbiaceae ˜ ao de S Vernacular name FamilyManjeric Scientificname in the original sourceMastruz Valid scientificMel Chenopodiaceae Mufumbo name LiteratureMutamba Origin Combretaceae Pereiro State Pega pinto Nyctaginaceae PitangaPinh Myrtaceae PoejoQuebra faca Lamiaceae Euphorbiaceae Caetano Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 21 PE,PB,CE,PI,RN PE, CE, MA, BA PE, CE, MA, RN, BA PE,PB,CE,PI,MA, BA PE,PB,CE,PI,MA, RN, BA , ] PE, PB, SE, CE, BA , , , 81 , 83 94 , , 65 ]PE,PB,CE , , 78 , 78 81 , 78 , , 98 72 86 , 63 , , , 76 , 65 79 , 69 , , 76 89 63 61 , , , , 67 , 60 78 ] , 66 71 61 , , 86 57 , , , , , 66 59 76 100 ]PE,SE,BA ]PE,PB,BA 61 , 69 57 , , ] ] , 76 55 , ]PE,PB , , , 93 – 84 56 57 72 93 92 99 , 56 , 72 , 58 , 56 , , , ] , 56 53 , , , , , , 80 72 55 56 92 69 89 84 93 ]MA ]PE ]PE ]BA ]BA ]MA ]MA ]BA ]BA ]BA ]BA 11 ]PB ]SE ]SE ]SE ]SE ]SE , ]PE 55 53 9 53 ]PE , , 11 , ] , , , , , , , , , , , 84 67 77 95 95 95 11 94 69 79 95 95 53 1 68 53 9 53 3 9 58 94 76 9 84 3 66 68 80 [ 85 84 83 [ [ [ [ 84 68 83 N[ N N[ E[ N[ N[ . Schum . . ) Roem. and (L.) Moench E (L.) Vahl N [ )Briq . Cambess. E [ Kunth N [ Rottb. N [ (Mill.) Fuss E [ Hoffm. E [ G. Gaertn., B. (L.) Vahl N [ (L.) R. Br. N [ L. N [ Desr. (Jacq.) K (L.) Pers. N [ L. E ( Mill. N [ B. A. Gomes N [ (L.) Poit. N [ L. E (Lam.) H. S. Irwin L. N [ L. N [ Spruce ex Benth. N [ (Rich (L.) Poit. N [ (Benth.) H. S. Irwin L. N [ (L.) Hitchc. N [ L. N Table 1: Continued. Senna martiana and Barneby Petroselinum sativum Ipomoea asarifolia Schult. Senna corymbosa and Barneby Abelmoschus esculentus Petroselinum crispum Tephrosia purpurea Ipomoea pes-caprae Cyperus ligularis Cyperus surinamensis Fimbristylis dichotoma Senna alexandrina Bowdichia virgilioides Bowdichia nitida Petiveria alliacea Petiveria tetrandra Armoracia rusticana Mey., and Scherb. Hyptis pectinata Hyptis suaveolens Bixa orellana Coutarea hexandra Punica granatum Tamarindus indica Kalanchoe brasiliensis Cinchona officinalis Quassia amara Chiococca alba .Fimbristylismiliacea .Hyptismutabilis ) Roem. and (L.) Moench (L.) Vahl )Briq . Cambess. Kunth Rottb. (Mill.) Fuss Hoffm. G. Gaertn., B. Gaudich (L.) R. Br. Ruiz and Pav. Desr. (Jacq.) K. Schum. L. (L.) Pers. L. ( B. A. Gomes (L.) Poit. Wedd. L. (Lam.) H. S. Irwin L. L. Spruce ex Benth. (Rich (L.) Poit. (Benth.) H. S. Irwin Link L. L. Petroselinum sativum Tephrosia purpurea Petroselinum crispum Fimbristylis littoralis Senna martiana and Barneby Bowdichia nitida Ipomoea pes-caprae Cyperus surinamensis Fimbristylis dichotoma Abelmoschus esculentus Senna corymbosa and Barneby Coutarea hexandra Ipomoea asarifolia Schult. Petiveria alliacea Petiveria tetrandra Hibiscus esculentus Senna acutifolia Bowdichia virgilioides Cyperus ligularis Hyptis mutabilis Hyptis pectinata Hyptis suaveolens Punica granatum Kalanchoe brasiliensis Tamarindus indica Bixa orellana Armoracia rusticana Mey., and Scherb. Cinchona calisaya Quassia amara Chiococca brachiata Apiaceae Rubiaceae Convolvulaceae Punicaceae Brassicaceae Simaroubaceae Rubiaceae ´ a Lamiaceae ´ e Phytolacacceae ˜ a ˜ ao Crassulaceae Vernacular name FamilyQuiaboQuina Malvaceae Scientificname in the original source Valid scientificRom Sai nameSalsa Literature Origin Sambacait Sena State Sucupira Fabaceae Tamarino Fabaceae Guin Fabaceae UrucumTiririca Bixaceae Cyperaceae 22 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine PE,PB,SE,CE,RN, BA PE,PB,CE,PI ] PE, PB, PI, MA , 75 , 72 – – , 73 ]PE,PB,RN 79 ]PE,PI,RN , 58 67 , 71 , , , 99 70 75 53 , , 63 , 59 , ] , ] PE, PB, CE, RN , 93 66 73 52 , ]PB,SE 95 , 60 90 – ] , 56 , , , , 88 67 63 11 70 92 , , ]PE 93 , , 57 , 60 , 53 , 9 , , , 57 73 77 57 ]PB , 63 77 ]CE ]CE ]RN ]MA ]PB ]PB ]PB ]PE , ]PB ]PB , ]SE ]RN ]SE , ]BA ]PE ]PB 85 11 ]CE , ]PE 3 11 52 , , , , , , , 95 63 85 58 90 60 76 3 1 56 59 54 54 53 1 53 77 58 1 60 68 56 100 82 55 77 54 81 [ 60 76 [ N[ N[ N[ N[ N[ N[ N N[ N[ ˜ ao N [ ˜ ao) A. C. (Mull. Arg.) Mart. ex Allem (Vahl) Roem. L. E [ (Benth.) Ducke N [ Moric. N [ Lam. E [ (Benth.) Seigler Roem. and (Mart.) Benth. N [ (Allem (L.) Wight and ı. ´ Pax and K. Hoffm. N [ L. N [ L. N [ (Willd.) Poir. N [ (Willd.) Poir. N Ducke N [ (L.) Arthur N [ (Kunth) Roem. and um Dunal E [ L. E [ L. E [ (Gardner) Weigend N [ rich L. E [ ˜ ao, PI: Piau Table 1: Continued. Vachellia farnesiana Arn. Benth. Mimosa ophthalmocentra Mimosa tenuiflora Senegalia piauhiensis and Ebinger Eleocharis elegans Schult. Cnidoscolus phyllacanthus Pax and L. Hoffm. Calliandra spinosa Myracrodruon urundeuva Eleocharis interstincta and Schult. Cyperus articulatus Amburana cearensis Sm. Solanum stipulaceum Cyperus esculentus Schult. Mimosa acutistipula Cnidoscolus urens Piptadenia stipulacea Mimosa tenuiflora Cnidoscolus infestus Solanum albidum Physalis philadelphica Crataeva tapia Solanum lycopersicum Lamium album Solanum polyt Urtica urens Aosa rupestris ˜ ao ˜ ao) A. C. (Mull. Arg.) Allem Mart. ex MilL. (Vahl) Roem. (Benth.) Ducke Moric. (Benth.) Seigler Roem. and (Mart.) Benth. (Allem Pax and K. Hoffm. L. L. (Willd.) Poir. (Willd.) Poir. Ducke (L.) Arthur (Kunth) Roem. and (L.) Willd. um Dunal Brot. ex Hornem. L. L. ich (Gardner) Weigend L. ´ a. RN: Rio Grande do Norte, BA: Bahia, MA: Maranh Acacia farnesiana Mimosa tenuiflora Mimosa ophthalmocentra Benth. Calliandra spinosa Cyperus articulatus Mimosa acutistipula Senegalia piauhiensis and Ebinger Cnidoscolus infestus Eleocharis elegans Schult. Cyperus esculentus Physalis ixocarpa Cnidoscolus urens Cnidoscolus phyllacanthus Pax and L. Hoffm. Mimosa tenuiflora Solanum rhytidoandrum Sendtn. Solanum rhytidoandrum Sendtn. Amburana cearensis Eleocharis interstincta Lycopersicon esculentum Piptadenia stipulacea and Schult. Solanum polytr Solanum albidum Myracrodruon urundeuva Sm. Lamium album Solanum stipulaceum Schult. Aosa rupestris Crataeva tapia Urtica urens Anacardiaceae Euphorbiaceae Fabaceae Solanaceae Fabaceae Lamiaceae Loasaceae Urticaceae ´ a Capparidaceae Vernacular name FamilyJunco Scientificname in the original sourceTomate Cyperaceae Valid scientificTrapi Solanaceae Urtiga branca name Literature Origin Jurema branca Fabaceae State Jurema preta Jurubeba branca Imburana de cheiro PE:Pernambuco,PB:Paraiba.SE:Sergipe,CE:Cear Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 23 important tool because it might point to the possible patterns their side effects, contraindications, toxicity, and effective of substitution of homonym ethnospecies in a given area. therapeutic action. In the case of northeast Brazil, 75% of the plants traded in Because the only plant material available for species regional public markets exhibit correspondence with more identification is that sold at the markets, whereas the har- than one plant species. vesting sites are usually inaccessible due to their distance or As most (74%) such species are representative of the nat- the unavailability or mistrust of the harvesters—as a large ive flora, we might infer that the regional markets are largely part of harvesting is indiscriminate—the resolution of this supplied by natural stocks. Because the demand for medicinal impasse necessarily demands more specialized taxonomic plants is continuously increasing [2], the gradual exhaustion procedures, such as micrography and molecular taxonomy. or scarcity of resources might make the substitution of In this regard, several techniques have been widely appl- homonym ethnospecies unavoidable and increasingly more ied to the resolution of this type of taxonomic problem [14, frequent, particularly in the large cities where 70% of the 15, 104–106], to support scientific research and as a tool for population resides [34] and where access to medicinal plants the surveillance and control of commercial plant and animal is primarily mediated by commerce. products. Barcoding is one of the most promising among such Precisely for that reason, it is safe to assert that semantic techniques and has already been applied to the identification plurality is manifested most frequently at the public markets of plant species in public markets [107]. This technique of large cities, which are privileged spaces where significant consists of the identification of species based on the differ- amounts of people, products, and knowledge circulate on a entiation of genetic sequences in specific DNA regions108 [ ]. daily basis. Thus, such markets afford an extremely favorable The use of molecular taxonomy might in time become a scenario for comparative ethnobotanical studies at a regional very important and practical tool for cataloging the hidden level. diversity in public markets and thus contribute to a better understanding of the biodiversity flow in a given area and, In recent years, ethnobotanical research in regional public consequently, the frequency with which homonym eth- markets has provided an important platform for conservation nospecies are being interchangeably used in public markets. studies and biological prospecting. However, the limitations A reliable cataloging of this biodiversity affords multiple to species identification represent the major hindrance to the possibilities for further biological and cultural studies and growth of research in such locations [6]aswellastothe must be considered as crucial for the advancement of ethnob- assessment of hidden diversity and events of homonym eth- otanical research. nospecies substitution, as most of the plants are sold in parts or pieces that are sometimes completely uncharacteristic. 4.2. Implications for Conservation. From the perspective of Forthatreason,homonymethnospeciesgoeasilyunno- conservation at the regional level, one should not ignore ticed when commercial medicinal species are cataloged, the the hidden diversity of medicinal plants, as this diversity moresothemoreremarkablethemorphologicalsimilarities represents the possible variations in the range of species that are. In this regard, 61.3% of the hidden diversity of the are effectively used relative to the multiplicity of homonym medicinal plants of the northeast region is congeneric, that ethnospecies and the biological diversity of a given area. On is, exhibits type 1 underdifferentiation, which denotes phylo- such grounds, one might infer that the larger the number of genetic proximity and consequently morphological similarity homonym ethnospecies, the higher the odds that the pressure [102]. This similarity makes the understanding of the ethnob- of use is, or might eventually become, distributed among otanical data collected at public markets even more difficult. more than one plant population, as in our study where a Toprevent this situation, the criteria adopted for the iden- significant number of native homonym ethnospecies (74%) tification of species by some studies conducted in regional was found. public markets are based on the vernacular nomenclature, When, conversely, the frequency of use predominantly sometimes as a complementary identifier12 [ , 103]andother affects one species, the risks are patently greater for the species times as the primary criterion [6]. In places where the catalog affected but also for others with the same vernacular name, of medicinal plants and the data relative to their biodiversity as due to substitution, those others might become subjected are comprehensive, common names might possibly be used to an intense and fast extractivist pressure that compromises quite safely. However, this is definitely not the case in Brazil, their resilience, particularly in the case of the most vulnerable where the repertoire of medicinal plants in these marketing populations, leading to their collapse. spaces is largely a hidden diversity. The species Myracrodruon urundeuva provides a good Additionally, due to the explicit difficulty of recognizing example of the possible impact of the extractivist pressure on and identifying the plant species in public markets and more than one plant population. In this case, another species, the progressive increase in the substitution of homonym Schinus terebinthifolius,whichisalsonativeandbelongsto ethnospecies, the vulnerability of consumers tends to become the same family, is currently traded under the same generic more serious, and possible risks related to safety and efficacy name (“aroeira”—Brazilian peppertree) in the city of Recife might be potentiated when one species is indistinctly replaced [1]. Therefore, these species are interchangeably used, even with another. This phenomenon occurs because most of the though they belong to different genera, as the used parts do Brazilian medicinal plant species have not yet been subjected not allow for a clear differentiation. to appropriate studies that would establish their use in a It is possible that such homonym ethnospecies are being scientifically safe manner, so to speak, that is, describing overlapped in an unconscious and undocumented manner at 24 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine the points of sale, especially in the case of populations that [117]. With regard to the medicinal species whose safety arenolongereasilyfoundintheirnaturalreservoirsandthat and efficacy have been demonstrated, ethnobotanical studies precisely for that reason are subjected to substitution pro- that include their hidden diversity might contribute to the cesses. For example, the case of “espinheira santa” (Maytenus identification of more efficacious species as well as of those ilicifolia), which following its long-term indiscriminate har- more promptly available for consumption. vesting became a threatened species [109]andisassociated Therefore, the identification of homonym species with with several substitute species that currently occupy the same similarusesmightnotonlyreducethepressureofuseonthe semantic-therapeutic niche [110]. natural reservoirs but also allow for easier and more encom- Thistypeofapproachmustbetakenintoaccountupon passing access for a larger number of people. In this regard, it establishing conservation priorities and efficient manage- is worth stressing that to be efficient, public policies address- ment strategies, as accurate knowledge of the hidden diver- ing access to medicinal plants must take into consideration sity of medicinal plants and the possibilities for efficient the natural distribution of the species, when it is spontaneous, exchanges among homonym ethnospecies might favor a and the limits of its ecophysiological tolerance, in the case more balanced distribution of the extractivist pressure, thus of cultivated species. The identification of homonym species minimizing its impact, avoiding the collapse of populations might represent an alternative in both cases. and promoting greater resilience. Recently, the Brazilian government published a list of The applicability of hidden substitutions of species to 71 medicinal plant species recommended for use by the biological conservation is thus in keeping with explicative Unified Health System (Sistema Unico´ de Saude—SUS)´ [118]. modelsrelatedtotheutilitarianredundancyhypothesis[52], As a function of the continental size of Brazil and its according to which a larger number of species within one environmental diversity, the distributions of some of these utilitarian category leads to greater mutual support and medicinal species are not homogeneous across all regions. protection of the associated species as well as increased Species typical of the south and southeast regions are hardly resilience. found in the north and northeast regions, and vice versa. Thus, we might assert that the phenomenon of the hidden Therefore, in both cases, there are homonym ethnospecies diversity of medicinal plants gives support to utilitarian occupying the same semantic-therapeutic niche of many redundancy as an explanatory model for the pressure of use, species in the corresponding region. as the overlapping species are subsumed under one and the The case of Uncaria tomentosa is exemplary. This plant, same identity and consequently the same therapeutic indica- native to Amazonia (north region), is commonly known as tions, as their corresponding practical value is culturally well “unha de gato” (cat’s claw) and acknowledged for its remark- established. able anti-inflammatory activity. Although it was included in Because, based on the strength of tradition, the homonym the SUS list, access to this plant is extremely restricted in ethnospecies are functional analogs, the remaining task is to other Brazilian regions, which, however, will not prevent the distinguish each one of them and establish the level at which emergence of other types of “cat’s claw.” There are at least six the preference for and/or access to each particular species different species known as “cat’s claw” in the northeast region occurs and then to define the degree of utilitarian redun- alone, five of which are native and one subspontaneous, dancy, which is also hidden, so to speak. For that purpose, corresponding to four different families, thus denoting the once again the elaboration of a taxonomically reliable record generality of the common name and the particularity of the of this biodiversity is required. biological expression. Within that context, the assessment of hidden and redun- dant biodiversity becomes an important predictive ecolog- According to Albuquerque and Hanazaki [119]oneofthe ical tool, as a function of the perfect semantic-therapeutic basic rules in biological prospecting is to identify the criteria juxtaposition of the homonym ethnospecies at the regional used by people to select plants for medicinal use. According level. Public policies for the conservation, regulation, control, to those authors, the process underlying such selection might anduseofmedicinalplantsinBrazilshouldnotignorethe point to more efficacious strategies and shortcuts for the regional level and its implicit cultural and biological richness identification of key species relevant to bioprospecting. [111–113]. From this perspective, comparative ethnobotany A preliminary assessment of the distributions of the eth- willbecomeanindispensabletoolindecisionmakingand nospecies in the present study indicated that several species, actions aimed at the sustainable use of biodiversity. including exotic ones established centuries ago, have corre- sponding homonym ethnospecies from the local flora. This is 4.3. Implications for Bioprospecting. Several studies [114– the case for cinnamon, watercress, elder tree, artichoke, clove 116] have found similar biochemical compositions in related basil, plum, and rosemary, among others (see Table 1). Such species, which might point to similar uses within the range correspondences were also found when medicinal plant of applications already well established by tradition. The species were compared with the names of drugs (generic and biochemical constitutions of species in the same family trademarks names) with widely acknowledged therapeutic quitecommonlyincludethesamepatternofsecondary effects, such as Meracilina, penicillin, Novalgina, aspirin, components [114]. Terramycin, and ampicillin, among others [9, 11, 24, 93, 120, Nevertheless, the therapeutic efficacy and the risks associ- 121]. In such cases, the species is named after its correspond- ated with the use of the vast majority of species acknowledged ing drug name, thus representing a flagrant instance of as medicinal by the population have not yet been assessed classification based on analogical use. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 25

Similarly, based on the wide variety and distribution of The fact that a significant percentage of the common homonym ethnospecies, we might infer that the development namesofplantsintheBraziliannortheastregionexhibits of knowledge at the local level seeks to subsume the available correspondences to multiple species is irrevocably estab- biodiversity under the already established and culturally lished. A more thorough understanding of the dynamics and consolidated semantic-therapeutic patterns. For that reason, dimensions of such semantic-biological variability and the when key species with high cultural relevance are absent, the corresponding implications requires the integration of sev- communities tend to opt for species substitutions [52]. eral areas of knowledge, including taxonomy, biochemistry, As a function of the existence of semantic-therapeutic population ecology, phytosociology, linguistics, and anthro- niches and the impossibility of filling them with tradition- pology. ally acknowledged species, an analogy-based local process The proportion of species found by ethnospecies (2.78) appearstobetriggered.Accordingtotheavailabledata,sev- was significant, although we recognize that a more compre- eral mechanisms of cultural selection are operative in this hensivecoverageofmarketsandfairsintheninenortheastern analogy-based local process, whereby the most fitting pieces statescouldleadtoanincreaseofthisproportionoreven of local knowledge become prevalent and amplified across the emergence of new ethnospecies not listed in this survey. the community, pointing to the locally accessible species, To what concerns the low number of respondents committed which thus come to be used as corresponding (homonym) to the study, in all the six markets visited, it should be ethnospecies. This hypothesis is corroborated by the high clarified that the purpose of the field survey was to catalogue frequency of homonym ethnospecies representing the native ethnospecies currently marketed in order to support the iden- flora (73%). tification of the corresponding species through the literature Comparative ethnobotanical studies of different regions search. might eventually elucidate the possible role of vernacular namesasmodelsforthemanifestationoftheexpressionof Acknowledgments local biodiversity or the measure and circumstances under which a peculiar regional classification system tends to pre- The authors thank all of the respondents who participated in vail at the expense of allochthonous and/or general sys- the study and the National Council of Scientific and Tech- tems. In addition, the identification of the level of semantic nological Development (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvi- similarity of species at the local level might contribute to mento Cient´ıfico e Tecnologico—CNPq)´ for the scholarships a better understanding of the process of construction of granted to the authors and financial support to UPA (“Edital local/regional knowledge and make the planning of the Universal—2012”). use, prospection, and conservation of these resources more efficient [122]. References

[1] U. P. Albuquerque, J. M. Monteiro, M. A. Ramos, and E. L. C. 5. Conclusions de Amorim, “Medicinal and magic plants from a public market in northeastern Brazil,” Journal of Ethnopharmacology,vol.110, Regardless of being a frequent process, affecting either some no. 1, pp. 76–91, 2007. or the full set of species of a given region, the substitution [2]A.C.Pinto,D.H.Silva,V.S.Bolzani,N.P.Lopes,andR.A.Epi- of homonym ethnospecies denotes a novel consumption fanio, “Produtos naturais: atualidade, desafios e perspectivas,” option for a well-established cultural practice involving Qu´ımica Nova,vol.25,pp.45–61,2002. limited products within a commercial niche consolidated by [3] M. Veeman, “Conociendo los mercados locales y regionales tradition.Forthatreason,evenwherethelevel,frequency, para produtos forestales,” in Evaluando la Cosecha Oculta de los and circumstances under which such substitutions occur Bosques,B.M.CampbellandM.K.Luckert,Eds.,pp.81–116, mightnotbeidentifiedinthenearfuture,somerelevant Nordan-Comunidad, Montevideo, Uruguay, 2002. questions have already been raised. Such questions, which [4] A. B. Cunningham, Applied Ethnobotany—People, Wild Plant might contribute to optimizing the use of medicinal plants Use & Conservation, Earthscan Publications, London, UK, 2001. in a safe and more sustainable manner, include the following. [5] E. Hanlidou, R. Karousou, V. Kleftoyanni, and S. Kokkini, “The (1) How might the homonym species be alternately used for herbal market of Thessaloniki (N Greece) and its relation to the the same therapeutic action and how efficacious are they? ethnobotanical tradition,” Journal of Ethnopharmacology,vol. 91, no. 2-3, pp. 281–299, 2004. (2) For which homonym ethnospecies might divergent uses, [6] M. Krog, M. Falcao,˜ and C. S. Olsen, “Medicinal plants mar- absence, or differences in the level of therapeutic efficacy kets and trade in Maputo, Mozambique,” Forest e Landscape be currently listed? (3) What are the health risks to people Working Papers 16, Danish Centre for Forest, Landscape and who, either travelling or at their original place of residence, Planning, KVL, 2006. indiscriminately consume different species subsumed under [7] J. M. Monteiro, M. A. Ramos, E. L. Araujo,´ E. L. C. Amorim, and the same common name? (4) What tools might be created U. P. Albuquerque, “Collection and commerce of the Myracro- to support consumers and researchers in the understanding druon urundeuva Allemao˜ bark in the semi-arid region of Nor- and interpretation of the semantic plurality associated with theastern Brazil,” Bioremediation, Biodiversity & Bioavailability, medicinal plants? (5) Which bioprospecting actions and vol. 5, pp. 100–102, 2011. management plans have taken the hidden diversity of species [8]C.D.F.C.B.R.Almeida,E.L.C.deAmorim,U.P.deAlbu- at the regional level into consideration? querque, and M. B. S. Maia, “Medicinal plants popularly used in 26 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

the Xingo´ region—a semi-arid location in Northeastern Brazil,” de classificac¸ao˜ folk,” Revista Brasileira de Plantas Medicinais, Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine,vol.2,article15,pp. Botucatu,vol.7,pp.44–72,2005. 1–9, 2006. [25] P. Hiepko, “Eipo plant nomenclature and classification com- [9] S.L.Cartaxo,M.M.M.Souza,andU.P.deAlbuquerque,“Medi- pared with other folk taxonomic systems,” Willdenowia,vol.36, cinal plants with bioprospecting potential used in semi-arid pp. 447–453, 2006. northeastern Brazil,” Journal of Ethnopharmacology,vol.131,no. [26] M. Haverroth, Etnobotanica,ˆ uso e classificac¸ao˜ dos vegetais pelos 2, pp. 326–342, 2010. Kaingang,vol.3ofSeries´ de Estudos e Debates, NUPEEA, Recife, [10] I. G. C. Bieski, F. R. Santos, R. M. de Oliveira et al., “Ethnophar- Brazil, 2007. macology of medicinal plants of the pantanal region (Mato [27] K. Khasbagan and S. Soyolt, “Indigenous knowledge for plant Grosso, Brazil),” Evidence-Based Complementary and Alterna- species diversity: a case study of wild plants’ folk names used tive Medicine,vol.2012,ArticleID272749,36pages,2012. by the Mongolians in Ejina desert area, Inner Mongolia, P. [11] C. D. F. C. B. R. de Almeida, M. A. Ramos, R. R. V. Silva et al., R. China,” Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine,vol.4, “Intracultural variation in the knowledge of medicinal plants in article 2, 2008. an urban-rural community in the Atlantic Forest from North- [28] M. A. Signorini, M. Piredda, and P. Bruschi, “Plants and tra- eastern Brazil,” Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative ditional knowledge: an ethnobotanical investigation on Monte Medicine, vol. 2012, Article ID 679373, 15 pages, 2012. Ortobene (Nuoro, Sardinia),” Journal of Ethnobiology and Eth- [12] E. Lev and Z. Amar, “Ethnopharmacological survey of tradi- nomedicine,vol.5,article6,2009. tional drugs sold in the Kingdom of Jordan,” Journal of Ethno- [29] P. Burke, Hibridismo Cultural, Unisinos, Sao˜ Leopoldo, Brazil, pharmacology,vol.82,no.2-3,pp.131–145,2002. 2003. [13] M. A. Ramos, U. P.Albuquerque, and E. L. C. Amorim, “O com- [30] I. Nesheim, S. S. Dhillion, and K. A. Stølen, “What happens to ercio´ de plantas medicinais em mercados publicos´ e feiras livres: traditional knowledge and use of natural resources when people um estudo de caso,” in Topicos´ em conservac¸ao,˜ etnobotanicaˆ e migrate?” Human Ecology,vol.34,no.1,pp.99–131,2006. etnofarmacologia de plantas medicinais e magicas´ ,U.P.Albu- [31] International Institute for Enviromental and Development querque, C. F. C. B.R. Almeida, and J. F. A. Marins, Eds., (IIED), The Hidden Haverst: The Value of Wild Resources in pp. 127–163, NUPEEA/Sociedade Brasileira de Etnoecologia e Agricultural Systems, IIED, London, UK, 1995. Etnoecologia, Recife, Brazil, 2005. [32] International Institute for Enviromental and Development [14] S. Molares and A. Ladio, “Metodos´ micrograficos´ aplicados a` (IIED), “Valuing the hidden haverst: methodological approa- pesquisa etnobotanica,”inˆ Metodos´ e TecnicasnaPesquisaEtno-´ ches for local level economic analysis of wild resources,” biologica´ e Etnoecologica´ , U. P.Albuquerque, R. F. P.Lucena, and Research series, vol. 3, no. 4, Sustainable Agriculture and Envi- L. V. F. C. Cunha, Eds., pp. 381–399, NUPPEA, Recife, Brazil, ronmental Economics, IIED, London, UK, 1997. 2010. [33] E. Elisabetsky and L. Wannmacher, “The status of ethnophar- [15] M. Li, H. Cao, P. P.-H. But, and P.-C. Shaw, “Identification of macology in Brazil,” Journal of Ethnopharmacology,vol.38,no. herbal medicinal materials using DNA barcodes,” Journal of 2-3, pp. 137–143, 1993. Systematics and Evolution,vol.49,no.3,pp.271–283,2011. [34]“IBGEInstitutoBrasileirodeGeografiaeEstat´ıstica,” http:// [16] M. L. T. Nguyen, “Cultivated plant collections from markets www.ibge.gov.br/. places,” Ethnobotany Research e Applications,vol.3,pp.5–15, [35] I. R. Leal, M. Tabarelli, and J. M. C. Silva, Ecologia e conservac¸ao˜ 2005. da Caatinga, Editora Universitaria,´ Universidade Federal de [17] S. Lee, C. Xiao, and S. Pei, “Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil, 2003. plants at periodic markets of Honghe Prefecture in Yunnan [36] D. Prado, “As caatingas da America´ do Sul,”in Ecologia e conser- Province, SW China,” Journal of Ethnopharmacology,vol.117,no. vac¸ao˜ da Caatinga,I.R.Leal,M.Tabarelli,andJ.M.C.Silva, 2, pp. 362–377, 2008. Eds., pp. 3–73, Editora Universitaria,´ Universidade Federal de [18] H. C. Conklin, “Lexicographical treatment of folk taxonomies,” Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil, 2003. Journal of American Linguistics, vol. 28, part 4, pp. 119–141, 1962. [37]A.M.Giulietti,A.L.BocageNeta,A.A.J.F.Castroetal.,“Dia- [19] D. G. Metzger and G. E. Williams, “Some procedurs and results gnostico´ da vegetac¸ao˜ nativa do bioma Caatinga,” in Biodiversi- in the study of native categories: tzeltal ‘firewood’,” American dade da Caatinga: areas´ e ac¸oes˜ prioritarias´ para a conservac¸ao˜ , Anthropologist,vol.68,pp.389–407,1966. J. M. C. Silva, M. Tabarelli, M. T. Fonseca, and L. V. Lins, Eds., [20] B. Berlin, D. E. Breedlove, and P. H. Raven, “Covert categories pp.48–90,Ministerio´ do Meio Ambiente, Bras´ılia, Brazil, 2004. and folk taxonomies,” American Anthropologist,vol.70,pp. [38] N. Myers, R. A. Mittermeler, C. G. Mittermeler, G. A. B. da 290–299, 1968. Fonseca, and J. Kent, “Biodiversity hotspots for conservation [21] T. Hartmann, ANomenclaturaBotanicaˆ Bororoˆ ,Institutode priorities,” Nature,vol.403,no.6772,pp.853–858,2000. Estudos Brasileiros—USP, Sao˜ Paulo, Brazil, 1967. [39] C. Galindo-Leal and I. G. Camara,ˆ “Atlantic forest hotspots [22] B. Berlin, “Folk systematics in relationsystematics in relation to status: an overview,” in The Atlantic Forest of South America: biological classification and nomenclature,” Annual Review of Biodiversity Status, Threats, and Outlook, C. Galindo-Leal and Ecology and Systematics,vol.4,pp.259–271,1973. I. G. Camara,ˆ Eds., pp. 3–11, Center for Applied Biodiversity [23] B. Berlin, Ethnobiological Classification: Principles of Categoriza- Science e Island Press, Washington, DC, USA, 2003. tion of Plants and Animals in Traditional Societies, Princeton [40] C. T. Rizzini, Tratado de Fitogeografia de Brasil: Aspectos ecolo-´ University Press, Princeton, NJ, USA, 1992. gicos, sociologicos´ e flor´ısticos, Ambitoˆ Cultural Edic¸oes˜ Ltda, [24] G. S. Vendruscolo, S. M. Eisinger, E. C. Soares, and R. A. Zachia, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 1997. “Estudo etnobotanicoˆ do uso dos recursos vegetais em Sao˜ Joao˜ [41] A.A.J.F.CastroandF.R.Martins,“CerradosdoBrasiledoNor- do Polesine,ˆ RS, Brasil, no per´ıodo de outubro de 1999 a junho deste: caracterizac¸ao,˜ area´ de ocupac¸ao˜ e considerac¸oes˜ sobre a de 2073. II—Etnotaxonomia: criterios´ taxonomicosˆ e sistema sua fitodiversidade,” Pesquisa em Foco,vol.7,pp.147–178,1999. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 27

[42] R. T. Pennington, M. Lavin, D. E. Prado, C. A. Pendry, S. K. Laginhas, munic´ıpio de Caico,RioGrandedoNorte(Nordeste´ Pell, and C. A. Butterworth, “Historical climate change and spe- do Brasil),” Revista Brasileira de Plantas Medicinais,vol.12,no. ciation: Neotropical seasonally dry forest plants show patterns 1,pp.31–42,2010. of both Tertiary and Quaternary diversification,” Philosophical [60] J. B. L. P. Medeiros, Zoneamento Fito-EcologicodaEstac´ ¸ao˜ Transactions of the Royal Society B, vol. 359, no. 1443, pp. 515– EcologicadeAiuaba:UmaContribuic´ ¸ao˜ aEducac` ¸ao˜ Ambiental 537, 2004. e aPesquisaCient` ´ıfica, [M.S. thesis], Universidade Federal do [43] M. Tabarelli and A. M. M. Santos, “Uma breve descric¸ao˜ sobre Ceara,´ Fortaleza, Brazil, 2004. ahistoria´ natural dos Brejos Nordestinos,” in Brejos de Alti- [61] J. M. Nascimento and G. M. Conceic¸ao, “Plantas Medicinais tude em Pernambuco e Para´ıba, Historia´ Natural, Ecologia e e indicac¸oes˜ Terapeuticasˆ da Comunidade Quilombola Olho Conservac¸ao˜ ,K.C.Porto,J.J.P.Cabral,andM.Tabarelli,Eds., D’agua´ do Raposo, Caxias, Maranhao,˜ Brasil,” Revista de Biolo- vol.9ofserie´ Biodiversidade, pp. 17–24, Ministerio´ do Meio gia e Farmacia´ ,vol.6,no.2,pp.138–151,2011. Ambiente, Bras´ılia, Brazil, 2004. [62] M. S. Silva, A. R. Antoniolli, J. S. Batista, and C. N. Mota, “Plan- [44] M. Tabarelli, S. R. R. Pinto, and I. R. Leal, “Floresta Atlanticaˆ tas medicinais usadas nos disturbios´ do trato gastrintestinal nordestina: fragmentac¸ao,˜ degenerac¸ao˜ e conservac¸ao,”˜ Cienciaˆ no povoado Coloniaˆ Treze Lagarto, SE, Brasil,” Acta Botanica Hoje, vol. 44, pp. 36–41, 2009. Bras´ılica,vol.20,no.4,pp.815–829,2006. [45] I.R.Leal,J.M.Silva,M.Tabarelli,andT.E.LacherJr.,“Mudando o curso da conservac¸ao˜ da biodiversidade na Caatinga do [63] U. P. de Albuquerque, T. A. de Sousa Araujo,´ M. A. Ramos et Nordeste do Brasil,” in Megadiversidade,vol.1,pp.139–146, al., “How ethnobotany can aid biodiversity conservation: reflec- Conservac¸ao˜ Internacional do Brasil, Belo Horizonte, Brazil, tions on investigations in the semi-arid region of NE Brazil,” 2005. Biodiversity and Conservation,vol.18,no.1,pp.127–150,2009. [46] G. Freyre, Nordeste, Record, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 1989. [64] R. L. C. de Oliveira, E. M. F. Lins Neto, E. L. Araujo,´ and U. P. Albuquerque, “Conservation priorities and population struc- [47] D. Ribeiro, OPovoBrasileiro:AFormac¸aoeoSentidodeBrasil˜ , ture of woody medicinal plants in an area of caatinga vegetation Companhia das Letras, Sao˜ Paulo, Brazil, 2nd edition, 1995. (Pernambuco State, NE Brazil),” Environmental Monitoring and [48] G. J. Martin, Ethnobotany, A Methods Manual,Chapman&Hall, Assessment,vol.132,no.1–3,pp.189–206,2007. London, UK, 1995. [65] U. P. Albuquerque, “Plantas Medicinais e Magicas´ Comercial- [49] Jardim Botanicoˆ do Rio de Janeiro, “Lista de Especies´ da Flora izadas Nos Mercados Publicos´ do Recife-PE,” Cienciaˆ e Tropico´ , do Brasil 2012,” http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/. vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 7–15, 1997. [50] “Missouri Botanical Garden (MOBOT)—W3 TROPICOS,” http://www.mobot.org/. [66] R. Monteles and C. U. B. Pinheiro, “Plantas medicinais em um quilombo maranhense: uma perspectiva etnobotanica,”ˆ Revista [51] R. R. Sokal and F. G. Rholf, Biometry,W.H.FreemanandCom- de Biologia e Cienciasˆ da Terra,vol.7,pp.38–48,2007. pany, New York, NY, USA, 1995. [67] F. D. S. Silva, M. A. Ramos, N. Hanazaki, and U. P.de Albuquer- [52] U. P. D. Albuquerque and R. F. D. Oliveira, “Is the use-impact que, “Dynamics of traditional knowledge of medicinal plants in on native caatinga species in Brazil reduced by the high species a rural community in the Brazilian semi-arid region,” Brazilian richness of medicinal plants?” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, Journal of Pharmacognosy, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 382–391, 2011. vol. 113, no. 1, pp. 156–170, 2007. [53]J.M.Monteiro,M.A.Ramos,E.D.L.Araujo,´ E. L. C. Amorim, [68] I. M. Madaleno, “Plantas da medicina popular de Sao˜ Lu´ıs, and U. P. Albuquerque, “Dynamics of medicinal plants knowl- Brasil,” Boletim do Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi. Ciencias edge and commerce in an urban ecosystem (Pernambuco, Humanas,vol.6,no.2,pp.273–286,2011. Northeast Brazil),” Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, [69]N.C.BarbozadaSilva,A.C.DelfinoRegis,M.A.Esquibel,J. vol.178,no.1–4,pp.179–202,2011. Esp´ırito Santo Santos, and M. Z. Almeida, “Uso de plantas [54] C. A. Agra, “Identificac¸ao˜ das plantas medicinais indicadas medicinais na comunidade quilombola da Barra II—Bahia, pelos raizeiros e utilizados pelas mulheres no combate a enfer- Brasil,” Bolet´ın Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Plantas Medici- midades do aparelho geniturinario´ da cidade de campina nales y Aromaticas´ , vol. 11, no. 5, pp. 435–453, 2012. grande-PB,” BIOFAR,vol.73,no.73,2007. [70] A. P.Leite, K. M. Pedrosa, C. M. Lucena, T. K. N. Carvalho, L. P. [55] S. M. Morais, J. D. P.Dantas, A. R. A. Silva, and E. F.Mangalhaes,˜ Felix, and R. F.P.Lucena, “Uso e conhecimento de especies´ vege- “Plantas medicinais usadas pelos ´ındios Tapebas do Ceara,”´ tais uteis´ em uma comunidade rural no vale do Pianco(Para´ ´ıba, Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia,vol.15,no.2,pp.169–177, Nordeste, Brasil),” Biofar: Revista de Biologia e Farmacia´ ,pp. 2005. 133–157, 2012. [56] A. J. R. Silva and L. H. C. Andrade, “Etnobotanicaˆ Nordestina: [71] M. G. V. Marinho, C. C. Silva, and L. H. C. Andrade, “Levanta- estudo comparativo da relac¸ao˜ entre comunidades e vegetac¸ao˜ mento etnobotanicoˆ de plantas medicinais em area´ de caatinga na Zona do Litoral- Mata do Estado de Pernambuco, Brasil,” no munic´ıpio de Sao˜ Jose´ de Espinharas, Para´ıba, Brasil,” Revista Acta Botanica Bras´ılica,vol.19,no.1,pp.45–60,2005. Brasileira de Plantas Medicinais,vol.13,no.2,pp.170–182,2011. [57]F.C.S.Oliveira,R.F.M.Barros,andJ.M.MoitaNeto,“Plantas [72] M. M. Araujo, Estudo etnobotanicoˆ das plantas utilizadas como medicinais utilizadas em comunidades rurais de Oeiras, semia-´ medicinais no assentamento Santo Antonio,ˆ Cajazeiras, PB, rido piauiense,” Revista Brasileira de Plantas Medicinais,vol.12, Brasil [M.S. thesis], Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, no. 3, pp. 282–373, 2010. Para´ıba, Brazil, 2009. [58] W.J. Machado, A. P.N. Prata, and A. A. Mello, “Floristic compo- [73] R. F. P. Lucena, U. P. Albuquerque, J. M. Monteiro, C. D. F. B. R. sition in areas of caatinga and brejo de altitude in sergipe state, Almeida, A. T. N. Florentino, and J. S. F. Ferraz, “Useful plants Brazil,” Check List,vol.8,pp.1089–1173,2012. of the semi-arid northeastern region of Brazil—a look at their [59] A. A. Roque, R. M. Rocha, and M. I. B. Loiola, “Uso e diversi- conservation and sustainable use,” Environmental Monitoring dade de plantas medicinais da Caatinga na comunidade rural de and Assessment,vol.125,no.1–3,pp.281–290,2007. 28 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

[74] J. R. Lemos, “Composic¸ao˜ flor´ıstica do Parque Nacional Serra Barra do Rio Mamanguape, Para´ıba, Brasil,” Revista de Biologia da Capivara, Piau´ı, Brasil,” Rodriguesia,vol.55,no.85,pp.55– eCienciasˆ da Terra,vol.6,pp.357–366,2006. 66, 2004. [90] M. I. B. Loiola, G. B. D. C. Paterno, J. A. Diniz, J. F. Calado, and [75] U. P. Albuquerque and L. H. C. Andrade, “Conhecimento bota-ˆ A. C. P. de OLiveira, “Leguminosae and its potencial of use in nico tradicional e conservac¸ao˜ em uma area´ de caatinga no the rural communities of Sao˜ miguel do gostoso—RN,” Revista estado de Pernambuco,” Acta Botanica Brasilica,vol.16,no.3, Caatinga,vol.23,no.3,pp.59–70,2010. pp. 273–285, 2002. [91] P. M. S. Silva, D. O. Brandao,˜ T. P. Chaves et al., “Study biopros- [76] U. P. de Albuquerque, V. A. da Silva, M. D. C. Cabral, N. pecting of medicinal plant extracts of the semi-arid northeast: Leal Alencar, and L. D. H. C. Andrade, “Comparisons between contribution to the control of oral microorganisms,” Evidence- the use of medicinal plants in indigenous and rural caatinga Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine,vol.2012, (dryland) communities in NE Brazil,” Boletin Latinoamericano Article ID 681207, 6 pages, 2012. ydelCaribedePlantasMedicinalesyAromaticas´ ,vol.7,no.3, [92] I. G. Oliveira, L. S. Cartaxo, and M. A. P. da Silva, “Plan- pp. 156–170, 2008. tas medicinais utilizadas na farmacopeia´ popular em Crato, [77]M.F.Agra,G.S.Baracho,K.Nurit,I.J.L.D.Bas´ılio, V. P. M. Juazeiro e Barbalha (Ceara,´ Brasil),” Revista Brasileira de Biocie-ˆ Coelho, and D. A. Barbosa, “Sinopse da flora medicinal do ncias,vol.5,no.1,pp.189–191,2007. Cariri Paraibano,” Oecologia Brasiliensis, pp. 323–330, 2007. [93] S. A. Texeira and J. I. M. Melo, “Plantas medicinais utilizadas no [78] A. L. Balcazar, Hipotese´ da aparencianadinˆ amicaˆ do uso munic´ıpio de Jupi, Pernambuco, Brasil,” Iheringiano,vol.61,no. de plantas medicinais na floresta nacional do Araripe (Ceara,´ 1-2, pp. 5–11, 2006. Noredeste do Brasil) [M.S. thesis], Universidade Federal Rural [94] G. L. Oliveira, Etnobotanicaˆ nordestina: plantas medicinais de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil, 2012. utilizadas na comunidade Muribeca (Jaboatao˜ dos Guararapes, [79]J.A.Castro,B.P.Brasileiro,D.H.Lyra,D.deAlmeidaPereira, PE) [M.S. thesis], Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, J. L. Chaves, and C. L. F. Amaral, “Ethnobotanical study of Brazil, 2007. traditional uses of medicinal plants: the flora of caatinga in [95] A. C. C. Silva, MonumentoNaturalGrotadoAngico,Sergipe, the community of Cravolandia-BA,ˆ Brazil,” Journal of Medicinal Brasil: Flor´ıstica, estrutura da vegetac¸ao˜ e conservac¸ao˜ [M.S. Plant Research,vol.5,no.10,pp.1905–1917,2011. thesis], Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Sao˜ Cristov´ ao,˜ Brazil, 2010. [80] V. S. Almeida and F. P. S. F. Bandeira, “O significado cultural do uso de plantas da caatinga pelos quilombolas do Raso da [96] C. S. Santos, Diagnostico´ da flora ap´ıcola para sustentabildade Catarina, munic´ıpio de Jeremoabo, Bahia, Brasil,” Rodriguesia, da apicultura no Estado de Sergipe [M.S. thesis], Universidade vol. 61, pp. 195–209, 2010. Federal de Sergipe, Sao˜ Cristov´ ao,˜ Brazil, 2009. [81] A. M. N. M. Guerra, M. F.Pessoa, C. S. M. Souza, and P.B. Mara- [97] M. L. R. A. Omena, Estudo etnofarmacologico´ de plantas com caja,´ “Utilizac¸ao˜ de plantas medicinais pela comunidade rural ac¸ao˜ no sistema nervoso central: perspectiva de sustentabilidade Moacir Lucena, Apodi-RN,” Bioscience Journal,vol.26,pp.442– em Umbuzeiro do Matuto—Porto da Folha/SE [M.S. thesis], 450, 2010. Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Sao˜ Cristov´ ao,˜ Brazil, 2003. [98] I. R. Costa, F. S. Araujo,´ and L. W.Lima-Verde, “Flora e aspectos [82] R. C. Brito, Estudo Preliminar de Avaliac¸ao˜ Ambiental Estr- auto-ecologicos´ de um encrave de cerrado na chapada do ategica´ do Plano Diretor—Campus Ondina, Universidade Fed- Araripe, Nordeste do Brasil,” Acta Botanica Brasilica,vol.18,no. eral da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil, 2008. 4, pp. 759–770, 2004. [83] L. C. B. Costa, R. C. T. Moreira, R. C. S. Costa, and E. A. [99] V. M. Morais, Etnobotanicaˆ nos quintais da comunidade de R. M. Lucena, “Abordagem etnobotanicaˆ acerca do uso de Abderramant em Caraubas—RN´ [Ph.D. thesis], Universidade plantas medicinais na Vila Cachoeira, Ilheus,´ Bahia, Brasil,” Federal Rural do Semi-arido,` Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. Acta Farmaceutica Bonaerense, vol. 21, pp. 205–211, 2002. [100]G.P.S.Sales,H.N.Albuquerque,andM.L.F.Cavalcanti, [84] M. Z. Almeida, Plantas Medicinais, EDUFBA, Salvador, Brazil, “Estudo do uso de plantas medicinais pela comunidade quilom- 2011. bola Senhor do Bonfim, Areia (PB),” Revista de Biologia e [85] D. B. O. Abreu, R. B. Oliveira Filho, C. F. A. Vasconcelos Netos, Cienciasˆ da Terra,vol.1,pp.55–66,2004. C. M. Lucena, L. P.Felix, and R. F.P.Lucena, “Classificac¸ao˜ etno- [101]T.S.SilvaandE.M.X.Freire,“Abordagemetnobotanicaˆ sobre botanicaˆ por uma comunidade rural em um brejo de altitude no plantas medicinais citadas por populac¸oes˜ do entorno de uma Nordeste do Brasil,” Biofar: Revista de Biologia e Farmacia´ ,vol. unidade de conservac¸ao˜ da caatinga do Rio Grande do Norte, 6, pp. 55–74, 2011. Brasil,” Revista Brasileira de Plantas Medicinais,vol.12,no.4,pp. [86] F. X. Oliveira, L. A. Andrade, and L. P. Felix,´ “Comparac¸oes˜ 427–435, 2010. flor´ısticas e estruturais entre comunidades de Floresta Ombro-´ [102]W.S.Judd,C.S.Campbell,E.A.Kellog,P.F.Stevens,and fila Aberta com diferentes idades, no Munic´ıpio de Areia, PB, M. J. Donoghue, Sistematica´ Vegetal: Um Enfoque Filogenetico´ , Brasil,” Acta Botanica Bras´ılica, vol. 20, pp. 861–873, 2006. Artmed, Porto Alegre, Brazil, 2009. [87] M. Q. Matos and J. M. Felili, “Flor´ıstica, fitossociologia e diversi- [103]J.Botha,E.T.F.Witkowski,andC.M.A.Shackleton,“Market dade da vegetac¸ao˜ arborea´ nas matas de galeria do Parque profiles and trade in medicinal plants in the Lowveld, South Nacional de Sete Cidades (PNSC), Piau´ı, Brasil,” Acta Botancia Africa,” Environmental Conservation,vol.31,no.1,pp.38–46, Brasilica,vol.24,no.2,pp.483–496,2010. 2004. [88]M.F.Agra,G.S.Baracho,K.Nurit,I.J.L.D.Bas´ılio, and V. P. [104] M.G.LusaandC.Bona,“Caracterizac¸ao˜ morfoanatomicaˆ e his- M. Coelho, “Medicinal and poisonous diversity of the flora of toqu´ımica de Cuphea carthagenensis (Jacq.) J.f. Macbr. (Lythra- “Cariri Paraibano”, Brazil,” Journal of Ethnopharmacology,vol. ceae),” Acta Botanica Brasilica,vol.25,no.2,pp.517–527,2011. 111, no. 2, pp. 383–395, 2007. [105] C.-L. Lee and S.-Y. Chen, “Classification of leaf images,” Inter- [89] M. S. Pereira and R. R. N. Alves, “Composic¸ao˜ flor´ıstica de um national Journal of Imaging Systems and Technology,vol.16,no. remanescente de Mata Atlanticaˆ na Area´ de Protec¸ao˜ Ambiental 1,pp.15–23,2006. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 29

[106] Q. D. Wheeler, “Taxonomic triage and the poverty of phy- [122] A. C. S. Diegues, Etnoconservac¸ao—NovosRumosparaaCons-˜ logeny,” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B,vol. ervac¸ao˜ da Natureza, Nupaub e HUCITEC, Sao˜ Paulo, Brazil, 359, no. 1444, pp. 571–583, 2004. 2000. [107] E. Mati and H. de Boer, “Ethnobotany and trade of medicinal plants in the Qaysari Market, Kurdish Autonomous Region, Iraq,” Journal of Ethnopharmacology,vol.133,no.2,pp.490–510, 2011. [108]P.D.N.Hebert,A.Cywinska,S.L.Ball,andJ.R.deWaard, “Biological identifications through DNA barcodes,” Proceedings of the Royal Society B,vol.270,no.1512,pp.313–321,2003. [109] M. P. Mariot and R. L. Barbieri, “Divergenciaˆ genetica´ entre acessos de espinheira-santa (Maytenus ilicifolia Mart. ex Reissek e M. aquifolium Mart.) com base em caracteres morfologicos´ e fisiologicos,”´ A Revista Brasileira de Plantas Medicinais,vol.12, no. 3, pp. 243–249, 2010. [110] S. Coulaud-Cunha, R. S. Oliveira, and W.Waissmmann, “Venda livre de Sorocea bonplandii Bailon como Espinheira-Santa no Munic´ıpio do Rio de Janeiro-RJ,” Revista Brasileira de Farma- cognosia,vol.4,supplement1,pp.51–53,2004. [111] A. C. S. Diegues and R. S. V. Arruda, Saberes tradicionais e biodiversidade no Brasil, Biodiversidade 4, Ministerio´ do Meio Ambiente, USP, Sao˜ Paulo, Brazil, 2001. [112] A. Begossi, N. Hanazaki, and J. Y. Tamashiro, “Medicinal plants in the Atlantic Forest (Brazil): knowledge, use, and conserva- tion,” Human Ecology,vol.30,no.3,pp.281–299,2002. [113] M. Tabarelli and J. M. C. Silva, “Areas´ e ac¸oes˜ prioritarias´ para aconservac¸ao,˜ utilizac¸ao˜ sustentavel´ e repartic¸ao˜ de benef´ıcios do bioma Caatinga,” in Biodiversidade, conservac¸ao˜ e uso sus- tentavel´ da flora do Brasil,E.L.Araujo,´ A. N. Moura, E. V. S. B. Sampaio,L.M.S.Gestinari,andJ.M.T.Carneiro,Eds.,vol.1,pp. 47–52, Imprensa Universitaria´ da UFRPE, Recife, Brazil, 2002. [114] D. E. Moerman and G. F. Estabrook, “Native Americans’ choice of species for medicinal use is dependent on plant family: con- firmation with meta-significance analysis,” Journal of Ethnopha- rmacology,vol.87,no.1,pp.51–59,2003. [115] A. Smelcerovic and M. Spiteller, “Phytochemical analysis of nine Hypericum L. species from Serbia and the F.Y.R. Macedonia,” Pharmazie,vol.61,no.3,pp.251–252,2006. [116] M. L. Silva and V. Cechinel Filho, “Plantas do generoˆ Bauhinia: composic¸ao˜ qu´ımica e potencial farmacologico,”´ Qu´ımica Nova, vol. 25, pp. 449–454, 2002. [117] M. P. Guerra and R. O. Nodari, “Biodiversidade: aspectos biologicos,´ geograficos,´ legais e eticos,”´ in Farmacognisia: da planta ao medicamento,C.M.Simoes˜ et al., Ed., Editora da UFRGS; Editora da UFSC, Florianopolis,´ Brazil, 2004. [118] Brasil, Relac¸ao˜ Nacional de Plantas Medicinais de Interesse ao SUS, DAF/SCTIE/MS—RENISUS, Ministerio´ da Saude,´ Bras´ılia, Brazil, 2009, http://portal.saude.gov.br/portal/arqui- vos/pdf/RENISUS.pdf. [119] U. P. Albuquerque and N. Hanazaki, “As pesquisas etnodirigi- das na descoberta de novos farmacos´ de interesse medico´ e farmaceutico:ˆ fragilidades e pespectivas,” Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia,vol.16,pp.678–689,2006. [120] G. S. Vendruscolo and L. A. Mentz, “Levantamento etnobota-ˆ nico das plantas utilizadas como medicinais por moradores do bairro Ponta Grossa, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil,” Iheringia, Serie´ Botanicaˆ ,vol.61,no.1-2,pp.83–103,2006. [121]C.D.F.C.B.R.deAlmeida,M.A.Ramos,E.L.C.deAmorim, and U. P. de Albuquerque, “A comparison of knowledge about medicinal plants for three rural communities in the semi-arid region of northeast of Brazil,” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 127, no. 3, pp. 674–684, 2010. Copyright of Evidence-based Complementary & Alternative Medicine (eCAM) is the property of Hindawi Publishing Corporation and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use.