Annual Report: 0080412

Annual Report for Period:10/2004 - 10/2005 Submitted on: 08/22/2005 Principal Investigator: Peters, Debra P. Award ID: 0080412 Organization: New Mexico St University Title: LTER IV: Jornada Basin: Linkages in Semi-arid Landscapes

Project Participants Senior Personnel Name: Havstad, Kris Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: responsible for large animal studies, and connections with USDA ARS Name: Huenneke, Laura Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: responsible for plant ecology studies Name: Monger, Hugh Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: responsible for geomorphology studies Name: Abrahams, Athol Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: previously responsible for soil water studies at plant scale(retired) Name: Gillette, Dale Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: responsible for wind studies at plant scale Name: Gutschick, Vincent Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: responsible for ecophysiological studies on creosotebush Name: Herrick, Jeffrey Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: responsible for plant-soil water experiments and vegetation monitoring Name: Lightfoot, David Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: responsible for small animal experimental studies (SMES)and small animal monitoring Name: Parsons, Anthony Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: responsible for soil water studies at patch to landscape scales Name: Rango, Albert Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes

Page 1 of 42 Annual Report: 0080412 Contribution to Project: responsible for remote sensing image collection, archiving, and analyses Name: Schlesinger, William Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: responsible for biogeochemistry studies Name: Wainwright, John Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: responsible for soil water modeling at landscape scale Name: Bestelmeyer, Brandon Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: responsible for vegetation and small animal studies along ecotones Name: Abbott, Laurie Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: responsible for remediation studies on the CDRRC Name: Peters, Debra Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: overall responsibility for the project, including leading conceptual discussions, experimental designs, and fiscal accounting

Post-doc Name: Goslee, Sarah Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: worked with Havstad, Rango, and Peters funded by supplement to explore application of high-resolution satellite imagery to patterns in shrub invasion through time (2002) Name: Bestelmeyer, Brandon Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: worked with Havstad on vegetation-soil relationships (2000-2002) Name: Yao, Jin Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: worked with Deb Peters, Kris Havstad, and Jeff Herrick on long term vegetation dynamics on chart quadrats (2001-2005) Name: Drewa, Paul Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: worked with Peters and Havstad on grass-shrub fire study (1999-2002) Name: Mitchell, Katherine Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: worked with Peters, Herrick, and Monger on adapting CENTURY to arid systems (2001-2003) Name: Hochstrasser, Tamara

Page 2 of 42 Annual Report: 0080412 Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: worked with Peters to simulate sandy ecological sites dominated by honey mesquite using ECOTONE (2001-2003) Name: Chopping, Mark Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: worked with Rango on developing remote sensing technologies for arid systems (2002-2003) Name: Gomez-Landesa, Enrique Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: worked with Rango on remote sensing applications to desert systems (2001-2005) Name: Laliberte, Andrea Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: worked with Rango on using E-cognition to analyze shrub dynamics; developed remote sensing approaches to assess vegetation change, ecosystem dynamics, and inputs to simulation models (2003-) Name: Steele, Caiti Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: worked with Bestelmeyer on remote sensing of ecotones (2004-) Name: Bird, Simon Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: worked with Herrick on soil studies along grass-shrub ecotones (2000-2002, 2005)

Graduate Student Name: McGlone, Christopher Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: MS student working with Huenneke on Lehmann lovegrass interactions with fire and native plants (2000) Name: Skarsgaard, Amanda Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: MS student working with Huenneke and Herrick on 'The effect of burial by unpaved road dust deposition on cyanobacterial crusts' (2002-2004) Name: Sheehan, Kathi Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: Ph.D. student working with Peters on seed bank dynamics and cross site studies (2000-2002) Name: Rayburn, Andrew Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: MS student working with Peters and Bestelmeyer on grass-shrub interactions across ecotones (2000-2001) Name: Schmidt, Sebastian Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project:

Page 3 of 42 Annual Report: 0080412 Graduate student at Duke University with Schlesinger working on biogeochemical cycling (2000) Name: Perez, Alfonso Serna Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: Ph.D. student working with Monger on 'CO2 evolution from carbonates' (NMSU) (2001-2004) Name: Duniway, Mike Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: Ph.D. student working with Herrick and Monger on 'Plant-soil feedbacks in arid ecosystems' (2002-) Name: Endres, Andres Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: M.A. student working with Abrahams, Parsons, and Waiwright on 'Morphology and development of beaded channels' (SUNY Buffalo) (2001-2004) Name: Cunningham, Lisa Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: Ph.D student working with Parsons and Wainwright on 'Sediment yield from different vegetation communities' (Leicester, England) (2001-2004) Name: Mueller, Eva Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: Ph.D. student working with Parsons and Wainwright on 'Modeling soil, water, and nutrient fluxes in the Jornada Basin' (King's College, London) (2001-2004) Name: Xia, Yang Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: M.S. student working with Huenneke on Seed bank dynamics in Jornada Basin ecosystems' (NMSU) (2001-2004) Name: Fowler, Randy Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: M.S. student working with Gutschick on 'Nitrogen redistribution strategies in Larrea tridentata upon simulated defoliation' (NMSU) (2003-) Name: Gingell, Paul Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: M.S. student working with Parsons and Wainwright on 'Hydrology of arid systems' (King's College, London) (2000-2002) Name: Richer, Mark Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: PhD student at NMSU with Monger (2002-) working on 'Enrichment of 13CO2 during diffusion in soil'. Name: Robertson, Mark Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: PhD student working with Gutschick on 'Hydraulic redistributon by dominant shrubs, and its effect on productivity of shrubs and associated vegetation' (2003-)

Page 4 of 42 Annual Report: 0080412 Name: Stepro, Murray Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: PhD student at NMSU with Monger working on 'Carbon sequestration by pedogenic carbonate formation on a basalt chronosequence' (2002-) Name: Toledo, David Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: M.S. student working with Herrick and Abbott on vegetation monitoring (2000-2002) Name: Wang, M. Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: PhD student working with Parsons and Wainwright on 'Mapping and monitoring land degradation in southern New Mexico using Landsat data' (2000) Name: Young, Kendal Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: PhD student working with Abbott on remediation of grasslands (2004-) Name: Mohseni, Mohsen Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: PhD student working with Gutschick on 'High soil temperatures limit growth of shrubs by driving partial stem death' (2003-) Name: Lister, Debbie Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: PhD student working with Parsons and Wainwright on nutrient fluxes in semi-arid systems (Bristol University) (2003-2005) Name: Turnbull, Laura Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: M.S. student working with Parsons and Wainwright on hydrological connectivity measures in semi-arid environments (2004-2005) Name: Mager, Denise Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: M.S. student working with Parsons and Wainwright on hydrology of arid systems (2004-2005) Name: Campanella, Andrea Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: PhD student working with Bestelmeyer on plant-animal interactions at ecotones (2004-) Name: Weems, Stacey Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: MS student at NMSU working with Monger on 'Links between desertification and the soil-geomorphic template in southern New Mexico' (2004-) Name: Thornhill, Robert Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project:

Page 5 of 42 Annual Report: 0080412 PhD student (Univ of Leicester) working with Parsons and Wainwright on 'Scour and fill in ephemeral channels' (2005-) Name: Glesinger, Kevin Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: MS student (Univ Leicester) working with Parsons and Wainwright on 'Runoff, sediment, and nutrient fluxes across ecotones' (2004-) Name: Liu, Shigang Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: PhD student working with Gutschick on 'Hydrologic transfers as pattern generation in plant productivity and establishment' (2004-) Name: Al-Khatib, Rami Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: PhD student working with Gutschick on 'Extreme weather events drive fitness patterns in vegetation' (2005-)

Undergraduate Student Name: Attagatla, Hari Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: worked for Peters on lab analyses of soils and plants (2003) Name: Armijo, Jose Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: worked with Rango on image collection and archiving (2003) Name: Brinegar, Hilary Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: worked with Herrick on soil and plant lab analyses and field collection(2003-2004) Name: Chairez, Isaias Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: worked with Monger on soil carbon analyses (2002-2004) Name: Cooper, Brad Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: worked for Peters collecting GPS coordinates of grasses (2001) Name: England, Michael Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: worked with Peters on lab soil analyses (2004) Name: Ford, Adriane Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: worked with Herrick on lab soil analyses and field work (2000-2003) Name: Lopez, Franchesca

Page 6 of 42 Annual Report: 0080412 Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: worked with Havstad on data entry (2002-2003) Name: Lutz, Douglas Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: worked for Peters on locating GPS coordinates of grass plants (2001) Name: MacKrain, Katrina Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: worked with Peters on lab and soil analyses (2002-2004) Name: McBee, Alan Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: worked for Herrick on lab soils analyses (2003) Name: McDonald, Ryan Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: worked for Rango on developing search engines for aerial photos and scanned aerial photos (2003-2004) Name: Midez, Jaime Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: worked with Herrick conducting soil analyses in the lab (2003) Name: Nance, Amara Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: worked for Herrick conducting lab and field soil analyses (2002) Name: Parham, Jeffrey Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: worked for Herrick on conducting soil analyses in the lab and collecting soil samples in the field (2003) Name: Perez, Oscar Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: worked with Herrick on soil lab analyses (2002-2003) Name: Singer, Bethany Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: worked for Herrick on lab and field soil collection and analyses (2002) Name: Slaughter, Star Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: worked with Herrick on lab soil analyses (2001) and with Rango on geo-referencing and scanning aerial photos (2003-) Name: Beatty, Jennifer Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project:

Page 7 of 42 Annual Report: 0080412 worked with Peters on lab and soil analyses (2004) Name: Irvine, Kayla Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: worked with Peters on soil and plant lab analyses (2004) Name: Gomez, Stephen Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: worked with Peters on lab soil and plant analyses (2004-) Name: Mohanlal Teli, Pankaj Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: worked with Peters on lab and soil analyses (2004) Name: Srinivasan Rangamani, Arjun Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: worked with Herrick on lab soils analyses (2004) Name: Thonour, Praveen Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: M.S. student working with Anderson and Ramsey on information management Name: Chavez, Efren Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: worked with Herrick on lab soil analyses (2003-2004) Name: Needham, Tim Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: worked for Herrick on lab soil analyses (2004) Name: Matchin, Jaime Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: worked for Herrick on soil analyses in the lab (2002-2003) Name: Kidambi, Sridhar Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: working with Herrick on lab analyses (2004-) Name: Nogales, Luke Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: working with Herrick on lab analyses (2004-) Name: Garnenez, Natanya Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: working with Herrick on lab analyses (2004-) Name: Sridharan, Gautham

Page 8 of 42 Annual Report: 0080412 Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: worked with Peters on soil lab analyses (2004-2005) Name: Ponnapureddy, Vamsy Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: worked with Peters on soil lab analyses (2004-2005)

Technician, Programmer Name: Johnson, Jennifer Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: field technician working with Peters on vegetation studies (2000-2004) Name: Khalil, Nellie Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: field technician working with Peters and Bestelmeyer on cross site plant-animal studies along ecotone (2002-2003) Name: Burkett, Laura Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: project manager working with Herrick on soils studies (2000-2004); GIS analyist working with Bestelmeyer (2005-) Name: Van Zee, Justin Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: project manager for Herrick's plant-soil studies and monitoring (2000-) Name: Buonopane, Michelle Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: field technician working for Huenneke on biodiversity studies (2000-2002) Name: Anderson, John Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: Site manager for the Jornada Basin LTER (2000-) Name: Nolen, Barbara Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: Spatial database expert for the Jornada Basin LTER (2000-) Name: Ramsey, Ken Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: Information manager for the Jornada Basin LTER Name: Parker, Dara Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: Lead field crew member for the Jornada Basin LTER (2000-) Name: Baker, Jennifer

Page 9 of 42 Annual Report: 0080412 Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: worked with Anderson as part of the LTER field crew that collects monitoring data on vegetation and soils (2003-2004). Name: Campanella, Andrea Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: field technician for the LTER crew (2003-2004) Name: Daues, John Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: computer programmer for spatial ECOTONE model working with Peters(2000-) Name: Huang, Haitao Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: computer programmer working with Peters on the ECOTONE model (2004-) Name: Peterson, Terry Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: computer programmer working with Peters on ECOTONE model (2001-2002) Name: Mariotto, Isabella Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: GIS technician working for Peters on vegetation data analyses(2004-) Name: van Sickle, Steven Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: field technician and wind instrument calibration working with Gillette (2000-2005) Name: Kraimer, Rebecca Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: field and lab technician working with Monger (2000-2003) Name: Toledo, David Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: worked with Bestelmeyer on field sampling of soils (2004-) Name: Teli, Pankaj Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: worked with Bestelmeyer on soil sample processing (2004-) Name: Laney, Christine Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: worked with Bestelmeyer on field sampling of vegetation (2005-) Name: James, Darren Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project:

Page 10 of 42 Annual Report: 0080412 working with Tartowski on water redistribution experiments (2004-) Name: Crossland, Keith Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: working with Herrick on field data collection and lab analyses (2004-) Name: Wu, Robert Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: working with Herrick on field data collection and lab analyses (2004-) Name: Salembler, Dan Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: working with Herrick on field data collection and lab analyses (2004-) Name: Petty, Justin Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: working with Herrick on field data collection and lab analyses (2004-) Name: Allman, Joshua Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: working with Herrick on field data collection and lab analyses (2004-)

Other Participant Name: Whitford, Walter Worked for more than 160 Hours: No Contribution to Project: Collaborated in data review and publications; no direct financial support; working with LTER scientists on small animal studies (2000-) Name: Bestelmeyer, Stephanie Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: Executive director of Chihuahuan Desert Nature Park and director of Schoolyard LTER Program (supported by NSF and external funding) (2000-) Name: Tartowski, Sandy Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: working with LTER scientists on remediation studies (2003-) Name: Snyder, Keirith Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: working with LTER scientists on water pulse experiments and grass-shrub interactions (2002-) Name: Fredrickson, Ed Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: working with LTER scientists on small and large animal studies across a range of spatial scales (2000-) Name: Brown, Joel

Page 11 of 42 Annual Report: 0080412 Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: working with LTER scientists on carbon sequestration issues (2004-) Name: Tugel, Arlene Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: working with LTER scientists on soil studies (2004-) Name: Arzberger, Peter Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: working with Ramsey and Anderson on information management issues (2003-) Name: BassiriRad, Hormoz Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: working with Gutschick on extreme events and ecophysiology of plants (2002-) Name: Belnap, Jayne Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: working with Herrick on soil surface disturbance studies (2000-) Name: Bleiweiss, Max Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: working with Rango on assembling high resolution satellite data base (2002-) Name: Brazier, Richard Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: works with Parsons and Wainwright on hydrology studies (2002-); located at the University of Sheffield, England Name: Ding, Longjiang Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project:

Name: Fountain, Tony Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: working with Anderson and Ramsey on information management issues (2003-) Name: Kustas, Bill Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: worked with Rango on JORNEX project (2000-2003) Name: Okin, Greg Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: working with LTER scientists on wind spatial studies (2004-) Name: Pyke, Dave Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project:

Page 12 of 42 Annual Report: 0080412 working with Herrick on soil and vegetation monitoring (2000-) Name: Ritchie, Jerry Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: working with Rango on field remote sensing data collection and cross site analyses (Sevilleta, Jornada) (2000-) Name: Schmugge, Tom Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: working with Rango on thermal remote sensing of vegetation at the Jornada (2000-) Name: Yarnes, Christopher Worked for more than 160 Hours: No Contribution to Project: working with LTER scientists to analyze soil samples in the LEC at NMSU (2003-) Name: Roemer, Gary Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: working with Bestelmeyer on plant-animal studies across ecotones (2003-) Name: Smith, Steven Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: works with Abbott on black grama fungal relations (2003-) Name: Ulery, April Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: working with Herrick and Monger on soil chemical properties and dynamics (2003-) Name: Pielke, Sr., Roger Worked for more than 160 Hours: No Contribution to Project: working with Peters, Havstad, and Bestelmeyer on spatial nonlinearities, and with Rango, Peters, and Snyder on modeling land-atmosphere interactions (2003-) Name: Collins, Scott Worked for more than 160 Hours: No Contribution to Project: working with Peters on ecotone and cross site studies (2004-) Name: Gosz, James Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: working with Peters on ecotone studies across sites (Sevilleta, Jornada) (2000-) Name: Wang, Junming Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: works with Gutschick on developing remote sensing methods to quantify water use by plants and to infer overland flow of water (2005-) Name: Sammis, Theodore Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project:

Page 13 of 42 Annual Report: 0080412 works with Gutschick on developing remote sensing methods to quantify water use by plants and to infer overland flow of water (2005-) Name: Kidron, Giora Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: works with Gutschick on controls on plant establishment by spatial and temporal patterns of water availability (2005-)

Research Experience for Undergraduates Name: Apel, Bruce Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: worked with Huenneke on small animal studies (rabbits) across ecotones Years of schooling completed: Sophomore Home Institution: Same as Research Site Home Institution if Other: Home Institution Highest Degree Granted(in fields supported by NSF): Doctoral Degree Fiscal year(s) REU Participant supported: 2002 REU Funding: REU supplement Name: Bird, Terese Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: worked with Herrick on soil studies Years of schooling completed: Junior Home Institution: Same as Research Site Home Institution if Other: Home Institution Highest Degree Granted(in fields supported by NSF): Doctoral Degree Fiscal year(s) REU Participant supported: 2000 REU Funding: REU supplement Name: Lejeune, Michael Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: worked with Huenneke on vegetation studies Years of schooling completed: Junior Home Institution: Same as Research Site Home Institution if Other: Home Institution Highest Degree Granted(in fields supported by NSF): Doctoral Degree Fiscal year(s) REU Participant supported: 2002 REU Funding: REU supplement Name: Hawkins, Lenora Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: worked with Abbott on soil-plant remediation studies Years of schooling completed: Junior Home Institution: Same as Research Site Home Institution if Other: Home Institution Highest Degree Granted(in fields supported by NSF): Doctoral Degree Fiscal year(s) REU Participant supported: 2004

Page 14 of 42 Annual Report: 0080412 REU Funding: REU supplement Name: Locklear, Adrienne Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: worked with Herrick on plant-soil interaction studies Years of schooling completed: Sophomore Home Institution: Same as Research Site Home Institution if Other: Home Institution Highest Degree Granted(in fields supported by NSF): Doctoral Degree Fiscal year(s) REU Participant supported: 2002 REU Funding: REU supplement Name: Matchin, Jaime Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: worked with Herrick on soil studies Years of schooling completed: Sophomore Home Institution: Same as Research Site Home Institution if Other: Home Institution Highest Degree Granted(in fields supported by NSF): Doctoral Degree Fiscal year(s) REU Participant supported: 2002 REU Funding: REU supplement Name: Meadmore, Sarah Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: worked with Bestelmeyer on ecotone studies and rabbit dynamics Years of schooling completed: Sophomore Home Institution: Same as Research Site Home Institution if Other: Home Institution Highest Degree Granted(in fields supported by NSF): Doctoral Degree Fiscal year(s) REU Participant supported: 2003 REU Funding: REU supplement Name: Sedillo, Ruth Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: worked with Havstad on animal studies Years of schooling completed: Sophomore Home Institution: Same as Research Site Home Institution if Other: Home Institution Highest Degree Granted(in fields supported by NSF): Doctoral Degree Fiscal year(s) REU Participant supported: 2000 REU Funding: REU supplement Name: Svensson, Caroline Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: worked with Huenneke and Rango on resampling historic vegetation transects Years of schooling completed: Freshman Home Institution: Same as Research Site

Page 15 of 42 Annual Report: 0080412 Home Institution if Other: Home Institution Highest Degree Granted(in fields supported by NSF): Doctoral Degree Fiscal year(s) REU Participant supported: 2002 REU Funding: REU supplement Name: Swink, Michael Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: worked with Huenneke on snake studies Years of schooling completed: Junior Home Institution: Same as Research Site Home Institution if Other: Home Institution Highest Degree Granted(in fields supported by NSF): Doctoral Degree Fiscal year(s) REU Participant supported: 2002 REU Funding: REU supplement Name: Tenorio, Jeanne Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: worked with Gutschick on ecophysiology studies Years of schooling completed: Sophomore Home Institution: Same as Research Site Home Institution if Other: Home Institution Highest Degree Granted(in fields supported by NSF): Doctoral Degree Fiscal year(s) REU Participant supported: 2004 REU Funding: REU supplement Name: Kyle, Ian Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: worked with Brandon Bestelmeyer on the role of soil texture in mediating effervescence test-calcium carbonate equivalent relationships in Chihuahuan Desert soils Years of schooling completed: Sophomore Home Institution: Other than Research Site Home Institution if Other: Bowdoin College Home Institution Highest Degree Granted(in fields supported by NSF): Bachelor's Degree Fiscal year(s) REU Participant supported: 2004 REU Funding: REU supplement Name: Chairez-Uriarte, Isaias Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project:

Years of schooling completed: Junior Home Institution: Same as Research Site Home Institution if Other: Home Institution Highest Degree Granted(in fields supported by NSF): Doctoral Degree Fiscal year(s) REU Participant supported: 2004 REU Funding: REU supplement Name: Johnston, Zoe Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes

Page 16 of 42 Annual Report: 0080412 Contribution to Project: worked with Bestelmeyer on rodent-productivity study (2005) Years of schooling completed: Sophomore Home Institution: Same as Research Site Home Institution if Other: Home Institution Highest Degree Granted(in fields supported by NSF): Doctoral Degree Fiscal year(s) REU Participant supported: 2005 REU Funding: REU supplement Name: Allred, Brady Worked for more than 160 Hours: Yes Contribution to Project: worked with Snyder on the effects of fire on the ecophysiological responses of two C4 grasses Years of schooling completed: Junior Home Institution: Same as Research Site Home Institution if Other: Home Institution Highest Degree Granted(in fields supported by NSF): Doctoral Degree Fiscal year(s) REU Participant supported: 2005 REU Funding: REU supplement

Organizational Partners Duke University provided salary and laboratory support for biogeochemisty analyses by Schlesinger (2000-2003)

USDA Agricultural Research Service provides office space, computer, and field support for the Jornada LTER permanent staff and technicians; salary for the lead PI and ARS scientists working on the LTER; provides facilities for field research at the Jornada Exp. Range; collaborative research with ARS scientists

Research Foundation of the State University of New York provided office space, computer supplies, and salary for Abrahams until he retired (2000-2002)

NOAA Air Resources laboratory provides office space, computers, and salary for Gillette (2000-)

University of New Mexico collaborative research with Jim Gosz and Scott Collins; cross site studies conducted by Lightfoot and Peters involves information transfer and personnal exchanges (2000-)

University of Leicester provides office space and computer support for Parsons and his students (2000-)

King's College, London provided office space, computer support, and salary for Wainwright and his students (2000-2004)

Chihuahuan Desert Nature Park CDNP is our partner in K-12 educational outreach programs. Specifically, CDNP coordinates the Schoolyard LTER program with schools in the region, operates field trips and classroom visits to carry LTER science to students and teachers, and directs summer workshops for regional science teachers.

USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service

Page 17 of 42 Annual Report: 0080412 provides collaborative research through activities of Joel Brown and Arlene Tugel

USDI Bureau of Land Management collaborative research on state-and-transition models (Bestelmeyer) and monitoring of vegetation and soils (Herrick, Havstad)

Northern Arizona University office space, computer support, and salary for Huenneke (2003-)

University of Sheffield office space, computer support, and salary provided to Wainwright and his students (2005-)

Other Collaborators or Contacts World Wildlife Fund, Chihuahuan Desert priority program: sharing information and data regarding patterns of biodiversity and ecological threats to biodivesity in the Chihuahuan region The Nature Conservancy, Las Cruces (NM) office: Chihuahuan Desert priority and conservation planning program US-AID (Agency for International Development): in 2001 we hosted a visit by Dr. Franklin Moore, Associate Administrator of AID's Global Environment Centre and previous head of US Delegation to the UN Convention to Combat Desertification. I-LTER: on behalf of LTER Network, hosted two African visitors (Dr. Susan Ringrose, Botswana, and Dr. Joh Henschel, Namibia) to demonstrate data management and research administration in semi-arid ecosystem science, and to explore potential research collaborations related to the establishment of long-term ecological research programs in southern Africa UNAM: Collaborations continuing with Dra. Maria del Carmen Mandujano, Instituto de Ecologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico, and with other researchers at the Mapimi Biosphere Reserve INIFAP: collaborations continuing with Dr. Alicia Melgoza, INIFAP, Campo Experimental La Campana, Chihuahua. Institute of Ecology and Botany, Vacratot, Hungary: Drs. Edit Kovacs Lang and Gyuri Kroel Dulay have collaborative project with Peters to compare dry grasslands in Hungary with those in the U.S. CARSAME (Center for Applied Remote Sensing in Agriculture, Meteorology, and Environment. Collaboration between Max Bleiwess and Rango. INRAM (Institute for Natural Resource Analysis and Management) at NMSU provides lab equipment and analyses for Abbott. INRA and CNRS, Montpellier, France in collaboration with Gutschick.

Activities and Findings

Research and Education Activities: (See PDF version submitted by PI at the end of the report)

Findings: (See PDF version submitted by PI at the end of the report)

Training and Development: Graduate course, Chihuahuan Desert Ecosystems, taught at NMSU by Monger and Huenneke, spring 2000 semester (see Activities). Teacher training workshops, summer 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005 - directed by Chihuahuan Desert Nature Park and including presentations by several LTER investigators.

Page 18 of 42 Annual Report: 0080412 Internships: Biology undergraduates working with Schoolyard LTER and CDNP to implement access for K-12 students and teachers; two undergrads in 2000.

Outreach Activities: Overview Two of our primary mechanisms for outreach are our annual research symposium and our semi-annual newsletter. The Friends of the Jornada symposium has attracted a growing audience. The 10th annual symposium (in July 2000), 11th (July 2001), 12th (July 2002), 13th (July 2003) 14th editions (July 2004), and 15th editions (July 2005) featured new formats emphasizing poster presentations and increased chances for discussion. In 2004, the group included a large contingency from several institutions in Mexico representing the University of Chihuahua, the Gracilis Network, and La Campana Experimental Station. The presentations were translated into Spanish by interpreters. The day following the symposium consisted of field trips and meetings to discuss future collaborations between the Jornada and these various groups. More than 150 people attended in 2005 with an additional 69 viewers using the web broadcast. Publication of the Jornada Trails newsletter resumed in April 2004 with Deb Peters as editor. Previously, Bill Schlesinger passed on the role of editing the newsletter to Laura Huenneke, who supervised production of fall 2000 and spring 2001 issues. The newsletter is produced twice annually (October, April) and reaches a variety of researchers, administrators, and land managers across the United States; it is also available on the Jornada Basin LTER web site. We also assisted in the production of the brochure for the Chihuahuan Desert Rangeland Research Center (CDRRC) in collaboration with the Animal and Range Science department at NMSU (2003). We recently revised the Jornada Basin LTER prochure through assistance from Patty Sprott at the LTER Network office (2005). An additional component of our outreach program has been targeted interactions with resource management practitioners. This has been accomplished in a variety of ways including workshops, seminars, and service on various boards of directors. Each year, Jornada staff devote hundreds of hours to these types of outreach activities. We specifically target individuals and groups that have expressed interest in information and technologies based on current research. An added benefit to this program and the Jornada Basin LTER are the co-location of two resource specialists/scientists with the NRCS at the Jornada Experimental Range. These specialists (Joel Brown, Arlene Tugel) have been invaluable in providing input and content to our various outreach activities. 1. K-12 outreach: Schoolyard LTER/CDNP The Chihuahuan Desert Nature Park is a non-profit organization that serves as partner to the JER and JRN LTER in educational outreach. The CDNP administers the Schoolyard LTER program with NSF supplemental funding, in addition to running other educational programs with private and foundation support. The Jornada Schoolyard LTER program focuses on setting up long-term plots on land adjacent to schools. Students use these plots to conduct studies that parallel Jornada LTER research. Teachers and students participate in one or more of the following studies: 1 - vegetation monitoring (students measure plant composition and cover); 2 - weather monitoring (students measure temperature, precipitation, wind speed and wind direction); 3 - disturbance experiment: students measure soil and vegetation properties to monitor resistance to and recovery from human disturbance (trampling). During 2000-2003, the number of participating schools increased to 5 (three elementary, one middle school, one high school) in the Las Cruces and El Paso region. These schools serve relatively low-income, primarily Hispanic populations. CDNP, Schoolyard LTER, and LTER staff and volunteers coordinated the First Step teacher training program in summer 2000, and are running another teacher training workshop in summer 2001. In 2003-2005, we dramatically expanded the number of school participating in the project by partnering with the NSF GK12 program at NMSU. We trained all GK12 teachers and graduate students on the six ecology modules, thereby expanding the reach of this program to every middle school in south-central NM. We also leveraged the SLTER supplement and received two grants from foundations to provide permanent Investigation Kits to 10 schools that are part of the program. This highly successful program of schoolyard and classroom activities, field trips, and teacher workshops now serves more than 14,000 K-12 students and 1000 teachers each year. Schoolyard participants also take advantage of the Chihuahuan Desert Nature Park's field trips to the Jornada Experimental Range and the CDNP's 'Desert Science in the Classroom' program. Regular activities for the public include the Chihuahuan Desert Expo and the Butterfly Flutterby.

Page 19 of 42 Annual Report: 0080412 2. Outreach to land management agencies 2000-2002 LTER and JER research was highlighted in week-long Rangeland Monitoring training sessions, each involving ~ 30 practitioners: April 2000 (at Sevilleta LTER) and January 2001 (at Jornada LTER). Similar research findings and principles were used as background for 3 additional week-long training sessions in rangeland health evaluation (held at various western US locations) and for one week-long training in the biology and assessment of microbiotic soil crusts (Jornada, February 2001). A draft version of the manual for monitoring rangeland ecosystems, used in these trainings and by several agencies and NGO's, drew on LTER research findings to inform the design and implementation of quantitative ecosystem indicators. In 2002, we continued these week-long training sessions in Billings, MT; Chihuahua, Mexico; Audubon Ranch, AZ; Sonora, Mexico; Barstow, CA; and 1 day training sessions in Esteli, Nicaragua. Monger organized and co-led the Desert Project Tour (May 22-25, 2000), which brought 100 scientists from 15 universities, 7 state and federal agencies, 10 consulting firms, and one national lab to NMSU to study desert soils and geomorphology. The Desert Project Tour was highlighted by a television news spot (KRWG-TV, Las Cruces) and by an article in the fall 2000 issue of New Mexico Resources. Monger hosted the national Soil Science Society Institute in 2002 that brought 30 soil scientists working for various federal agencies to NMSU and the Jornada to study soil-geomorphic-ecologic relationships. In conjunction with the World Congress of Soil Science, he will lead an international tour of the soils of the American Southwest in 2006. Kris Havstad serves as board member on the New Mexico State Lands Advisory Board (1999-present). Kris Havstad serves on the board of the Quivira Coalition (1997-present). Herrick presented two invited seminars at the NRCS Soil Survey Center in Lincoln, NE (2002). Herrick presented an invited seminar for the New Mexico BLM Resource Advisory Committee on the effects of OHV use on public lands, Las Cruces, NM (2002). Huenneke made a presentation on LTER research priorities to The Nature Conservancy's Arid Lands Network in Las Cruces, NM, May (2002). Huenneke, Havstad, Monger, Herrick, and Peters made presentations and led a field tour on carbon sequestration in arid lands to Tom With, EPA in April 2002. Schlesinger had the paper 'Desertification Treaty Includes Key Role for Scientists' appear in EOS (American Geophysical Union newsletter) p298 in July 2001. 2003 Herrick presented an invited lecture at the bi-annual National Soil Survey Conference in Plymouth, MA, July (2003). In 2003, we co-led a week long rangeland health evaluation training session in Boise, ID and to three training sessions for the NRI in Fort Worth, TX, Rapid City, SD, and Reno, NV. In 2004, we co-led week-long rangeland health trainings in Ely, NV, Las Vegas, NM, Aguascalientes, Mexico, and Merritt, British Columbia. We also co-led the national training for an expanded Rangeland NRI (National Resources Inventory). The NRI gathers data on the status and condition of the nation's rangelands and is now using protocols developed by Jornada LTER researchers Herrick and Havstad. LTER research results of Gillette and Huenneke are also used in the trainings. In 2003, we also led several day-long monitoring trainings for ranchers at various locations in New Mexico. Jeff Herrick led the revision of a co-authored technical reference that describes how to apply a rangeland health evaluation protocol. Over 5000 copies of the first edition ('Version 3.0') were distributed and the process is being applied by land managers throughout the western US. The documents are distributed through training sessions throughout the US, and are available from the BLM and for download as a pdf from various locations on the internet. Jeff Herrick led the development of six 'Rangeland soil quality information sheets' and co-authored an additional four sheets. The sheets are widely used to introduce land managers, students, and the general public to rangeland soil processes from an ecological (soil quality)

Page 20 of 42 Annual Report: 0080412 perspective. The documents are distributed through training sessions and NRCS and BLM field offices throughout the US, and are available for download as pdfs from various locations on the internet. Jeff Herrick advised the NRCS on methods and sampling design of the Rangeland National Resources Inventory based on LTER-related research during meetings in Fort Worth, Albuquerque, and Washington, DC. Brandon Bestelmeyer and Jeff Herrick advised the NRCS on the design and implementation of an improved Ecological Site Information System for communicating rangeland science to managers during various meetings around the country. Brandon Bestelmeyer presented the talk 'An introduction to ecological site descriptions and state-and-transition models' to the USGS/Nature Conservancy Canyonlands ESD Development Workshop in Moab, UT (2003). Brandon Bestelmeyer presented the talk 'Ecological sites and state and transition models in New Mexico' to the NRCS Range Inventory Workshop in Las Cruces, NM (2003). Brandon Bestelmeyer with G. Chavez, J. Brown, and D. Trujillo presented the talk 'A field guide to land: user-friendly interpretations of rangeland ecosystems' to the Second National Conference on Grazinglands in Nashville, TN (2003). Brandon Bestelmeyer with D. Trujillo presented the talk 'Using soils to predict transitions in semiarid grasslands' to the National Park Service Northern Colorado Plateau Soils Scoping workshop in Moab, UT (2003). 2004-2005 Brandon Bestelmeyer presented the talk, 'Building and applying state-and-transition models' to the NRCS-University of California Extension ESD workshop in Coarsegold, CA (2004). Brandon Bestelmeyer, Kris Havstad, and Deb Peters presented Jornada research to the director of the BLM (Kathleen Clarke) in Feb (2004) in Las Cruces, and again in June to her staff in Washington, DC. We are actively working with the BLM to develop state and transition models for arid and semiarid rangelands throughout the western US. The strong connection between the NM BLM and the Jornada is often used as a model for inter-agency collaborations. Jeff Herrick co-led 1 week long 'Interpreting and Measuring Indicators of Rangeland Health' workshops at the following locations. All workshops were primarily agency (BLM,NRCS,BIA,USFS), but also included a number of academics and students. each workshop uses the monitoring manual (Herrick et al. 2005). February, 2005. Fort Worth, Texas. 75 participants. May, 2005. Winnemucca, NV. 30 participants. May, 2005. Medford, OR. 30 participants. Brandon Bestelmeyer met regularly with BLM and NRCS staff at various levels from local to national. Three key presentations resulted: Bestelmeyer, B. Ecological site descriptions and state-and-transition models for rangelands. Nature Conservancy Southwest Fire Learning Network Workshop, Silver City, NM. Feb. 15 (2005). Bestelmeyer, B., Estratification del paisaje y el uso de sensores remotos para el manejo sustentable de pastizales. 2nd International Grassland Management Symposium, Zacatecas, Zacatecas, Mexico. April 20 (2005). Steele, C., A. Laliberte, B. Bestelmeyer, J. Herrick, and A. Rango. Current and future options for the use of remote sensing for rangeland management and monitoring. 2nd International Grassland Management Symposium, Zacatecas, Zacatecas, Mexico. April 20 (2005). Kris Havstad participates in outreach activities on a regular basis: New Mexico State Lands Advisory Board member, mtg in Santa Fe, NM (Aug 2004 and Dec. 2004); field tour for the National Association of Conservation Districts (Aug 2004); presented talk 'Rangelands and drought' at the New Mexico Governor's Conference on Drought (Sep. 2004); presented talk 'Challenges and advances towards sustained utilization of arid USA systems' at the International Symposium on Sustainable Utilization of Indigenous Plant and Animal Genetic Resources in the Mediterranean Region (Oct. 2004); Presented talk 'Long term research in the Chihuahuan Desert' at the Health Care Professionals luncheon (Nov 2004); presented talk 'Research needs in support of development of ecological site descriptions' at a Society for Range Management workshop in Fort Worth, TX (Feb 2005); presented talk 'Evaluating the status of western landscapes' at the Western Counties Partnership of Restoration Summit workshop (March 2005); presented

Page 21 of 42 Annual Report: 0080412 talk 'Long term research in the Chihuahuan Desert' at the NMSU Wildlife Society annual banquet (April 2005); presentation on 'Digestive physiology of ruminants' at the Ranch Days program for school children (April 2005); presented talk 'Long term research in the Chihuahuan Desert' to the public (May 2005); conducted 'Long term research in the Chihuahuan Desert' field tour for the Western Regional Coordinating Committee (June 2005). 3. Public presentations 2000-2001 For the fourth consecutive year, Jornada LTER and JER scientists spoke at the day-long tour of the Jornada Basin organized as part of the annual Border Book Festival. The 2001 tour was entitled 'Dreaming Back the Desert' and included LTER scientists Curtis Monger and Jeff Herrick speaking to the general audience of about 100 people. D. Peters and L. Huenneke gave invited presentations at the annual meeting of the New Mexico Native Plant Society in Las Cruces, winter 2000. L. Huenneke spoke on threats to desert biodiversity at a Full Moon presentation, White Sands National Monument, summer 2000. L. Huenneke organized and presented two of four lectures (on Global Environmental Change and on Human Population Trends) in a series requested by the Academy for Learning in Retirement, a community educational program in Las Cruces NM. J.E. Herrick was quoted in a Science (Oct 6, 2000) news story on the effects of soil age on the resilience of arid ecosystems (K. Brown, Ghost towns tell tales of ecological boom and bust, Science 290:35-37). J. Herrick was a SEED mentor at the 2001-2004 ESA meetings. Vince Gutschick gave a guest lecture at Alamogordo Community College campus in Vince Lombrana's Biology class entitled 'Introduction to Research' (2000). Vince Gutschick visited Vista Middle School and set up an outdoor demonstration of plant ecophysiology research (Nov. 2000). Vince Gutschick participated in the Las Cruces Teachers' Center SCIAD Fair where he set up a booth to demonstrate plant ecophysiology research for teachers at elementary, middle, and high schools (2001). Las Cruces Sun-News story on leadership of LTER returning to NMSU (2001) 2002 Gillette presented a talk on careers in 'dustology' to children in Baileywick Elementary School, Raleigh, NC (2002) Herrick presented an invited seminar for the US-EPA Border Forum on rangeland assessment in the borderlands and beyond, El Paso, TX (2002). Huenneke presented an invited seminar followed by an associated field tour to the Las Cruces Chapter of the Sierra Club, Feb. (2002) Huenneke led a tour of the NMSU biology department and a discussion of affiliated research, including Jornada Basin LTER, for Leadership Las Cruces (a group of community and business leaders, Feb (2002) 2003-2004 Jornada staff provided a tour of the research site to the staff and volunteers of the New Mexico Farm and Livestock Heritage Museum, May (2003). Jornada staff assisted with the Chihuahuan Desert Nature Park Insect Expo Field Day, May (2003) and May (2004). Kris Havstad coordinated with Jon Boren, New Mexico Extension Animal Resources Specialist, a tour of the Jornada for ca. 2500 4-H students, National 4-H conference, July (2003).

Page 22 of 42 Annual Report: 0080412 Vince Gutschick taught the Environmental Science merit badge class at the Boy Scouts' Merit Badge University, NMSU campus (2002, 2003). Deb Peters assisted with the Sierra Middle School 6th grade science magnet class trips to sample the Rio Grande River (2003-2004). She also served as a science fair judge for Sierra Middle School. 2004-2005 Deb Peters, Justin Van Zee, and other Jornada staff assisted with the Chihuahuan Desert Expo (May 2005) designed for elementary school kids in southern NM and El Paso. The expo is designed by the Chihuahuan Desert Nature Park, and attracts several thousand school kids and >200 volunteers. Vince Gutshick participated in the SCIAD science day at the Mesilla Valley in Las Cruces (June 2005) demonstrating thermal measurements on plants. Vince Gutschick taught the Environmental Science merit badge class at the Boy Scouts' Merit Badge University, NMSU campus (2005).

Journal Publications

Buck, B.J. and H.C. Monger, "Stable isotopes and soil-geomorphology as indicators of Holocene climate change, northern Chihuahuan Desert.", Journal of Arid Environments, p. 357-373, vol. 43, (1999). Published

Cross, A.F. and W.H. Schlesinger, "Biological and geochemical controls on phosphorus fractions in semiarid soils.", Biogeochemistry, p. 155, vol. 52, (2001). Published

Abrahams, A.D., G. Li, C. Krishnan, and J.F. Atkinson, "A sediment transport equation for interrill overland flow on rough surfaces", Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, p. 1443-59, vol. 26, (2001). Published

Fredrickson, E.L., D.M. Anderson, K.M. Havstad, W.L. Shupe, and M.D. Remmenga, "Pen confinement of yearling ewes with cows or heifers for 14 days to produce bonded sheep", Small Ruminant Research, p. 291, vol. 40, (2001). Published

Fredrickson, E.L., R.E. Estell, K.M. Havstad, W.L. Shupe, and L.W. Murray, "The effect of feeding ewe lambs a 15 % tarbush (Flourensia cernua) pellet pre- and post-weaning on the subsequent diet selection of tarbush", Journal of Arid Environments, p. 123, vol. 44, (2000). Published

Gillette, D. and W. Chen, "Particle production and aeolian transport from a 'supply-limited' source area in the Chihuahuan Desert, United States", Journal of Geophysical Research, p. 5267-78, vol. 106(D6), (2001). Published

Granados-Olivas, A. and H.C. Monger, "Remote sensing technology for development planning along the US-Mexico border: hydrogeology and geomorphology", New Mexico Journal of Science, p. 123, vol. 39, (1999). Published

Hartley, A.E. and W.H. Schlesinger, "Environmental controls on nitric oxide emissions from Northern Chihuahuan Desert soils", Biogeochemistry, p. 279-300, vol. 50, (2000). Published

Havstad, K.M., W.P. Kustas, A. Rango, J.C. Ritchie, and T.J. Schmugge, "Jornada Experimental Range: a unique arid land location for experiments to validate satellite systems", Remote Sensing of the Environment, p. 13-25, vol. 74, (2000). Published

Peters, D.P.C. and J.E. Herrick, "Modeling vegetation change and land degradation in semiarid and arid ecosystems: an integrated hierarchical approach", Advances in Environmental Monitoring and Modelling, p. 1, vol. 2, (2001). Published

Herrick, J.E., "Soil quality: an indicator of sustainable land management?", Applied Soil Ecology, p. 75, vol. 15, (2000). Published

Herrick, J.E., W.G. Whitford, A.G. DeSoyza, J.W. VanZee, K.M. Havstad, C.A. Seybold, and M. Walton, "Soil aggregate stability kit for field-based soil quality and rangeland health evaluations", CATENA, p. 27, vol. 44, (2001). Published

Page 23 of 42 Annual Report: 0080412 Hochstrasser, T., G. Kroel-Dulay, D.P.C. Peters, and J.R. Gosz, "Vegetation and climate characteristics of arid and semi-arid grasslands in North America and their biome transition zone", Journal of Arid Environments, p. 55-78, vol. 51, (2002). Published

Huenneke, L.F., D. Clason, and E. Muldavin, "Spatial heterogeneity in Chihuahuan Desert vegetation: implications for sampling methods in semi-arid ecosystems", Journal of Arid Environments, p. 257-270, vol. 47, (2001). Published

Keane, R.E., M. Austin, C. Field, A. Huth, M.J. Lexer, D. Peters, A. Solomon, and P. Wyckoff, "Tree mortality in gap models: application to climate change", Journal of Climate Change, p. 509-540, vol. 51, (2001). Published

Martinez-Rios, J.J. and H.C. Monger, "Soil classification of arid lands using Thematic Mapper data", Revista Terra, p. 89-100, vol. 20, (2002). Published

Michalek, J.L., J.E. Colwell, N.E.G. Roller, N.A. Miller, E.S. Kasischke, and W.H. Schlesinger, "Satellite measurements of albedo and radiant temperature from semi-desert grassland along the Arizona/Sonora border", Climatic Change, p. 417, vol. 48, (2001). Published

Miller, R.E. and L.F. Huenneke, "Demographic variation in a desert shrub, Larrea tridentata, in response to a thinning treatment", Journal of Arid Environments, p. 315-323, vol. 45, (2000). Published

Miller, R.E. and L.F. Huenneke, "The relationship between density and demographic variation within a population of Larrea tridentata", Southwestern Naturalist, p. 313, vol. 45, (2000). Published

Nash, M.S., W.G. Whitford, A.G.T. DeSoyza, J.W. VanZee, and K.M. Havstad, "Livestock activity and Chihuahuan Desert annual-plant communities: boundary analysis of disturbance gradients", Ecological Applications, p. 814-823, vol. 9, (1999). Published

Peters, D.P.C., "Plant species dominance at a grassland-shrubland ecotone: an individual-based gap dynamics model of herbaceous and woody species", Ecological Modelling, p. 5-32, vol. 152, (2002). Published

Rango, A., S. Goslee, J. Herrick, M. Chopping, K. Havstad, L. Huenneke, R. Gibbens, R. Beck, and R. McNeely, "Remote sensing documentation of historic rangeland remediation treatments in southern New Mexico", Journal of Arid Environments, p. 549-572, vol. 50, (2002). Published

Sala, O.E. and 18 others (including L.F. Huenneke), "Global biodiversity scenarios for the year 2100", Science, p. 1770, vol. 287, (2000). Published

Schlesinger, W.H., T.J. Ward, and J. Anderson, "Nutrient losses in runoff from grassland and shrubland habitats in southern New Mexico. II. Field plots", Biogeochemistry, p. 69-86, vol. 49, (2000). Published

Seybold, C.A. and J.E. Herrick, "Aggregate stability kit for on-site assessments", CATENA, p. 37, vol. 44, (2001). Published

Wainwright, J., A.J. Parsons, and A.D. Abrahams, "Plot-scale studies of vegetation, overland flow and erosion interactions: case studies from Arizona and New Mexico", Hydrological Processes, p. 2921-2943, vol. 14, (2000). Published

Wainwright, J., A.J. Parsons, and W.H. Schlesinger, "Hydrology-vegetation interactions in areas of discontinuous flow on a semi-arid bajada, southern New Mexico", Journal of Arid Environments, p. 319-330, vol. 51, (2002). Published

Abrahams, A.D., A.J. Parsons, and J. Wainwright, "Disposition of rainwater under creosotebush", Hydrological Processes, p. 2555-2566, vol. 17, (2003). Published

Howes, D.A. and A.D. Abrahams, "Modeling runoff and runon in a desert shrubland ecosystem, Jornada Basin, New Mexico", Geomorphology, p. 45-73, vol. 53, (2003). Published

Huenneke, L.F., J.P. Anderson, M. Remmenga, and W.H. Schlesinger, "Desertification alters patterns of aboveground net primary production in Chihuahuan ecosystems", Global Change Biology, p. 247-264, vol. 8, (2002). Published

Page 24 of 42 Annual Report: 0080412 Okin, G.S. and D.A. Gillette, "Distribution of vegetation in wind-dominated landscapes: implications for wind erosion modeling and landscape processes", Journal of Geophysical Research, p. 9673-9683, vol. 106(D9), (2001). Published

Privette, J.L., G.P. Asner, J. Conel, K.F. Huemmrich, R. Olson, A. Rango, A.F. Rahman, K. Thome, and E.A. Walter-Shea., "The EOS prototype validation exercise(PROVE) at Jornada: Overview and lessons learned. ", Remote Sensing of Environment, p. 1-12, vol. 74, (2000). Published

Rango, A., M. Chopping, J. Ritchie, K. Havstad, W. Kustas, and T. Schmugge., "Morphological characteristics of shrub coppice dunes in desert grasslands of southern New Mexico derived from scanning LIDAR.", Remote Sensing of Environment, p. 26-44, vol. 74, (2000). Published

Pelgrum, H., T. Schmugge, A. Rango, J. Ritchie, and B. Kustas., "Length-scale analysis of surface albedo, temperature, and normalized difference vegetation index in a desert grassland.", Water Resources Research, p. 1757-1765, vol. 36, (2000). Published

Bird, S.B., J.E. Herrick, M.M. Wander, and S.F. Wright, "Spatial heterogeneity of aggregate stability and soil carbon in semi-arid rangeland", Environmental Pollution, p. 445-455, vol. 116, (2002). Published

Buck, B.J., J. Kipp, and H.C. Monger, "Inverted clast stratigraphy in an eolian archaeological environment", Geoarchaeology, p. 665-687, vol. 17, (2003). Published

Chopping, M.J., A. Rango, K.M. Havstad, F.R. Schiebe, J.C. Ritchie, T.J. Schmugge, W.P. Kustas, A. French, L. McKee, and R.M. Davis, "Physiographis of Chihuahuan Desert plant communities from multi-angular airborne digital imagery", Remote Sensing of Environment, p. 339-354, vol. 85, (2001). Published

Chopping, M.J., A. Rango, and J.C. Ritchie, "Improved semi-arid community type differentiation with the NOAA AVHRR via exploitation of the directional signal", IEEE Geoscience and Environment, p. 1132-1149, vol. 40, (2001). Published

De Vries, A.C., J.C. Ritchie, W. Klaassen, M. Menenti, W.P. Kustas, A. Rango, and J.H. Prueger, "Effective aerodynamic roughness estimated from airborne laser altimeter measurements of surface features", International Journal of Remote Sensing, p. 1545-1558, vol. 24, (2003). Published

Deutz, P., O.P. Montanez, and H.C. Monger, "Morphologies and stable and radiogenic isotope composition of pedogenic carbonate in Late Quaternary relict and buried soils, New Mexico: an integrated record of pedogenic overprinting", Journal of Sedimentary Research, p. 809-822, vol. 72, (2003). Published

Deutz, P., I.P. Montanez, H.C. Monger, and J. Morrison, "Morphology and isotope heterogeneity of Late Quaternary pedogenic carbonates: implications for paleosol carbonates as paleoenvironmental proxies", Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, and Palaeoecology, p. 293-317, vol. 166, (2001). Published

Drewa, P.B., and K.M. Havstad, "Effects of fire, grazing, and the presence of shrubs on Chihuahuan Desert grasslands", Journal of Arid Environments, p. 429-443, vol. 48, (2001). Published

Drewa, P.B., "Effects of fire season and intensity on Prosopis glandulosa Torr. var. glandulosa: a test of two hypotheses", International Journal of Wildland Fire, p. 147-157, vol. 12, (2003). Published

Goslee, S.C., K.M. Havstad, D.P.C. Peters, A.C. Rango, and W.H. Schlesinger, "High resolution images reveal rate and pattern of shrub encroachment over six decades in New Mexico, USA", Journal of Arid Environments, p. 755-767, vol. 54, (2003). Published

Herrick, J.E., and T.L. Jones, "A dynamic cone penetrometer for measuring soil penetration resistance", Soil Science Society of America Journal, p. 1320-1324, vol. 66, (2002). Published

Herrick, J.E., J.R. Brown, A. Tugel, P.L. Shaver, and K.M. Havstad, "Application of soil quality to monitoring and management: paradigms from rangeland ecology", Agronomy Journal, p. 3-11, vol. 94, (2002). Published

Page 25 of 42 Annual Report: 0080412 Kustas, W.P., A.N. French, J.L. Hatfield, T.J. Jackson, M.S. Moran, A. Rango, J.C. Ritchie, and T.J. Schmugge, "Remote sensing research in hydrometeorology", Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, p. 631-646, vol. 69, (2003). Published

Langley, S.K., H.M. Cheshire, and K.S. Humes, "A comparison of single date and multitemporal satellite classification in a semi-arid grassland", Journal of Arid Environments, p. 401-411, vol. 49, (2001). Published

Neave, M., and A.D. Abrahams, "Vegetation influences on water yields from grassland and shrubland ecosystems in the Chihuahuan Desert", Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, p. 1011-1020, vol. 27, (2002). Published

Parsons, A.J., J. Wainwright, W.H. Schlesinger, and A.D. Abrahams, "The role of overland flow in sediment and nutrient budgets of mesquite dunefields, southern New Mexico", Journal of Arid Environments, p. 61-71, vol. 53, (2003). Published

Peters, D.P.C., "Recruitment potential of two perennial grasses with different growth forms at a semiarid-arid transition zone", American Journal of Botany, p. 1616-1623, vol. 89, (2002). Published

Pyke, D.A., J.E. Herrick, P. Shaver, and M. Pellant, "Rangeland health attributes and indicators for qualitative assessment", Journal of Range Management, p. 584-597, vol. 55, (2003). Published

Rango, A., and K.M. Havstad, "Utility of aerial photography in rangeland applications", Environmental Practice, p. 102-118, vol. 5, (2003). Published

Rastetter, E.B., J.D. Aber, D.P.C. Peters, D.S. Ojima, and I.C. Burke, "Using mechanistic models to scale ecological processes across space and time", Bioscience, p. 1-19, vol. 53, (2003). Published

Ritchie, J.C., J.E. Herrick, and C.A. Ritchie, "Investigating landscape instability in the northern Chihuahuan Desert at multiple scales using 137Cesium", Journal of Arid Environments, p. 737-746, vol. 55, (2003). Published

Schmugge, T.J., A. French, J.C. Ritchie, A. Rango, and H. Pelgrum, "Temperature and emissivity separation from multispectral thermal infrared observations", Remote Sensing of Environment, p. 189-198, vol. 79(1/2), (2001). Published

Schmugge, T.J., W.P. Kustas, J.C. Ritchie, T.J. Jackson, and A. Rango, "Remote sensing in hydrology", Journal of the American Water Resources Association, p. 1367-1385, vol. 25, (2003). Published

Schuman, G.E., H.H. Janzen, and J.E. Herrick, "Soil carbon dynamics and potential carbon sequestration by rangelands", Environmental Pollution, p. 391-396, vol. 116, (2002). Published

Symstad, A.J., F.S. Chapin, D.H.Wall, K.L. Gross, L.F. Huenneke, G.G. Mittelbach, D.P.C. Peters, and G.D. Tilman, "Long-term and large-scale perspectives on the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning", Bioscience, p. 89-98, vol. 53, (2003). Published

Walton, M., J.E. Herrick, R.P. Gibbens, and M. Remmenga, "Persistence of biosolids in a Chihuahuan Desert rangeland 18 years after application", Arid Land Research and Management, p. 223-232, vol. 15, (2001). Published

Ball, M., J. J. G. Egerton, J. L. Lutze, V. P. Gutschick, and R. B. Cunningham, "Mechanisms of competition: thermal inhibition of tree seedling growth by grass", Oecologia, p. 120-130, vol. 133, (2002). Published

Abrahams, A.D., "Bed-load transport equation for sheet flow", Journal Hydraulic Engineering, p. 159-163, vol. 129, (2003). Published

Bestelmeyer, B. T., and J. A. Wiens, "Ant biodiversity in semiarid landscape mosaics: the consequences of grazing vs natural heterogeneity", Ecological Applications, p. 1123-1140, vol. 11, (2001). Published

Bestelmeyer, B. T., and J. A. Wiens, "Local and regional-scale responses of ant diversity to a semiarid biome transition", Ecography, p. 381-392, vol. 24, (2001). Published

Page 26 of 42 Annual Report: 0080412 Bestelmeyer, B. T., J. R. Brown, K. M. Havstad, G. Chavez, R. Alexander, and J. E. Herrick, "Development and use of state-and-transition models for rangelands", Journal of Range Management, p. 114-126, vol. 56, (2003). Published

Bestelmeyer, B. T., and J. A. Wiens, "Scavenging ant foraging behavior and variation in the scale of nutrient redistribution in semiarid grasslands", Journal Arid Environments, p. 373-386, vol. 53, (2003). Published

Bestelmeyer, B. T., J. R. Miller, and J. A. Wiens, "Applying species diversity theory to land management", Ecological Applications, p. 1750-1761, vol. 13, (2003). Published

Chopping, M.J., "Large-scale BRDF retrieval over New Mexico with a multi-angular NOAA AVHRR dataset", Remote Sensing of the Environment, p. 163-191, vol. 74, (2000). Published

Chopping, M. J., L. Su, A. Rango, and C. Maxwell, "Modeling the reflectance anisotrophy of Chihuahuan Desert grass-shrub transition canopy-soil complexes", International Journal of Remote Sensing, p. 2725-2745, vol. 251, (2003). Published

De Soyza, A. G., J. W. Van Zee, W. G. Whitford, A. Neale, N. Tallent-Hallsel, J. E. Herrick, and K. M. Havstad, "Indicators of Great Basin rangeland health", Journal Arid Environments, p. 289-304, vol. 45, (2000). Published

Diaz, S., A. J. Symstad, F. S. Chapin III, D. A. Wardle, and L. F. Huenneke, "Functional diversity revealed by removal experiments", Trends in Ecology & Evolution, p. 140-146, vol. 18, (2003). Published

Draxler, R., D. Gillette, J. Kirkpatrick, and J. Heller, "Estimating PM10 concentrations from dust storms in Iraq, Kuwait, and Saudi Arabia", Atmospheric Environment, p. 4315-4330, vol. 35, (2001). Published

Estell, R. E., E. L. Fredrickson, D. M. Anderson, K. M. Havstad, and M. D. Remmenga, "Effects of individual terpenes on consumption of alfalfa pellets by sheep", Journal Animal Science, p. 1636-1640, vol. 78, (2000). Published

Foster, J. L., A. T. C. Chang, D. K. Hall, E. Erbe, W. Wergin, and A. Rango, "Regional snow parameters derived from microwave rediomety.", EOS Transactions, American Geophysical Union, p. F445, vol. 81, (2000). Published

Gill, T., D. A. Gillette, T. Niemeyer, and R. Winn., "Elemental geochemistry of wind-erodible playa sediments, Owens Lake, California.", Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B., p. 209-213, vol. 189, (2002). Published

Gillette, D., T. Niemeyer, and P. Helm., "Changing horizontal sand drift versus potential horizontal sand drift at an ephemerally crusted non-vegetated desert dry lake site.", Journal of Geophysics Research, p. 85-98, vol. D16-18, (2001). Published

Gomez-Landesa, E., and A. Rango, "Assessment of MODIS channels 1 and 2 for snow mapping capability.", EOS Transactions, American Geophysical Union., p. 548, vol. 81, (2000). Published

Gutschick, V. P., and T. Simonneau., "Modelling stomatal conductance of field-grown sunflower under varying soil water status and leaf environment: comparison of three models of response to leaf environment and coupling with ABA-based model of resposne to soil drying.", Plant, Cell, and Environment, p. 1423-1434, vol. 25, (2002). Published

Havstad, K. M., and J. E. Herrick, "Long term ecological monitoring", Arid Land Research and Management, p. 389-400, vol. 17, (2003). Published

McGlone, C., and L. F. Huenneke., "The impact of a prescribed burn on introduced Lehmann lovegrass versus native vegetation in the northern Chihuahuan Desert.", Journal Arid Environments, p. 297-310, vol. 57, (2004). Published

Minivielle, F., G. Marticorena, D. A. Gillette, R. E. Lawson, R. Thompson, and G. Bergametti., "Relationship between the aerodynamic roughness length and the roughness density for low roughness density.", Environmental Fluid Mechanics, p. 249-267, vol. 3, (2003). Published

Page 27 of 42 Annual Report: 0080412 Moran, S., G. Fitzgerald, A. Rango, C. Walthall, E. Barnes, W. Bausch, T. Clarke, C. Daugherty, J. Everitt, J. Hatfield, K. M. Havstad, and others., "Sensor development and rediometric correction for agricultural applications.", Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing., p. 705-718, vol. 69, (2003). Published

Nash, M. S., W. G. Whitford, J. Van Zee, and K. M. Havstad., "Ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) responses to environmental stresses in the Chihuahuan Desert.", Community and Ecosystem Ecology, p. 200-206, vol. 29, (2000). Published

Neave, M., and A. D. Abrahams., "Impact of small mammal disturbances on sediment yield from grassland and shrubland ecosystems in the Chihuahuan Desert.", CATENA, p. 285-303, vol. 44, (2001). Published

Rango, A., K. M. Havstad, L. F. Huenneke, J. Ritchie, T. Schmugge, W. Kustas, M. Chopping, D. P. C. Peters, and J. Herrick., "The ARS Jornada Experimental Range - where long term ecological, hydrological, and remote sensing research meet.", EOS Transactions, American Geophysical Union., p. F382, vol. 81, (2002). Published

Schooley, R. L., and B. T. Bestelmeyer., "Movements during colony founding by queens of the honeypot ant (Myrmecocystus mimicus Wheeler).", American Midland Naturalist, p. 439-444, vol. 144, (2000). Published

Schooley, R. L., B. T. Bestelmeyer, and J. F. Kelly., "The effects of small-scale disturbances by kangaroo rats on Chihuahuan Desert ants", Oecologia, p. 142-149, vol. 125, (2000). Published

Sokolik, I. N., D. Winkler, G. Bergametti, D. Gillette, G. Carmichael, Y. Kaufman, L. Gomes, L. Schuetz, and J. Penner., "Introduction to special section on mineral dust: outstanding problems in quantifying the radiative impact of mineral dust.", Journal of Geophysics Research, p. 15-18, vol. 106, (2001). Published

Spaeth, K. E., F. B. Pierson, J. E. Herrick, P. L. Shaver, D. A. Pyke, M. Pellant, D. Thompson, and R. Dayton., "New proposed National Resources Inventory protocols on nonfederal rangelands.", Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, p. 18A-23A, vol. 53, (2003). Published

Wainwright, J., and A. J. Parsons., "The effect of temporal variations in ranfall on scale dependency on runoff coefficients.", Water Resources Research, p. 1271, vol. 38, (2003). Published

Peters, D. P., D. L. Urban, R. H. Gardner, D. D. Breshears, and J. E. Herrick., "Strategies for ecological extrapolation", Oikos, p. 627-636, vol. 106, (2004). Published

Hochstrasser, T., and D. P. C. Peters, "Subdominant species distribution in microsites around two lifeforms at a desert grassland-shrubland transition zone", Journal Vegetation Science, p. 615-622, vol. 15, (2004). Published

Peters, D. P. C., "Selection of models of invasive species dynamics", Weed Technology, p. 1236-1239, vol. 18, (2004). Published

Peters, D. P. C., J. Yao, and K. M. Havstad., "Insights to Invasive Species Dynamics from Desertification Studies", Weed Technology, p. 1221-1225, vol. 18, (2004). Published

Goslee, S. C., D. P.C. Peters, and K. G. Beck, "Spatial prediction of invasion success across heterogeneous landscapes using an individual-based model", Biological Invasions, p. , vol. , ( ). Accepted

Kroel-Dulay, Gy., P. Odor, D.P.C. Peters, and T. Hochstrasser., "Distribution of plant species between patch types at a transition zone between two grassland biomes in North America", Journal Vegetation Science, p. 531-538, vol. 15, (2004). Published

Bestelmeyer, B. T., J. E. Herrick, J. R. Brown, D. A. Trujillo, and K. M. Havstad., "Land management in the American Southwest: a state-and-transition approach to ecosystem complexity", Ecosystem Management, p. 38-51, vol. 34, (2004). Published

Bestelmeyer, B. T., "Does desertification diminish biodiversity? Enhancement of ant diversity by shrub invasion in southwestern USA", Diversity and Distributions, p. 45-55, vol. 11, (2004). Published

Page 28 of 42 Annual Report: 0080412 Rango, A., L. F. Huenneke, M. Buonopane, J. E. Herrick, and K. M. Havstad, "Using historic data to assess effectiveness of shrub removal in southern New Mexico", Journal of Arid Environments, p. 75-91, vol. 62, (2005). Published

Laliberte, A., A. Rango, K. M. Havstad, J. Paris, R. Beck, R. McNeely, and A. Gonzalez., "Object-oriented image analysis for mapping shrub encroachment from 1937-2003 in southern New Mexico.", Remote Sensing of the Environment, p. 198-210, vol. 93, (2004). Published

Gutschick, V. P. and A. J. Bloom, "Crossroads of animal, plant, and microbial physiological ecology", BioScience, p. 256-259, vol. 53, (2003). Published

Brown, M. F., and W. G. Whitford, "The effects of termites and straw mulch on soil nitrogen in a creosotebush (Larrea tridentata) dominated Chihuahuan Desert ecosystem.", Journal of Arid Environments, p. 15-20, vol. 53, (2003). Published

Gutschick, V. P., and H. BassiriRad, "Extreme events as shaping physiology, ecology, and evolution of plants: toward a unified definition and evaluation of their consequences", New Phytologist, p. 21-42, vol. 160, (2003). Published

Hartley, A. E., and W. H. Schlesinger, "Potential environmental controls on nitrogenase activity in biological crusts of the northern Chihuahuan Desert.", Journal of Arid Environments, p. 293-304, vol. 52, (2002). Published

Jackson, E. C., S. N. Krogh, and W. G. Whitford, "Desertification and biopedturbation in the northern Chihuahuan Desert.", Journal Arid Environments, p. 1-14, vol. 53, (2003). Published

Menke, S. B., "Lizard community structure across a grassland-creosotebush ecotone in the Chihuahuan Desert", Canadian Journal of Zoology, p. 1829-1838, vol. 81, (2003). Published

Nash, M. S., E. C. Jackson, and W. G. Whitford, "Soil microtopography on grazing gradients in Chihuahuan Desert grasslands.", Journal Arid Environments, p. 181-192, vol. 55, (2003). Published

Schooley, R. L., and J. A. Wiens., "Spatial patterns, density dependence, and demography in the harvester ant, Pogonomyrex rugosus, in semi-arid grasslands.", Journal of Arid Environments, p. 183-196, vol. 53, (2003). Published

Whitford, W. G., "The functional significance of cemented nest caps of the harvester ant, Pogonomyrex maricopa.", Journal of Arid Environments, p. 281-284, vol. 53, (2003). Published

Yeager, C. M., J. L. Kornosky, D. C. Housman, E. E. Grote, J. Belnap, and C. R. Kuske., "Diazotrophic community structure and function in two successional stages of biological soil crusts from the Colorado Plateau and Chihuahuan Desert.", Applied and Environmental Microbiology, p. 973-983, vol. 70, (2004). Published

Kemp, P. R., J. F. Reynolds, R. A. Virginia, and W. G. Whitford., "Decomposition of leaf and root litter of Chihuahuan Desert shrubs: effects of three years of summer drought.", Journal of Arid Environments, p. 21-39, vol. 53, (2003). Published

Gibbens, R. P., R. P. McNeely, K. M. Havstad, R. F. Beck, and B. Nolen., "Vegetation changes in the Jornada Basin from 1858 to 1998.", Journal of Arid Environments, p. 651-668, vol. 61, (2005). Published

Etyemezian, V., S. Ahonen, D. Nikolic, J. Gillies, H. Kuhns, D. A. Gillette, and J. Veranth., "Deposition and removal of fugitive dust in the southwestern United States: measurements and model results.", Journal of Air and Waste Management, p. 1099-1111, vol. 54, (2004). Published

Gillette, D. A., D. Ono, and K. Richmond, "A combined modeling and measurement technique for estimating wind-blown dust emissions at Owens (dry) Lake, CA.", Journal Geophysical Research, Earth Surface, p. F01003, vol. 109, (2004). Published

Gillette, D. A., Robert Lawson, Jr., and Roger S. Thompson., "A ?test of concept? comparison of aerodynamic and mechanical resuspension mechanisms for particles deposited on field rye grass (Secale Cercele) parts I and 2.", Atmospheric Environment, p. , vol. , ( ). Accepted

Page 29 of 42 Annual Report: 0080412 Gutierrez, L. R., J. E. Herrick, and G. B. Donart, "Gully seeder for reseeding rangeland and riparian areas", Journal of Range Management, p. 399-401, vol. 57, (2004). Published

Pyke, D. A., and J. E. Herrick, "Transitions in rangeland evaluations", Rangelands, p. 22-30, vol. 25, (2003). Published

Bestelmeyer, B., D. Trujillo, A. Tugel, and K. Havstad., "A multi-scale classification of vegetation dynamics in arid lands: what is the right scale for models, monitoring, and restoration?", Journal of Arid Environments, p. , vol. , ( ). Accepted

Boardman, J., A.J. Parsons, R. Holland, P.J. Holmes, and R. Washington., "Development of badlands and gullies in the Sneeuberg, Great Karoo, South Africa", CATENA, p. 165-184, vol. 50, (2003). Published

Buonopane, M., L.F. Huenneke, and M. Remmenga, "Community response to removals of plant functional groups and species in a Chihuahuan Desert shrubland.", Oikos, p. , vol. , ( ). Accepted

Estell, R.E., E.L. Fredrickson, and D.P.C. Peters., "Introduction: Landscape linkages-special issue. Journal Arid Environments", Journal of Arid Environments, p. , vol. , ( ). Accepted

Forbes, G.S., J.W. Van Zee, W. Smith, and W. G. Whitford, "Desert grassland canopy arthropod species richness: temporal patterns and effects of intense, short-duration livestock grazing.", Journal of Arid Environments, p. 627-646, vol. 60, (2005). Published

Fredrickson, E.L., R.E. Estell, A.S. Laliberte, and D.M. Anderson., "Mesquite recruitment- historic and prehistoric patterns with long-term impacts", Journal of Arid Environments, p. , vol. , ( ). Accepted

Gillette, D.A., and A.M. Pitchford., "Sand flux in the northern Chihuahuan Desert, New Mexico, USA, and the influence of mesquite-dominated landscapes.", Journal Geophysical Research, p. F04003, vol. 109, (2005). Published

Hu, S., and A.D. Abrahams., "Resistance to overland flow due to bed-load transport on plane mobile beds. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms", Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, p. 1691-1701, vol. 29, (2004). Published

Inzunza-Ibarra, and H.C. Monger., "Historical analysis of the irrigation evolution of La Laguan region of Mexico.", Terra, p. , vol. , ( ). Accepted

Inzunza-Ibarra, and H.C. Monger, "Variation of soil properties in irrigated and non-irrigated areas of La Laguan region of Mexico.", Terra, p. , vol. , ( ). Accepted

Kerley, G.I.H., W.G. Whitford, and F.R. Kay., "Effects of pocket gophers on desert soils and vegetation.", Journal of Arid Environments, p. 155-166, vol. 58, (2004). Published

Kraimer, R.A., and H.C. Monger., "Mineralogical distinctions of carbonates in desert soils.", Soil Science Society America Journal, p. , vol. , ( ). Accepted

Kresat, S.A., Z. Rawajfih, B. Buck, and H.C. Monger., "Geomorphic features and soil formation of arid lands in northeast Jordan", Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, p. 607-615, vol. 50, (2004). Published

Laliberte, A.S., E.L. Fredrickson and A. Rango, "Combining decision trees with hierarchical object-oriented image analysis for mapping arid rangelands.", Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, p. , vol. , ( ). Submitted

Lucero, M.E., J.R. Barrow, P. Osuna, and I. Reyes, "Plant-fungal interactions in arid and semiarid ecosystems: large-scale impacts from micro-scale processes.", Journal Arid Environments, p. , vol. , ( ). Accepted

Monger, H. and B. Bestelmeyer., "The soil-geomorphic template and biotic change in deserts.", Journal of Arid Environments, p. , vol. , ( ). Accepted

Page 30 of 42 Annual Report: 0080412 Nash, M.S., and W.G. Whitford., "Understanding an ecological system: an example of temporal and spatial variability of Dorymyrex (Conomyrma) insane in a stressed system.", Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, p. 631-637, vol. 3, (2004). Published

Okin, G.S., D.A. Gillette, and J.E. Herrick., "Multi-scale controls on and consequences of aeolian processes in landscape change in arid and semiarid environments.", Journal of Arid Environments, p. , vol. , ( ). Accepted

Parsons, A.J., J. Wainwright, D.M. Powell, J. Kaduk, and R. Brazier., "A new conceptual model for understanding and predicting erosion by water.", Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, p. 1293-1302, vol. 29, (2004). Published

Peters, D.P.C., and K.M. Havstad., "Nonlinear dynamics in arid and semiarid systems: interactions among drivers and processes across scales.", Journal of Arid Environments, p. , vol. , ( ). Accepted

Peters, D.P.C., R.A. Pielke, Sr, B.T. Betelmeyer, C.D. Allen, S. Munson-McGee, and K.M. Havstad., "Cross scale interactions, nonlinearities, and forecasting catastrophic events.", Proceedings National Academy Sciences, p. 15130-35, vol. 101, (2004). Published

Rango, A., S.L. Tartowski, A.S. Laliberte, J. Wainwright, and A.J. Parsons, "Islands of hydrologically enhanced biotic productivity in natural and managed arid ecosystems", Journal of Arid Environments, p. , vol. , ( ). Accepted

Serna-Perez, A., H.C. Monger, J.E. Herrick, and L. Murray, "Carbon dioxide emissions from exhumed petrocalcic horizons.", Soil Science Society America Journal, p. , vol. , ( ). Accepted

Snyder, K.A.., and S.L. Tartowski., "Multi-scale Temporal Variation in Water Availability: Implications for Vegetation Dynamics.", Journal of Arid Environments, p. , vol. , ( ). Accepted

Herrick, J. E., B. T. Bestelmeyer, S. Archer, A. Tugel, and J. R. Brown., "An integrated framework for science-based arid land management", Journal of Arid Environments, p. , vol. , ( ). Accepted

Tugel, A., J.E. Herrick, J.R. Brown, M.J. Mausbach, W. Puckett, K. Hipple., "Soil change, soil survey, and natural resources decision making: A blueprint for action.", Soil Science Society of America, p. 638-647, vol. 69, (2005). Published deSoyza, A.G., K.T. Killingbeck, and W.G. Whitford, "Plant water relations and photosynthesis during and after drought in a Chihuahuan Desert arroyo", Journal of Arid Environments, p. 27-39, vol. 59, (2004). Published

Books or Other One-time Publications

Bird, S.B., J.E. Herrick, and M.M. Wander, "Management for carbon sequestration in rangelands: Soil organic matter, soil aggregation, and exploiting heterogeneity", (2001). Book, Published Editor(s): R.F. Follett, J.M. Kimble, and R. Lal Collection: Carbon Sequestration Potential of US Grazing Lands PP 121-138 Bibliography: Ann Arbor Press, Chelsea, MI

Drewa, P.B., D.P.C. Peters, and K.M. Havstad, "Fire, grazing, and shrub invasion in the Chihuahuan Desert", (2001). Book, Published Editor(s): T. P. Wilson and K. E. M. Galley Collection: The Role of Fire in the Control and Spread of Invasive Species. National Congress on Fire Ecology, Prevention, and Management, Proceedings, No. 1. Bibliography: Tall Timbers Research Station, Tallahassee, FL. PP 31-39

Gosz, J.R., D.P.C. Peters, M. Kertesz, E.Kovacs-Lang, Gy. Kroel-Dulay, and S. Bartha, "Organization of grasslands along ecological gradients: US-Hungarian LTER grassland cooperation", (2000). Book, Published Editor(s): K. Lajtha and K. Vanderbilt

Page 31 of 42 Annual Report: 0080412 Collection: Proceedings of the ILTER Regional Workshop PP 67-78 Bibliography: Oregon State University Press, Corvallis, OR

Havstad, K.M., "Desertification and Productivity", (2002). Book, Published Editor(s): Lal, R. Collection: Encyclopedia of Soil Science Bibliography: Marcel Dekker, Inc. PP340-342

Havstad, K.M., J.E. Herrick, and W.H. Schlesinger, "Desert rangelands, degradation and nutrients", (2000). Book, Published Editor(s): O. Arnalds and S. Archer Collection: Rangeland Desertification. Advances in Vegetation Science 19. PP 77-87 Bibliography: Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht

Herrick, J.E., "Monitoring methodology for pasture degradation and restoration", (2001). Book, Published Editor(s): M. Ibrahim Collection: Proceedings of the International Symposium on Silvopastoral Systems and Second Congress on Agroforestry and Livestock Production in Latin America. PP 2-6 Bibliography: San Jose, Costa Rica, April 2001

Huenneke, L.F., "Deserts", (2001). Book, Published Editor(s): O.E. Sala, F.S. Chapin and E. Huber-Sannwald Collection: Global Biodiversity in a Changing Environment: Scenarios for the 21st Century PP 201-222 Bibliography: Springer-Verlag, New York

Monger, H.C. and L.P. Wilding, "Soil inorganic carbon: composition and formation.", (2002). Book, Published Editor(s): R. Lal Collection: Encyclopedia of Soil Science PP 701-705 Bibliography: Marcel-Dekker

Monger, H.C., "Arid Soils", (2002). Book, Published Editor(s): R. Lal Collection: Encyclopedia of Soil Science PP 84-88 Bibliography: Marcel-Dekker

Monger, H.C. and E.F. Kelly., "Silica mineral", (2002). Book, Published Editor(s): J.B. Dixon and D.G. Schluze Collection: Soil Mineralogy with Environmental Applications PP 611-636 Bibliography: Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Book Series

Monger, H.C. and R.A. Gallegos, "Biotic and abiotic processes and rates of pedogenic carbonate accumulation in the southwestern United States: Relationship to atmospheric CO2 sequestration", (2002). Book, Published Editor(s): R. Lal et al. Collection: Global climate change and pedogenic carbonates PP 273-289 Bibliography: CRC Press, Boca Raton

Monger, H.C. and J.J. Martinez-Rios, "Inorganic carbon sequestration in grazing lands", (2001). Book, Published Editor(s): R.F. Follett et al. Collection: The potential of U.S. Grazing Lands to Sequester Carbon and Mitigate the Greenhouse Effect

Page 32 of 42 Annual Report: 0080412 PP 87-118 Bibliography: CRC Press, Boca Raton.

Okin, G.S., B. Murray, and W.H. Schlesinger, "Desertification in an arid shrubland in the southwestern United States", (2001). Book, Published Editor(s): A.J. Conacher Collection: Land Degradation PP 53-70 Bibliography: Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.

Schmugge, T., A. French, J.C. Ritchie, and A. Rango., "Estimation of surface emissivity for arid lands.", (2001). Book, Published Collection: Proceedings of the International Symposium on Remote Sensing and Hydrology, Santa Fe, New Mexico. Bibliography: International Association of Hydrological Sciences Publication No. 267. PP168-174.

Chopping, M., T.Schmugge, A. Rango, J.C. Ritchie, W. Kustas, and J.R. Vande Castle., "Impact of structure and composition of shrub-coppice dune landscapes on MASTER reflectance anisotropy.", (2001). Book, Published Collection: Proceedings of the International Symposium on Remote Sensing and Hydrology, Santa Fe, New Mexico. Bibliography: International Association of Hydrological Sciences Publication No. 267. PP 162-167.

Chopping, M.J., A. Rango, and E. Gomez-Landesa, "The importance of early morning local overpass times for BRDF retrieval, modeling of spectral reflectance and fAPAR estimation", (2002). Proceedings, Published Bibliography: International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS)Vol. VI:3561-3563 (Proceedings)

Chopping, M.J., A. Rango, S. Goslee, T.J. Schmugge, and J.Ritchie, "Simulation of a grassland-shrubland transition zone landscape image at 650 nm using a simple BRDF model", (2002). Proceedings, Published Bibliography: International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) Vol.IV: 2264-2266

Hochstrasser, T., D.P.C. Peters, and J. Fehmi, "A bibliography of important plant species in the Chihuahuan Desert of North America (1904-2002)", (2002). Technical report, Published Bibliography: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers ERDC/CERRL Report. SR02-8.

Monger, H.C., "Millenial-scale climate variability and ecosystem response at the Jornada LTER site", (2003). Book, Published Editor(s): D. Greenland, D. Goodin, and R. Smith Collection: Climate variability and ecosystem response at the LTER sites Bibliography: Oxford University Press, page 341-369.

Monger, H.C., J.J. Martinez-Rios, and R.A. Gallegos, "Carbon sequestration and global warming", (2001). Proceedings, Published Editor(s): J. Navarro, C. Calzada, and A. Martinez-Rios Collection: Memoria de la XII Semana Internacional de Agronomia PP 1-7 Bibliography: Universidad Juarez del Estado de Durango

Schlesinger, W.H., "Desertification", (2002). Book, Published Editor(s): A.S. Goudie and D.J. Cuff Collection: The Encyclopedia of Global Change PP 253-256 Bibliography: Oxford University Press, Oxford

Schmugge, T., A. French, J. Ritchie, M. Chopping, and A. Rango, "ASTER observations of the spectral emissivity for arid soils", (2001). Proceedings, Published Bibliography: IEEE 2000 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium Vol. 3: 715-717

Schmugge, T.J., A. French, J. Ritchie, M. Chopping, and A. Rango, "ASTER observations of the spectral emissivity over New Mexico.",

Page 33 of 42 Annual Report: 0080412 (2002). Proceedings, Published Editor(s): M. Owe and G. D'Urso Bibliography: Remote Sensing for Agriculture, Ecosystems, and Hydrology III, Proceedings of SPIE Vol. 4542: 207-213

Schmugge, T.J., A.N. French, J.C. Ritchie, and A. Rango, "Observing the spectral emissivity of arid lands using multispectral thermal infrared data", (2001). Proceedings, Published Bibliography: 8th International Symposium on Physical Measurements and Signature in Remote Sensing Proceedings. Page 317-318.

Schmugge, T.J., F. Jacobs, A. French, J. Ritchie, M. Chopping, and A. Rango, "ASTER thermal infrared observations over New Mexico", (2000). Proceedings, Published Bibliography: IEEE 2000 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium Vol I:24-26

Bestelmeyer, B. T., J. R. Brown, J. Herrick, and K. Havstad., "What does an ecological threshold look like?", (2003). proceedings, Published Bibliography: Proceedings International Rangeland Congress, Durban, South Africa. PP688-690.

Brown, J. R., and K. M. Havstad., "Environmental drivers and monitoring of rangelands.", (2003). proceedings, Published Bibliography: Proceedings International Rangeland Congress, Durban, South Africa. PP668-674.

Chopping, M., L. Su, T. Schmugge, and A. Rango., "Validation of bi-directional reflectance models using the first scene acquired by the CHRIS sensor over the Jornada Experimental Range.", (2003). Book, Published Bibliography: IGARSS Symposium, Toulouse, France. Vol. VII:4425-4427.

Chopping, M., L. Su, A. Rango, and C, Maxwell., "Desert landscape scene simulations with simple geometric and radiosity models.", (2003). Proceedings, Published Bibliography: IGARSS Symposium, Toulouse, France. Vol. IV:2269-2271.

Clemons, R. E., and H. C. Monger., "Source of carbonate lithic artifacts in Pendejo cave.", (2003). Book, Published Editor(s): R. S. MacNeish and J. Libby. Collection: Pendejo Cave Bibliography: University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, NM. pp191-198.

Gillette, D., "Windblown dust.", (2002). Book, Published Editor(s): R. Lal. Collection: Encyclopedia of Soil Science Bibliography: Marcel Dekker, Inc. PP1443-1445.

Gomez-Landesa, E., A. Rango, K. M. Havstad, M. Bleiweiss, K. Leach, and M. Riley., "Snomelt runoff model (SRM) applications in the Rio Grande Basin.", (2001). proceedings, Published Collection: AWRA Annual Water Resources Conference proceedings. Bibliography: Albquerque, NM. Page 49.

Havstad, K. M., "Animal husbandry.", (2001). Book, Published Editor(s): A. S. Goudis and D. J. Cuff. Collection: Encyclopedia of Global Change. Bibliography: Oxford University Press.

Havstad, K. M., D. P. C. Peters, and L. Murray., "Long term dynamics of degraded arid shrubland: delayed responses and the importance of spatial processes.", (2003). Book, Published Bibliography: Proceedings International Rangeland Congress, Durban, South Africa. PP353-355.

Herrick, J. E., J. W. Van Zee, K. M. Havstad, L.M. Burkett, and W. G. Whitford., "Monitoring manual for grassland, shrubland and savanna ecosystems.", (2005). Book, Published Bibliography: USDA-ARS, Jornada Experimental Range, Las Cruces, NM. Distributed by University of Arizona Press.

Page 34 of 42 Annual Report: 0080412 Herrick, J. E., A. Rango, and K. M. Havstad., "A cost-effective soil and vegetation monitoring protocol for adaptive management.", (2003). proceedings, Published Bibliography: Proceedings International Rangeland Congress, Durban, South Africa. PP704-706.

Monger, H. C., R. E. Clemons, and S. A. Khresat., "Regional setting and paleoclimate of the Pendejo cave region.", (2003). Book, Published Editor(s): R. S. MacNeish and J. Libby Collection: Pendejo Cave Bibliography: University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, NM. pp17-24.

Monger, H. C., J. J. Martinez-Rios, and S. A. Khresat., "Arid and semiarid soils.", (2002). Book, Published Editor(s): D. Hillel. Collection: Encyclopedia of Soils in the Environment. Bibliography: Academic Press, London. PP182-187.

Porter, J. H., and K. W. Ramsey, Jr., "Integrating ecological data: tools and techniques.", (2002). proceedings, Published Editor(s): N. Callaos, J. Porter, and N. Rishe. Collection: The 6th World Multiconference on Systematics, Cybernetics, and Informatics. Bibliography: International Institute of Informatics and Systematics, Orlando, FL. VII: 396-401.

Pyke, D. A., J. E. Herrick, P. Shaver, and M. Pellant., "What is the standard for rangeland health assessments?", (2003). proceedings, Published Bibliography: Proceedings of the International Rangeland Congress, Durban, South Africa. PP764-766.

Peters, D. P. C., and S. C. Goslee., "Landscape diversity.", (2000). Book, Published Editor(s): S.A. Levin. Collection: Encyclopedia of biodiversity. Bibliography: Academic Press, San Diego, CA. PP645-658.

Peters, D. P. C., J. Yao, L. F. Huenneke, K. M. Havstad, J. E. Herrick, A. Rango, and W. H. Schlesinger., "A framework and methods for simplifying complex landscapes to reduce uncertainty in predictions.", ( ). Book, Accepted Editor(s): J. Wu., B. Jones, and O. L. Loucks. Collection: Scaling and uncertainty analysis in ecology. Bibliography: Columbia University Press.

Rango, A., M. Chopping, K. M. Havstad, J. Ritchie, W. Kustas, and T. J. Schmugge., "Evaluation of water, energy, and ecosystems in southern New Mexico.", (2001). Book, Published Bibliography: AWRA Annual Water Resources Conference, Albuquerque, NM. P51.

Rango, A., K. Snyder, J. Herrick, K. Havstad, R. Gibbens, J. Wainwright, and A. Parsons., "Historical and current hydrological research at the USDA/ARS Jornada Experimental Range in southern New Mexico.", (2004). Book, Published Bibliography: Proceedings of the First Interagency Conference on Research in Watersheds. Benson, AZ. p302-308.

Schmugge, T. J., A. N. French, J. C. Ritchie, and A. Rango., "The use of multispectral TIR data for observing the spectral emissivity of aridlands.", (2000). proceedings, Published Bibliography: Proceedings of the IGARSS 200 Symposium. P2516-2518.

Peters, D. P. C., W. H. Schlesinger, J. E. Herrick, L. F. Huenneke, and K. M. Havstad, " Future directions in Jornada research: developing and applying an interactive landscape model to solve old and new problems.", ( ). book chapter, Accepted Editor(s): K. M. Havstad, W. H. Schlesinger, and L. F. Huenneke Collection: Structure and function of a Chihuahuan Desert ecosystem: the Jornada Basin LTER Bibliography: Oxford University Press, New York

Peters, D. P. C. and R. P. Gibbens, "Plant communities in the Jornada Basin: the dynamic landscape.", ( ). book chapter, Accepted Editor(s): K. M. Havstad, W. H. Schlesinger, and L. F. Huenneke Collection: Structure and function of a Chihuahuan Desert ecosystem: the Jornada Basin LTER Bibliography: Oxford University Press, New York

Page 35 of 42 Annual Report: 0080412 Peters, D. P. C., R. A. Pielke, Sr, B. T. Bestelmeyer, C. D. Allen, S. Munson-McGee, and K. M. Havstad, "Spatial nonlinearities: cascading effects in the Earth System", ( ). book chapter, Accepted Editor(s): Canadell, J., D. Pataki, and L. Pitelka Collection: Terrestrial ecosystems in a changing world. Bibliography: Springer-Verlag, Berlin

Gutschick, V. P. and J. C. Pushnik, "Internal regulation of nutrient uptake by relative growth rate and nutrient-use efficiency.", (2004). Book, Accepted Editor(s): H. BassiriRad Collection: Ecological studies: nutrient acquisition by plants: an ecological perspective Bibliography: Springer, Heidelberg

Gutschick, V. P. and L. E. Kay, "Leaf structure", (2004). Book, Accepted Editor(s): R. N. Goodman Collection: Encyclopedia of Plant and Crop Science Bibliography: Marcel Dekker, New York. PP638-641.

Bestelmeyer, B. T., J. R. Brown, and K. M. Havstad, "Grazing in complex environments: the details matter.", (2003). Book, Published Collection: The New Ranch at Work: Proceedings of a Conference. Bibliography: p1-6, Quivira Coalition, Santa Fe, NM

Moran, M., D. Thomas, M. Hernandez, P. Heelman, J. Stone, P. Starks, J. Arnold, J. Kinig, C. Richardson, A. Rango, J. Herrick, D. Peters, and K. Havstad, "Rangeland monitoring and prediction at ranch to regional scales", (2004). Book, Published Editor(s): Society for Range Management Bibliography: Denver, CO

Rawls, W., W. Kustaas, T. Schmugge, J. Ritchie, T. Jackson, A. Rango, and P. Doraiswamy, "Remote sensing in watershed scale hydrology", (2003). Book, Published Collection: Proceedings of the First Interagency Conference on Research in Watersheds Bibliography: page 580-585, Benson, AZ

Gillette, D. A., "The long-distance 'transportable fraction' of the vertical flux of wind-transported dust.", (2002). Book, Published Editor(s): Lee, J. A. and Zobeck, T. M Collection: Proceedings of ICAR5/GCTE-SEN Joint Conference, International Center for Arid and Semiarid Lands Studies. Bibliography: Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA, Publication 02-2, 34B 37.

Okin G. and D. A. Gillette., "Modelling wind erosion and dust emission on vegetated surfaces.", (2004). Book, Published Editor(s): R. J. Kelly, N. A. Drake, and S. L. Barr. Collection: Spatial Modeling of the Terrestrial Environment. Bibliography: Wiley, and Sons, Ltd. pages 137-156.

Gillette, D. A., "Regional scale vertical dust flux in a small fraction of the local field-scale horizontal fugitive dust flux.", (2001). report, Published Editor(s): Western Governors Association, Western Regional Air Partners, Expert Panel on Fugitive Dust. Bibliography: WRAP website at www.wrapair.org under reports-Finals Report on Fugitive Dust.

Schmugge, T., M. Chopping, A. French, K. Havstad, A. Rango, J. Ritchie, and J Schieldge., "ASTER observations over New Mexico test sites.", (2004). Book, Published Bibliography: EOS Transactions, American Geophysical Union 81(48): F550.

Zhan, X., W.P. Kustas, A.N. French, J.C. Ritchie, J.H. Prueger, L. Hipps, A. Rango, T.J. Schmugge, B. Nolen, and M.J. Chopping., "A preliminary assessment of regional scale carbon stocks and fluxes of a desert using field measurements, satellite images and model simulations.", (2000). Book, Published Bibliography: U.S. Forest Service, Raleigh NC., p107.

Page 36 of 42 Annual Report: 0080412 Herrick, J. E. and B. T. Bestelmeyer, "Application of ecological assessment and monitoring to (adaptive) sustainable land management", (2003). Book, Published Editor(s): J. J. Martinez Rios, S. Berumen Padilla, J. Martinez Trujillo, and A. Martinez Rios Collection: Memoria de la XV Semana Internacional de Agronomia FAZ-UJED Bibliography: Gomez Palacio, Durango, Mexico

Herrick, J. E., A. M. Melgoza, D. A. Pyke, and M. Pellant, "Evaluacion del estado de salud en ecosistemas de pastizales", (2003). Book, Published Collection: Memorias del 1er Simposio Internacional de Manejo de Pastizales y Curso-Taller Sobre Salud de Ecosistemas de Pastizales Bibliography: compact disk

Bestelmeyer, B.T., J.R. Brown, K.M. Havstad, and E.L. Fredickson., "A holistic view of desert grassland: synthesis of interdisciplinary research and management applications.", ( ). Book, Accepted Editor(s): K.M. Havstad, W.H. Schlesinger, and L.F. Huenneke, eds. Collection: Structure and function of a Chihuahuan Desert ecosystem: the Jornada Basin LTER. Bibliography: Oxford University Press.

Maestre, F.T., J.F. Reynols, E. Huber-Sannwald, J.Herrick, and M. Stafford-Smith., "Understanding global desertification: biophysical and socioeconomic dimensions of hydrology.", ( ). Book, Accepted Editor(s): D'Odorico, P. and A. Porporato, eds. Collection: Dryland ecohydrology Bibliography: Kluwer Publishing, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.

Chopping, M., A.S. Laliberte, and A Rango., "Multi-angle data from CHRIS/Proba for determination of canopy structure in desert rangelands.", (2004). Book, Published Collection: Proceedings of the International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS). Bibliography: VII:4742-4745.

Chopping, M., A.S. Laliberte, and A. Rango., "Exploitation of mulit-angle data from CHRIS on Proba: first results from the Jornada Experimental Range.", (2004). Book, Published Collection: Proceedings of the 2nd European Space Agency Workshop on CHRIS/Proba. Bibliography: ESA Special Publication SP-578.

Chopping, M., K. Snyder, A.S. Laliberte, A. Rango, and C.M. Maxwell., "Differences in grass-shrub transition zone canopy composiiton from CHRIS/Proba multi-angle data.", (2004). proceedings, Published Collection: Proceedings of the International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS). Bibliography: VII:4746-4749.

Laliberte, A.S., and A. Rango., "Mapping shrub encroachment from 1937-2003 in the Jornada Basin of southwest New Mexico.", (2004). proceedings, Published Collection: Proceedings of the ASPRS Annual conference. Bibliography: Denver, CO.

Laliberte, A.S., A. Rango, and E.L. Fredrickson., "Classification of arid rangelands using an object-oriented and multi-scale approach with QuickBird imagery.", (2005). proceedings, Accepted Bibliography: Proceedings of the Ameican Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing Annual Conference.

Schlesinger, W.H., J.S. Clark, J.E. Mohan, and C.D. Reid., "Global environmental change: effects on biodiversity.", (2001). chapter, Published Editor(s): M.E. Soule and G.H. Orians, eds. Collection: Conservation biology: research priorities for the next decade. Bibliography: Island Press: Washington, D.C. PP175-223.

Steele, C., A.S. Laliberte, B.T. Bestelmeyer, J.E. Herrick, and A. Rango., "Current and future options for the use of remote sensing for rangeland management and monitoring.", (2005). proceedings, Published

Page 37 of 42 Annual Report: 0080412 Collection: Proceedings II Simposio Internacional de Manejo de Pastizales. Bibliography: Zacatecas, Mexico. Page 84.

Whitford, W.G., and B.T. Bestelmeyer., "Chihuahuan Desert fauna: effects on ecosyste, properties and processes.", ( ). chapter, Accepted Editor(s): K.M. Havstad, W.H. Schlesinger, and L.F. Huenneke, eds. Collection: Structure and function of a Chihuahuan Desert ecosystem: the Jornada Basin LTER. Bibliography: Oxford University Press.

Monger, H.C., G.H. Mack, B.A. Nolen, and L.H. Gile., "Regional setting of the Jornada Basin.", ( ). chapter, Accepted Editor(s): K.M. Havstad, W.H. Schlesinger, and L.F. Huenneke, eds. Collection: PP000-000 IN K.M. Havstad, W.H. Schlesinger, and L.F. Huenneke, eds. Structure and function of a Chihuahuan Desert ecosystem: the Jornada Basin LTER. Bibliography: Oxford University Press, New York.

Wainwright, J., "Climate and cliamtological variatons in the Jornada Basin.", ( ). chapter, Accepted Editor(s): K.M. Havstad, W.H. Schlesinger, and L.F. Huenneke, eds. Collection: Structure and function of a Chihuahuan Desert ecosystem: the Jornada Basin LTER. Bibliography: Oxford University Press, New York.

Monger, H.C., "Soil development in the Jornada Basin.", (2006). chapter, Accepted Editor(s): K.M. Havstad, W.H. Schlesinger, and L.F. Huenneke, eds. Collection: Structure and function of a Chihuahuan Desert ecosystem: the Jornada Basin LTER. Bibliography: Oxford University Press, New York.

Snyder, K.A., K.A. Mitchell, and J.E. Herrick., "Patterns and controls of soil water in the Jornada Basin.", (2006). chapter, Accepted Editor(s): K.M. Havstad, W.H. Schlesinger, and L.F. Huenneke, eds. Collection: Structure and function of a Chihuahuan Desert ecosystem: the Jornada Basin LTER. Bibliography: Oxford University Press, New York.

Schlesinger, W.H., S.L. Tartowski, and S.M. Schmidt., "Nutrient cycling in the Jornada Basin.", (2006). chapter, Accepted Editor(s): K.M. Havstad, W.H. Schlesinger, and L.F. Huenneke, eds. Collection: Structure and function of a Chihuahuan Desert ecosystem: the Jornada Basin LTER. Bibliography: Oxford University Press, New York.

Abrahams, A.D., M. Neave, W.H. Schlesinger, J. Wainwright, D.A. Howes, and A.J. Parsons., "Biogeochemical fluxes across piedmont slopes of the Jornada Basin.", (2006). chapter, Accepted Editor(s): K.M. Havstad, W.H. Schlesinger, and L.F. Huenneke, eds. Collection: Structure and function of a Chihuahuan Desert ecosystem: the Jornada Basin LTER. Bibliography: Oxford University Press, New York.

Gutschick, V.P., and K.A. Snyder., "Water and energy fluxes within the Jornada Basin.", (2006). chapter, Accepted Editor(s): K.M. Havstad, W.H. Schlesinger, and L.F. Huenneke, eds. Collection: Structure and function of a Chihuahuan Desert ecosystem: the Jornada Basin LTER. Bibliography: Oxford University Press, New York.

Gillette, D.A., and H.C. Monger., "Eolian processes across the Jornada Basin.", (2006). chapter, Accepted Editor(s): K.M. Havstad, W.H. Schlesinger, and L.F. Huenneke, eds. Collection: Structure and function of a Chihuahuan Desert ecosystem: the Jornada Basin LTER. Bibliography: Oxford University Press, New York.

Huenneke, L.F., and W.H. Schlesinger., "Patterns of net primary production in a Chihuahuan Desert ecosystem.", (2006). chapter, Accepted Editor(s): K.M. Havstad, W.H. Schlesinger, and L.F. Huenneke, eds. Collection: Structure and function of a Chihuahuan Desert ecosystem: the Jornada Basin LTER. Bibliography: Oxford University Press, New York.

Page 38 of 42 Annual Report: 0080412 Havstad, K.M., E.L. Fredrickson, and L.F. Huenneke., "Livestock grazing management in an arid ecosystem.", (2006). chapter, Accepted Editor(s): K.M. Havstad, W.H. Schlesinger, and L.F. Huenneke, eds. Collection: Structure and function of a Chihuahuan Desert ecosystem: the Jornada Basin LTER. Bibliography: Oxford University Press, New York.

Herrick, J.E.,K.M. Havstad, and A. Rango., "Remediation research in the Jornada Basin: Past and future.", (2006). chapter, Accepted Editor(s): K.M. Havstad, W.H. Schlesinger, and L.F. Huenneke, eds. Collection: Structure and function of a Chihuahuan Desert ecosystem: the Jornada Basin LTER. Bibliography: Oxford University Press, New York.

Rango, A., J. Ritchie, T. Schmugge, W. Kustas, and M.J. Chopping., "Applications of remotely sensed data from the Jornada Basin.", (2006). chapter, Accepted Editor(s): K.M. Havstad, W.H. Schlesinger, and L.F. Huenneke, eds. Collection: Structure and function of a Chihuahuan Desert ecosystem: the Jornada Basin LTER. Bibliography: Oxford University Press, New York.

Reynolds, J.F., P.R. Kemp, K. Ogle, R.J. Fern?ndez, Q. Gao, and J. Wu., "Modeling the unique aspects of aridland ecosystems: Lessons from the Jornada Basin.", (2006). chapter, Accepted Editor(s): K.M. Havstad, W.H. Schlesinger, and L.F. Huenneke, eds. Collection: Structure and function of a Chihuahuan Desert ecosystem: the Jornada Basin LTER. Bibliography: Oxford University Press, New York.

Havstad, K.M., W.H. Schlesinger, and L.F. Huenneke, eds., "Structure and function of a Chihuahuan Desert ecosystem: the Jornada Basin LTER.", (2006). Book, Accepted Bibliography: Oxford University Press, New York.

Herrick, J. E., D. A. Pyke, P. Shaver, M. Pellant, and A. Melgoza., "Evaluacion del estado de salud de los pastizales: hacia el futuro (Evaluation of the status of rangeland health: towards the future).", (2005). proceedings, Published Bibliography: Actos del II Simposio Internacional de Pastizales, at Zacatecas, Mexico.

Web/Internet Site

URL(s): jornada.nmsu.edu Description: Home page for Jornada Basin LTER program; provides links for personnel, for site bibliography (searchable now in several ways), for available data sets, for documentation on LTER and LTER-related projects. The Jornada LTER bibliography is now searchable over the Internet using ISI Research (ProCite) Reference Web Poster software. The bibliography site can be accessed at http://128.123.5.143/ris or from the Bibliography page accessible from the Jornada LTER home page. The Research Notification table is now queryable over the intranet and accessible to JRN and JER site managers, to aid in research site selection and approval.

Other Specific Products

Product Type: Teaching aids Product Description: Undergraduate interns for the Schoolyard LTER program wrote and enhanced classroom activity guides to provide followup to field visits to the Jornada site. Sharing Information:

Page 39 of 42 Annual Report: 0080412 The classroom activity guides are distributed through the Chihuahuan Desert Nature Park's educational activities, including classroom visits, teacher training workshops, and field visits by classes to the Jornada site.

Product Type: Teaching aids Product Description: Fact sheets on various LTER and JER studies were produced for assembly into tour books that can be produced and customized for particular visitors or tour groups. Sharing Information: These materials are reproduced and distributed to visiting researchers, representatives of land management or research agencies, and public groups; they have proven useful in translating research projects into terms meaningful to the general public and to policy-makers and managers in the region.

Product Type: Teaching aids Product Description: A manual introducing quantitative monitoring methods for grassland and shrubland ecosystems has been developed and used extensively in training land managers and private individuals. Sharing Information: The manual is distributed and used in training sessions, is being used by representatives of a number of agencies and NGO's, and is in review for publication in book form. The manual is scheduled for publication in 2004 and will be distributed as a pdf through our web site and in paper through the University of Arizona Press.

Product Type: Audio or video products Product Description: Teaching video 1. A 30 minute video produced by the NMSU Agricultural Communications Department entitled "Desert soils: unlocking the past, understanding the future". The video covers the formation of desert soils in the Jornada region, their age, and their links to desertification and urban growth. Sharing Information: This video will be distributed for use: (1)in classrooms as a teaching aid, (2) as an orientation tool for visiting scientists, and (3) as a training tool for soil scientists with various state and federal agencies.

Product Type: Audio or video products Product Description: Teaching video 2. A 40 minute video produced by the NMSU Agricultural Communications Department entitled "Evolution of the Rio Grande Valley in southern New Mexico: implications for global change". The video covers the geomorphology of the Jornada region and the late Cenozoic formation of the Rio Grande Valley. Sharing Information: The video will be distributed for use (1) in classrooms as a teaching aid, (2) as an orientation tool for visiting scientists interested in the Quartenary geology of the Jornada Basin, and (3) as a training tool for soil scientists with various federal and state agencies.

Product Type: Teaching aids Product Description: A manual describing a protocol for making qualitative assessments of rangeland health was co-produced with the USGS, BLM, and NRCS. Sharing Information: The manual is distributed in training sessions and through the internet. Printed copies are available through the BLM. The manual is being used by representatives of a number of state and federal agencies, individual land managers, and NGOs.

Page 40 of 42 Annual Report: 0080412 Contributions Contributions within Discipline: Significance to ecology: The resource redistribution desertification model articulated by Jornada researchers has been a primary conceptual model for ecosystem work in arid and semiarid systems. The concept that shrub dominance in former grassland establishes and exacerbates patchiness in soil resources has stimulated much work. In particular, the focus on the importance of physical redistribution processes and on the interactions between plant properties and abiotic influences has been a productive stimulus for ecosystem ecologists. The Jornada basin has long been a key location for empirical description of one of the primary forms of desertification (a global problem). The infrastructure provided by the LTER program has facilitated the Jornada's status as a premier location for experimental and process-level studies. Key findings based on our long-term work and studies illustrate the pace of response of desert organisms to perturbations and environmental drivers. In particular, we have demonstrated: - the long lag time for vegetation and soil responses to some disturbances (e.g., the removal of key dominant plant species); - the response of the system to some changes (e.g., human interference with surface flows of water) only after many decades; - the inertia provided by shrubs and their enforcement of soil heterogeneity. The Jornada Basin has also been a key location for understanding the development and function of aridland soils (the Desert Soil Project) and the interaction of soils with vegetation (both as driver and as effect). A final subdiscipline within ecology in which Jornada research has been important is rangeland ecology. The Jornada Experimental Range, NMSU's College of Agriculture Chihuahuan Desert Rangeland Research Center, and most recently the Jornada Basin LTER are known as major research centers for range science. Jornada scientists have contributed key investigations of the interactions between livestock and other semiarid ecosystem components, from phytochemistry to soils.

Contributions to Other Disciplines: Contributions to other scientific disciplines As noted above, the Jornada has been an important program supporting the efforts of soil scientists to understand the development and properties (both intrinsic and dynamic) of arid-land soils. LTER research has been particularly important in allowing geomorphologists and soil scientists to explore the feedbacks between soil properties and vegetative cover over different temporal scales. Jornada-based research is contributing to the development of earth system science and the understanding of several phenomena linked to global environmental change. Specific examples include the interactions between desertification and resulting generation and export of dust, and changes in albedo. Model development here should refine our ability to model biosphere response to climatic change. Finally, the new lines of Jornada work aimed at understanding carbon budgets and soil carbon and carbonate dynamics are addressing major gaps in our understanding of global carbon balance. The Jornada is actively supporting the development of remote sensing technology and analysis. Remote sensing in arid regions has been constrained by technical difficulties (such as the predominant influence of the soil surface signal), but the vast expanses of relatively inaccessible arid lands with significant large-scale variation will demand remote sensing for adequate observation. Ground truth data and extensive process-level studies are available for cross-referencing with remotely sensed imagery from aerial and satellite platforms at the Jornada (e.g., the JORNEX and PROVE campaigns). There are few such well-studied locations in semi-arid and arid ecosystems, and thus the Jornada promises to become even more important in extending our capabilities.

Contributions to Human Resource Development: The Jornada Basin LTER and associated projects support several postdoctoral researchers and attract visiting postdoctoral scientists supported by other institutions or agencies (e.g., CONACyT). The program supports (directly or indirectly) 6 - 12 or more graduate students at a time, doing thesis or dissertation research related to LTER themes and objectives. The primary academic institutions in which these students earn or are working toward degrees include NMSU, Duke University, SUNY-Albany, and King's College - London. The Jornada Basin LTER program routinely supports 1 - 3 REU students each summer (and into the academic year where the student's location and schedule permit). NMSU is classified as a minority, Hispanic-serving institution, and we have routinely included minority and female students in our REU program. In addition, Laura Huenneke is chair of the SEEDS (Strategies for Ecological Education and Development) program for ESA, a Mellon Foundation-supported program that recruits and supports students of color in ecology.

Contributions to Resources for Research and Education: Field station and field researchers' capabilities: A supplement to the LTER has provided fiber optic and T-1 connectivity to the Jornada Experimental Range headquarters. Recent renovation

Page 41 of 42 Annual Report: 0080412 of a historic building at that site (the Turney house) has provided a small meeting room and some office space for JER personnel; thus the area is developing as the nucleus of a field facility. The Jornada program's 'pool' of cell phones are routinely used by LTER and non-LTER researchers and visitors to provide a safety communication mechanism in the remote and difficult terrain. The Jornada GIS and the spatial database maintained by the JRN site office are being used increasingly for selection and coordination of suitable field sites for prospective projects. Information resources: The LTER site bibliography (and search/query capabilities developed this year) have been extensively used by students and instructors as well as researchers. Contributions Beyond Science and Engineering: Contributions to the public welfare and societal concerns LTER research findings have been used in the development of assessment and monitoring methods appropriate for semi-arid ecosystems. Much of the American west comprises such systems, and there is substantial and contentious debate over the appropriateness of particular land uses and their impacts on ecosystem (and economic) sustainability. These applications thus provide tools needed by regulatory and land management agencies as well as individuals. Human population and land use patterns are changing rapidly around the world (not just in the arid southwestern US). Jornada research helps to provide a basic understanding of the limits to management of livestock in semiarid systems. Moreover, Jornada research on biodiversity, rangeland water and air quality, and other aspects of human-environment interactions is being used in regional efforts to understand and manage other human activities in semiarid ecosystems (beyond livestock production). Impacts on scientific literacy in the region: The Schoolyard LTER program and affiliated educational programs are explicitly attempting to improve the rigor and appeal of scientific education at the K-12 level. We operate in a region of the US with largely poor, largely minority populations (schools in the Las Cruces region routinely have student bodies that are 50 - 80 % Hispanic, with 60 - 90 % of the students qualifying for free/reduced lunch program). Thus the program addresses scientific literacy at the earliest stages for a diverse, under-served population.

Special Requirements

Special reporting requirements: None Change in Objectives or Scope: None Unobligated funds: less than 20 percent of current funds Animal, Human Subjects, Biohazards: None

Categories for which nothing is reported:

Page 42 of 42 ACTIVITIES

Overview: The Jornada Basin LTER program has maintained a long-term focus on desertification, encompassing both mechanics and consequences. Through the first three funding cycles, the chief conceptual model highlighted spatial heterogeneity of both biotic and abiotic elements of semi-arid ecosystems. Our specific focus was on the redistribution of soil resources at the plant-interplant scale – the Jornada desertification model. As outlined in our most recent renewal proposal, we are now aiming at a better understanding of the consequences (and interactions with other agents of global change) of desertification, and of integrating our approaches to better understand redistribution processes and consequences at multiple scales. In particular, we are interested in the degree to which redistribution forms the basis of linkages among landscape units and determines whether the Jornada Basin as a whole behaves as a source or sink for important resources.

The major activities of the period since submission of our renewal proposal (January 2000) are reported here under the following categories:

1. Studies of transport processes, fluxes, and biogeochemistry of soil resources. 2. Work aimed at developing a landscape perspective or at integrating multiple spatial and temporal scales. 3. Studies of disturbance and recovery processes. 4. Investigations capitalizing on the extended history of research at the Jornada (dating back to early 20th century studies). 5. Cross-site studies, both within the LTER Network and with non-LTER sites. 6. Information management and infrastructure. 7. Scientific presentations at meetings, workshops, etc. 8. Other LTER-related activities including the site synthesis volume. 9. Associated grant and contract funding.

Major new activities in 2004-2005 Based on comments by the site review team in 2003, we have spent a considerable amount of time over the past two years discussing a multi-scale experiment that would integrate all parts of our research. We have met at least monthly, and often more frequently, to discuss the overall hypotheses and to develop specific testable hypotheses. Our group has become much better integrated as part of this planning process. We had three major PI meetings in the past year: one in Cloudcroft, NM in November (2004) and two in Las Cruces, NM in May and July (2005). We agreed on an overall design and hypotheses for our integrated experiment as well as teams of researchers to work on various aspects of the design. Our focus is the importance of connectivity and resource redistribution to landscape complexity across a range of scales, from individual plants to the entire Jornada Basin. Baseline data are being collected in 2005 to support our ideas. We should be in an excellent position to write our LTER renewal proposal this fall.

Another major integrative effort, based on comments from the site review team, has been to combine the various simulation models. Peters, Snyder, Parsons, and Wainwright have

1 been working to incorporate water redistribution models at fine to patch scales with ECOTONE, our vegetation dynamics model. This work was presented at the ESA meeting in August 2004. In 2005, we have been working on integrating ECOTONE with the landscape water redistribution model of Wainwright and Parsons. Peters has also been working with Gillette, Herrick, and Greg Okin (a new collaborator) to incorporate wind redistribution models at fine to landscape scales into ECOTONE. We are also integrating ECOTONE with Okin’s broad scale model of wind redistribution to explain the dynamic soil and vegetation occurring at the Jornada over the past 100 to 150 years. The linked models will also be used to predict future dynamics under changing environmental conditions.

In Oct. 2004, we organized a special session for the 6th annual Chihuahuan Desert Research Institute Symposium at Sul Ross State University in Alpine, Texas. The session was devoted to research conducted by Jornada LTER and ARS researchers. Abstracts from the session are being published as part of the conference proceedings. We also arranged with the editor of Journal of Arid Environments to develop a special issue using the papers from Jornada research. All 10 papers have undergone peer review and have been accepted. We expect the special issue to be published in early 2006.

In addition, our LTER synthesis book has now completed its review and revisions, and is undergoing final formatting by Oxford University Press. We expect this book to be published in Feb. 2006. This book summarizes much of the work from LTER I-III and provides an introduction to and justification for our new framework started in LTER IV.

Another key activity in the past year was the hiring of Dr. Heather Throop in the NMSU Biology department to fill the position that became open when Laura Huenneke moved to NAU. LTER input was important in the hiring process and Peters served on the search committee. Heather attended two of our major LTER PI meetings in 2005, and is expected to play an important role in writing the LTER renewal. Although she will formally join the NMSU faculty in 2006, she has agreed to spend time at NMSU in fall of 2005 to assist with the LTER renewal.

1. Studies of transport processes, fluxes, and biogeochemistry of soil resources Much of our empirical and analytical effort has focused on the agents of redistribution (particularly wind and water), and the biogeochemical results of the action of those agents. Other work is aimed at understanding the distribution of, availability of, and interactions among important resources for plant growth (particularly soil water).

1. Hydrobiogeochemistry: The field season of 2000 was largely spent conducting some rainfall simulation experiments in the mesquite habitats, focusing on bare and vegetated plots, to determine sediment and nutrient transfers in runoff. These experiments, conducted following the protocols of Schlesinger et al. (1999), produced data on runoff volume, sediment yield, infiltration capacity, and nutrient transport. A draft manuscript reporting these data is in hand, with anticipated submission later this

2 summer. Prototype runoff/sediment/nutrient samplers were installed in summer 2000 for evaluation of performance under field conditions. In 2000, there was also collection of vegetation and soil samples in and adjacent to areas of sediment deposition by discontinuous channels in areas of creosotebush. In spring 2001, the tested runoff/sediment/nutrient samplers were installed at 91 inter-rill sites along vegetation ecotones. Five stock ponds suitable for installation of pressure transducers to measure landscape-scale runoff amounts and timing from different vegetation communities were identified, and instrumentation of these was to be completed in summer 2001. Bedload sediment samplers were added to existing instrumented watershed in creosotebush bajada.

In the summer of 2001, we installed stilling wells, pressure transducers, and data loggers in the five selected stock ponds. We also installed scour chains in rills in the existing instrumented watersheds in the creosotebush bajada, and colleced data from the samplers installed in the spring. The summer of 2002 was the first field season for two new graduate students. Fieldwork consisted of the survey of 20 stock ponds (including the 5 instrumented ones) and collection of soil samples and vegetation measures from within the catchments of the 5 instrumented stock ponds. The interrill runoff and sediment samplers were modified in response to data collected in summer (2001). We also installed rill samplers in 12 rill sites. We also continue to analyze runoff samples from the North and South Flumes and from the new array of runoff samplers placed throughout the Basin. While there is some doubt about the integrity of the latter, the former is beginning to amass a long-term data set documenting runoff nutrient losses from hillslope positions.

In 2003, we collected data from instrumented catchments, stockponds, rills, and interrill sites. We also collected soil samples to test for luminescence and 210Pb dating, and completed a survey of the stock ponds. In 2004, we re-installed equipment at Tromble Flume, and recalibrated the pressure transducers at the North and South watersheds. We also collected an additional season of data from interrill and rill samples, stock ponds, and the North and South watershed. We analyzed data from the interrill samplers, and conducted lab experiments to develop a rating equation for miniflumes. Although the test sample from 2003 showed that dating of sediments in the stockponds using 210Pb is feasible, unseasonal rainfall prevented collection of sample for dating in 2004. This sampling is now planned for spring 2005.

In 2004-2005, we visited the Sevilleta LTER to coordinate cross-site comparisons. Fieldwork at the Sevilleta is being conducted by a graduate student who is sampling spatial characteristics of the physical and chemical properties of soils. We also continued to collect samples from the interrill and rill samples, stock ponds, and the North and South watershed. We redesigned the miniflumes to improve the ability of samplers to collect nutrients in addition to water and sediment. We also conducted modeling analyses of water, sediment, and nutrient fluxes across shrub-grass and shrub-shrub ecotones.

3 [Parsons, Wainwright] a. Jornada Basin biogeochemical budgets: In 2000-2002, Sebastian Schmidt, a Ph.D. student at Duke, compiled present-day and historical budgets for the pools of carbon and nitrogen in the soil and vegetation of the Jornada Basin, and flux budgets for CO2, CH4, and N2O. For methane, efflux terms include production by ruminant animals and uptake by soils, are being measured by field studies during summer 2001. These budgets, in combination with historical maps of vegetation in the Basin, will allow us to evaluate the source/sink relation of the Jornada Basin with respect to the atmosphere for specific times since the mid-1800s up to the present. [Schlesinger] b. Studies of fluxes of inorganic carbon in desert soils: Five graduate student projects have been established to advance our understanding of the role pedogenic CaCO3 plays in the C cycle. The questions being asked are the following: i – Do termites biomineralize carbonate crystals as a cementing agent for gallery construction?; ii – Is CO2 released from exhumed petrocalcic horizons during rain?; iii – What is the ratio of below-ground carbon to above-ground carbon in black grama grasslands and mesquite shrublands?; iv – How does temperature and soil texture affect soil carbonation formation?; and v – Can x-ray diffraction analysis distinguish limestone-carbonate from pedogenic-carbonate in desert soils? Funding for these projects is provided by the LTER (1 student) and a USDA-NRI grant (1 student). The other two students are supported by NMSU teaching assistantships. The next phase of our LTER studies will focus on combining the spatial scale with the temporal scale. This will involve investigations of long-term resource fluxes based on maps of Holocene depositional and erosional units (both eolian and fluvial). It will also involve investigations of short-term resource fluxes based on small irrigation studies with Schlesinger to test hypotheses dealing with water movement in the soil profile, solute movement, mineral formation and soil gas dynamics.

In 2001-2003, Haiyang Xing, a M.S. student supported by LTER, completed a study in which he measured root carbon, soil organic carbon, soil carbonate carbon, and above ground carbon in three black grama grassland sites and three mesquite duneland sites. Xiaoyun Liu, a Ph.D. student supported by a NMSU teaching assistantship, has completed a study at the Jornada in which she used carbon isotopes, x-ray and optical mineralogy, and electron microscopy to test the hypothesis that termites generate CaCO3 crystals as a cementing agent for gallery construction. Becky Kraimer, a Ph.D. student supported by an EPA grant, is testing the hypothesis that x-ray crystallography can be used to distinguish between (1) limestone particles in soil and (2) pedogenic carbonate formed in soil. Alfonso Serna-Perez, a Ph.D. student supported by CONACYT, is using soda lime and NaOH traps to test the hypothesis that eroded calcic soils will release more CO2 to the atmosphere than uneroded soils. Marco Inzunza-Ibarra, a Ph.D. student supported by a USDA-NRICGP grant, is using a series of lab

4 experiments to measure the amount of CO2 consumed during the formation of CaCO3 under various temperature and drying scenarios.

In 2003-2004, Rebecca Kraimer finished studies on x-ray crystallography, isotopic signatures, and micromorphology of soil carbonates in the Jornada Basin and determined that soil carbonates are calcite, that they have progressive depleted amount of 13C with progressively smaller particle size, and that calcified root hairs and fungal hyphae are the most common biotic forms of soil carbonate. Marco Inzunza completed a study comparing methods used for carbonate analysis and concluded that the Hg-manometer method was the simplest, least expensive, yet most accurate method. We also completed study on the fractionation of 13C during biotic CaCO3 formation and found that soil bacteria contribute an average 2 ‰ enrichment. The soil carbonate data contribute to our understanding of the carbon cycle in arid ecosystems. The isotopic data contributes to our understanding of their use as a paleoecologic indicator.

In 2004-2005, the study by Alfonso Serna-Perez, which tested the hypothesis that exhumed pedogenic carbonate is an active source of CO2 emissions, was accepted for publication by the Soil Science Society of America Journal. Based on a series of measurements of the amount of CO2 emissions and the isotopic composition of CO2 emissions, it was concluded that “exhumed petrocalcic horizons are not actively emitting CO2 at a rate significantly greater than adjacent soils, and thus carbon stored in petrocalcic horizons can be considered a recalcitrant reservoir within the decadal timeframe pertinent to carbon sequestration policies.” Another study accepted for publication by the Soil Science Society of America Journal during this time period was the manuscript by Rebecca Kraimer that tested the hypothesis that pedogenic carbonate formed from limestone parent material can be distinguished by x-ray diffraction from pedogenic carbonate formed from igneous parent material. The results of that study revealed that pedogenic carbonate is calcite regardless of its parent material, and, therefore, methods other than x-ray diffraction (such as Ca isotopes) are required to follow the movement of terrestrial inorganic pools through the carbon cycle. A project by Xiaoyun Liu will be submitted to Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta in August. Her study tested the hypothesis that termites biomineralize carbonate as a cementing agent for aboveground gallery construction. A series of tests involving field documentation, C isotopes, x-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, and x-ray chemical mapping argued against the biomineralization hypothesis and for the hypothesis that carbonate in termite galleries is the result of termites having transported particles to the galleries from subsoil horizons. Therefore, termites play a less significant role in carbon sequestration than they would have otherwise played had they precipitated carbonate biogenically.

[Monger] c. Development of a dust emissions model for the Jornada Basin: A primary objective of the project is to develop a model for the aerodynamic effects of the

5 vegetation and soil properties at each of the 15 long-term NPP sites. The dominant dust-producing NPP sites are the three mesquite sites. During April 2000, Gillette obtained additional funding from the US Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventative Medicine, at the Aberdeen Proving Ground (MD) to conduct an intensive study of erosion at the three mesquite sites. During that time D. Gillette and A. Pitchford of the US EPA National Exposure Research Laboratory at Las Vegas made measurements of PM10 (particle mass concentration for particle size smaller than 10 micrometers) and horizontal sand fluxes from surface to 1 m height. Observations were made for 4 x 4 or 4 x 5 grids at each of the mesquite sites for sand storms on April 15 and April 18-19, 2000. Data from the intensive experiment have been analyzed for the sand fluxes. A manuscript is in the final stages of preparation. To integrate wind observations, vegetation mapping, and sand flux monitoring, a mathematical model was constructed of the mean airborne sand mass flux. The model was an expectation integral that used information about the increase of sand flux with length of the street, a function for the horizontal mass flux based on friction velocity and threshold friction velocity, wind speed probability versus wind directions, probability of street lengths versus direction and probability of friction velocity. The model calculations of mean sand flux movement showed fairly good agreement with the observed mean sand fluxes at three mesquite sites.

In 2001-2003, we focused on the strongest sources of dust in the Jornada LTER We tested two hypotheses: (1) that land dominated by mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa) is the most important area for active sand movement at the Jornada Experimental Range, and most possibly in the northern part of the Chihuahuan desert, and (2) that the most active sand movement in the mesquite-dominated ecosystems takes place on elongated bare soil patches (streets) between the mesquite plants oriented in the direction of the strongest winds. Evidence for the confirmation of both these hypotheses was found by sampling wind erosion sand movement in 15 locations typical of Jornada ecosystems. These 15 Net Primary Productivity (NPP) locations represented five distinct ecosystems of which the mesquite possessed the most severe wind erosion.

To investigate physical mechanisms involved in the strong wind erosion of mequite streets@, we integrated wind observations, vegetation mapping, and sand flux monitoring to model the spatial and temporal mean airborne sand mass flux. The relationships of (1) increase of wind erosion with length of unprotected soil and (2) horizontal-mass-flux with friction velocity and threshold friction velocity were developed from data from a 100 m diameter unvegetated semicircle roughly in the center of the Jornada Experimental Range. The model predictions of mean sand flux movement showed good correlation with the observed mean sand fluxes at three sites dominated by mesquite vegetation. By completing the wind erosion/dust emission model for the mesquite ecosystems, we will have a component for a wind erosion/dust emission model for the whole Jornada LTER.

6 Current unfinished work shows that streets (unvegetated elongated areas) within the mesquite areas often parallel the wind direction of the strongest winds. Research is now underway to quantify the following: (a) origin of the Astreets@ (b) detailed aerodynamic measurements of wind stress and sand movement within the Astreets@ (c) patterns of deposition of sediment in the mesquite ecosystem. Using this work and earlier wind erosion threshold friction velocity work, we intend to use existing wind and airborne-sediment monitoring to form a prototype model of wind erosion and dust emissions for the Jornada LTER area. We invited the LISA (Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systemes Atmospheriques) dust emissions group to apply their model to the Jornada LTER. We will work with them in adapting roughness, threshold, and wind parameterizations that are products of our smaller scale Jornada research for the LISA model. The LISA dust model has been successfully tested for large scale dust emissions from the Sahara desert.

In 2003-2004, we continued our measurements of sand flux at the 15 NPP sites as well as at the Desert Winds station, the ‘scrape site’, and the Dona Ana exclosure. In addition to measuring sand fluxes at these locations, a primary goal is to estimate net flux of sand from mesquite areas. Our results show that there is a separation of the boundary layer at the downwind end of mesquite coppice dunes that leads to deposition of sand at the back end of the dune. Wind is accelerated near the nose, or upwind part, of the dune, such that sand is transported to the back of the dune where it is deposited by separated air flow. The shape of mesquite coppice dunes are thus partially explained by the aerodynamics of mesquite plants.

In 2004-2005, we continued our measurements at the NPP sites. Our results show that dust emissions and nutrient losses are greater by a factor of about 10 for mesquite sites compared with creosote, tarbush or grass-dominated sites. High variation was found for bare areas (streets) between mesquite dunes, and the dunes appear to align with the direction of the prevailing winds. [Gillette]

Through collaboration with Greg Okin at the University of Virginia and funding by NSF Ecosystems, an experiment was established to study the impact of wind erosion on vegetation and soil nutrients. In each of three replicates, grasses were removed in specified amounts (0, 25, 50, 75, 100% of initial cover). After each windy season (April-May), the soil nutrients and vegetation cover are measured. In addition, sediment flux and nutrient concentration in windborne sediments are measured and compared with meteorological measurements at the sites. Initial results suggest a threshold level of vegetation required to prevent exponential increases in wind erosion. We also found that biotic processes continually add nutrients to the surface soil in high cover treatments, and nutrients are removed by wind in low-cover treatments. Detectable soil nutrient depletion occurred within one windy season, especially for the “limiting nutrients” (total organic carbon,

7 total nitrogen) reflecting the function of biotic processes in adding nutrients to the surface soil. [Okin] d. Measurement of atmospheric deposition at each of the 15 NPP sites: Atmospheric deposition collection devices of the same design as used by the US Geological Survey in its deposition sampling program in the Mojave were installed at the 15 NPP sites in March 2001. After a rusting problem was identified by LTER personnel, the collectors were retro-fitted with stainless steel connectors to correct the problem. The intent is to enable quantitative measurement of dust deposition at each site, and eventual analysis of the chemical composition of that dust, to facilitate the estimation of basin-level biogeochemical budgets.

In 2001-2005, we addressed initial problems with bird fecal material by modifying the original design to prevent bird perching. Collections of atmospheric (wet and dry) deposition will be evaluated. Once the design has been shown to prevent bird contamination, continuous monitoring is planned. These measurements will provide (coupled with emission data from the above experimentation) a measure of the net loss/deposition of soil nutrients by wind in the Jornada LTER area. [Gillette, Schlesinger] e. Dust generation from unpaved roads: A side project was initiated by a graduate student in 2000-2002 who is examining the effects of dust generated from dirt roads on lichens and other soil crust-forming organisms. Approaches include both field assessment of the magnitude and distance of dust transport from roads and greenhouse/laboratory study of the effect of experimental dust applications on viability and photosynthetic capabilities of crust organisms.

In 2001-2003, this student demonstrated that dust deposition on the soil surface near dirt roads is highly variable. The student also developed protocols to determine the amount of dust deposition that crusts can tolerate before mortality occurs. The student’s MS thesis was completed in 2004. [Herrick, Huenneke, Skarsgaard] f. Soil water availability: We recruited a graduate student to the project, one of whose responsibilities will be to quantify the relative contribution of different forms of caliche to soil water availability at the 15 NPP plots.

In 2001-2003, this student spent most of the year developing and refining a protocol for measuring the moisture retention characteristics of calcic horizons. The water stored in these horizons is believed to play an important role in grass- shrub dynamics.

In 2003-2004, we sampled soils for texture analyses at each of the NPP sites using a backhoe to produce large pits. Photos were taken showing spatial distribution of

8 roots and the soil characteristics. Soil samples were collected by depth and sent to the laboratory for texture and nutrient analyses.

In 2004-2005, we finished making the TDR probes and installed them in the remaining soil horizons and petrocalcic horizons. Based on these measurements, soil moisture contents through time were obtained for soils and petrocalcic horizons for the relatively wet fall season of 2004, through the winter and spring of 2005. The results showed that although the petrocalcic horizon can absorb water, and therefore is an important water source for range vegetation, the water content in petrocalcic horizons was depleted more rapidly than was expected based on measurements of soil-water release curves previously published. [Herrick, Monger] g. Plant water relations, water vapor flux, and heat flux: Understanding the physiology of dominant shrub species is crucial to understanding fluxes within and from shrubland sites. Studies of water relations in creosotebush are being carried out with LTER support. One project follows the dynamics of creosotebush recovery from drought. Shrub attributes (including photosynthetic parameters such as maximal carboxylation capacity, quantum yield from chlorophyll fluorimetry, and stomatal control parameters; soil water content; tissue water status; and leaf area) have been followed for four years to understand how individual shrubs survive drought and capitalize on short re-wetting events. Many patterns of acclimation to drought and of recovery dynamics were observed. An analysis of 1300 gas-exchange data sets was complete, using the best available models of photosynthesis. Another project investigates how heat flow in creosotebush stems protects the cambium cells from lethal temperatures. Thermocouples monitored temperatures at stem centers and cambial layers, and the observed patterns were used to develop heat-flow models. Initial estimates for (protective) heat flows were developed, based on aggregating parts of the stem into zones of heat-influx and heat-efflux. The simple resistance model indicated that heat flow by conduction in wood is much too weak to afford protection. Next heat flux by sapflow (supporting leaf transpiration) was quantified. The observed rate of water flow, with a 15°C gain in temperature, transports almost exactly the projected heat influx. Finally, physiological control of water use is being assessed, Measurements of leaf gas exchange on a number of plant species on the Jornada by Gutschick and his research group have revealed a close agreement of measured stomatal conductance with that predicted from the Ball-Berry model (Ball et al. 1987) that is widely used in climate modeling and hydrology. However, this model only applies to control by the immediate environment of the leaf (PAR flux density, temperature, windspeed, and CO2). An additional layer of stomatal control by toot-sourced water stress signals (ABA, abscisic acid) is clear in both herbaceous plants (Tardieu et al. 1998) and woody plants (Niinemets et al. 1999). On sabbatical visits to the laboratory of F. Tardieu in Montpellier, l’Herault, France (supported in part by a supplement to the LTER), Gutschick developed a model synthesizing the Ball-Berry and ABA models. In 2001, final data analyses were made and the manuscript finalized for submission. Long-standing

9 conceptual problems in statistical analyses of the Ball-Berry model were resolved; such problems had limited some application of the model outside of climate and hydrology studies. The joint Ball-Berry / ABA model is being developed for use with soil water status rather than difficult-to-assay ABA as a driving variable. Its application on the Jornada is anticipated. [Gutschick]

In 2001-2003, we examined four years of data on the physiology and leaf development of 20 individual creosote plants to determine commonalities in gas exchange and water status behavior as well as differences in recovery of leaf area development. We found that branch respiration is maintained throughout drought, and that respiration becomes very high during strong recovery of leaf area development. We also used image analysis to quantify leaf area dynamics. 120 images (out of a total of 800) were digitized, digitally corrected for lighting and film response, cropped and rectified, and analyzed pixel-by-pixel for leaf presence. The mean fraction leaf in a moving window was used to estimate local leaf area index (LAI). The local LAI was multiplied by physical area to yield total leaf area on each shrub at 20 dates. Rapid leaf development coincided with very high branch respiration. We are proceeding to relate leaf development, photosynthetic rate, and dark respiration to recent histories of plant water status.

In 2003-2004, we designed an experiment to track the movement of N between pools in the soil and plant (fine roots, crown, stems, leaves, and parts thereof) as creosotebush recovers from simulated defoliation. The remobilization of N in such plants is rapid (<1 week) and marked (apparent N gain is comparable to total pre-defoliation content). A prime question is the (mal)adaptive value of holding N in reserve without utility prior to defoliation. Thirty plants were labeled with K15NO3, and subjected to partial and total defoliation, plus control treatment. Elemental and stable-isotope assays are in progress for the final pre-treatment baseline measurements. We are also examining water redistribution by the dominant shrub, Larrea tridentata, and its role in the water balance and fitness of the grass, Muhlenbergia, that grows within the crown. We designed an experiment to track water movement from surface to depth in soil, and the converse, by root conduction in Larrea (hydraulic redistribution). The redistribution appears to affect the fitness of both Larrea (storing water for drought intervals) and Muhlenbergia (moving water to its root zone out of it, variously by season). We are using both soil psychrometers and stable isotopes to track the water transfers and quantify their effects on water status. All the psychrometers and labeled- water addition tubes are in place. Sampling will begin in July 2004.

We are also examining the mechanisms of tolerance of extreme stem temperatures in hot desert soils, and their patterns of failure, in Larrea tridentata. With a series of undergraduates (Anna Linnell, Jigar Patel, Jeanne Tenorio) and graduate student Mohsen Mohseni, we designed a study of the extreme temperatures attained at stem bases in very hot soils, driven by radiative gain and poor aerodynamic conductances for sensible heat. We established that extensive cell death occurs in the cambium in some shrubs on the west side of stems, with some

10 of these shrubs showing compensatory growth on various sides of the stem. We have now placed 30 thermocouples at stem bases that have variously no protection from radiative gain or putative protection via insulating litter, steep angles of stem emergence from soil, or intervening branches. We have over 1 month of continuous logging, now supplemented by measurements of light interception by fiber optic paths to photodiodes and also of stem sapflow. We are upgrading biophysical models of heat transfer and of cell survival.

We are examining the role of extreme events in selection and fitness of native vegetation, with emphasis on desert shrubs and grasses. With collaborator H. BassiriRad, we are building on our recent publication in the New Phytologist on extreme events. With incoming graduate student Shigang Liu, who has unusually strong quantitative skills, we are designing a study that (A) develops new statistical measures of driving climatic variables, accounting for effects at the organismal level (e.g.., leaf temperature, not air temperature, using process models), (B) quantifies plant acclimation in physiology of photosynthesis and uptake of N and water, and the failure limits and modes thereof, (C) samples genetic variation in individual plants that survive or die from climatic extremes (drought, with coupling to biotic extreme of insect damage), and (D) leads to quantitative models of phenotypic and genetic change in natural populations.

In 2004-2005, we worked with a new collaborator (Junming Wang) to determine the feasibility of using remote sensing to monitor plant water use at high spatial resolution over large areas. We used the SEBAL (surface energy balance model) and ASTER satellite imagery to map evapotranspiration across the Jornada Basin. We are working on improving the SEBAL method to be more accurate for sparse vegetation and to substitute verified biophysical processes for several key assumptions. [Gutschick] h. Carbon sequestration studies: The EPA has funded a project to examine and quantify spatial patterns in carbon dynamics to additional plant communities at the Jornada, the Sevilleta LTER site, and a site in Northern New Mexico in pinyon-juniper woodlands. Field inventories will be combined with simulation modeling in order to rate management options as to their potential to affect carbon sequestration in different parts of the landscape.

In 2001-2003, we began constructing inventory maps of organic and inorganic carbon in the Desert Project area that includes some of the Jornada Experimental Range and most of the CDRRC. Based on Desert Project soil data, organic carbon ranges from 1.5 to 8.4 kg/m2 and inorganic carbon ranges from 0.3 to 230 kg C/m2. Using the CENTURY model, we are quantifying changes in carbon storage through time, both with and without informed management practices. We posit that the Chihuahuan Desert ecosystem has served as a carbon sink during the last century due to the conversion of grasslands to shrub savanna. Our working hypothesis is that shrub encroachment in desert grasslands increases belowground

11 C sequestration: a) the large woody root systems of shrubs increases belowground plant C, and b) the slow turnover rates of decomposing woody root tissues significantly augment soil organic carbon pools. Since woody plant encroachment into grasslands is occurring worldwide, ecosystem-level changes in carbon pool sizes have important ramifications for global carbon cycling estimates. We are also conducting research in grasslands and shrublands at the SEV-LTER as well as in pinyon-juniper ecosystems in northern NM. Our research approach combines direct field measurement of carbon pools, improved analytical approaches to soil C assessment, development of new models for soil inorganic C pedogenesis, and landscape-scale simulation modeling. Our goal is to extrapolate field-based estimates to regional-scale predictions of carbon dynamics.

We are currently adapting the CENTURY model to simulate biogeochemical processes of arid grasslands and shrublands. We met with a group of CENTURY modelers (Parton) and the CASCGMS group (Paustian et al.) at CSU in June (2002) to discuss potential collaborations relative to modifying CENTURY for aridlands. We also met with SGS LTER scientists (Burke, Kelly) to develop collaborations relative to modifying CENTURY for inorganic carbon and to simulate carbon at depths >> 20cm. We are currently developing a new model to predict rates of formation of calcium carbonate (caliche) in arid soils. The calcium carbonate model will serve as a sub-module within CENTURY, and will incorporate feedbacks between soil carbonates and sokl water availability. After CENTURY has been modified for characteristics of aridlands, we will link CENTURY with ECOTONE to allow dynamic feedbacks between soil carbonates, soil water, and recruitment, growth and mortality of plants. [Monger, Peters, Herrick, Mitchell] i. ECOTONE extension: The US Army has funded work to extend the ECOTONE simulation model of vegetation and soil water dynamics to additional plant communities at the Jornada and on Fort Bliss, TX. ECOTONE was originally parameterized for blue grama, black grama, and creosotebush communities at the Sevilleta. The model is now being parameterized for other important shrubland, grassland, and mixed-dominance associations.

In 2001-2003, we conducted an extensive literature review to obtain model parameters for the major plant species in Chihuahuan Deserts. This literature review is contained in a bibliography submitted to CERRL for publication. We also developed a conceptual model of the interactions between vegetation, climate, and small mammal disturbance at grassland-shrubland ecotones. We are incorporating disturbances into ECOTONE in a much more comprehensive and mechanistic way than used previously in the model.

In 2003-2004, we modified ECOTONE to simulate interactions between honey mesquite and black grama plants and communities. We included a simple routine to redistribute sand caused by soil disturbance in our simulations.

12 In 2004-2005, we rewrote the code for the soilwater model from Fortran to C. This is the first step in converting ECOTONE to C++. [Peters] j. Role of Fungal Endophytes: Black grama (Bouteloua eriopoda), a keystone species of the Chihuahuan Desert grassland once extensive throughout its range, has declined in its abundance and distribution in recent decades. Key ecological processes affecting the growth and demography of black grama are poorly understood. This species occurs on sites where extreme drought and nutrient stress are common and the ability to tolerate these stresses is likely to be critical in determining its establishment and persistence. We have shown that roots of black grama are extensively colonized by endophytic fungi. Such fungi are common in environments where conditions for plant growth are extremely harsh and they may affect plant fitness. We hypothesized that the fungal endophytes associated with black grama may influence plant nutrient and water uptake. If this is true, we also theorize that black grama populations that evolved under higher levels of abiotic stress will be more reliant on fungal endophytes than populations from less stress-prone environments. The three main objectives of our research are to: 1) Determine the role of fungal endophytes in nutrient and water relations of black grama (Bouteloua eriopoda); 2) Determine the influence of soil parent material on the relationship between fungal endophytes and black grama populations; and 3) Determine the heritability of the endophyte-plant relationship within plant populations and genotypes.

We are currently conducting two experiments to: 1) investigate how the plant- fungal relationship influences expression and heritability of fitness in black grama; and 2) compare growth and development of black grama plants when grown in the presence or absence of fungal inoculum acquired from soil where black grama is growing. These experiments are being conducted concurrently in Las Cruces, New Mexico and Tucson, Arizona. To elucidate the role of soil- specific fungi in growth and development of black grama plants, experiments are being conducted in which plants are grown in sterile soil with and without fungal inoculum. All plant materials used in this study originate from the SRER site. Experiments in Tucson focus on expression and heritability of plant fitness (e.g., shoot and root biomass, reproductive output) as affected by the plant-fungal relationship using caryopses collected from 24 individual plants. Plants grown in steam-sterilized SRER soil were assigned to one of two treatments: inoculated with inoculum derived from roots of the SRER black grama population, or not inoculated. Experiments in Las Cruces focus on the relative effects of soil microbial communities originating from the 3 soils (LIME, GRAN, SRER). Plants grown in steam-sterilized soil from each of the 3 sites were assigned to one of two treatments: inoculated with inoculum derived from roots of the SRER black grama population, or not inoculated. A second treatment was assigned to plants at both locations in a split-plot arrangement: Half of these plants were treated monthly with a broad-spectrum fungicide (Benlate), while half of the plants received no fungicide treatment. These experiments were initiated in

13 summer 2003. Application of a water-stress treatment was initiated in summer 2004. The experiments will be terminated in fall 2004. [Abbott]

2. Developing a landscape perspective and integrating multiple spatial and temporal scales

a. Geomorphic mapping: We continued geomorphic mapping to delineate landforms in the Basin, with the ultimate aim of integrating these maps with biogeochemical studies in determining the Basin’s status as a source or sink of resources. Our geomorphic mapping covers an area of approximately 2500 km2, extending from the southern boundary of CDCRRC to the Point of Rocks north of JER, and from the San Andreas Mountains to the Rio Grande. To date, this mapping endeavor consists of three maps produced on Landsat images: a physiographic map, a parent material map, and a landform map. The physiographic and parent-material maps are essentially finished and have been digitized. The landform map is scheduled for completion in September 2001.

In 2001-2003, we completed maps of phyisographic units, parent materials, and landforms at the Jornada Basin LTER site. The maps, which cover an area of 2500 km2, will be used to analyze links between ecosystems and landscapes. The physiographic map is the most general with four categories: mountains, piedmont slopes (bajadas), basin floors, and the Rio Grande valley. The parent material map contains 33 categories, such as granite bedrock, limestone alluvium, and gypsiferous clay deposits. The landform map contains 23 categories, such as alluvial fans, longitudinal dunes, and playas.

In 2003-2004, we excavated large soil trenches at each of the 15 NPP sites in order to better understand below-ground processes. One week after the soil pits were opened in May, the soils were described and sampled by H.C. Monger and personnel from the National Soil Survey Center (USDA) and local NRCS soil scientists. Samples were sent to the National Soil Survey Center for lab analysis of routine soil properties, such as texture, bulk density, clay mineralogy, organic carbon, carbonate carbon, cation exchange capacity, water holding properties, and C:N ratio.

In 2004-2005, analysis of the soil properties mentioned above were completed and made available to the Jornada Basin LTER program by the National Soil Survey Center. In addition to providing baseline data for NPP studies, these data will be used during a World Congress of Soil Science tour in the summer of 2006. Our manuscript describing the links between ecosystems and landscapes (derived from making the maps of the landforms and parent materials of the Jornada Basin) are in-press in the Journal of Arid Environments. Two additional geomorphic mapping projects were initiated to investigate the relationships between vegetation and landscapes and to increase our understanding of fine scale/broad scale feedbacks. The first involves a new M.S. student, Stacey

14 Weems, who is making a detailed geomorphic map of the piedmont slope area that will be used in an integrated experiment on the causes and consequences of desertification. Using GIS, her study compares fine-scale geomorphic-vegetation patterns with broad-scale geomorphic-vegetation patterns. The second mapping project consists of making a landform map of the entire Chihuahuan Desert. Toward this goal, we completed mapping the Chihuahuan Desert area in New Mexcio as well as the southern Chihuanhuan Desert region around Torreon, Mexico. Results of this project, which included a DEM flyover, were presented at the 2005 Jornada Symposium. Coauthors include Barbara Nolen (Jornada Basin LTER), Alfredo Granados-Olivas (Universidad de Juarez), Juan Martinez-Rios (Universidad de Durango), and Andrea Laliberte (USDA-Jornada Experimental Range).

[Monger, Nolen]

b. Historical soil maps: In order to better understand soil resources, the program produced digital map layers from the ‘rescue’ of 1918 and 1962 soil maps of the Jornada Experimental Range. We can now compare (digitally) the 1918, 1962, Dona Ana Soil Survey, and Desert Project soil maps. These digital maps will soon be available for LTER researchers and will be included in the Soils chapter of the Synthesis Volume. [Monger, Nolen]

Historical vegetation maps: Other digital map layers added to the Jornada GIS include JER vegetation from 1915, a 1942 map of vegetation on the NMSU College Ranch (now the Chihuahuan Desert Rangeland Research Center, CDRRC), and R. Gibbens’ recent re-mapping of vegetation on both the JER and the CDRRC.

In 2003-2004, we added the 1858 vegetation map to our library. We are working to refine this map using historical information and current patterns in soils and vegetation.

In 2004-2005, we added maps of historic exclosures and shrub control treatments to our map library. [Nolen]

c. Spatial and temporal patterns of NPP: We continued the seasonal monitoring of plant species composition, aboveground biomass, and aboveground net primary production at the network of 15 permanent sites (3 in each of the 5 different vegetation types). We completed and published an analysis of the methodology and power of this design for testing statistically for differences among vegetation types of among seasons. We also submitted a manuscript describing the general patterns of aboveground productivity in the 15 sites over the first 10 years of data collection, focusing on the significant differences between shrub-dominated and grass-dominated ecosystem types.

15 In 2001-2003, we continued sampling the NPP plots. We also published a manuscript showing patterns in NPP for the different plant communities.

In 2003-2004, we are revising and streamlining the data management and analysis procedures to allow data to be processed and summarized rapidly and easily to present day. Sampling is continuing.

In 2004-2005, we continued our data collection at these sites. We also completed our scripts in SAS to allow automatic updating of the web page. These scripts were given to Esteban Mudavin to be used at the Sevilleta where similar data are being collected. [Huenneke, Anderson] d. Remote sensing of ANPP and vegetation characteristics: Satellite data from Landsat were purchased for use in studying effectiveness of spectral vegetation indices for assessing net primary productivity. JORNEX campaigns were successfully conducted over CDDRC and JER study areas in September 2000 and May 2001, 2002.

In 2003-2004, we conducted two JORNEX campaigns. In Sept., the project was limited in scope due to the grounding of airplanes by poor weather, however satellite and ground data were acquired. The Spring JORNEX went according to schedule on May 19-21. White Sands Missile Range cancelled the May 19, but moved to the May 21 without problem. The major accomplishment was the analysis of aerial photography from 1937-present over CDRRC pasture 2 and integration with 2003 Quickbird satellite data. We obtained an excellent time series of mesquite invasion into black grama grassland. When compared to ground measurements, we can determine the minimum size shrub that can be detected.

In 2004-2005, we again conducted two JORNEX campaigns at the Jornada. These images are being used in various projects where resolution and extent are needed at a number of scales. [Rango] e. Synthesizing long-term data sets: A nationwide search was conducted to fill a postdoctoral position with the LTER. This position will synthesize and integrate various LTER and ARS long-term data sets with a focus on understanding and predicting long-term changes in the vegetation as related to soil properties, land use history, animal distribution and patterns of use, water and soil redistribution, The vegetation data sets of primary interest are the long-term ARS chart quadrats located throughout the Jornada basin, the vegetation maps recreated by Bob Gibbens, and the LTER NPP data collected by Laura Huenneke. Dr. Jin Yao was hired in early June to work on this project. Jin received her PhD from the University of Kansas in December 2000, and has an extensive background in vegetation analyses conducted across spatial and temporal scales.

16

In 2001-2003, we examined spatial and temporal variation in vegetation using the long-term chart quadrat data. A total of 106 1 m2 permanent quadrats set up during 1915-33 across a range of vegetation types are being analyzed. At the time of set up, 58 quadrats were in black grama grasslands, 22 in tobosa grasslands, 12 in burrograss, 6 in threeawn grasslands, 6 in blue grama grasslands, and 1 in a gypsum-dropseed grassland. Quadrats have been measured periodically to quantify changes in cover through time. We also remeasured the quadrats in fall 2001. We are comparing vegetation data with other long-term data collected at multiple spatial scales to identify the landscape, climatic, and anthropogenic factors that influence perennial grass abundance, growth, and persistence. We are including additional data layers, such as grazing management and stocking rate, as they become available. These results have been presented at two national meetings and will be submitted to journals for publication in the near future.

In 2003-2004, we completed the analyses of these spatial and temporal data sets. [Yao, Peters, Herrick, Havstad]

We also conducted an analysis that combined remotely sensed images with geographic information systems databases to identify the locations on the Jornada landscape where fluxes of materials are expected to be most important to vegetation patterns. This analysis is almost completed, and the manuscript will be submitted for publication. [Peters, Rango, Havstad, Huenneke, Yao]

In 2004-2005, we submitted the spatial and temporal data set to Ecological Applications. We are currently revising the manuscript for submission to the Landscape Ecology journal. f. Landscape modeling: We are continuing to develop, redesign, and expand the capabilities of the ECOTONE model. Originally a vegetation dynamics or succession model, ECOTONE is being expanded to include soil water, nutrients, soil erosion, and animal interactions with plant, patch, and landscape features.

In 2001-2003, we have been thoroughly testing the capability of ECOTONE to represent grasslands and shrublands in arid and semiarid regions. We are improving the efficiency of the code to allow large landscape units (>1000 m2) to be simulated. Given the small plot size (< 2 m2), increasing code and input/output efficiency has been a major focus. We also modified ECOTONE to run under the Windows operating system instead of UNIX. This change will increase the accessibility of the model to a larger group of users, and will allow us to take advantage of the broad array of user-friendly applications available on PCs. We are investigating alternative soil water models that will allow us to redistribute water horizontally as well as vertically with depth. We started development on a meta-modeling approach that will allow us to simulate large areas within the Jornada Basin. We will continue this meta-modeling approach over the next year using output from the fine-scale, process-based ECOTONE model. This modeling

17 is a collaborative effort among a number of scientists at the JRN and SEV LTER as well as postdocs working under separate funding.

In 2003-2004, we initiated two new modeling efforts. The first examines the role of “beads”, small localized areas of water and sediment deposition, in generating patterns in vegetation with implications for the landscape scale water budget. The second examines the role of wind and plant-soil feedbacks in generating rates and patterns of shrub invasion. This modeling experiment is the first step in developing our large scale integrated experiment.

In 2004-2005, we continued our development of a spatially explicit ECOTONE model. We completed our simulations of beads where water redistribution occurs as a result of changes in four factors: elevation, contributing area, and plant-soil feedbacks to biomass and seedling establishment. We initiated a simulation analysis to examine the importance of movement of water across ecotones from shrublands to grasslands to changes in species composition, cover, and biomass. We are modifying ECOTONE for wind erosion-deposition across a range of spatial scales, from plants to patches, and the Jornada Basin. A key part of this simulation analysis is the ability of ECOTONE to simulate dynamic soil layers that occur as a result of soil erosion and deposition processes. We have initiated modifications to the code to allow the soil structure to change dynamically.

[Peters, Parsons, Wainwright, Snyder, Gillette, Herrick, Okin] g. Extrapolation of information across spatial and temporal scales: This synthesis effort involves a number of JRN scientists, and relates directly to our new focus on landscape linkages. We convened three workshops at the LTER All Scientists meeting in August 2000 that dealt with the problem of extrapolating information across spatial scales. These workshops were followed by a synthesis workshop held at the SEV field station in March 2001. At that time, three working groups were formed: (1) carbon inventory and dynamics, including water, (2) invasive plants and changes in species and functional group geographic distributions, and (3) animal interactions with their environment. Two major conclusions were drawn from these groups. First, although extrapolation of information across scales has been an important topic in ecology, we still lack an organizing framework that provides an objective way to decide which scaling approach to use, and states the strengths, limitations, assumptions, and consequences of each approach. Second, scaling problems are very similar among different disciplines (animals, plants, soils), expertise (theoreticians, modelers, experimentalists), and perspectives (top-down, bottom-up).

In 2001-2003, this group continued to address these scaling issues with the overall goal of developing a synthetic problem-solving approach for extrapolating information from fine to coarse scales. To meet this goal, we organized a symposia at the International Association for Landscape Ecology meetings held in Lincoln, NE in April. We are now working on four manuscripts to be submitted

18 for publication in the next 6 months. The JRN has been a major presence in these groups from the beginning, and continues to lead this effort. We also submitted a manuscript describing our approach to Oikos (March 2003)

In 2003-2004, this manuscript was recently published by Oikos. We also used this approach to reduce the complexity of Jornada landscapes in a book chapter that is in press. [Peters, Herrick]

In 2004-2005, we developed an interdisciplinary framework to explain and forecast catastrophic events that involve cross-scale interactions. This framework is useful for events that start small, such as a single invasive shrub, yet nonlinearly increase in spatial extent through time to impact large areas, such as the dominance of the Jornada by shrubs. The framework also explains wildfire dynamics and the spread of infectious diseases where different processes are important as the spatial extent increases and thresholds are crossed. A paper was published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences describing this framework and its implications for ecological problems. We were also invited to present a talk at the annual meeting of the Association for Ecosystem Research Centers in Nov. in Washington, D.C. and at the meeting of professional certified ecologists during the 2005 ESA meeting. We organized a symposium on this topic at the ESA meeting. We are planning to write a series of papers for a special issue of Ecosystems based on these talks. We also submitted a workshop proposal that expands these ideas to linked ecological-social systems for the ESA meeting to be held in Merida, Mexico in Jan. 2006.

[Peters, Bestelmeyer, Havstad]

3. Long-term studies of disturbance and recovery processes

a. Soil surface disturbance experiment: In 1997, a study was initiated under non- LTER funding to apply several types of surface disturbance to desert soils and monitor recovery of soil properties. Surface disturbance plots established in tarbush and creosote plant communities were re-measured and half of each plot was re-disturbed in 2001. While the data have not yet been analyzed, preliminary observations indicate that complete recovery of most soil indicators had occurred at the creosote site, which is dominated by weak cyanobacterial crusts, but not at the tarbush site, which is dominated by soil lichens. [Herrick]

In 2001-2003, we continued this study by re-measuring plots and began measuring penetrometer resistance. Preliminary results from a related study in the Tularosa Basin east of the Jornada and at Lake Mead National Recreation Area show that relatively limited disturbances (two passes of a small jeep with low- pressure tires) can cause significant compaction even on dry soils.

19 In 2003-2004, we continued this study by re-measuring plots and began measuring penetrometer resistance. Preliminary results from a related study in the Tularosa Basin east of the Jornada and at Lake Mead National Recreation Area show that relatively limited disturbances (two passes of a small jeep with low- pressure tires) can cause significant compaction even on dry soils.

In 2004-2005, we completed analyses of seven years of post-disturbance data on each of the five sites. The results show that both resilience and resistance vary with both soil and disturbance type. Our results also suggest that drought sensitivity may be affected by past disturbance on some soils, but not others. [Herrick] b. Plant diversity experiment: This large-scale experiment to understand the impact of reduced species and growth form diversity was maintained and re- sampled. Analyses of plant community composition and recovery through the first 5 years have now been completed and a manuscript is in preparation; preliminary results were presented at several meetings, and the study was incorporated into the GCTE Network of Species Removal Experiments.

In 2001-2003, we continued collecting data from these plots.

In 2003-2004, we submitted a manuscript summarizing the first 5 years of responses. Results show that vegetative responses are slow, even after these dramatic perturbations. We are maintaining the treatments, but have chosen to decrease the frequency of sampling.

In 2004-2005, the manuscript was accepted for publication in Oecologia. We continue to maintain the treatments. [Huenneke] c. Stressor experiment: We examined the effects of fire and acute overgrazing on vegetation community responses in the presence of an invasive shrub, Prosopis glandulosa, in northern Chihuhuan desert grasslands. Winter, summer, or no acute overgrazing treatments, in the presence and absence of Prosopis glandulosa, were applied annually to six 0.5 ha plots within each of three blocks (the stressor experiment) from 1995-2001. Cattle utilization was 65-80% of current year’s growth in a single <36 hour period annually. One of two 4m x 5m subplots was burned within each of these 18 plots in August 1994. Cover and frequency of non- woody vegetation were estimated before treatment applications and in summer 2000. Results were compared to patterns seen in 1994; findings are summarized in the Findings section, below. [Havstad]

In 2001-2003, we designed an experiment that will allow us to use the Stressor Experiment treatments to test the sensitivity of different monitoring indicators to change in the composition and structure of arid grasslands. We hope to eventually

20 relate changes in these simple indicators to more sophisticated soil variability metrics being evaluated by Schlesinger. [Herrick, Havstad] d. Fire study: We examined the effects and interactions of fire and livestock grazing on vegetation community responses in Chihuhuan desert grasslands. Four 200m x 200m plots were established in each of four blocks. Fires were prescribed in June 1999. In October 1999, unfenced plots were exposed to 12 months of continuous grazing; utilization was <40%. Cover was measured before and after 14 months after fire using a vertical line point intercept method every 10cm along five 150m transects within each plot. We also examined black grama response using quadrats. Findings are summarized below.

In 2001-2002, we resampled these plots and transects. A manuscript is in preparation for submission to a journal for publication. We also participated in a cross-site effort by resampling fire plots established at the SEV LTER following a natural fire in 1998. These plots were established in blue grama and black grama grasslands as well as at their ecotones. We are examining the importance of fire in generating patterns in vegetation at intermediate spatial scales (100-400 m2).

In 2003-2004, we completed analyses of the Jornada fire data for black grama response. We found that fire is more likely to kill small black grama plants yet fire results in a greater reduction in basal cover for larger plants. Amount of litter at the time of fire had important effects on fire intensity with subsequent effects on reductions in plant cover. This manuscript will be submitted to Oecologia in the near future. [Havstad, Peters]

In 2004-2005, the pasture was reburned and was the focus of an REU project (Brady Allred). The main objective of this study was to determine the physiological responses of Bouteloua eriopoda (black grama) and Aristida purpurea (purple threeawn) to a prescribed burn on the Jornada. Little is known about the role and effects of fire in southern New Mexico. Even less is known about the physiology of black grama and purple threeawn. Within each treatment and control plot, five individual plants of black grama and purple threeawn were selected to be measured. Photosynthetic measurements were measured with a LI- 6400 Portable Photosynthesis System (Li-Cor, Inc., Lincoln, NE).Water potential was measured with a pressure chamber (Soil Moisture Inc., Santa Barbara, CA). Soil moisture was measured with a Hydrosense soil moisture probe (Campbell Scientific, Inc., Logan, UT) and samples were taken to determine gravimetric soil content. Total nitrogen content of both plants and soils were measured with an analyzer. NO3- and NH4+ fluxes were measured using PRS™ probes (Western Ag Innovations Inc., Saskatoon, Canada) for approximately two weeks before and after the burn. Carbon/Nitrogen content ratios and individual plant growth were measured as well. All measurements were taken once before and approximately two times after the burn. Prior to the burn, live fuel moisture will be calculated. Fire temperatures were measured using Tempilstiks (Tempil, Inc., South

21 Plainfield, NJ) cut into tablets and wrapped in aluminum foil. These measurements will provide an accurate view of the physiological responses of black grama and purple threeawn to prescribed fire in the Chihuahuan Desert. [Snyder]

e. Fire and consumers: Field work, data management, and data analysis for animal population studies in the LTER-related fire ecology project were carried out. Species composition and relative abundance were tracked for rodents, grasshoppers, and lizards. [Lightfoot]

Fire and Lehmann lovegrass: A side project related to the fire study was carried out by a master’s student, exploring the interaction between fire and the presence of the invasive grass, Eragrostis lehmanniani. An established patch of the invasive grass in the study pasture was mapped, and plant species composition and abundance was mapped along permanent transects crossing that patch before and after the application of fire; transects were randomly assigned to burn or control treatments. Soil and litter characteristics were also assessed in the lovegrass patch and in native-dominated portions of the transects. This area was resampled in 2004. [Huenneke, Herrick, McGlone]

Areas where Lehmann’s lovegrass is a major component of the community along with black grama and creosote that were burned as a result of an arson fire in 2000 were resampled and geo-referenced in 2003 [Peters].

f. Grassland restoration using a process-oriented approach A research project was initiated in 2003 to test the relative effects of treatment components intended to restore function by influencing both biotic and abiotic processes in a shrub-dominated former grassland. The primary objective is to determine the individual and combined effects of soil microtopography manipulation, chemical control of mesquite, and seeding date on biotic and abiotic processes with the goal of restoring a grassland ecosystem.

Research plots are located in a 4-ha exclosure on a sandy ecological site adjacent to the historic Camino Real in Pasture 14 of NMSU’s Chihuahuan Desert Rangeland Research Center (CDRRC). In 1938 the dominant vegetation was black grama and mesa dropseed, except in the immediate vicinity of the Camino Real, which was typed as a mesquite-broom snakeweed corridor traversing the region. The area is presently dominated by mesquite dunes and broom snakeweed. This long term experiment employs a completely randomized design in a split- split-split plot arrangement, in which year (2003, 2004) is the main plot, soil catchments are the sub-plot, herbicide treatment is the sub-sub-plot, and planting date is the sub-sub-sub plot. Response variables focus on vegetation and soil parameters: canopy cover, ground cover, canopy gap, species composition, herbaceous plant density, soil infiltration rate, soil erosion and accumulation, soil moisture and temperature, soil nutrients. Results from these experiments will

22 inform remediation efforts concerning the relative merits of implementing strategies that address biotic and abiotic processes alone and in concert. [Abbott]

4. Investigations capitalizing on the extended history of research at the Jornada (dating back to early 20th century studies)

a. Re-construction of historical remediation treatments and photographic archive: Aerial photos to cover the CDRRC and JER ranches have been purchased to assist in the documentation of historical treatments and to evaluate vegetation change. The following years’ photography has been acquired: 1935, 1936, 1937, 1942, 1947, 1948, 1955, 1960, 1967, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1977, 1980, 1986, 1987, 1991, 1994, 1996, 2002, 2003, and 2004. In particular, imagery of a little-disturbed pasture on the CDRRC was chosen to evaluate the invasion of shrubs and to document changes since 1937. Various land surface discontinuities have been detected and related to file documentation of rangeland remediation treatments. Some treatments located with aerial photography were previously unknown. An initial paper documenting the usefulness of aerial photography for identifying rangeland remediation treatment is now in press. The knowledge of extent and intensity of rangeland remediation treatments is now in press. The knowledge of extent and intensity of rangeland remediation will be used to assist in evaluation of LTER exclosure studies.

In 2001-2003, we scanned > 3500 historical aerial photos from the JER and CDRRC. Digital files are stored on LTER servers. Currently a search tool is being designed to allow Jornada Basin researchers to determine the availability of historical air photos through time for their study area. Upon completion, the researcher will be able to download compressed or uncompressed files.

In 2003-2005, we continued scanning historical photos from the JER and CDRRC. A search tool is being tested to allow easy accessibility of these photos. [Rango]

b. Archival reconnaissance of mesquite invasion: Working with supplemental funding derived from the cooperative agreement between NSF and MEDEA, Sarah Goslee (USDA/ARS) and Bill Schlesinger are examining aerial and satellite remote sensing of an area of historical mesquite invasion north of Mount Summerford. The archival record of this photograph allows them to show the pattern of invasion in terms of number and aerial coverage of the shrubs, and to conduct a pattern analysis detailing the process of invasion. Data analysis is largely complete and manuscript preparation is underway.

In 2001-2002, we completed the analysis of the photos, and published a paper in J. Arid Environments. [Schlesinger, Goslee, Peters, Rango, Havstad]

23 In 2004-2005, we used 11 aerial photos taken between 1937 and 1996, and a 2003 QuickBird satellite image to quantify the non-linear nature of this vegetation change over a particular time period. The images were analyzed at 2 different scales: a fine scale for extracting shrubs and a coarser scale for delineating grass cover. Shrub cover increased from 0.9% in 1937 to 13.1% in 2003, while grass cover declined from 18.5% to 1.9%. Vegetation dynamics reflected changes in precipitation patterns, in particular effects of the 1951-1956 drought. Accuracy assessments showed that 87% of all shrubs >2 m2 were detected. Despite encountering difficulties in analyzing a greatly varying aerial photo data set, including variability in spectral and spatial resolutions, moisture conditions, time of year of observation, and appearance of grass cover, aerial photos provide an invaluable historic record for monitoring shrub encroachment into a desert grassland.

We also sought approaches to improve classification of vegetation in arid systems where the high reflectance of the soil background, mixtures of green and senescent grasses, and the prevalence of shrubs in grasslands make remote sensing difficult. Objectives of this study were to derive estimates of percent cover for several vegetation classes in a 1200 ha pasture at the Jornada Experimental Range. A stratified random sample approach was used to determine percent cover for 322 field plots. A QuickBird satellite image was segmented at different scales which resulted in image objects for which a multitude of spectral, spatial, and texture characteristics were extracted. We used regression trees to develop a rule base for image classification and performed discrete and fuzzy accuracy assessments. For classes with discrete boundaries, map accuracy was 73%, while accuracy values ranged from 81-86% using a 2.5-5% cover boundary around each class. This object-oriented multi-scale approach allowed us to extract shrubs at a fine scale and determine percent cover values for the shrub-interspace at a coarser scale. In addition, shrub density and percent cover for different grass species could be extracted using this method. The regression tree was an excellent tool for reducing the number of input variables derived from the image. [Rango]

c. Resampling of historical lagomorph exposure experiments: Early in the history of the JER, several large livestock exclosures were established within which shrub removal and lagomorph (rabbit) exclusion treatments were applies. One of these study sites was re-sampled in 1997, and the others were relocated in preparation for resampling in 2001. Preliminary data collected in the 1997 effort indicated that soil C and N was higher in both shrub removal and rabbit exclusion treatments relative to controls, and that there was less gravel in the top 5 cm of the lagomorph exclusion plots. In 2001, we initiated measurements and soil sample collection at all three sites to quantify soil C, N, and aggregate stability.

In 2001-2003, we completed measurements and soil sample collection at all three shrub removal/lagomorph exclusion sites. Soils are now being processed to quantify soil C, N, aggregate stability and bulk density. [Havstad, Herrick]

24 In 2003-2004, we initiated a related study to examine the spatial distribution of black grama plants in and around these exclosures. For the Gravelly Ridges site, we found 3335 black grama plants (density = 0.01 plants/m2) in an area ca. 29 ha dominated by creosotebush. Most plants were found inside and adjacent to arroyos at a northern aspect and outside the Gravelly Ridges exclosure. Examination of historic vegetation maps suggests that the source population of these plants is most likely remnant plants that previously dominated the site and possibly more recent seed inputs from grasslands located upslope from the study site.

In 2004-2005, we completed sampling of the plants and conducted the analyses. A manuscript is being prepared for submission to a journal. [Peters] d. Resampling of historic dikes

Water-ponding (or retention) dikes have been used on arid and semiarid rangelands to slow surface runoff, reduce soil erosion, increase soil moisture, and increase forage production. Water-ponding dikes were installed at the Jornada from 1975 to 1981 at three heights:7.5 cm, 15 cm, and 30 cm. The length of the dikes ranged from 50 to 148 m, and overall, the average dike length was 87 m. The dikes were designed to be crescent shaped so that any excess water would flow around the end of the dikes. With no maintenance, however, breaches developed in the dikes and water flows both through the breaches and around the dikes. In the mid-1980s, the dikes were unattended due to retirement of the principal investigator and not maintained. It was not until the late 1990s that interest in the dikes was revived and analysis of historical aerial photos and field measurements were initiated. When the dike measurements were terminated in the mid-1980s, some positive results were already evident: on average, four times the forage was available behind the dikes compared to the control areas. In 1997, measurements were reinitiated. From a sequence of aerial photographs, it was apparent that significant growth had occurred behind and around the dikes, clearly exceeding nearby areas that could be considered controls. Additionally, the pattern of dike vegetation is similar to naturally occurring banded vegetation from which slight increases in elevation due to vegetation and sediment deposition cause runoff water to slow down and infiltrate. It seems that significant rainfall events producing surface runoff are necessary in order for a positive vegetation response.

During 2004, soil moisture, soil texture, and vegetation measurements were collected from these dikes. Historic aerial photographs were used to select undisturbed reference or control areas adjacent to the dikes. Vegetation cover, species richness, and soil moisture (both in the top layer and deeper) were found to be significantly greater behind the dikes than in similar unmodified areas. These patterns occur despite the fact that the dikes were not maintained after installation in 1981 and were constructed in medium- to coarse-textured soils.

25 [Tartowski]

5. Cross-site work

a. Small mammal impacts on recruitment of perennial grasses: Brandon Bestelmeyer and Debra Peters received funding from the NSF Cross-site initiative to study the role of small animals on grass recruitment across a climatic gradient that includes three sites in the Chihuahuan desert. The sites range from the Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge LTER site in central New Mexico to the Jornada Basin and Range LTER in southern New Mexico to Big Bend National Park in southwestern Texas. This project started in 2000, and will continue for 3 years. Efforts to date have focused on site selection and construction and installation of cages suitable for excluding small animals ranging in size from grasshoppers to kangaroo rats and rabbits. Three locations were selected at each site, consisting of an ecotone between black grama grassland and an alternative dominant species, either creosotebush (SEV), honey mesquite (JRN) or chino grama (Big Bend). Cages are being installed this summer (2001), and response variables will be measured for 2 years. One graduate student in the biology department at NMSU (Andrew Rayburn) and one postdoc (Tamara Hochstrasser) are working on this project.

In 2001-2004, we continued this study by completing cage installations and collecting baseline measurements. We are monitoring black grama basal diameters and assessing plant growth and colonization of all species within each plot. A series of experiments investigating black grama seed predation by rodents and ants, and seedling predation by rodents and lagomorphs are being designed. We are also monitoring small mammal abundance along these ecotones using mark and recapture trapping procedures. Rabbit population studies were conducted by an REU student in 2004.

In 2003-2004, we continued vegetation sampling and small animal trapping on these plots at the Jornada and Sevilleta. An NMSU graduate student initiated related studies on the sites at the Jornada. A manuscript is being prepared for submission to a journal. [Bestelmeyer, Peters]

b. US-Hungary collaboration on disturbance effects on grassland diversity patterns: Debra Peters and Jim Gosz (University of New Mexico) also received funding from NSF Ecological Studies to continue collaborations with a group of ecologist in Hungary headed by Dr. Edit Kovacs Lang, Institute of Ecology and Botany, HAS, Vacratot, Hungary. This project will examine the role of small disturbances in generating landscape- and regional-scale patterns in species diversity. Experiments will be conducted at three LTER sites from the shortgrass steppe in northern Colorado (SGS) to the SEV and JRN in New Mexico. Additional sites will also be done at sites located between the LTER sites. These sites include the Comanche National Grasslands in southeastern Colorado, the

26 Kiowa National Grasslands in northeastern New Mexico, and the Armendaris ranch in south-central New Mexico. Similar experiments will be conducted at three sites located along a climatic gradient in Hungary. In addition to the experiments, a major focus of this project will be to enhance the potential for future collaborative projects and to increase interactions between US and Hungarian researchers. We will meet these goals through student and junior investigator exchanges between countries. This project will begin in September (2001) and will continue for 3 years.

In 2001-2003, we conducted extensive surveys at the Comanche, Kiowa, and Pawnee National grasslands in order to select locations for use in this project. Locations at the JRN and SEV LTER sites are being coordinated with the small mammal cross-site project above. We designed a seed bank study and began characterizing the disturbance regime at each of the 5 sites. We also obtained aerial photos for the national grasslands to assist in location selection and to characterize disturbances. Seed bank samples will be collected starting this fall.

In 2003-2004, three Hungarians visited the Jornada as part of this project. They attended the Jornada site review and the LTER All Scientists meeting as well as worked with Jornada researchers to learn new field and laboratory techniques. Bestelmeyer will travel to Hungary this fall or winter to initiate discussions on future proposals that will build upon the current work.

In 2004-2005, Bestelmeyer visited Hungarian sites and had project meetings with Gyuri Kroel Dulay. A new collaborative proposal is being prepared by Bestelmeyer and Kroel Dulay that will continue this joint research. [Peters, Bestelmeyer] c. Small mammal exclosure study: Field work and analysis continued for the cross-site project examining the role of small mammals in desert grassland shrubland at three Chihuahuan desert sites (Sevilleta, Jornada, and Mapimi Biosphere Reserve in Mexico). Rodents are trapped outside the exclosure, and vegetation, grasshoppers, and soil surface characteristics are assessed in the exclosure treatments.

In 2001-2004, we continued collecting data from these plots. In 2005, we will have collected 10 years of data from these plots, and we plan to submit manuscripts for this long term study after that time.

In 2004-2005, we completed vegetation and small animal sampling on these plots for the 10 year period. These plots will continue to be sampled on a 5 year basis. Manuscripts are being prepared for submission to journals. [Lightfoot] d. Population biology: Field work and data analysis continued on a demographic study of a prickly pear cactus species, tracking populations I both Jornada and

27 Mapimi Biosphere Reserve. A former postdoctoral associate, now a faculty member at UNAM/Instituto de Ecologia, continues work with Huenneke at the Jornada; a manuscript is nearing completion for submission. [Huenneke, Mandujano]

We continue to sample ground arthropods and lizards at 12 of the NPP sites. A manuscript on these long term data will be submitted to a journal soon. [Lightfoot] e. Chihuahuan rangeland health and sustainable management: Herrick and Huenneke continue as technical advisors on studies of rangeland ecosystem sustainability administered by researchers at La Campana Experimental Range, Chihuahua (studies funded by CONACyT and by INIFAP). f. Monitoring manual: The “Monitoring Manual for Grassland, Shrubland, and Savanna Ecosystems” will be available by late 2004. This document integrates much of the LTER research and applies it to indicator selection and interpretation. The document is already being used by a number of individuals and organizations. Three trainings were provided to agency personnel and private individuals, one each in Chihuahua and Sonora, Mexico, and at the Audubon Ranch in Arizona. We also continue to support the implementation and refinement of the assessment tool, “Interpreting Indicators of Rangeland Health”. We co-led a 1-day workshop on the use of this manual at the 2002 ESA meetings. Both of these are collaborative efforts with a large number of individuals and organizations, including the NRCS, USGS, BLM, and the Nature Conservancy.

In 2004-2005, the manual was published and made available as a hard copy and on the web page. g. International:

In 2000-2003, Gutschick carried out collaborations (in physiological model development) with French researchers at Montpellier supported by an NSF International Programs supplement.

In 2004-2005, we completed all three activities proposed for the 2004 supplement project, “Development of US-Mexico network of sites to examine the role of extreme events in Chihuahuan Desert dynamics”: a planning meeting completed in January l, led to an April workshop involving 15 Mexican and 3 US participants. The workshop resulted in the development of a set of standardized site characterization protocols. These protocols were subsequently applied at 18 locations distributed among 7 sites in Mexico. As part of this pilot project, over 20 Mexican scientists and students were trained in the protocols. A database is currently being developed. This database will facilitate the characterization of additional sites that can be used in the future for extreme events and other long- term research.

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6. Information Management and Infrastructure

a. GIS/Spatial database and maps – see Landscape scale work, above.

In 2001-2003, more digital map layers were created for the USDA-ARS Jornada Experimental Range (JER) infrastructure.. These map layers include the pasture fences, roads, dirt tanks, etc. New geomorphology map layers for the Jornada Basin include organic carbon and carbonate carbon. The SDE geodatabase has been prepared to be loaded into the spatial server. The Spatial Data Laboratory has been set up in the new facility.

In 2004-2005, we created: a broad scale map showing major JRN and JER research sites, a Schmidt’s delineation of the Chihuahuan Desert, digital elevation models of the Chihuahuan Desert and New Mexico, and LandSat images of the Chihuahuan Desert and New Mexico. We are also working on a tour book for the World Congress of Soil Science and mapping landforms of the Chihuahuan Desert and New Mexico.

We remain active in the NMSU ESRI site license initiated by Nolen. We also maintain the NMSU ERDAS Imagine site license. We have been developing a GIS metadata content standard that will allow GIS data and metadata to be described in EML and within the geodatabases. We continue to maintain the site GPS units and provide training in their use to site researchers, students, and visiting researchers.

[Nolen and others]

b. ArcIMS Project: The Jornada Basin LTER has been developing a customized ArcIMS implementation to make JRN data and associated metadata more accessible. This application will provide a dynamic, interactive mapping and querying interface to JRN meta-data and research data using both internet and intranet web sites. Ken Ramsey (data manager) and Barbara Nolen (GIS specialist) completed training with Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI) for the software applications and system architecture design needed to support, maintain, and enhance the ArcIMS application. In conjunction with the USDA-ARS-Jornada Experimental Range, we are investing in new servers and workstations to support the new application and the integration of data management from LTER and ARS research.

In 2001-2003, Barbara Nolen and Ken Ramsey finalized the scope of work and proposal for the contract with ESRI Implementation Services to develop the ArcIMS application. ESRI will start development later this fall. The database server (SQL 2000, ArcSDE) and the map server (ArcIMS) have been purchased and installed. Two new workstations have been purchased to allow Ken and Barbara to support the ArcIMS application and software. In addition to the

29 training in ESRI software that Barbara and Ken received last year, Ken has attended training for Data Junction (DJ) software suite to allow transcribing JRN ASCII data and metadata files to database and Ecological Metadata Language (EML) formats. EML will provide a standard exchange format for ecological metadata, allowing shared software development by the ecological community at large by allowing applications developed to EML to be easily modified for use by other organizations. The LTER Network Office funded Ken's training with DJ so that Ken could contribute to the ongoing LTER EML Workshops and help those LTER sites that have their data and metadata in ASCII or other text formats to transcribe their metadata into EML format. The ArcIMS project will use EML to integrate JRN and JER metadata so that other ecological agencies can use our ArcIMS framework being developed. The ArcIMS project is jointly funded by the JRN and JER. [Nolen and Ramsey]

In 2004-2005, we hired a student programmer, Justin Jensen, to develop PHP and Java applications for the Information Management System (IMS) databases. With support from Central Arizona Phoenix LTER (CAP) and the LTER Network Office (LNO), Ken Ramsey and Justin went to CAP for assistance in implementing Xanthoria to generate EML from JRN IMS database tables. Corinna Gries (CAP), Robin Schroeder (CAP), Ken, and Justin spent 3 days developing the initial implementation of Xanthoria that generated most of the major elements of level 5 EML based on LTER Best Practices while in Tempe. Upon return to JRN, Justin and Ken completed the XSL style sheets and Xanthoria configuration file needed to implement level 5 EML from JRN databases.

We are currently completing the population of the JRN databases with data, associated metadata, and personnel information needed to generate EML and develop and implement a new content management system for a new dynamically generated web site currently under development. This includes associating people with research projects and datasets within related database tables. JRN is set to deploy a searchable people directory, dynamic data catalog, and semi-automated LTER ClimDB harvest mechanism (68+ stations) following internal revue of the interfaces. As the JRN databases are populated with a research project, EML instance documents will be generated, archived locally, harvested to the LNO Metacat node, and made available on the JRN web site.

We have developed a set of rules for generating EML based on the JRN IMS database schema and LTER EML Best Practices. John Anderson’s attendance at an EML workshop at LNO in February 2005 prior to this planning process was very helpful in allowing us to quickly determine JRN rules for EML content. The LTER Best Practices Document was crucial in guiding JRN during the process of developing and implementing EML. c. Field Station Connectivity project: The fiber optic cable has been laid to the Jornada Experimental Range headquarters (HQ) and the phone system (PBX

30 system ) is now operational. The T-1 connection to the JER HQ is being finalized in summer 2001, and NMSU is installing the field equipment needed for data connectivity. This will allow JER and LTER researchers and visitors to communicate and upload collected data more readily to campus and elsewhere. We also anticipate this allowing us to explore spread spectrum technology for automated data collection from selected remote instrumentation across the basin. [Havstad, Ramsey] d. Data management infrastructure: With LTER supplemental funds and with additional support from the USDA-ARS, the JRN servers, RAID box, and tape library are now housed in the new network of rack enclosure. This provides a higher degree of physical security as well as protecting the servers and tape library from heat and dust. The new web server and primary domain controller are now operational. The FTP services have been removed from the file server and placed on an older workstation running Netware 5.1 operating system. Two new workstations have been purchased to upgrade the site manager’s computer and provide an addition field technician computer. The Jornada LTER bibliography is now searchable over the Internet using ISI Research (ProCite) Reference Web Poster software. The bibliography site can be accessed at http://128.123.5.143/ris or from the Bibliography page accessible from the Jornada LTER home page. The Research Notification table is now queryable over the intranet and accessible to JRN and JER site managers, to aid in research site selection and approval. JRN has purchased a color plotter for the GIS lab as well. These efforts are all aimed at furthering the integration of information management when the LTER site office, laboratory, and staff members move to join the staff of the Jornada Experimental Range in the new USDA-ARS building now under construction on the NMSU campus.

In 2004-2005, we made several improvements to the IMS servers and services. The total storage capacity for IMS servers was doubled by adding a 2 TB RAID enclosure and reallocating storage capacity among the file, database, and web servers. The web server was moved to a newer server with SUSE Linux as the operating system and Apache web server. The operating system for the file server was upgraded to Netware 6.5 during the storage capacity reallocation. The Internet map server has been upgraded and is now performing at a significantly increased level. [Ramsey, Anderson, Nolen] e. Upgrading of soil thermocouples for climate data: The Jornada LTER weather station has been in place long enough that some systems have failed or come to need upgrading. Soil temperature measurements had become problematic in recent year, necessitating replacement of soil thermocouples. Gutschick worked with the site manager John Anderson to test the reinstalled soil thermocouples. Following modification of the reference junction, the signals were found to be consistent with past data and with predictions of heat-transport theory. To replace

31 the infrared bolometer that failed after 15 years of service, Gutschick designed a drift-free, permanently calibrated system using infrared thermocouples.

f. Network and systems:

The JRN site offices moved to the new USDA-ARS Jornada Experimental Range (JER) building on NMSU's campus in 2002. This includes offices for the Site Manager, Data Manager, GIS specialist, and 3 full-time technicians as well as laboratory facilities and services for use by LTER staff and researchers.

One benefit of the move is that the JRN servers and rack enclosure have been integrated with the JER servers and racks to create a distributed networking environment. The JRN and JER network are now behind a firewall for additional security. The servers are now located in an environmentally controlled room. In addition to sharing network, computer, and printer resources, JRN and JER are now sharing another important resource, computer support personnel. Both the JRN and JER will benefit from sharing of these resources and the ArcIMS project. By sharing personnel and infrastructure resources, we build on the excellent working relationship that the JRN and JER have enjoyed in the past and reduce future costs for both organizations.

7. Meetings and Presentations:

2000-2001

All Scientists’ Meeting, LTER Network, Snowbird, UT, Summer 2000. Curtis Monger spoke at a landscape-scale workshop and at a symposium on ecosystem responses to climate change. Huenneke andLightfoot both spoke in the GCTE species removal workshop; Huenneke helped organize a workshop on invasive species research at LTER sites; Goslee presented the satellite photo reconnaissance of shrub recruitment; Peters’ Hungarian collaboration and cross-site SEV-JRN ecotone study were both presented; Peters and Herrick presented their work on plant-soil feedbacks and recruitment constraints on perennial grass recovery following shrub invasion; Peters organized several workshops on integrating ecological studies at the landscape scale.

Ecological Society Meeting, Snowbird, UT, summer 2000. Contributed papers and posters:

Davidson, A.D., D.C. Lightfoot, and J.S. Gosz. Comparative effects of Gunnison’s prairie dogs and banner-tailed kangaroo rats on plants and grasshoppers in a semi-arid grassland.

Goslee, S.C., D.P.C. Peters, K.A. Havstad, and W.H. Schlesinger. Shrub recruitment and survival in desert grasslands.

32 Herrick, J.E., J. Van Zee, A. Melgoza, K.M. Havstad, and W. G. Whitford. Integrated soil and vegetation monitoring for grassland, shrubland, and savanna ecosystems.

Hochstrasser, T., and D.P.C. Peters. Effects of shrubs and disturbances on pattern and process in Chihuahuan Desert grasslands.

Kroel-Dulay, G., T. Hochstrasser, and D.P.C. Peters. The influence of kangaroo rat mounds on species diversity and abundance in two grassland types at a semi-arid ecotone.

Lightfoot, D.C., and L.F. Huenneke. The effects of livestock grazing and climate variation on vegetation and grasshoppers in the northern Chihuahuan Desert. Peters, D.P.C. Plant species dominance and disturbance at a grassland-shrubland ecotone.

Bestelmeyer, S., P. Hyder, E. Fredrickson, K. Havstad, J. Herrick, L. Huenneke, and J. Atchley. K-12 environmental science education on the US-Mexican border.

Huenneke, L.F., M. Muonopane, L. Bothern, and J.E. Herrick. Effects of plant removals on soil surface erosion in a Chihuahuan Desert shrubland.

Gutschick and A. Bloom are organizing a symposium for the 2001 ESA meeting, entitled “Crossroads of animal, plant, and microbial ecology”, encouraging communication among the fields of animal, plant, and microbial ecophysiology.

Monger, invited talk at the Soil Science Society of America (Minneapolis, Nov. 2000).

Monger, invited talk seminar at Texas A&M Univ. (College Station, Feb. 2001).

Monger, invited talk at the National Cooperative Soil Survey (Ft. Collins, June 2001) (also co-chaired the Research Needs Committee).

Peters organized and Monger attended the Landscape Scale Workshop at the Sevilleta field station in April 2001.

ASA-CSSA-Soil Science Society of America annual meeting, 2000: Herrick was author or co-author on three presentations.

Herrick was invited keynote speaker (“Monitoring methodology for pasture degradation and restoration”) in the International Symposium on Silvo-pastoral Systems, San Jose, Costa Rica, April 2001.

2001-2002

17th Annual International Association for Landscape Ecology meetings in Lincoln, NE (April 2002).

33 Peters organized a symposium entitled, Current landscape scale issues in ecology: the right tools for the job. Invited papers by JRN scientists:

Brown, J. R., and K. M. Havstad. Remediating degraded ecosystems: complications of scale.

Lane, D. R., B. B. Bestelmeyer, K. A. Mitchell, W. J. Parton. Simple and weighted averaging approaches to scaling: When can spatial context be ignored?

Mitchell, K. A., D. D. Breshears, C. Allen, B. B. Bestelmeyer, J. E. Gross. Scaling Approaches Across Ecological Disciplines: Case Studies of Vegetation, Soil and Animal Dynamics.

Peters, D. P. C., and D. L. Urban. Introduction: Approaches to scaling information from plots to landscapes or from landscapes to regions.

Contributed papers and posters: Mitchell, K. A., D. P. C. Peters, H. C. Monger, and J. E. Herrick. Quantifying Changes in Carbon Cycling Accompanying Shrub Invasion of a Desert Grassland.

Hochstrasser, T., D. P. C. Peters, and B. T. Bestelmeyer. Simulating small mammal effects on grass-shrub ecotones in arid ecosystems.

Yao, J., D. P. C. Peters, K. M. Havstad, R. P. Gibbens, and J. E. Herrick. Spatial variation in shrub invasion and loss of perennial grasses in the Chihuahuan Desert: a multi-scale approach.

International presentations: Gillette, LISA (Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systemes Atmospheriques), Paris, France. Seminar: AMesquite, le lyon du desert.@

Herrick, invited plenary talk (“Ecological state and transition models: a new framework for monitoring soil erosion in the context of socioeconomic change”) in the Soil Erosion and Global Change Workshop, Brussels, Belgium, March 7-9.

Monger, invited talk at the XIII Semana Internacional de Agronomia in Gomez Palacio, Mexico.

Rango, talk entitled “ASTER observations of surface emissivity” at the European Geophysical Society, General Assembly, Nice France, 26-30 March.

Ecological Society of America meetings, Madison, WI. August 2001: Buonopane, M.A., L.F. Huenneke, and M.D. Remmenga. Plant functional group response to plant removal treatments in a Chihuahuan Desert shrubland.

34 Herrick, J.E., J. Belnap, J. Van Zee and J. Johansen. Disturbance effects on infiltration and erosion susceptibility for biologically crusted soils in the Mojave Desert.

Peters, D. P. C., and J. Betancourt. Climatic triggers for non-linear and threshold responses of rangelands. Invited paper in the symposium, Threshold and non-linear responses in ecosystems: understanding, sustaining and restoring complex ecosystems.

Ritchie, J.C. and Herrick, J.E. Using cesium-137 to understand landscape stability in the northern Chihuahuan Desert.

Herrick co-organized the symposium, Threshold and non-linear responses in ecosystems: understanding, sustaining and restoring complex ecosystems.

Other national meetings:

Gutschick, V. P. F. Tardieu, and Th. Simonneau. 2000. Combining the Ball-Berry and ABA models of stomatal control: Experiments, computational models, and some implications for mechanisms.85th annual meeting of the Ecological Society of America, Snowbird, Utah.

Gutschick, V. P. 2000. Deserts to forests, and leaves to regions: discerning how physiology and varied microenvironments control fluxes of water and CO2. 1st Annual Regional Conference, CEA-CREST, California State University, Los Angeles.

Gutschick,V. P. 2001. Physiological control of carbon and water fluxes in forests and orchards, its variability, and consequences. Calif. Acad. Sci./CEA-CREST.

Gutschick, V. P. 2001. How does the cambium survive where plant stems emerge through hot soil? 86th annual meeting, Ecol. Soc. Am., Madison, WI.

Herrick, J.E., A.J. Tugel, M.D. Remmenga, L.M. Myers, L.M. Norfleet, C. Ditzler. 2001. Spatial variability in dynamic soil properties: sampling requirements for a national soil database. Soil Science Society of America Annual Meetings, Charlotte, North Carolina.

Van Zee, J.W. and J.E. Herrick. 2001. A portable rainfall simulator for small, paired-plot simulations. Soil Science Society of America Annual Meetings, Charlotte, North Carolina.

Herrick, J.E. 2002. Research requirements for applying soil quality to sustainable land management. Soil Quality: Current Challenges and Emerging Perspectives symposium and the Western Society of Soil Science Meetings, Ft. Collins, CO, June 3-5 (invited symposium presentation).

Herrick, J.E. 2002. Rangeland integrity: how do we know? The Nature Conservancy Arid Lands Network Workshop, Las Cruces, NM, May 20-23 (invited plenary session presentation).

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Schmugge, T., French, A., Ritchie, J., Chopping, M., and Rango, A. 2001. ASTER observations of the spectral emissivity over New Mexico. Geophysical Research Abstracts, Volume 3, 2001, Abs. 3291, 26-30 March, 2001, on cd-rom (Abstract)

Chopping, M.J., Rango, A., and Gomez-Landesa, E. 2002, The importance of early morning local overpass times for BRDF retrieval, modeling of spectral reflectance and fAPAR estimation. Proceedings of the Intl. Geoscience & Rem. Sens. Symposium Vol. IV: 2264-2266.

Chopping, M.J., Rango, A., Goslee, S., Schmugge, T., and Ritchie, J. Simulation of a grassland-shrubland transition zone landscape image at 650 nm using a simple BRDF model. Proceedings of IGARSS Vol. VI: 3561-3563.

2002-2003

Laura Huenneke and Deb Peters traveled to southern Africa in July (2002) as part of a group sponsored by the LTER Network office. They discussed LTER with researchers in Namibia (Huenneke) and Botswana (Peters) prior to attending the first ELTOSA (Environmental Long Term Observatories Network of Southern Africa) conference on Inhaca Island, Mozambique. Peters was also invited to attend the second ELTOSA conference in Maun, Botswana in Oct. 2003, but was unable to attend as a result of a schedule conflict.

Vince Gutschick represented the Jornada LTER at the European-American workshop on Long Term Socio-Environmental Research. The meeting, held in Lotz, Haute Savoie, France from July 1-5, 2003, brought together approximately 25 US LTER researchers and 25 European researchers who were mostly associated with ILTER sites. The goal was to generate long term collaborations, which would infuse US LTER research with a significant component of socio-economic research, particularly focused on land use and its attendant drivers.

Tony Parsons and John Wainwright attended the IGU Regional conference in Durban (2002), and presented the paper, “Geomorphological processes and biogeochemical cycles in mesquite dunefields, southern New Mexico.

Tony Parsons attended the EGS-AGU-EUG Joint Assembly in Nice (2003), and presented the papers, “Sampling interrill water, sediment, and nutrient fluxes across vegetation boundaries in the Jornada Basin, New Mexico” (A. J. Parsons, J. Wainwright, D. M. Powell, and R. Brazier) and posters “Parameter scaling of key hydrological soil- erosion, and nutrient parameters in an arid desert ecosystem” (E. N. Muller, J. Wainwright, and A. J. Parsons) and “Geomorphological processes and biogeochemical cycles in mesquite dunefields, southern New Mexico” (A. J. Parsons and J. Wainwright).

Vince Gutschick attended a workshop at NCEAS (National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis), Santa Barbara, California, 1-4 June. The workshop was

36 designed to plan a global program for using optical remote-sensing data to extrapolate pointwise measurements of water and CO2 fluxes from towers to complete landscapes.

2003-2004

Bestelmeyer, B., J.R. Brown, J.E. Herrick, P.L. Smith, and K.M. Havstad. Using State- and-Transition Models: Tools for Prophylaxis, Diagnosis, or Autopsy? Society for Range Management Annual Meeting, Caspar WY.

Bestelmeyer, B., and W.G. Whitford. Ants and termites: the little things that run your ranch. Society for Range Management Annual Meeting, Caspar WY.

Bestelmeyer, B., D. Peters, K. Havstad. Linking cross-scale ecosystem models to biodiversity in the Chihuahuan Desert. The Wildlife Society 11th Annual Conference, Calgary, Alberta.

Bestelmeyer, B. Integrating ecological processes into management. Quivira Coalition 3rd Annual Conference, Albuquerque, NM.

Bestelmeyer, B. T., J. R. Brown, K. M. Havstad, J. E. Herrick, and D. A. Trujillo. Region-wide empirical testing of state-and-transition models. Society for Range Management, Salt Lake City, UT

Bestelmeyer, B. T., J. Ward, J.E. Herrick, A.J. Tugel. Soil-geomorphic basis of divergent landscape trajectories in the Chihuahuan Desert. Ecological Society of America 89th Annual Meeting, Portland, OR.

Brown, J. R., B. T. Bestelmeyer, J. Herrick. A manager's dilemma: making logical decisions at the local scale. Ecological Society of America 89th Annual Meeting, Portland, OR.

Gutschick, V. P. and Z. Samani. 2004. Detecting evapotranspiration – and perhaps CO2 uptake, over large areas with fine resolution, using surface energy balance methods. CEA-CREST annual conference, Pasadena, CA.

Mariotto, I. and D. P. C. Peters. 2004. Spatial variation in black grama cover and abundance in a creosote shrubland. 14th Annual Jornada Symposium, Las Cruces, NM, July 15.

Mariotto, I., D. P. C. Peters, and K. M. Havstad. 2004. Spatial variation in remnant black grama plants in a creosotebush bajada. 6th Symposium on the Natural Resources of the Chihuahuan Desert, Sul Ross State University, Alpine, TX, Oct. 14-18 (to be presented).

Müller, E.N., J. Wainwright and A.J. Parsons. 2003. Parameter scaling of key hydrological, soil-erosion and nutrient parameters in an arid desert ecosystem’, EGS- AGU-EUG Joint Assembly, Nice. Geophysical Research Abstracts 5, EAE03-A-03240.

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Parsons, A.J. and J. Wainwright. 2003. Geomorphological processes and biogeochemical cycles in mesquite dunefields, southern New Mexico.Geophysical Research Abstracts 5, EAE03-A-06910.

Peters, D. P. C., K. M. Havstad, and J. Yao. 2003. Understanding vegetation dynamics provides insights to sustainable invasive plant management and remediation strategies. Invasive Plants in Natural and Managed Systems and 7th International Conference of Alien Plant Invasions. Abstracts page 68.

Peters, D. P. C., P. Sprott, and C. French. 2003. Introducing the International Long Term Ecological Research (ILTER) network. LAND Open Science Conference, Dec. 2-5, Morelia, Mexico.

Peters, D. P. C., R. A. Pielke, Sr, B. T. Bestelmeyer, and C. D. Allen. 2003. Spatial nonlinearities and cascading effects in the Earth System. LAND Open Science Conference, Morelia, MX.

Peters, D. P. C., K. A. Snyder, J. Wainright, A. J. Parsons, and K. A. Snyder. 2004. Vegetation-water budget interactions: implications for ecosystem dynamics at multiple scales. Bulletin Ecological Society America 85:397.

Tugel, A.J., L. Loomis, S. Andrews, J. Dyess, B. T. Bestelmeyer, J. E. Herrick, G. Peacock, P. Biggam. Spatial heterogeneity of dynamic soil properties for management and restoration of desert landscapes. Ecological Society of America 89th Annual Meeting, Portland, OR.

Wainwright, J, E.N. Müller, A.J. Parsons and W.H. Schlesinger. 2003. Scale issues in ecohydrological processes in grassland–shrubland transitions, Jornada, NM. AGU Fall Meeting, San Francisco. Supplement to Eos, B51A-03.

Yao, J., D. P. C. Peters, K. M. Havstad, and B. T. Bestelmeyer. 2004. Landscape scale analyses provide new insights into desertification dynamics. US- International Association for Landscape Ecology, 19th Annual Symposium, Las Vegas, NV. Abstracts, page 151.

Yao, J., D. P. C. Peters, R. P. Gibbens, K. M. Havstad, and J. E. Herrick. 2003. Spatial and temporal variation in desertification due to stressors at multiple scales. LAND Open Science Conference, Morelia, MX.

2004-2005

Note: we organized a symposium at the Chihuahuan Rangelands Research Institute meeting in Oct (2005). Abstracts of these talks (below) will be published as part of their proceedings. Longer versions of these talks are being published as a special issue in the Journal of Arid Environments.

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Debra Peters and Kris Havstad. Nonlinear dynamics in arid systems: interactions among drivers and processes across scales.

Curtis Monger, Dale Gillette, and Brandon Bestelmeyer. Broad scale soil and wind drivers interact with landscape patterns to influence fine scale dynamics.

Al Rango, John Wainwright, and Tony Parsons. Factors influencing surface runoff generation at differing scales in the Jornada Basin.

Keirith Snyder, Sandy Tartowski, and Vince Gutschick. Multi-temporal scale patterns in water.

Ed Fredrickson, Dean Anderson, Laurie Abbott, and Rick Estell. Spatial-temporal patterns of mesquite recruitment in the Jornada Basin

Mary Lucero and Jerry Barrow. Fungal ecology: organelles to landscapes.

Brandon Bestelmeyer, Jeff Herrick, Kris Havstad, Ed Fredrickson Applications of multi- and cross-scale analyses to management of dynamic systems.

Peters organized a symposium at ESA in Montreal in Aug. entitled “Spatial nonlinearities and cross scale interactions: cascading effects in the Earth System”. The authors and titles of the talks are below:

Peters, D.P.C. and Bestelmeyer, B.T. USDA Jornada Experimental Range. Cross scale interactions and spatial nonlinearities: an interdisciplinary framework.

Ludwig, J. and Bartley, R. CSIRO. Beef to reef: Cross-scale eco-hydrological interactions in northern Australia.

Falk, D.A. and Swetnam, T. University of Arizona. Cross-scale synchrony in fire and climate in southwestern North America.

Allen, C. D. USGS Jemez Mountains Field Station. Cross-scale nonlinearities in multiple ecological processes in northern New Mexico landscapes.

Turner, M. University of Wisconsin. Scale-dependence and thresholds in postfire vegetation dynamics and ecosystem processes in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem.

Hobbs, N. T., M. L. Farnsworth, J. A. Hoeting, and M. W. Miller. Colorado State University. Prions, people, and wildlife: Identifying critical scales of interaction in mule deer populations.

39 Ohman, M. D. Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UC-San Diego. Nonlinear state changes in coastal pelagic systems.

Gray, S. T, Betancourt, J., USGS and S. T. Jackson University of Wyoming. Nonlinear interactions among climate, landscape structure, and plant migration.

Brown organized a special session at ESA in Montreal in Aug. entitled “Delivering on the promise of ecological science to improve land management: ecological site descriptions”.

Nolen attended the ESRI Users conference in San Diego, CA in July (2005) and the GPS and GIS Technology seminar in Las Cruces in March (2005).

Additional presented talks:

Drewa, P., D.P.C. Peters, and K. Havstad. Population and clonal-level responses of Bouteloua eriopoda (black grama) following fire in Chihuahuan desert grasslands. 90th Annual Meeting of the Ecological Society of America, Montreal, Canada, August.

Herrick, J.E. 2004. Comprehending complexity together with the public: science-based strategies for improving conservation, restoration, and management of arid and semiarid ecosystems. Departmental seminar at Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.

Herrick, J.E. 2005. Ecological sustainability in the Chihuahuan Desert: is rangeland health relevant? 58th Annual Meeting of the Society for Range Management, Rangeland Science and Management Across Borders Symposium, Fort Worth, Texas.

Herrick, J.E. 2005. Evaluacion del estado de salud de los pastizales: hacia el future (Evaluation of the status of rangeland health: towards the future). II Simposio Internacional de Pastizales, April 16-18, Zacatecas, Mexico.

Herrick, J.E., 2005. Extending site scale information into a landscape-scale context. 90th Annual Meeting of the Ecological Society of America, Montreal, Canada, August.

Herrick, J.E. 2005. Monitoring ecological processes in restoration projects” at the 7th Conference of the Society for Ecological Restoration International/4th European Conference on Ecological Restoration, Zaragoza, Spain.

Monger, H. C., R. Kraimer, A. Serna-Perez, J.E. Herrick. Carbon in desert soils at multiple time scales. Annual Meeting of the Ecological Society of America, Montreal, Canada, August.

Peters, D.P.C. Cross scale interactions and forecasting catastrophic events: planning ahead for rapid responses. In the session: “Quick response to natural disasters” sponsored by the ESA Board of Professional Certification. Annual Meeting of the Ecological Society of America, Montreal, Canada, August.

40

Snyder, K.A., C. Maxwell, J. Cable. Multi-scale responses of carbon and water fluxes to magnitude and frequency of precipitation pulses in the northern Chihuahuan desert. Annual Meeting of the Ecological Society of America, Montreal, Canada, August.

8. Other LTER-related Activities a. Site synthesis volume: After a hiatus during which we submitted the renewal proposal and organized the first year of work under the new funding cycle, we have resumed active work on our synthesis volume. Havstad took the lead in editorial activities as Schlesinger and Huenneke assumed responsibility for covering key additional content. The book was submitted to Oxford in June (2004).

2004-2005 After external review, we revised our book chapters and resubmitted them to Oxford. The book is now in the publication stage, and hopefully will be published in Feb. 2006. Below are the authors and chapter titles:

Introduction...... 1 Kris M. Havstad & William H. Schlesinger 2 Regional Setting of the Jornada Basin...... 16 H. Curtis Monger, Greg H. Mack, Barbara A. Nolen & Leland H. Gile 3 Climate and Climatological Variations in the Jornada Basin...... 40 John Wainright 4 Soil Development in the Jornada Basin...... 69 H. Curtis Monger 5 Patterns and Controls of Soil Water in the Jornada Basin...... 96 Keirith A. Snyder, Katherine A. Mitchell & Jeffrey E. Herrick 6 Nutrient Cycling in the Jornada Basin...... 122 William H. Schlesinger, Sandy L. Tartowski, & Sebastian M. Schmidt 7 Biogeochemical Fluxes Across Piedmont Slopes of the Jornada Basin...... 140 Athol D. Abrahams, Melissa Neave, William H. Schlesinger, John Wainright, David A. Howes & Anthony J. Parsons 8 Water and Energy Balances within the Jornada Basin ...... 168 Vincent P. Gutschick & Keirith A. Snyder

9 Eolian Processes across the Jornada Basin...... 190 Dale Gillette & H. Curtis Monger 10 Plant Communities in the Jornada Basin: The Dynamic Landscape ...... 212 Debra P.C. Peters & Robert P. Gibbens 11 Patterns of Net Primary Production in Chihuahuan Desert Ecosystems ...... 241

41 Laura F. Huenneke & William H. Schlesinger 12 Chihuahuan Desert Fauna: Effects on Ecosystem Properties and Processes...... 262 Walter G. Whitford & Brandon T. Bestelmeyer 13 Livestock Grazing Management in an Arid Ecosystem ...... 292 Kris M. Havstad, Ed L. Fredrickson & Laura F. Huenneke 14 Remediation Research in the Jornada Basin: Past and Future...... 311 Jeffrey E. Herrick, Kris M. Havstad & Albert Rango 15 Applications of Remotely Sensed Data from the Jornada Basin...... 340 Albert Rango, Jerry Ritchie, Tom Schmugge, William Kustas, Mark J. Chopping 16 Modeling the Unique Attributes of Aridland Ecosystems: Lessons from the Jornada Basin...... 360 James F. Reynolds, Paul R. Kemp, Kiona Ogle, Roberto J. Fernández, Qiong Gao & Jianguo Wu 17 A Holistic View of Desert Grassland: A Synthesis of Research and Its Applications ...... 392 Brandon T. Bestelmeyer, Joel R. Brown, Kris M. Havstad & Ed L. Fredrickson 18 Future Directions in Jornada Research: Applying an Interactive Landscape Model...... 416 to Solve Problems Debra P.C. Peters, William H. Schlesinger, Jeffrey E. Herrick, Laura F. Huenneke & Kris M. Havstad

b. Graduate course: As anticipated in our renewal proposal, Monger and Huenneke offered a graduate seminar course at NMSU in 2001 (“Chihuahuan Desert Ecosystems”). Ten students from a wide range of basic and applied science departments read classic and current literature from Jornada studies and engaged in discussions with many Jornada LTER researchers.

c. Workshops organized: 2000-2001: Peters organized a workshop at the SEV field station, April 2001, on scaling information from plots to landscapes and regions. Funded by the LTER Network Office.

2001-2002 Huenneke co-organized a GCTE workshop in Las Cruces, NM, August 2001, entitled “Ecosystem consequences of species removals”. Funded by the LTER Network Office.

Huenneke co-organized an NCEAS working group, April 2002, entitled “Analysis of diversity reduction experiments to address the ecosystem consequences of biodiversity loss”.

42 d. Network-related activities

2003-2004 Peters attended the LTER Coordinating Committee meeting at the Kellogg Biological Station (KBS) in Kalamazoo, MI in May (2003) as the site representative for the JRN LTER.

Peters serves on a new LTER committee on international activities. She attended the LAND Open Science Conference in Morelia, Mexico in Dec. 2003 and presented a poster on the ILTER.

Peters is a member of the Chihuahuan Desert Rangeland Research Center steering committee. The CDRRC is the field facility administered by NMSU.

Peters attended the Ecosystems Interagency Workshop on Climate Change in Silver Spring, MD from Feb. 23-25 (2004). She acted as a recorder for one of the sessions.

Peters and Monger attended the LTER Coordinating Committee in Santa Barbara, CA in April 2004. Peters was elected to serve on the LTER Executive Committee. She also serves on the LTER Network Information Systems Advisory Committee. (NIS-AC), and met with this committee in San Diego, CA in June 2004 to investigate potential collaborations between LTER and the San Diego Supercomputer Center.

Peters attended the LTER workshop entitled “Disturbance and variance in time and space” from June 2-4 in Madison, WI. The workshop was a follow up from activities conducted during the 2003 LTER All Scientists meeting. The workshop products include a proposal submitted to NCEAS for data synthesis and analysis, and a manuscript to be submitted to BioScience.

Peters is a member of the SWEON consortium steering committee. SWEON is the organization of researchers and sites in the southwestern hot deserts who are interested in NEON activities. She will attend the NEON Ecological Implications of Climate Change workshop to be held Aug. 24-25 (2004) in Tucson, AZ.

2004-2005 Peters and Bestelmeyer attended the LTER Coordinating Committee meeting in Alaska in August 2004. Peters and Snyder attended the CC meeting in Key West, Florida in April (2005). Peters attended the LTER planning meeting of the Climate Change committee in Boulder, CO in Feb. 2005, and in Santa Fe, NM in June 2005. She is also a member of the Conference Committee and attended the meeting in Boston in August (2005) to prepare materials for the advisory committee meeting and for the NSF.

43 Peters was a co-chair on the Climate Change NEON sub-committee, and attended meetings in Washington, DC (Nov. 2004), Marina del Rey, CA (Jan. 2005), Boston, MA (March 2005), and Estes Park, CO (June 2005).

Peters attended the Observing Systems for Environmental Solutions workshop in Santa Fe (May 2005) funded by the NSF.

Peters attended the Sevilleta bi-annual symposium in Jan. (2005) and the ground- breaking ceremony for a new building at the site in July (2005).

Anderson attended the LTER Information Managers Meeting in Portland, OR (July 2004) and the KNB Data Management Workshop sponsored by the LNO in Feb. 2005.

Mike Duniway and Andrea Campanella attended the LTER graduate student symposium held at HJ Andrews Experimental Forest (2005). Mike presented an overview of the Jornada research and Andrea presented his dissertation research.

Ramsey is currently a member of: the LTER Information Managers Executive Committee, the LTER EML Best Practices working group, and the Education, Outreach, and Training working group for the LTER Planning grant. Ramsey has also been involved in the LTER Cyber-infrastructure planning effort. He attended the LTER Information Managers Meeting in Portland, OR (July 2004), the LTER Planning meeting in Santa Fe in June (2005), the Education, Outreach, and Training working group meeting at the Sevilleta in Feb (2005), the Information Managers Executive committee meeting in Feb (2005) in Albuquerque, and the EML Implementation mentoring meeting in Tempe, AZ in March (2005).

Rhonda Skaggs, a professor in the Department of Agricultural Economics and Agricultural Business at NMSU, attended the LTER Social Sciences workshop held in Athens, GA in Aug (2005). Rhonda is a new collaborator with the Jornada as part of our human dimensions group.

Peters initiated a new synthesis effort, “Trends in Long Term Ecological Research” that involves collecting long term (> 10y) data from each LTER site as well as forest experimental stations and ARS rangeland sites. A Trends publication was formed, and a collaboration among the LNO, NCEAS, and JRN was developed to assist in writing scripts to automate graphing and future data updates. The final products will be a book of figures and a web page containing the data. e. LTER All Scientists meeting (2003)

The Jornada Basin LTER was well-represented at the ASM in Seattle, WA. Eighteen posters were presented that included all Principal Investigators and many of the graduate students. Eight graduate students, four PIS, and 2 postdocs

44 attended along with the three LTER technicians, the three fulltime site office personnel, and our education representative. Ken Ramsey chaired the LTER Information Managers Organizational Committee for the three IM workshops. Deb Peters co-organized with Bruce Hayden the workshop on climate change as an LTER Initiative. Tamara Hochstrasser and Jin Yao organized a workshop on structure-function relationships, and Jin Yao participated in the species in space and time workshop. Stephanie Bestelmeyer participated in the education strategic planning workshop.

9. Associated grant and contract funding

2000- Monger, H.C. (with T.L. Jones and G.A. Kidron). International Arid Lands Consortium, “Factors controlling microbiotic crusts: Negev and New Mexico.” $75,000, 2000-2002.

Monger, H.C. and J.E. Herrick. USDA National Research Initiative competitive grants program, “CO2 emissions from the dissolution of soil carbonate as a contributor to greenhouse gases.” $142,500. 2000-2003.

Gillette, D. (with A. Pitchford). US Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventative Medicine. “PM10 and sand fluxes from mesquite-dominated landscapes.”

Herrick, J.E. US Dept. of Defense, “Calibration, testing, and implementation of an ecosystem monitoring protocol for military lands.” $110,000. 2000-2001.

Herrick, J.E. (with J. Belnap and D. Pyke). “Monitoring protocols for soil stability at the Lake Mead Recreational Area.” $44,000. 2000-2001.

Herrick, J.E. Dept. of Defense subcontract from John Carroll University, “Cryptogam study, disturbance effects on soil water infiltration and erosion.” $18,975. 2000.

2001-

Huenneke, L.F., (with S. Diaz, and F.S. Chapin). LTER Network Office, Post-All Scientists meeting workshop on diversity reduction experiments. $6,000. Workshop held in Las Cruces, NM, August 2001.

Peters, D.P.C. LTER Network Office, Post-All Scientists meeting workshops on scaling information from plots to landscapes and regions. $15,000. Workshops held at the SEV field station and Albuquerque, NM.

Monger, H.C., J.E. Herrick, D.P.C. Peters, and J.T. Harrington. US EPA, “Carbon sequestration potential of southwestern rangelands.” $623,600. 2001-2002.

45

Peters, D.P.C. National Science Foundation, LTER Cross-site program, “Regional variation in direct and indirect influences of animals on Chihuahuan Desert grasslands.” $200,000. 2001-2004.

Peters, D.P.C. and K.M. Havstad. US Army Construction Engineering Research Lab, “Prediction of future plant community dynamics for military installations using simulation modeling.” $149,036. 2001-2003.

Peters, D.P.C. (with J.R. Gosz). National Science Foundation, “US-Hungary grassland comparisons: Biodiversity, disturbance, and landscape mosaics.” $149,229. 2001-2004.

2002-

Huenneke, L.F., (with S. Diaz, and F.S. Chapin). National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis (NCEAS), Working group: Analysis of diversity reduction experiments to address the ecosystem consequences of biodiversity loss. $38,000. 2002-2003.

Huenneke, L.F. National Science Foundation, LTER Supplement to the JRN. $52,000. 2002.

2003-

Huenneke, L.F. National Science Foundation, LTER Supplement to the JRN. $32,000. 2003.

Peters, D. P. C., K. M. Havstad, and M. G. Thomas. NSF FSML. Coordinated planning of field station support in the Jornada Basin, NM. $25,000. 2004.

Bestelmeyer, S. Harris Foundation. LTER Science Investigation Kits for Five Middle Schools in NM. $4500. 2004.

Bestelmeyer, S. ADC Foundation. Support to add Santa Teresa Elementary School and Santa Teresa Middle School to the SLTER program at the Jornada. $5000. 2004.

McMillan, N. NSF. NMSU GK12 project. 2003-2005.

Okin, G. S. and H. E. Epstein. NSF Ecosystems. Collaborative research: the role of wind erosion in ecosystem change in desert grasslands. $479,165. 2003-2006.

2004-

46 Chopping, M. J., J. Martonchik, W. Parton, D. Peters, and A. Rango. NASA EOS. Quantifying changes in carbon pools with shrub invasion of desert grasslands using multi-angular data from EOS Terra and Aqua. $481,000. 2004-2007.

Peters, D.P.C. National Science Foundation, LTER Supplement to the JRN. $75,120.

2005- Peters, D.P.C. National Science Foundation, LTER Supplement to the JRN. $78,163.

47 Findings

Jornada LTER results have confirmed and extended our understanding of the general conceptual model of increasing resource heterogeneity as the primary (and self- reinforcing) mechanism of desertification where shrublands displace semi-arid grasslands. Ongoing experiments have documented the stability (inertia) lent to the system by shrub dominance. An important result being reinforced by several different studies is that the small-scale interaction of plant with transport vector (wind or water) scales up not just additively, but in a spatially-explicit manner, to determine the overall export from a landscape unit. For example, the microtopography of shrub mounds and hummocks interacts with stemflow, throughfall, and runoff processes in creosotebush bajadas to influence formation of rills and channel flow; the compass orientation of mesquite dunes and geometry of bare areas or “streets” are crucial to the generation of dust from mesquite sites.

Our intensified monitoring of dust generation from a network of sites confirms that mesquite sites are the most significant sources of material capable of being transported long distances. Recovery and digitization of old vegetation and soil maps, along with most recent vegetation mapping and current geomorphological mapping, permits us to identify specific locations where vegetation changes have been either more rapid or less rapid than typical – therefore particularly important areas for research into processes facilitating or inhibiting change. Hence our work confirms that integration of multiple spatial scales (especially that of the landscape) is essential to understanding the consequences of desertification and to predicting future ecosystem dynamics.

Disturbance studies at the Jornada are illustrating that in many cases only a small number of species are capable of rapid response to perturbation (e.g., the plant diversity experiment). Long-term manipulations and our relocation of historical research sites have dramatically highlighted that observations over a very long period are necessary to see any response, or to distinguish between responsive and non- responsive points on the landscape (e.g., relocations of CCC remediation treatments from the 1930’s). Further, species-level characteristics do determine the capacity of the system to tolerate or to recover from disturbance (soil surface disturbance experiments, responses of native and non-native plants to fire study). Disturbances possess inherent variability that contributes to the heterogeneous nature of plant communities (e.g., fire and acute grazing in the stressor study). Acute forms of disturbance constitute extreme events that can greatly influence structure and function of plant communities. Results of current experiments confirm our previous understanding that initial conditions (or environmental conditions present at the time of disturbance) pose important constraints to system response. For example, favorable precipitation patterns immediately following a burn treatment appear to account for the rather strong recovery of both woody and herbaceous species in the fire study. Historical accounts of black grama sensitivity to fire have only been supported if a drought occurs following the burn. Rapid response following a fire is possible for this species under conditions of above- average rainfall during the growing season of the burn.

1 Preliminary results from our plant-fungal studies clearly indicate that black grama seedling growth is negatively affected by the fungal endophyte. We also found that black grama seedling growth responds positively as activity of the fungal endophyte is reduced through application of fungicide or omission of additional fungal inoculum. These results do not support our hypothesis for grass response under non-stressed conditions; thus warranting further study.

Long-term studies of aboveground net primary production in a network of sites demonstrate the difficulty of assessing differences across sites or across years when there is so much spatial and temporal heterogeneity within a single site. It would appear that many reports in the literature are based on sampling too limited to permit statistical comparison. Results from long-term monitoring also highlight the individualistic responses of major groups of organisms to climatic variation. For example, rodent and rabbit populations declined in 2000, but increased dramatically during the winter and spring of 2001 in both black grama grassland and creosotebush environments. In contrast, lizard populations decreased across all habitats in 2000, and have not demonstrated an increase, while ground-dwelling arthropod densities remained relatively constant over the same period of time.

Long-term monitoring of quadrats since as early as 1915 shows tremendous spatial variation in the persistence of perennial grasses against shrub invasion. Out of 57 original black grama quadrats examined, black grama went extinct before the 1950’s drought in 11 quadrats. This species went extinct in 37 quadrats during the 1950’s drought, but persisted until 1979 in 9 quadrats. Out of the numerous environmental factors examined, distance to shrub-dominated communities when the quadrat was established, soil sand content, and variation in rainfall were the best predictors of black grama persistence. Basal areas of black grama, mesa dropseed, and tobosa were correlated with long-term annual precipitation whereas annual growth rates of these species were correlated with short-term rainfall occurring in the previous 15 months.

Our carbon sequestration studies show that most carbon at the Jornada LTER occurs below ground. Ancient soils with highly-developed petrocalcic horizons, like those at the Stressor Site, have up to 223 kg C m-2 (a carbon content that rivals many peat bogs). A comparison of three black grama grassland and three mesquite shrubland sites (Table 1) reveals that grasslands have less aboveground, root, and soil organic carbon, but more inorganic carbon. These inorganic differences are probably more a function of soil age differences than ecosystem differences. Although there is evidence that bacteria, fungi, and roots precipitate some of the carbonate in Jornada soils, there is no evidence that termites precipitate carbonate as previously hypothesized. It was hypothesized that termites precipitate carbonate for use as a cementing agent in the construction of their above-ground galleries because (1) many calcareous galleries existed on noncalcareous topsoil and (2) crystals with optical properties similar to carbonate are common in termites. However, chemical mapping with electron microscopy and isotopic studies indicate that termites mine existing carbonate from subsoil horizons rather than forming it themselves. Termites, therefore, play a smaller role in carbon sequestration than they otherwise would have had they routinely biomineralized carbonate in arid ecosystems.

2

Table 1. Carbon in three grassland and three shrubland sites. Comparison of soil and root carbon is to a depth of 75 cm at each site. Black Grama grassland Mesquite duneland kg C m-2 kg C m-2

Above-ground carbon 0.15 ± 0.03 1.08 ± 0.52 Root carbon 0.90 ± 0.01 3.27 ± 1.80 Soil organic carbon 3.25 ± 0.27 4.89 ± 0.32 Soil inorganic carbon 18.92 ± 12.30 9.98 ± 5.12

The second largest pool of terrestrial carbon is pedogenic carbonate, which stores an estimated 940 Pg of carbon globally as CaCO3. A petrocalcic horizon (i.e., calcrete or caliche) is a soil horizon cemented by a dense accumulation of pedogenic carbonate. Petrocalcic horizons develop beneath the land surface within the upper few meters of soil in arid, semiarid, and some subhumid climates. In the Jornada Basin, erosion has stripped away overlying soil horizons and exhumed petrocalcic horizons in many areas. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that soils with exhumed petrocalcic horizons, because of their direct exposure at the land surface and exposure to shallow roots and microbiotic crusts, will emit more CO2 than (1) neighboring non-eroded soils with petrocalcic horizons or (2) neighboring soils without petrocalcic horizons. We tested 13 this hypothesis by comparing the amount of CO2 and the δ C of CO2 emitted from the three soil types. The amount of CO2 was measured by NaOH and soda lime traps, which were compared to the amounts obtained by an infrared gas analyzer (IRGA). The NaOH showed no statistical difference (α = 0.05) from the amounts obtained with IRGA, but the soda lime traps showed higher values that those of IRGA. The traps were placed in the field for 24-hour increments in a randomized block design that consisted of 5 NaOH and 5 soda lime traps per soil type for each of the three blocks, giving a total of 90 samples 13 per sampling date. The δ C of CO2 was measured with a mass spectrometer on a subset of gas trapped by the NaOH and soda lime and applying a correction factor for isotopic fractionation that occurred during CO2 absorption by the traps. The sampling period extended from June 2002 to October 2003 and both NaOH and soda lime traps revealed no statistical difference (α = 0.05) for the cumulative CO 2 from the three soil types (see figure below). Moreover, the isotopic analysis of CO2 emissions did not match the isotopic signature of CO2 from pedogenic carbonate, but instead was closer to the values of C3 plants which dominate the vegetative community. We conclude, therefore, that exhumed petrocalcic horizons are not a greater source of atmospheric CO2 than neighboring non-eroded petrocalcic soils or soils without petrocalcic horizons.

3

CO2 emissions trapped by NaOH solutions from June 2002 to October 2003. Top graphs are soil temperature at 5 cm depth and rainfall accumulated between sampling dates. Error bars in Blocks 1, 2, and 3 are standard errors around a mean of 5 samples. Means with ** are different at = 0.05 and means with * are different at = 0.2. Arrows pointing up signify times when EPHS is higher than at least one of the neighboring soils. Arrows pointing down signify times when SWoPH or NEPS is higher than neighboring soil. SWoPH is soil without petrocalcic horizon, EPHS is eroded petrocalcic horizon soil, and NEPH is non-eroded petrocalcic soil.

4

Early stages of conceptual and simulation model development have been valuable in formulating research priorities for simulation as well as empirical work on plant-soil interactions. The model highlights the potential constraints on vegetation response to climatic influences posed by propagule availability and by soil limitations on plant recruitment. Ongoing work is aimed at understanding soil-plant-resource interactions as well as individual components such as plant recruitment and soil dynamic properties.

Key findings from 2004-2005

Restoration The presence or lack of water in arid regions is critical in sustaining both plant and animal life. Factors causing high spatial variability of water in dry lands include precipitation, soil, physiography, and vegetation characteristics. Heterogeneity in deserts causes areas of runoff and run-on which leads to development of islands of hydrologically enhanced biotic productivity. These hydrologic islands are observed at the individual plant scale as well as in large area patterns of banded vegetation, playettes, and playas and in beaded drainage networks where run-on and infiltration spur vegetation growth. To remediate degraded rangeland, it may be prudent to mimic nature by diverting water to target areas to create patterns similar to natural islands of hydrologically enhanced biotic productivity. Our studies show that installations of structures such as water ponding dikes can promote changes in natural vegetation at the landscape scale.

Carbon dynamics Our recent work on organic and inorganic carbon show that CO2 emissions are from soil respiration rather than the dissolution of exhumed petrocalcic horizons. The figure below 13 shows carbon isotopic values (δ C) of CO2 emissions. Each point is the mean of n = 12 (i.e., 4 reps in each plot times three plots per soil type). Range of atmospheric CO2 is from Clark and Fritz (1997). Ranges of C4 black grama and C3 mesquite, shown with black boxes, are from Connin et al. (1997a) and Monger (2003). Values for pedogenic carbonates shown in upper left of top figure are from the following areas in the Jornada Basin: 1. Stressor site (unpublished data). 2. Mayfield well (unpublished data). 3, 4 and 5 Liu (2002). 6. Connin et al. 1997a, b. Open circles are stage I pedogenic carbonates formed in coppice dunes.

5

6

Recent work examined the importance of termites in transporting carbonate in their guts to the subsoil horizons rather than biomineralizing it. This figure shows a termite gallery at the Jornada Experimental Range. These galleries commonly contain calcium carbonate.

7

This figure shows various chemical and mineralogical data of termites at the Jornada. A and B show a petrographic thin section of a termite. The small golden-brown crystals shown in A and B are magnified with scanning electron microscopy in G and H and their chemical composition is shown in I, J, and K. A chemical map of Ca is shown in E and F of the overlying image in C and D.

8 Hydrology

Analysis of nutrient data from minisamplers for 2001 and 2002 reveals marked year-to- year differences in the pattern of nutrient loss in both creosotebush and grassland communities. We interpret these results to be due to differences in microbial activity in the soil in response to the differences in timing within the monsoon season of the runoff events in the two years. We are currently investigating taking this analysis further using the DNA and RNA of soil microbes.

creosotebush NH4-N

6 5

4 2002 3 2001 NH4-N 2

1 0 110 130 150 170 190 210

date

grass NH4-N

5

4

3 2002 2001

NH4-N 2

1 0

110 130 150 170 190 210

date

9 Analysis of erosion-pin data shows that all sites on the bajada surface, with the exception of site 7 and 8 (the two sites located within a ‘bead’), exhibit small amounts of change over the period of monitoring (since 1998) with overall net deposition. In contrast, the bead sites exhibit greater changes with marked oscillations between erosion in wet years and deposition in dry years.

50.0 site 1 40.0 site 2 site 3 30.0 site 4 site 5 20.0 site 6 10.0 site 7 site 8 0.0 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 -10.0 net erosion rate mm a-1 mm rate net erosion -20.0

-30.0

-40.0

-50.0 year

30.0

20.0

10.0

0.0 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

-10.0 site 1 site 2 -20.0 site 3 cumulative erosion mm erosion cumulative site 4

-30.0 site 5 site 6

-40.0 site 7 site 8

-50.0 year

10 Modelling of water, sediment and nutrient fluxes across ecotones indicates marked differences among these fluxes at particular ecotones and differences of each flux across different ecotones. These modelling results are presented in the figures below and summarized in Table I. Of particular note is the fact that where grassland is downslope of shrubland, the flux of water and sediment decrease across the ecotone, typically down to about 20% of the flux within the upslope shrubland within 100m, or so, of the vegetation boundary. The flux of sediment first increases and then falls dramatically at these vegetation boundaries. Thus the grassland most closely adjacent to the shrubland undergoes erosion. Nutrient fluxes at these boundaries also increase indicating that these areas of grassland are subject not only to erosion but nutrient depletion. At ecotones where grass is upslope of shrubs, both runoff and sediment fluxes increase, but nutrient fluxes decrease. For ecotones where one shrub community lies upslope of another flux differences are much less. These modelling results have implications for the vigour of plants on the downslope side of the vegetation boundary and suggest likely differences in locational stability of these different ecotones through time.

Table I Comparison of relative changes of water, sediment and nutrient fluxes between different vegetation associations at vegetation boundaries

WATER SEDIMENTNH4 NO3 PO4 Creosote Î grass decrease decrease increase increase increase Mesquite Î grass decrease decrease increase increase increase Tarbush Î grass decrease decrease increase increase increase Grass Î creosote increase increase decrease decrease decrease Grass Î mesquite increase increase decrease decrease decrease Grass Î tarbush increase increase decrease decrease decrease Creosote Î tarbush no change decrease increase increase decrease Creosote Î mesquite no change decrease no change no change no change

11

Creosotebush Î Grassland Grassland Î Creosotebush

Mesquite Î Grassland Grassland Î Mesquite

Tarbush Î Grassland Grassland Î Tarbush

Simulated water fluxes across vegetation boundaries.

12

Creosotebush Î Grassland Grassland Î Creosotebush

Mesquite Î Grassland Grassland Î Mesquite

Tarbush Î Grassland Grassland Î Tarbush

Simulated sediment fluxes across vegetation boundaries.

13 Remote sensing

Using the SEBAL method combined with ASTER imagery, we were able to resolve the detailed track of a convection storm in Sept. (2004) as well as the concentration of water use in arroyos. This approach shows promise for imaging ecosystem processes as opposed to vegetation structure.

14