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BIOSYSTEMATICS OF CHIRONOMIDAE (DIPTERA) INHABITING SELECTED PRAIRIE PONDS IN SASKATCHEWAN A thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master's of Science in the Department of Biology University of Saskatchewan by Dale Wilbert Parker Saskatoon, Saskatchewan December 1985 The author claims copyright. Use shall not be made of the material contained herein without proper acknowledgement, as indicated on the following page. , f « ""0 , c • 0 I 0.. � � • . " # " .. • f • t I r ,. UNIVERSITY OF SASKATCHEWAN �: OF GRADUATE STUDIES ArID RESEARCH Saskatoon ,. CERnFICATlor� OF THESIS' HORK . ' .. .. the that We undersigned, certify --------------------------------- Dale Wilbert PAllEa ( full name) . (degrees) . candidate for the of MASua 0" seIDCB degree ------------------------------------- : has his thesis with . the title . presented. follow1ng -------------- inhabitinl .elected Bio.,.t...ti�. of Cbironoaidae (Diptera) prairie pond. in Sa.katcbevan. (as it appears on title page of thesis) �h�.�_ the thesis is acceptable in form arid' content, and that a satisfactory knowledge of the field covered by the thesis wa� demonstrated by the • candidate through an oral examination held on ·"rid.,. Dece.b�r 13. 1985 • • External Examinerc> z'!?�q.d Dr. L. Burle•• Internal • , 1985 Date '. - ----- .- ----'"-- DlC_IHIl"\3. --- The author has agreed that the Library, University of Saskatchewan, may make this thesis freely available for inspection. Moreover, the 'author has agreed that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the professor or professors who supervised the thesis work herein or, in their absence, by the Head of the Department or the Dean of the Gollege in which the thesis work was done. It is understood that due recognition will be given to the author of this thesis and to the University of Saskatchewan in any use of the material in this thesis. Copying or publication or any other use of the thesis for financial gain without approval by the University of Saskatchewan and the author's written permission is prohibited. Requests for permission to copy or make other use of material in this thesis in whole or in part should be addressed to: Head of the Department of Biology University of Saskatchewan SASKATOON, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N CWO i ABSTRACT Thirty-six species of Chironomidae from a single semipermanent pond near Floral Saskatchewan and four species from other ponds were collected in the study. Seven species and five genera were not previously recorded from Saskatchewan ponds. Identification keys to genera .and species are provided. For each genus, diagnoses of larval and pupal stages are provided as well as a taxonomic, biological and distributional distributional. For each species, descriptions of the immature stages collected are provided along with taxonomic remarks, biological notes and distribution. Pond habitats and classification systems are described and discussed. Chironomid communities are discussed in relation to pond types, and difficulties of working with Chironomidae are presented. Water depth and water and air temperatures are given for selected dates for the primary study pond. Effects of flood conditions on the pond chironomid community are presented discussed. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS for I wish to thank my supervisor Dr. O. M. Lehmkuhl accepting me as his graduate student. He provided lab space, research funding, and many helpful suggestions throughout the course of the study. I also thank him for allowing me the freedom to learn on my own. I also wish to thank Peter Mason for his taxonomic help and for many useful discussions we have had on chironomids and other subjects. I would like to thank Dr. D. R. Oliver, M. E. Dillion, and B. Bilyj for verifying my identifications and making many valuable comments about my slides. Thanks are due to the people I shared the laboratory'with during my study: Lloyd Oosdall, Blair �arvis, Douglas Smith . and Eric Whiting. They all provided support and many enjoyable hours of discussion on a wide range of topics. Thanks to Dennis Dyck for his assistance with the photographic plates. I would also like to thank my brother, James Parker, for flying over pond A so I could take aerial· photographs. Special thanks -to Vicki Keeler for assisting me on many field trips and helping me with the photography, in particular for allowing me to use her photograph for the frontispiece. I would also like to thank her for her support during most of the thesis. Finally I wish to thank my parents, Bert and Margaret Parker, for their patience and constant support during this study and my previous studies. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 ABSTRACT •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ii iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• LIST OF TABLES ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• vi vii LIST OF FIGURES ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• INTRODUCTION •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 1 POND ECOLOGY •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 2 · a. Temporary ponds •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ••••• 5 b. Semipermanent ponds ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 9 · c. Permanent ponds •••••••••••••• � •••••• ••••••••••••• 10 11 d. Aestival ponds •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• INTRODUCTION TO CHIRONOMIDAE ••••••••••••••••••••••••• 12 15 a. Chironomidae life histories •••••••••••••••••••••• b. Difficulties studying Chironomidae ••••••••••••••• 20 c. Pond Chironomidae •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 23 STUDY SITES •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 27 MATERIALS AND METHODS •••••••••••••••••• • • • • • • • • • • •••• 29 a. Sample collection •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 29 30 b. Environmental information •••••••••••••••••••••••• c. Rearing •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 31 d. Slide preparation •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 31 e. Illustration methods ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 34 VERIFICATION AND DISPOSITION OF SPECIMENS •••••••••••• 34 INTRODUCTION TO BIOSYSTEMATICS SECTION ••••••••••••••• 35 iv 36 a. Family terminology ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• b. Measurements and ratios •••••••••••••••••••••••••• 39 KEY TO SUBFAMILIES ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 40 SUBFAMILY TANYPODINAE 41 a. Subfamily diagnosis •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 42 b. Larval and pupal keys •••••••••••••••••••••••••••• c. Genus Ablabesmyia Johannsen •••••••••••••••••••••• 43 47 d. Genus Derotanypus Roback ••••••••••••••••••••••••• e. Genus Procladius Skuse ••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 50 55 f. Genus Psectrotanypus Kieffer ••••••••••••••••••••• g. Genus Tanypus Maigen ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 58 SUBFAMILY CHIRONOMINAE a. Subfamily diagnosis •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 62 64 b. Larval and pupal keys •••••••••••••••••••••••••••• c. Genus fbironomu1 Meigen •••••••••••••• � ••••••••••• 67 77 d. Genus Cladopelma Kieffer ••••••••••••••••••••••••• e. Genus f!yptochironomu1 Kieffer ••••••••••••••••••• 81 84 f. Genus Dicrotendi� Ki�ffer •••••••••••••••••••••• g. Genus Einfeldia Kieffer •••••••••••••••••••••••••• 86 h. Genus Endochironomus Kieffer ••••••••••••••••••••• 89 i. Genus Glyptotendipes Kieffer ••••••••••••••••••••• 93 98 j. Genus Parachironomus Lenz •••••••••••••••••••••••• k. Genus Phaenopse� Kieffer ••••••••••••••••••••• 102 10S 1. Genus Cladotanytars� Kieffer ••••••••••••••••••• m. Genus Paratanytar�1 Bause •••••••••••••••••••••• 107 n. Genus Tanytarsus van der Wulp ••••••••••••••••••• 109 - v SUBFAMILY OTHOCLADIINAE a. Subfamily diagnosis. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •••••••• 11 6 •• 117 b. Larval and pupal keys •••••••••••••••••••••••• � c. Genus Kieffer Acricotop� ••••••••••••••••••••••• 119 d. Genus .£2!ynonet..ira Winnertz •••••••••••••••••••••• 122 van e. Genus Cricotopus der Wulp ••••••••••••••••••• 125 f. Genus Hydrobae� Fries ••••••••••••••••••••••••• 130 Genus Eaton g. bimnophyes •••••••••••••••••••••••••• 134 h. Genus Psectocladi� Kieffer ••••••••••••••••••••• 136 i. Genus Pseudosmittia Goetghebuer ••••••••••••••••• 143 ADDITIONAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION a. Temperature ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 146 •••• 146 b. Water depth •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ; c. Microhabitats in Pond A ••••••••••••••••••••••••• 14B 149 d. Feeding ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• e. Emergence ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 150 f. New records of Saskatchewan pond Chironomidae ••• 151 SUMMARY ••••••••••••••• . • ••••• 152 CONCLUSION •••••••••• . •• 153 LITERATURE CITED •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 155 171 FIGURES ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• TABLES •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 255 • vi LIST OF TABLES 255 Table 1: Air and Water temperatures for pond A ••••• ••257 Table 2: Chironomid species list ••••••••••••••••• • vii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Map of pond A ••••••••••••••••••••••••• 171 Figure 2: Microscope slide showing positions of a reared specimen.................... 172 Figure 3: Lateral view of larva� ••••••••••••••• 173 Figure 4: Ventral view of tanypod head capsule. 174 Figure 5: Ventral view of 'a Chironominae, head capsule ••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 174 Figure 6: Ventral view of pupal cephalothorax.. 175 Figure "7: Dorsal view of pupal abdomen......... 175 Figure 8: �blabesmyia pulchripennis larval antenna.............................. 176 Figure 9: Ablabesmyia pulchripennis larval hypopharyngis, paraligula and ligula. 176 Figure 10: Ablabesmyia pulchripennis larval mandible............................
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    INFORMATION TO USERS This material was produced from a microfilm copy of the original document. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the original submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or patterns which may appear on this reproduction. 1. The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting thru an image and duplicating adjacent pages to insure you complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a large round black mark, it is an indication that the photographer suspected that the copy may have moved during exposure and thus cause a blurred image. You will find a good image of the page in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., was part of the material being photographed the photographer followed a definite method in "sectioning" the material. It is customary to begin photoing at the upper left handcorner of a large sheetand to continue photoing from left to right in equal sections with a small overlap. If necessary, sectioning is continued again — beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete. 4. The majority of users indicate that the textual content is of greatest value, however, a somewhat higher quality reproduction could be made from "photographs" if essential to the understanding of the dissertation.
  • Microsoft Outlook

    Microsoft Outlook

    Joey Steil From: Leslie Jordan <[email protected]> Sent: Tuesday, September 25, 2018 1:13 PM To: Angela Ruberto Subject: Potential Environmental Beneficial Users of Surface Water in Your GSA Attachments: Paso Basin - County of San Luis Obispo Groundwater Sustainabilit_detail.xls; Field_Descriptions.xlsx; Freshwater_Species_Data_Sources.xls; FW_Paper_PLOSONE.pdf; FW_Paper_PLOSONE_S1.pdf; FW_Paper_PLOSONE_S2.pdf; FW_Paper_PLOSONE_S3.pdf; FW_Paper_PLOSONE_S4.pdf CALIFORNIA WATER | GROUNDWATER To: GSAs We write to provide a starting point for addressing environmental beneficial users of surface water, as required under the Sustainable Groundwater Management Act (SGMA). SGMA seeks to achieve sustainability, which is defined as the absence of several undesirable results, including “depletions of interconnected surface water that have significant and unreasonable adverse impacts on beneficial users of surface water” (Water Code §10721). The Nature Conservancy (TNC) is a science-based, nonprofit organization with a mission to conserve the lands and waters on which all life depends. Like humans, plants and animals often rely on groundwater for survival, which is why TNC helped develop, and is now helping to implement, SGMA. Earlier this year, we launched the Groundwater Resource Hub, which is an online resource intended to help make it easier and cheaper to address environmental requirements under SGMA. As a first step in addressing when depletions might have an adverse impact, The Nature Conservancy recommends identifying the beneficial users of surface water, which include environmental users. This is a critical step, as it is impossible to define “significant and unreasonable adverse impacts” without knowing what is being impacted. To make this easy, we are providing this letter and the accompanying documents as the best available science on the freshwater species within the boundary of your groundwater sustainability agency (GSA).
  • Investigations in Fish Control

    Investigations in Fish Control

    INVESTIGATIONS IN FISH CONTROL 80. Effects of Antimycin A and Rotenone on Macrobenthos in Ponds 81. Aquatic Macroinvertebrates in a Small Wisconsin Trout Stream Before, During, and Two Years After Treatment with the Fish Toxicant Antimycin UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE Investigations in Fish Control, published by the Fish and Wildlife Service, include reports on the results of work at the Service's Fish Control Laboratories at La Crosse, Wis., and Warm Springs, Ga., and reports of other studies related to that work. Though each report is regarded as a separate publication, several may be issued under a single cover, for economy. [See Investigations in Fish Control 47-50 (in one cover) for list of issues published prior to 1970.] (Reports 41 through 43 are in one cover.) 41. Identification of MS-222 Residues in Selected Fish Tissues by Thin Layer Chromatography, by John L. Alien, Charles W. Luhning, and Paul D. Harman. 1970. 7 pp. 42. Dynamics of MS-222 in the Blood and Brain of Freshwater Fishes During Anesthesia, by Joseph B. Hunn. 1970. 8 pp. 43. Effect of MS-222 on Electrolyte and Water Content in the Brain of Rainbow Trout, by Wayne A. Willford. 1970. 7 pp. 44. A Review of Literature on TFM (3-trifluormethyl-4-nitrophenol) as a Lamprey Larvicide, by Rosalie A. Schnick. 1972. 31 pp. (Reports 45 and 46 are in one cover.) 45. Residues of MS-222 in Northern Pike, Muskellunge, and Walleye, by John L. Alien, Charles W. Luhning, and Paul D. Harman. 1972. 8 pp.
  • Dipterists Digest: Contents 1988–2021

    Dipterists Digest: Contents 1988–2021

    Dipterists Digest: contents 1988–2021 Latest update at 12 August 2021. Includes contents for all volumes from Series 1 Volume 1 (1988) to Series 2 Volume 28(2) (2021). For more information go to the Dipterists Forum website where many volumes are available to download. Author/s Year Title Series Volume Family keyword/s EDITOR 2021 Corrections and changes to the Diptera Checklist (46) 2 28 (2): 252 LIAM CROWLEY 2021 Pandivirilia melaleuca (Loew) (Diptera, Therevidae) recorded from 2 28 (2): 250–251 Therevidae Wytham Woods, Oxfordshire ALASTAIR J. HOTCHKISS 2021 Phytomyza sedicola (Hering) (Diptera, Agromyzidae) new to Wales and 2 28 (2): 249–250 Agromyzidae a second British record Owen Lonsdale and Charles S. 2021 What makes a ‘good’ genus? Reconsideration of Chromatomyia Hardy 2 28 (2): 221–249 Agromyzidae Eiseman (Diptera, Agromyzidae) ROBERT J. WOLTON and BENJAMIN 2021 The impact of cattle on the Diptera and other insect fauna of a 2 28 (2): 201–220 FIELD temperate wet woodland BARRY P. WARRINGTON and ADAM 2021 The larval habits of Ophiomyia senecionina Hering (Diptera, 2 28 (2): 195–200 Agromyzidae PARKER Agromyzidae) on common ragwort (Jacobaea vulgaris) stems GRAHAM E. ROTHERAY 2021 The enigmatic head of the cyclorrhaphan larva (Diptera, Cyclorrhapha) 2 28 (2): 178–194 MALCOLM BLYTHE and RICHARD P. 2021 The biting midge Forcipomyia tenuis (Winnertz) (Diptera, 2 28 (2): 175–177 Ceratopogonidae LANE Ceratopogonidae) new to Britain IVAN PERRY 2021 Aphaniosoma melitense Ebejer (Diptera, Chyromyidae) in Essex and 2 28 (2): 173–174 Chyromyidae some recent records of A. socium Collin DAVE BRICE and RYAN MITCHELL 2021 Recent records of Minilimosina secundaria (Duda) (Diptera, 2 28 (2): 171–173 Sphaeroceridae Sphaeroceridae) from Berkshire IAIN MACGOWAN and IAN M.