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Yeats's Ideal Others: the Dantean Mask of Yeats's Late Phase By Yeats’s Ideal Others: The Dantean Mask of Yeats’s Late Phase by Caron Barry LLB; MA Supervised by Professor Margaret Mills Harper Submitted for the award of Doctor of Philosophy November 2020 Yeats’s Ideal Others: The Dantean Mask of Yeats’s Late Phase Abstract W. B. Yeats was a poet deeply concerned with making and remaking himself through his work. As a part of that mission Yeats tended very often to follow the example of his most beloved precursors. However, Yeats’s precursors are almost always imagined figures, reinvented by the Irish poet as his needs or interests proscribe: ideal others. Yeats criticism brims with insightful and exhaustive research on the poet’s relationship with certain ideal others. Blake is often considered to be Yeats’s ultimate ideal other, not least because of Yeats’s own comments on the matter, but also due to the lifelong love the poet held for Blake and his adoption of the Blakean principle of contraries into the poet’s own system of correspondences in his late career. However, this thesis seeks to show that, while Blake may indeed have been the dominant ideal other of Yeats’s early phase, it was, in fact, Dante Alighieri, the epic Italian poet of the fourteenth century, who became the foremost ideal other of the poet’s late phase. Through a close analysis of the work of Yeats’s middle and late phases this research will demonstrate how the Irish poet sought to create an enduring poetic image in the western poetic tradition. A penchant for beautiful lofty things and the deeper mysteries of the inner and outer worlds led the older Yeats to the stony image of Dante. Attracted first to the poet who loved the most exalted lady in Christendom, as Yeats matured from a dreamy poet to a grander public figure, Yeats found in Dante the perfect model for the quest poet, a poet emblematic of worldly knowledge, spiritual wisdom, and transcendental romantic love. ii Yeats’s Ideal Others: The Dantean Mask of Yeats’s Late Phase Acknowledgements My deepest thanks to my supervisor Professor Margaret Harper for your constant support and your honest feedback. Without your guidance and expertise, not to mention your patience, I could not have completed this research project. I have sincerely enjoyed our conversations and our shared, nerdy love and excitement for the material. I could not have wished for a better mentor. I’m very grateful to count you a friend. Thank you, Meg. Onward! Thank you to Dr. Michael J. Griffin, Dr. Carrie Griffin and Dr. Tina Morin, for your helpful feedback in each of my panel reviews over the years, and for your kind encouragement. I have enjoyed learning from and working with you, and am grateful to have been surrounded by talented and lovely people. Thank you to Dr. Graham Price for reading multiple early drafts of my work and being a thoughtful and encouraging presence. Thank you to my friend, and fellow Yeatsian PhD candidate, Dana Garvin. I am lucky to have had such a good friend to share this experience, with all its rewards, tears and hair- pulling moments. You are a bright, insightful and creative creature. Thank you. Finally, to my family: go raibh míle, míle maith agaibh. Thank you to my parents, Mary and Ian, for all of your love, tough and gentle, and for your extraordinary support and encouragement. I am truly blessed. Thank you Becca, Ed, Joe, Tom, and Martin, for making me laugh and for keeping me tethered to the ground while I adventured in imaginary realms with these poets. I am indebted to you all and count myself truly fortunate iii Yeats’s Ideal Others: The Dantean Mask of Yeats’s Late Phase Dedication To my father, Ian, who taught me about the magic of stories. To my mother, Mary, who is great at telling them. iv Yeats’s Ideal Others: The Dantean Mask of Yeats’s Late Phase Table of Contents Declaration i Abstract ii Acknowledgements iii Dedication iv Table of Contents v List of Abbreviations vii Introduction: The Making of a Poet 1 ‘Myself Must I Remake’ 1 Old Masters Must I Remake 13 A Note on Intertextuality and Authorial Intention 24 Chapter 1: Symbolism and Phantasmagoria 30 ‘A Subtler Language within Language’ 30 Yeats’s Symbolic Language 44 The Evolution of Phantasmagoria 53 Chapter 2: Yeats’s Blake 69 Finding Fictive Models 69 The Presence of Blake in Yeats’s Early Work 80 Chapter 3: Remaking the Romantic Poet 110 Yeats’s Romantic Dante 110 A Change in the Wind 117 The Ascendency of Dante in Yeats’s Work 139 Chapter 4: A Mask Like Dante 150 The New Life 150 Per Amica Silentia Lunae 157 ‘Ego Dominus Tuus’ 164 Meditations on a New Poetic Mask 169 A Woman that Gives Up all her Mind? 180 GY and the Creation of Yeats’s Dante 185 The Symbolic Bones of the System 193 Double Visions and Belief 197 v Yeats’s Ideal Others: The Dantean Mask of Yeats’s Late Phase Double Vision in The Divine Comedy 205 Chapter 5: The Poet’s Stony Image 211 Interrogation and Hybridity 227 Conclusion 243 A Friend of Wisdom, and a Servant of Love 243 The Poet Content to See 252 Bibliography 259 vi Yeats’s Ideal Others: The Dantean Mask of Yeats’s Late Phase LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS: AE George Russell Anx Harold Bloom. The Anxiety of Influence. 2nd ed., New York, Oxford UP, 1997. AS Automatic Script [See MYV 1, 2]. AVA W. B. Yeats. A Vision. 1925. The Collected Works of W. B. Yeats Vol. XIII: A Vision: The Original 1925 Version, edited by Catherine E. Paul and Margaret Mills Harper. Scribner, 2008. AVB W. B. Yeats. A Vision. 1937. The Collected Works of W. B. Yeats Vol. XIV: A Vision: The Revised 1937 Edition, edited by Catherine E. Paul and Margaret Mills Harper. Scribner, 2015. Barthes Roland Barthes. Image-Music-Text. Translated by Stephen Heath. Hill and Wang, 1977. BCW William Blake. Blake Complete Writings: With Variant Readings. 1957. Edited by Geoffrey Keynes. Oxford UP, 1972. Boccaccio Giovanni Boccaccio. See ELD. Bloom Harold Bloom Bornstein George Bornstein. See CY: The Tower (1928) & YRD. CL 1 W. B. Yeats. The Collected Letters Volume I: 1865-1895. Edited by Eric Domville and John Kelly. Oxford UP, 2003. CL 2 W. B. Yeats. The Collected Letters Volume II: 1896-1900, edited by Warwick Gould, John Kelly, and Deirdre Toomey. Oxford UP, 2004. CL 3 W. B. Yeats. The Collected Letters Volume III: 1901-1904, edited by John Kelly, and Ronald Schuchard. Oxford UP, 2003. CL 4 W. B. Yeats. The Collected Letters Volume IV: 1905-1907, edited by John Kelly, and Ronald Schuchard. Oxford UP, 2005. vii Yeats’s Ideal Others: The Dantean Mask of Yeats’s Late Phase Comedy Dante Alighieri. The Divine Comedy. Translated by Henry Cary, Hertfordshire: Wordsworth Editions Limited, 2009. Convito Dante Alighieri. Il Convito: The Banquet of Dante Alighieri. Translated by Elizabeth Price Sayer, London: Routledge, 1887. CPP William Blake. The Complete Poetry & Prose of William Blake. 1965, edited by David V. Erdman. Doubleday, 1988. CW2 W. B. Yeats. The Collected Works of W. B. Yeats Volume II: The Plays, edited by David R. Clark and Rosalind E. Clark. Scribner, 2001. CW3 W. B. Yeats. The Collected Works of W. B. Yeats Volume III: Autobiographies, edited by William H. O’Donnell and Douglas N. Archibald. Scribner, 1999. CW4 W. B. Yeats. The Collected Works of W. B. Yeats Volume IV: Early Essays, edited by George Bornstein and Richard J. Finneran. Scribner, 2007. CW5 W. B. Yeats. The Collected Works of W. B. Yeats Volume V: Later Essays, edited by William H. O’Donnell. New York, Scribner, 1994. CW8 W. B. Yeats. The Collected Works of W. B. Yeats Volume VIII: The Irish Dramatic Movement, edited by Richard J. Finneran. Scribner, 2003. CY: Poems, etc. Cornell series of Manuscript Materials by W. B. Yeats (Ithaca and London: Cornell UP, 1994– ) cited by name. DWL W. B. Yeats. Letters on Poetry from W. B. Yeats to Dorothy Wellesley. 1964. Littlefield, 2007. EIP Dante Gabriel Rossetti. The Early Italian Poets: From Ciullo D’Alcamo to Dante Alighieri (1100-1200-1300). London: Smith, Elder, and Co., 1861. ELD Giovanni Boccaccio. “The Life of Dante”. Translated by Philip H. Wicksteed. The Early Lives of Dante. London: Alexander Moring Limited, 1904. Ellmann Richard Ellmann. Yeats: The Man and the Masks. 1978. Norton, 1999. viii Yeats’s Ideal Others: The Dantean Mask of Yeats’s Late Phase Ex W. B. Yeats. Explorations. Macmillian, 1962. Feldman Daniel Feldman. “Poetry in Question: The Interrogative Lyric of Yeats's Major Poems.” Partial Answers, vol. 12, no. 1, 2014, pp. 87-105. Foster 1, 2 R. F. Foster. W. B. Yeats: A Life. 2 vols. Oxford and New York, Oxford UP, 1997, 2003. GD The Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn (Golden Dawn) Gould Warwick Gould. See, YA 19, YA 21. GY George Yeats (Neé Hyde-Lees) Iseult Iseult Gonne JBY John Butler Yeats, father L W. B. Yeats. The Letters of W. B. Yeats, edited by Allan Wade. London: Rupert-Hart Davis, 1954. LG Augusta, Lady Gregory Mem W. B. Yeats. Memoirs: Autobiography-First Draft and Journal, edited by Denis Donoghue. Macmillan, 1972. MG Maud Gonne MW W. B. Yeats. The Major Works. 1997, edited by Edward Larrissy. New York: Oxford UP, 2008. Myth W. B. Yeats. Mythologies, edited by Warwick Gould and Deirdre Toomey. Macmillan, 2005. MYV 1 George Mills Harper. The Making of Yeats’s A Vision: A Study of the Automatic Script, vol.
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