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A Thematic Analysis of Organ Donation Storylines in Television Medical Dramas

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A Thematic Analysis of Organ Donation Storylines in Television Medical Dramas Depictions of Donation: A Thematic Analysis of Organ Donation Storylines in Television Medical Dramas Emma Kathryn Baumgardner Thesis submitted to the faculty of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts In Communication Adrienne Ivory, Chair John Tedesco Carlos Evia Puerto April 28, 2021 Blacksburg, VA Keywords: Organ Donation, Social Cognitive Theory, Thematic Analysis, Entertainment Television Depictions of Donation: A Thematic Analysis of Organ Donation Storylines in Television Medical Dramas Emma Kathryn Baumgardner ABSTRACT With a global and national shortage in the number of registered organ donors, this study employed a qualitative thematic analysis of thirteen episodes from popular medical dramas that aired between 2016-2020. The aim of this study was to allow for a better understanding of how the media utilizes entertainment television to portray storylines related to organ donation. The analyzed shows included in this study were: Grey’s Anatomy, The Good Doctor, New Amsterdam, Chicago Med, and The Resident. From the analysis, six major themes emerged: Urgency of Transplant, Ethical Decision-Making, Emotional Impacts of Organ Donation on Patient and Families, Familial Relationships Impacting Donation, Viewer Education via Vicarious Learning, and Excitement Surrounding Surgery. In addition to these themes, both favorable and unfavorable cues related to organ donation were present throughout the analysis. These findings have implications for audience members via social cognitive theory. This study illuminated the ongoing efforts made by the entertainment television industry to portray organ donation in a factual manner and to provide the viewing public with potential opportunities for organ donation education. Depictions of Donation: A Thematic Analysis of Organ Donation Storylines in Television Medical Dramas Emma Kathryn Baumgardner GENERAL AUDIENCE ABSTRACT With a global and national shortage in the number of registered organ donors, this study analyzed thirteen episodes from popular medical dramas that aired between 2016-2020 to determine what themes were present amongst the analyzed shows. The analyzed shows included in this study were: Grey’s Anatomy, The Good Doctor, New Amsterdam, Chicago Med, and The Resident. The aim of this study was to allow for a better understanding of how the media utilized entertainment television to portray storylines related to organ donation. From the analysis, six major themes emerged: Urgency of Transplant, Ethical Decision-Making, Emotional Impacts of Organ Donation on Patient and Families, Familial Relationships Impacting Donation, Viewer Education via Vicarious Learning, and Excitement Surrounding Surgery. In addition to the emergence of these themes, the analysis revealed both favorable and unfavorable cues related to organ donation were present in these entertainment storylines. This study illuminated the ongoing efforts made by the entertainment television industry to portray organ donation in a factual manner and to provide the viewing public with opportunities for organ donation education. iv DEDICATION To my family, thank you for your continuous support and encouragement over the years. To my Dad, thank you for continuously demonstrating what resilience looks like. To his donor and their family, thank you. We are forever grateful. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1: Introduction 1 Chapter 2: Literature Review 5 Organ Donation: An Overview 5 Barriers to Organ Donation 9 Predictors of Organ Donation 13 Organ Donation in Entertainment Television 16 Social Cognitive Theory 20 Social Cognitive Theory and Entertainment Education 27 Social Cognitive Theory and Organ Donation 30 Research Questions 33 Chapter 3: Methodology 34 Thematic Analysis 34 Show Selection 35 Analysis 37 Chapter 4: Results 39 Organ Donation Themes 39 Urgency of Transplant 41 Ethical Decision Making 43 Emotional Impacts of Organ Donation on Patients and Families 46 Familial Relationships Impacting Donation 48 Viewer Education via Vicarious Learning 50 Excitement Surrounding Surgery 53 Organ Donation Cues 55 Unfavorable Cues 55 Favorable Cues 57 Summary of Findings 62 Chapter 5: Discussion and Implications 64 Discussion 64 Implications 68 Chapter 6: Limitations and Conclusions 70 Limitations 70 Conclusions 71 References 73 Appendix A 80 Chicago Med, “Best Laid Plans” 80 Chicago Med, “Who Can You Trust” 104 Grey’s Anatomy, “Both Sides Now” 126 Grey’s Anatomy, “I Am Not Waiting Anymore” 149 Grey’s Anatomy, “One Day Like This” 172 vi New Amsterdam, “Domino Effect” 192 The Good Doctor, “Faces” 211 The Good Doctor, “Heartfelt” 228 The Good Doctor, “Hubert” 248 The Good Doctor, “Islands Part One” 266 The Good Doctor, “Oliver” 286 The Resident, “Broker and Broker” 304 The Resident, “Virtually Impossible” 325 vii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 “Paired Donation Framework” 7 Figure 2 “Reciprocal Causality” 22 Figure 3 “The Four Cornerstones of SCT” 22 viii LIST OF TABLES Table 1 “Show Selection” 36 Table 2 “Episodes” 37 Table 3 “Organ Donation Themes” 39 1 DEPICTIONS OF DONATION CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION For many Americans, organ donation is a topic that is encountered only when obtaining or renewing a driver’s license. However, many Americans do not have the luxury of thinking about organ donation only when applying for a license as organ donation is a daily concern for them and their families. Globally, there is a shortage in the amount of people who are registered to be organ donors, which can have lasting, and often life-threatening implications for those waiting to receive an organ transplant. In the United States alone, as of April, 2021 there were more than107,000 men, women, and children on the national transplant waiting list (Health Resource and Service Administration, 2021). Despite the fact that nearly 90% of Americans are supportive of organ donation, only 60% are actually registered to be an organ donor (Health Resource and Service Administration, 2021). Due to this disparity between registered donors and the number of organs available for donation, approximately 17 people in the United States die each day while waiting for their medical organ donor match (Health Resource and Service Administration, 2021). While there have been numerous measures taken in hopes of mitigating this shortage, one of the ongoing struggles in getting more people to register stems from inaccurate messaging and media portrayal of the organ donation process. Ultimately, these portrayals aid in the perpetuation of negative and untrue information surrounding organ donation (Morgan, 2005; 2010). Despite the circulation of misinformation and shortage in organs available for transplant, organ donation continues to be a popular and widely successful solution for a range of medical illnesses and diseases including, but not limited to, liver failure, diabetes, and hypertension (UNOS, 2021). Despite the disparity in the number of those who approve of organ donation and those that are registered organ donors, the current statistics regarding organ donation and DEPICTIONS OF DONATION 2 transplantation rates in the United States are encouraging. In 2019, the number of organ transplants in the United States reached an all-time high with 39,719 transplants taking place. This is an 8.7% increase from the number of transplants that took place in 2018 (UNOS, 2021). Despite the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in March of 2020, transplants continued to take place. Not only did transplants continue, but the number of deceased donor transplants that occurred from January through July of 2020 surpassed the number of deceased donor transplants that occurred from January through July of 2019 by 550 (Cooper, 2020). With this increase in organ donations and transplant surgeries, there are several strategies that the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) is implementing to further increase the utilization of donated organs. Some of these strategies include finding viable candidates for transplantation more quickly, increasing access to high-quality medical imaging, and implementing organization tools (UNOS, 2019). Although previous research has been conducted regarding the portrayal of organ donation in television, there are a limited number of studies to emerge on the topic of entertainment television’s impact on organ donation in the past decade. These past studies have found that due to an inaccurate portrayal of organ donation in television media, viewers were more likely to remember specific examples of organ donation when the portrayal was negative (Morgan, 2005). Consequently, those who were not registered donors generally held more negative attitudes towards organ donation as a whole (Morgan, 2010). These findings prompted the researcher to call upon the entertainment industry to be more accurate and more intentional in the ways organ donation is portrayed in entertainment media (Morgan, 2005). Though progress has been made in how organ donation storylines are depicted due to efforts made by organizations such as Donate DEPICTIONS OF DONATION 3 Life Hollywood and the OneLegacy foundation, just how many changes have been made is still to be determined as there is a gap in the literature on this topic. Since Morgan’s initial findings in 2005, streaming services have allowed for viewers to consume television in a novel way with services such as Netflix and Hulu offering online, delayed streaming services beginning in the mid-2000s. Through these services, viewers are
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