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HYDROLOGIC and GEOMORPHIC STUDIES of the PLATTE RIVER BASIN Hydrologic and Geomorphic Studies of the Platte River Basin

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HYDROLOGIC and GEOMORPHIC STUDIES of the PLATTE RIVER BASIN Hydrologic and Geomorphic Studies of the Platte River Basin HYDROLOGIC AND GEOMORPHIC STUDIES OF THE PLATTE RIVER BASIN Hydrologic and Geomorphic Studies of the Platte River Basin GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 1277 UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1983 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR JAMES G. WATT, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Dallas L. Peck, Director Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data United States. Geological Survey. Main entry under title: Hydrologic and geomorphic studies of the Platte River basin. (Geological Survey Professional Paper ; 1277) Bibliography: 258 p. Supt. of Docs. No.: I 19.16:1277-A Contents: Hydrologic and morphologic changes in the channels of the Platte River basin, a historical perspective/by T. R. Eschner, R. F. Hadley, and K.D. Crowley Effects of water development on surface-water hydrology, Platte River basin in Colorado, Wyom­ ing, and Nebraska upstream from Duncan, Nebraska/by J. E. Kircher and M. R. Karlinger Hydraulic geometry of the Platte River near Overton, south-central Nebraska, by T. R. Eschner [etc.] 1. Hydrology Nebraska Platte river Watershed Addresses, essays, lectures. 2. Geomorphology Nebraska Platte River Watershed Addresses, essays, lectures. 3. Hydrology North Platte River Watershed Addresses, essays, lectures. 4. Geomorphology North Platte River Watershed Addresses, essays, lectures. 5. Hydrology South Platte River Watershed (Colo. and Neb.) Addresses, essays, lectures. 6. Geomorphology South Platte River Watershed (Colo. and Neb.) Addresses, essays, lectures. I. Geological Survey (U.S.) II. Series. CB705.N2H93 1983 551.48'3'09782 83-600013 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 PREFACE The channels of the Platte River and its major tributaries, the South Platte and North Platte Rivers in Colorado, Wyoming, and Nebraska, have undergone major changes in hydrologic regime and morphology since about 1860, when the water resources of the basin began to be developed for agricultural, municipal, and industrial uses. These water uses have continued to increase with growth in population and land development. Diversion of flow from channels, storage of water in reservoirs, and increased use of ground water have affected the distri­ bution and timing of streamflows and the transport of fluvial sediments. All these factors have contributed to changes in channel geometry and the riverine environment. In 1979, the U.S. Geological Survey began investigations in the Platte River basin to determine the effects of water use on the hydrology and morphology of the Platte River and its major tributaries. These investigations also considered the relationship of hydrologic regime to factors that control or affect the habitat of migratory waterfowl in the Platte River valley. This volume brings together the results of several research studies on his­ torical changes in channel morphology, surface-water hydrology, hydraulic geometry, sediment-transport and bedform processes, ground-water and surface-water relations, stochastic models of streamflow and precipitation, and methods for estimating discharge required to maintain channel width. In each of the studies, data on some segment of the Platte River hydrologic system were collected and interpreted. All the studies are interrelated; together they provide some degree of understanding of regime changes that are occurring. The hydro- logic research described in the following chapters will be useful in decision- making pertaining to the management of water resources and migratory water­ fowl habitats. IV CONTENTS TABLES Page TABLE 1. History of canal construction in the Platte River basin, 1851-1930 A4 2. History of reservoir capacity in the Platte River basin 5 3. Channel widths of the Platte River, Nebraska, in downstream order, measured from General Land Office maps (1860) and aerial photographs (1938-1979) 31 4. Data for channel width, braiding index, and sinuosity index for the North Platte River 38 5. Data for channel width, braiding index, and sinuosity for the South Platte River 38 CONTENTS [Letters designate the chapters] (A) Hydrologic and morphologic changes in channels of the Platte River basin in Colorado, Wyom­ ing, and Nebraska: A historical perspective, by T. R. Eschner, R. F. Hadley, and K. D. Crowley. (B) Effects of water development on surface-water hydrology, Platte River basin in Colorado, Wyoming, and Nebraska upstream from Duncan, Nebraska, by J. E. Kircher and M. R. Karlinger. (C) Hydraulic geometry of the Platte River near Overton, south-central Nebraska, by T. R. Esch­ ner. (D) Interpretation of sediment data for the South Platte River in Colorado and Nebraska, and the North Platte and Platte Rivers in Nebraska, by J. E. Kircher. (E) Relation of channel-width maintenance to sediment transport and river morphology: Platte River, south-central Nebraska, by M. R. Karlinger, T. R., Eschner, R. F. Hadley, and J. E. Kircher. (F) A stochastic streamflow model and precipitation model for the Platte River from Gothenburg to Grand Island, Nebraska, by A. V. Vecchia, Jr. (G) Simulated hydrologic effects of possible ground-water and surface-water management alterna­ tives in and near the Platte River, south-central Nebraska, by A. W. Burns. (H) Ground-water hydrology of the Mormon Island Crane Meadows wildlife area near Grand Island, Hall County, Nebraska, by R. T. Hurr. Hydrologic and Morphologic Changes in Channels of the Platte River Basin in Colorado, Wyoming, and Nebraska: A Historical Perspective By THOMAS R. ESCHNER, RICHARD F. HADLEY, and KEVIN D. CROWLEY HYDROLOGIC AND GEOMORPHIC STUDIES OF THE PLATTE RIVER BASIN GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 127 7-A UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, W AS H I NGTON : 1 983 CONTENTS Page Page Abstract Al Effects of changes in hydrology on the channel A13 Introduction 1 Presettlement channel and valley-floor characteristics 13 Acknowledgments 2 Channel width 13 Description of the area 2 Channel depth 13 Development of irrigation in the Platte River basin 2 Bed material and bed forms 13 South Platte River and tributaries 3 Islands 14 North Platte River and tributaries - 5 Vegetation 14 Platte River valley 8 Summary of presettlement characteristics 15 Effects of water development on hydrology 8 Changes in Platte River morphology 15 Presettlement hydrology 8 Changes in North Platte and South Platte River mor­ Floods 9 phology 31 Low flows 9 Relationship of discharge regulation to channel change 31 Postsettlement hydrology 10 Processes of width reduction 32 Surface water 10 Some implications of future water development 34 Surface-water - ground-water relationships 10 References cited 35 ILLUSTRATIONS Page FIGURE 1. Map of the Platte River in Colorado, Wyoming, and Nebraska A3 2. Cumulative usable storage in reservoirs in the Platte River basin 6 3. Historical total yearly imports of water to the South Platte River basin since 1895 7 4. Map showing location of modern and historic sites in the Platte River valley 9 5. Flow-duration curves for 10-year periods, Platte River near Overton, Nebraska 12 6-10. Maps of channel of the Platte River near. 6. Cozad, Nebraska, in sections 25, 26, 35, and 36, T. 10 N., R. 23 W., section 31, T. 10 N., R. 22 W., and section 6, T. 9 N., R. 22 W., in (a) 1860, (b) 1938, and (c) 1979 16 7. Kearney, Nebraska, in sections 7, 8,9,16,17, and 18, T. 8 N., R. 16 W., and sections 12 and 13, T. 8 N., R. 17 W., in (a) 1938, (b) 1957, and (c) 1979 19 8. Grand Island, Nebraska, in sections 1, 2,10,11,12, and 15, T. 11 N., R. 8 W., and section 36, T. 12 N., R. 8 W., in (a) 1938 and (b) 1979 22 9. Duncan, Nebraska, in sections 3,4,8,9,10,16, and 17, T. 16 N., R. 1 W., in (a) 1860, (b) 1941, and (c) 1978 25 10. Ashland, Nebraska, in sections 15,16,17,18,19,20, and 21, T. 12 N., R. 11 E., in (a) 1941 and (b) 1971 28 11. Graph of at-a-station changes of channel width of the Platte River, Nebraska, with time 30 12. Graph of downstream changes in the percentage of 1860 channel width occupied by the channel in 1938-1941, 1957-1959,1969-1971, and 1978-1979 32 13-16. Photographs of the Platte River 13. South of Lexington, Nebraska, facing toward the north, taken about 1910 33 14. Near the present site of Cozad, Nebraska, from the south bank toward the northwest, taken in (a) 1866 and (b) 1979. 34 15. South of Kearney, Nebraska, from the south bank toward the north, taken (a) between 1875 and 1880 and (b) in 1981 36 16. Near Ashland, Nebraska, from the south bank toward the northeast, taken in (a) 1897 and (b) 1982 37 in HYDROLOGIC AND GEOMORPHIC STUDIES OF THE PLATTE RIVER BASIN HYDROLOGIC AND MORPHOLOGIC CHANGES IN CHANNELS OF THE PLATTE RIVER BASIN IN COLORADO, WYOMING, AND NEBRASKA: A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE By THOMAS R. ESCHNER, RICHARD F. HADLEY, and KEVIN D. CROWLEY ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION The channels of the Platte River and its major tributaries, the The Platte River and its tributaries in Colorado, South Platte and North Platte Rivers in Colorado, Wyoming, and Wyoming, and Nebraska (fig. 1) are typical of many Nebraska, have undergone major changes in hydrologic regime and Great Plains streams that originate in the Rocky Moun­ morphology since 1860. These changes are attributed here to agricultural, municipal, and industrial water use. tains. Much of the flow in the North Platte, South Although water-resource development varied temporally Platte, and Platte Rivers is derived from spring throughout the basin, the history of development along the Platte snowmelt in the mountains. Because the plains are River and tributaries followed four stages: (1) Construction of small, semiarid to subhumid, most of the flow has been ap­ crude ditches to irrigate flood plains; (2) constuction of larger canals propriated for irrigation of agricultural crops, municipal to irrigate bench lands; (3) construction of reservoirs to store snowmelt runoff; and (4) accelerated development of ground-water use, and industrial development.
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