MATERIAL REGIONALISM 271

Material Regionalism: ’s Sustainable Timber Construction Tradition

ULRICH DANGEL The University of Texas at Austin

Located on the northwestern slopes of the Austri- farming population, which in return became heav- an and bordering the countries of , ily involved in the home-based manufacturing of , and , Vorarlberg is the industrial textiles and other goods. Up to the 19th second smallest Austrian province, but also the century, Vorarlberg was sparsely inhabited, and its second most densely populated after . Its population was mostly homogeneous. The regula- population of 367,0001 is hardly even that of a tion of the River, the construction of the rail- medium-sized European city, and inhabits an area road, and the use of waterpower gave the province of roughly 2,600 square kilometers (1,000 square a basis for its own economic growth, and also led miles)2. Vorarlberg is geographically closed off from to an infl ux of foreign labor, particularly from Italy the rest of , and the only connections to the and Turkey.3 Today, Vorarlberg is the most heav- neighboring province of are provided by three ily industrialized region of Austria, but it produces surface roads, as well as the railroad and street with the lowest energy consumption. 97% of the tunnel through the mountain. Due to its province’s electricity is generated through hydro- isolated location, most of the province’s population electric power, with the valley being the center of speaks a distinctive German dialect which many of power production.4 Of 169,000 people employed, the country’s other inhabitants fi nd hard to under- only 3,000 still work in farming and forestry, but stand. It is similar to the Alemannic dialects spo- 67,000 work in textile, electrical, and machine ken in Switzerland, Liechtenstein, the region manufacturing and construction.5 The per capita in France, and parts of southwestern Germany, production of export goods is four times higher whereas the dialects spoken in the rest of Austria than the United States or Japan, and is only sur- form part of the Bavarian-Austrian language group. passed by Switzerland. Many towns and villages even have their own dis- tinct sub-dialects. Due to Vorarlberg’s size, it might come as a sur- prise that the emergence of its contemporary and Vorarlberg is an alpine region and extremely moun- innovative timber over the last three tainous, and therefore offers unfavorable condi- decades is unparalleled in Europe. Deeply rooted in tions for intensive farming. It also does not pos- the region’s longstanding tradition of building craft, sess any signifi cant valuable natural resources. For a number of pioneering architects have established centuries, the land could not feed the population, a strong technical, cost-effi cient, and functional vo- and the younger generations were sent abroad as cabulary that has evolved into a unique architectur- seasonal workers to the more prosperous neigh- al culture. Today, this exclusive setting serves as a boring countries. The province had a strong rural laboratory in which architects and craftsmen search agricultural tradition, but it experienced an early for a symbiotic connection between a specifi cally industrialization at the beginning of the 19th cen- regional architecture on the one hand, and a pro- tury, particularly in the area of textile manufactur- gressive architectural formal language on the other. ing. The rise of the textile industry had its origins In addition, they explore the relationship between in the traditional production of linen, and benefi ted technology and ecology, as well as between housing greatly from the craftsmanship and skill set of the needs and the requirements of the industry. 272 THE VALUE OF DESIGN

THE CARPENTRY TRADE many churches and monasteries, and some of the best examples can be found in Birnau and Weingar- Carpentry is one of the oldest and most impor- ten in Germany, as well as Sankt Gallen and Einsie- tant building trades and forms the foundation of deln in Switzerland. Famous builders such as Franz Vorarlberg’s architectural culture. Individual mas- Beer and Peter Thumb became very wealthy and ter craftsmen could reach the highest social sta- settled in larger cities such as Constance. tus as citizens of cities and rural communities. The trade was organized in so-called guilds which regu- Up to the 19th century, carpenters were not only lated the profession and determined how master craftsmen, but they also fulfi lled the role of archi- craftsmen, journeymen, and apprentices lived to- tect and engineer. Industrialization brought some gether. The guilds controlled pricing and the qual- new tasks, such as the design and construction of ity of completed work, and prevented fraudulent concrete formwork, but generally, the carpenter’s activities, as well as excessive competition. Besides responsibilities diminished signifi cantly. The tools determining the rules of conduct, they were also of the trade remained virtually unchanged between religious associations in the honor of God. Precise the Middle Ages and the 20th century, when manual regulations established the apprentices’ education labor was increasingly replaced by power tools and during their three-year training period and dictated the use of machinery.6 god-fearing and honorable lifestyles. A fi nal prac- tical exam concluded the apprenticeship and con- TIMBER sisted of either a building or a model, the so-called journeyman’s piece. One third of Vorarlberg is still covered with forest.7 As early as the Middle Ages, forests in mountainous This was followed by a three-year journey which areas were identifi ed to fulfi ll important protective the apprentice would use to get familiar with other functions. Located at high altitudes above settle- parts of the world and new working methods. The ments, they serve as effective measures against rules were very strict. The journeymen were not avalanches and landslides. Today’s effects of pol- allowed to come home during that time, nor could lution and the resulting forest dieback are a global they work on the same building site for more than problem, but are proving to be particularly disas- six months. Guild houses were located all across trous for alpine regions. Europe, and even today journeyman carpenters can be seen traveling in their guild attire, wear- In the past, logging the timber was also part of the ing a black corduroy vest and bell-bottomed pants, craftsmen’s responsibility. A large structure like a and a wide-brimmed hat. The collaborative work church or monastery could consume entire forests, in the fi eld and the shared life in the guild houses and the carpenters themselves would go and select fostered a strong sense of belonging and commu- healthy and straight trees for construction. The car- nity, and allowed the carpentry guilds to survive till penters would then mill the logs and turn them into present day. lumber for construction. Flourishing sawmills put an end to the close relationship the carpenters had Since Vorarlberg was a poor province with few sig- established with the material as a result of manual nifi cant commissions, most of the work by Vorarl- processing. Timber for construction was now cut berg craftsmen was, in fact, performed abroad. The cost-effectively by the mills and readily available guilds were able to exploit the building boom af- for purchase. However, in some remote valleys and ter the destruction of the Thirty Years’ War (1618- settlements, carpenters and farmers retained the 1648). Between 1650 and 1800, craftsmen from old manual timber processing techniques all the Vorarlberg constructed several hundred large proj- way into the 1950s. ects in Southern Germany, Switzerland, Alsace, and Bohemia. As a result, not only Vorarlberg’s jour- Vorarlberg is not only densely wooded, but it also neymen were traveling, the entire guild was on the possesses numerous creeks and rivers which facili- road. Some villages report that during the building tated the installation of water-powered saw mills. season between March and October, nearly 90% of Up to the 19th century, almost every village owned the male population were working away from home. at least one saw mill, and many farmers shared Vorarlberg’s Baroque master builders designed communal facilities close to the forests they owned. MATERIAL REGIONALISM 273

Improvements to the infrastructure and increased surprise that the origins of the word sustainabil- motorization in the 20th century signaled the end ity can be found in 18th century European forestry for smaller mills, and only the larger and more ef- regulations. In his 1713 publication of Sylvicultura fi cient ones were able to survive. New manufactur- oeconomica, the fi rst comprehensive treatise on ing techniques such as the production of glulam forestry, the German administrator Carl von Car- beams and concrete formwork opened up new lowitz used the term nachhaltend (sustainable) to markets and export opportunities for saw mills and formulate the concept of sustainability in forestry carpentry businesses throughout Vorarlberg.8 for the very fi rst time.10 The idea of Nachhaltigkeit, or sustainability, caught on in Europe throughout THE TIMBER HOUSE the 18th century. Vast areas were reforested, mea- sured and divided, soils were evaluated, and plants Its excellent insulating properties make timber the and animals were classifi ed. The deforestation was obvious building material of choice in the cold cli- reversed. Forestry academies were founded in mate of the Alps, and it is much preferred over Germany, France, and England, and the term was masonry construction. The abundance of timber al- eventually translated into other languages, result- lowed a tradition of craft and carpentry to evolve ing in the 19th century English term sustained yield over centuries. The Bregenzerwald region in Vorarl- forestry, which would serve as the source for the berg boasts one of the best preserved timber con- word sustainability in the modern sense. Neverthe- struction traditions in Europe. In all parts of the less, timber remained the cheapest building ma- province however, timber construction dominates, terial for Vorarlberg farmers all the way into the and it can be found not only in the mountainous 19th century. Almost everything in and around the regions, but also at the shores of house was made of wood: the furniture, the panel- and the Rhine River valley. If allowed to dry out ing in the parlor, the roof covering with several lay- properly, timber-framed houses are extremely ers of shingles, the neatly stacked piles of fi rewood durable and can withstand even the harsh condi- for the stove, most of the farming tools, and even tions found in the mountains. Careful detailing the everyday footwear. and assembly techniques can successfully protect untreated wooden building parts such as facades, TRADITIONAL HOUSES windows, and doors from rain, wind, and snow. Over time, surfaces facing the sun will be burnt By subdividing and adding to initially primitive one- and turn a dark brown color, while the shaded sides room buildings, the varying farmhouse types of the of a building will turn a silvery grey as they age. By different Vorarlberg landscapes were developed. following rules that were established by craftsmen The traditional farmhouse was not the end result over centuries and handed down from generation of a closed development cycle, but it reacted to to generation, timber houses can last exception- constantly changing social and economic condi- ally long periods of time. Some of the most suc- tions. Certain time periods throughout history ex- cessful examples in the Bregenzerwald region date perienced signifi cant changes and innovations. In back to the 17th century. External infl uences, due the 17th century, the restoration of peace at the to Vorarlberg’s proximity to other countries and its end of the Thirty Years’ War meant an increase of fragmented and varied landscape, contributed to prosperity and population, which resulted in larg- the evolution of several different vernacular house er and more magnifi cent homes. Then, intensive types. farming practices in the 19th century forced farm- ers to increase their livestock, which in return re- Timber was plentiful in the beginning of Vorarl- quired larger stables and more storage space for berg’s colonization, and one of the fi rst settlers’ feed. Outbuildings were enlarged, and existing roof main tasks was the clearing of forests. Before fos- pitches were steepened in order to allow attic spac- sil fuels where available, timber was the sole en- es to hold more hay.11 ergy source, in addition to serving as the dominant construction material and for the manufacturing TIMBER CONSTRUCTION SYSTEMS of everyday goods. Extensive logging created a shortage, which led to the creation of strict laws The Ständerbohlenbau, a post-and-beam construc- and limitations regarding its use.9 It is therefore no tion method, is the oldest timber construction tech- 274 THE VALUE OF DESIGN

nique in Vorarlberg, and only a few examples have The Blockbau, or log construction, is the build- survived over time (Figure 1). Derived from a con- ing technique most commonly used for traditional struction practice where vertical posts were simply farmhouses in Vorarlberg (Figure 2). Timber mem- driven into the ground, later techniques rest the bers are stacked horizontally and are linked in the corners using cogged joints. Hardwood pegs were posts on a masonry foundation in order to keep any inserted into the logs to interlock the individual timber elements away from moisture. Posts and courses, creating a structure of great rigidity.14 beams make up the structural framework, and hori- With increasing industrialization, the availability of zontal timber planks 8-12cm in width form the walls. mass-produced inexpensive nails allowed the fa- These are slotted into vertical grooves which have cades to be clad with a scale-like shingle skin which been cut into the posts.12 The Ständer-bohlenbau effectively protected the structural members from uses considerably less wood than the more massive rain. log construction, and was therefore mostly used for outbuildings such as hay barns and stables.13 When thinking of traditional European houses, the typical Fachwerkbau or timber-frame construction usually comes to mind. This system consists of a structural framework which is fi lled in with wattles, clay, and chopped straw. Vorarlberg is in fact the only Austrian province that possesses a signifi cant number of these types of buildings, which is due to the fact that it is geographically located at a point where different construction techniques meet, mak- ing for an interesting mix of styles. However, tim- ber-framed houses were mostly built in areas rich with deciduous trees, since these predominantly produced short structural members. Construction systems such as post-and-beam construction and log construction were prevalent in Vorarlberg, tak- ing advantage of the abundance of coniferous trees which provided long and straight members.15

Figure 1. Post-and-beam construction, Sulz CHANGE IN TRADITION

Vorarlberg’s timber construction tradition was put to the test with the rise of the bourgeois class and the establishment of new values in the late 19th century. Suddenly, timber houses conveyed an im- age of poverty and being old-fashioned, since they were considered a sign of belonging to the work- ing class. In addition, it became popular belief that timber was an ephemeral and perishable building material, even though thousands of historic timber buildings proved otherwise. Masonry homes were the new status symbol of the middle and upper classes and became the prevalent building type. As a result, many timber houses were covered up with stucco after the fact, in order to make them look like their more expensive masonry neighbors.16

The advantages of timber construction were redis- covered in times of economic hardship. Between and II, the distinguished Austrian ar- Figure 2. Log construction, chitect Clemens Holzmeister published his essay MATERIAL REGIONALISM 275

Der Holzhausbau, or Timber House Construction, thoughtless the so-called traditional construction which discussed the decline of the timber construc- had become. These stereotypical houses were not tion tradition. In his publication, Holzmeister pres- really traditional buildings… I did not want to derive ents numerous encouraging examples of successful new possibilities and variations in a well-behaved old timber buildings, many of them in Vorarlberg, and consistent manner, but needed to oppose this and points the way to a new era of timber construc- thoughtlessness.”20 The architects established a di- tion. Above all, he points out the positive impact of alogue with the region’s rich timber building tradi- managed forestry and the use of locally available tion and used the carpentry trade’s craftsmanship resources on the economy in times of crisis. skills as a basis for their new timber-frame con- struction systems. Working with timber also meant In the 1930s, the Austrian federal government that buildings had to be well constructed. How launched a building program to battle the hous- walls and roofs were assembled and put together ing shortage and rising unemployment. Across the was essential. Space-making began with designing country, the creation of new housing estates at the the structural system, which played an important perimeters of existing settlements was aimed at role as an expressive visual element. providing jobs and housing for the unemployed and short-term workers. Eight of these estates were developed in Vorarlberg, and all of the homes were built using the traditional log construction tech- nique with members 12cm thick. The large amount of readily available labor allowed for cost-effec- tive prefabrication. Additionally, the chosen timber system enabled future owners to contribute about 1,500 hours of their own time and labor towards the construction of their home. This set a new precedent. Architects in Vorarlberg would use this combination of professional, industrialized prefab- rication with unskilled do-it-yourself labor for the construction of residential projects in the future.17

NEW TIMBER CONSTRUCTION

Timber construction fi nally experienced a revival Figure. 3. Hans Purin: Halde housing estate in the 1960s, when a group of young architects started practicing in Vorarlberg. Hans Purin, Ru- Vorarlberg’s population is known as being thrifty, and dolf Wäger, Jakob Albrecht, Gunter Wratzfeld, and its motto “Schaffa, schaffa, Hüsle baua.” translates Leopold Kaufmann designed timber houses, which, to “Work, work, and build a little house.” While the through their lack of traditional elements such single-family home continued to be the prevalent as roof overhangs in combination with open fl oor housing type, the strong desire of home ownership plans, fl at roofs, and unusually large windows, re- contributed to urban sprawl and put home own- ceived a lot of criticism among the general popula- ers under enormous fi nancial pressure. An impor- tion. Leopold Kaufmann remarks: “My fi rst projects tant question arose among architects: Who are we – in the sixties – had neither the proper roof, nor building for if most people cannot afford their own the proper form, nor the right windows. The result house? Hans Purin, one of the pioneers of the new was that my neighbors no longer greeted me after movement, offered a solution to the problem with attending Sunday Mass.”18 With their designs, they the design of the housing estate Halde in formulated alternatives to the prevalent local pro- in 1964 (Figure 3). A framework of massive ma- vincialism, which was the result of misguided for- sonry walls was provided, which could then be fi lled mal interpretations of the historic building stock.19 in by the future residents using a system of light- Rudolf Wäger states: “I consciously attempted to weight timber-framed fl oors and walls. The owners build in opposition to traditional tendencies. During completed approximately 20% of the construction my apprenticeship as a carpenter, I realized how themselves; and through this, the project served as 276 THE VALUE OF DESIGN

an excellent example for simple, cost-effi cient, and lowed the architects in Vorarlberg to develop pro- collaborative building. According to Austria’s most fessional and logistic skills that addressed all as- well-known architectural critic Friedrich Achleitner, pects of the building process. The quality of the the Halde housing estate “still belongs to the most built environment reached a new level, which im- respectable achievements in Austrian residential pressed and increasingly convinced the large build- construction.”21 The newly formed Cooperative, a ing cooperatives, construction companies, and local group of young architects consisting of Dietmar Eb- authorities. The resulting simplicity, rationality, and erle, Wolfgang Juen, Markus Koch, and Norbert Mit- minimal aesthetic were not the product of theoreti- tersteiner, used a similar approach in 1979 when cally applied ideas, but the outcome of a profession designing the Im Fang housing estate (Figure 4). In aspiring to make a step-by-step transition from cooperation with their clients, they were looking to traditional craftsmanship to customized industrial develop alternative ways of living and building to- fabrication. Straight-forward modern construction gether. Timber was the building material of choice, methods were employed, with the goal of minimiz- since it was easy to process without the need for ing the use of material while generating a maxi- heavy machinery or highly skilled workers, and also mum amount of enclosed space. Once understood, allowed for simple structural systems and a large this approach suited the native population’s thrifti- amount of fl exibility.22 While professional carpen- ness and their highly developed sense of value for ters erected the primary timber-framed structure, money.24 the fl oors, walls, glazing, winter gardens, and clad- ding were completed by the young architects and TIMBER ARCHITECTURE TODAY future residents. This made the project fi nancially viable for everyone involved and allowed for indi- Vorarlberg’s contemporary architecture is a result vidual variations and the creation of communal liv- of a regional development that is unprecedented. ing spaces that were unprecedented on the hous- As a continuation of what started in the 1960s, the ing market at that time.23 local architects have worked systematically over the last three decades to establish expertise in technology, cost effi ciency, and functionality. Their work is not based on formal aspects, but primar- ily focuses on infl uences from today’s construction industry and manufacturing technology. Spaces are conceived through an exploration and integration of structure, assembly, and function, and not through short-lived superfi cial formalisms. Concepts are grounded on structural effi ciency, maximum use of minimal resources, usability, and the client’s needs which results in simple, yet very functional spaces. This sophisticated simplicity should not be miscon- strued as being plain or basic, and is best described using German architect Heinrich Tessenow’s words: Figure 4. Cooperative: Im Fang housing estate “Das Einfache ist nicht immer das Beste, aber das Beste ist immer einfach.” meaning “The simplest form is not always the best, but the best is always At times, the simplest, most effi cient way to pro- simple.” Through predominantly building with tim- duce a particular building element infl uenced de- ber, the architects developed a rigor and expertise sign decisions more than purely formal aspects, as part of their design process which has also prov- which resulted in a new aesthetic that was initially en useful when employing other building materials rejected by the general population and the building and construction techniques. authorities. The new timber houses were dispar- agingly called chicken coops or barns, since their The initial members of the movement were funda- appearance contradicted with the popular expecta- mentally opposed to a formal regionalism that was tions of a privately owned home. The experience based on misunderstood tradition. Their intention gained in working on these low-cost projects al- was not to replicate traditional forms, but to trans- MATERIAL REGIONALISM 277

late and update traditional processes and princi- ples. As a result, architects and craftsmen together have been successful in fi nding a contemporary an- swer to the continuation of the local timber building tradition. Vorarlberg’s architecture is unique in the fact that it takes up extremely modern tendencies such as the promotion of modular living accommo- dations or the use of the latest industrial building components, without ignoring and abandoning the traditional construction skills and housing typolo- gies of the region (Fig. 5). The harmonious jux- taposition of old building stock with contemporary interpretations proves that it is possible to continue tradition, while at the same time not rejecting con- temporary life.

Initially, this critical discourse involved small-scale private projects which allowed the architects to eas- ily test ideas and concepts. The invaluable knowl- edge gained through this experience enabled them to successfully transition to working with investors and public authorities on more complex and larger public commissions.25 This unique development was not the product of the architects alone. Enlightened clients, a climate for open discussion, the coopera- tion of the authorities, and a broad consensus on aesthetic qualities and energy consumption have contributed to the appreciation and promotion of contemporary and sustainable architectural prin- ciples at all levels of society. The traditional car- pentry trade has successfully made the transition to modern fabrication techniques, and plays an ac- tive and important role in the planning and design process by setting extremely high craftsmanship standards. Today, there are many open-minded timber manufacturers which have a vested interest in cooperating with architects in order to improve and promote their building products. Prefabrica- tion plays a very important role, but is rooted in the carefully crafted customization of the carpentry trade, rather than inexpensive industrialized mass production.26 Many manufacturers offer entire pre- fabricated kit houses, which have been developed in collaboration with architects.

The increasing industrialization of the construction process and the use of prefabrication techniques minimize waste and help to optimize the use of en- Figure 5. Fink Thurnher: Daycare Center, ; ergy and resources. Added value is retained in the Oskar Leo Kaufmann and Albert Rüf: House Rüscher, region by employing local businesses and using lo- ; Johannes Kaufmann: Community Center, cally sourced building materials. In association with energy providers, the regional government found- 278 THE VALUE OF DESIGN

ed the Energieinstitut Vorarlberg in 1985, which 13. Johann W. Deininger, Das Bauernhaus in Tirol und actively promotes reduced energy consumption, Vorarlberg (München: Verlag Callwey, 1979), 11. the use of renewable energy sources, and environ- 14. Karl Ilg, Landes- und Volkskunde. Geschichte, mentally friendly building products. It also provides Wirtschaft und Kunst Vorarlbergs. Band III (Innsbruck: incentives and funding for private home builders Universitätsverlag Wagner, 1961), 295. and public investors based on a set of ecological 15. Sagmeister, Holzbaukunst in Vorarlberg, 32. guidelines, and through this, Vorarlberg possess- es the highest number of low-energy and passive 16. Traugott Zech, Holzbauten in Vorarlberg. Eine energy houses in Austria today. The province has Dokumentation der letzten 20 Jahre (Feldkirch: been able to develop sustainable construction prac- Rheticus-Gesellschaft, 1985), 7. tices while still retaining its unique regional style, 17. Sagmeister, Holzbaukunst in Vorarlberg, 36. and continues to serve as a role model for not only Austria but all of Europe. Many of Vorarlberg’s 18. Vorarlberger Architekturinstitut, Constructive architects now teach at universities and build in Provocation: Contemporary Architecture in Vorarlberg (: Verlag Anton Pustet, 2003), 47. Germany, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, China, and other countries. The region’s unique and sensitive 19. Zech, Holzbauten in Vorarlberg. Eine approach to building provides convincing evidence Dokumentation der letzten 20 Jahre, 20. of the architects’ involvement in the problems and 20. Ibid., 20. needs of the society in which they live. 21. Friedrich Achleitner, Österreichische Architektur ENDNOTES im 20. Jahrhundert. Band 1 (Salzburg/Wien; Residenz Verlag, 1980), 399. 1. Amt der Vorarlberger Landesregierung, Landestelle für Statistik, Bevölkerung aktuell (www.vorarlberg.at, 22. Zech, Holzbauten in Vorarlberg. Eine March 2008). Dokumentation der letzten 20 Jahre, 42-52.

2. Statistik Austria, Regionale Gliederungen 23. Kapfi nger, “The Vorarlberg School of Architecture”, Bundesländer (www.statistik.at, 01.01.2008). 13.

3. Otto Kapfi nger, “The Vorarlberg School of 24 Ibid., 24. Architecture”, in Vorarlberger Architekturinstitut, Constructive Provocation: Contemporary Architecture in 25. Otto Kapfi nger, Baukunst in Vorarlberg seit 1980. Vorarlberg (Salzburg: Verlag Anton Pustet, 2003), 22. Ein Führer zu 260 sehenswerten Bauten (Ostfi ldern-Ruit: Verlag Gerd Hatje, 1999), 6. 4. Amt der Vorarlberger Landesregierung, Abt. Allgemeine Wirtschaftsangelegenheiten, Bereich Energie, 26. Zech, Holzbauten in Vorarlberg. Eine Energiebericht 2007 (www.vorarlberg.at, Oktober 2007). Dokumentation der letzten 20 Jahre, 7.

5. Wirtschaftskammer Vorarlberg, Vorarlberg in Zahlen, Ausgabe 2007 (www.wko.at/vlbg, 2007), 8.

6. Rudolf Sagmeister, Holzbaukunst in Vorarlberg (: Verlag Eugen Russ, 1988), 7.

7. Amt der Vorarlberger Landesregierung, Landestelle für Statistik, Die Land- und Forstwirtschaft im Jahre 2002 (www.vorarlberg.at, 2002), 6.

8. Sagmeister, Holzbaukunst in Vorarlberg, 15.

9. Ibid., 17.

10. Hannß Carl v. Carlowitz, Sylvicultura oeconomica – Anweisung zur wilden Baumzucht (Leipzig: 1713), 105-106.

11. Sagmeister, Holzbaukunst in Vorarlberg, 21.

12. Sagmeister, Holzbaukunst in Vorarlberg, 23.