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French Neoliberalism and the Politics of Urban Spatial Production A UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SANTA CRUZ BUILDING A GRAND PARIS: FRENCH NEOLIBERALISM AND THE POLITICS OF URBAN SPATIAL PRODUCTION A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in POLITICS with an emphasis in HISTORY OF CONSCIOUSNESS by Theresa Enright June 2012 The Dissertation of Theresa Enright is approved: _______________________________ Professor Robert Meister, Chair _______________________________ Professor Dean Mathiowetz _______________________________ Professor Miriam Greenberg _____________________________ Tyrus Miller Vice Provost and Dean of Graduate Studies Copyright © by Theresa E. Enright 2012 Table of Contents List of Tables and Figures iv List of Acronyms v Abstract vii Acknowledgements viii Introduction: What Makes a City Great? 1 Chapter One: The Shared Dream of Grand Paris 63 Chapter Two: Moving through Grand Paris: Mobility, Connectivity and 140 Transit-Oriented Redevelopment Chapter Three: A Thousand Layers of Governance 215 Conclusion: Making Space for Whom? 287 Bibliography 310 iii List of Tables and Figures Table 1: Regional economic and demographic indicators by Department 6 Table 2: Ten representations of metropolitan Paris 77 Table 3: Comparing Arc Express and RTPGP 165 Figure 1: Concentric model of core/periphery 81 Figure 2: Paris as egg yolk and egg white 82 Figure 3: Polycentric city 86 Figure 4: The Global Cities network 90 Figure 5: The urban rhizome 94 Figure 6: Christian de Portzamparc’s rhizome 96 Figure 7: The Paris Métropolitan 148 Figure 8: The RER and Translien Rail Network 149 Figure 9: Proposed maps of Arc Express and RTPGP 160 Figure 10: The future tracks of Grand Paris 169 Figure 11: Priority territories of Grand Paris 192 iv List of Acronyms AIGP: International Studio of Grand Paris (Atelier international du Grand Paris) CDT: Territorial Development Contract (Contrat de développment territorial) CIADT: Interministerial Committee for the Development of Territory (Comité interministériel d'aménagement et de développement du territoire) CNDP: National Committee for Public Debate (Commission nationale du débat public) DSU: Urban Solidarity Funds (Dotation de solidarite urbaine) DSP: Public Development Contracts (Délégation de service public) DSQ: Neighborhood Social Development (Développement social de quartier) EPCI: Public Establishments for Intercommunal Cooperation (Établissement public de coopération intercommunale) EU: European Union FSRIDS: Île-de-France Solidarity Funds (Fonds au solidarité de la region Île-de-France) GCSMP: Global City State Mode of Production GPE: Grand Paris Express HLM: Low-Rent Housing (Habitation à loyer modéré) IAURIF: Île-de-France Institute of Planning and Development (Institut d’aménagement et d’urbanisme de la région Île-de-France) INSEE: National Institute for Statistics and Economic Studies (Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques) MIR: Movement of the Indigenous of the Republic (Mouvement des indigènes de la République) NUP: New Urban Policy ORBITALE: Regional Organization of Congestion-Free Transport of the Inner Basin Ring (Organisation régionale du bassin intérieur par transports annulaires libérés des encombrements) PADOG: Plan for the Development and General Organization of the Paris Region (Plan d'aménagement et d'organisation générale de la région parisienne) v PCF: French Communist Party (Parti communiste français) PIB: Gross Domestic Product (Produit intérieur brut) PPP: Public Private Partnerships PS: Socialist Party (Parti socialiste) RATP: Autonomous Operator of Parisian Transports (Région autonome des transports parisiens) RCSC: Rescaled Competition State Regimes RER: Regional Express Network (Réseau express régional) RTPGP: Public Transit Network of Grand Paris (Réseau de transport public du Grand Paris) SDRIF: Île-de-France Masterplan (Schéma sirecteur de la région Île-de-France) SGP: Society of Grand Paris (Societé du Grand Paris) SI: Situationist International SIIC: Real Estate Investment Trust (Société d'investissements immobiliers cotée) SMP: State Mode of Production SNCF: National Corporation of French Railways (Société nationale des chemins de fer français) STIF: Île-de-France Transit Authority (Syndicat des transports d’Île-de-France) UDP: Urban Development Projects UMP: Union for a Popular Movement (Union pour un mouvement populaire) VT: Business Transport Tax (Taux versement transport) ZUP: Priority Urban Zone (Zone à urbanise par priorité) ZUS: Sensitive Urban Zone (Zone urbaine sensible) vi Abstract Theresa Enright Building a Grand Paris: French Neoliberalism and the Politics of Urban Spatial Production This dissertation is an in-depth analysis of the Grand Paris regional agglomeration and redevelopment initiative launched in 2007 by French President, Nicolas Sarkozy. At the base of this multifaceted project is a political and economic mandate to address unrest caused by racialized segregations and vast inequalities in wealth and social service provision between the historic core and the peripheral suburbs, and to recast metropolitan Paris as a socially cohesive and globally competitive region. Through an examination of three important Grand Paris policy sites—artistic re-imaginings of the region, improved transportation infrastructure and government rescaling—the dissertation argues that the attempt to create a unified and poly-centric Greater Paris region is, paradoxically, poised to further entrench existing social and spatial inequalities by orienting the city around the values of economic growth and territorial competition. It argues that the emerging urbanization regime of Paris has serious detrimental consequences for sociospatial justice and for possibilities of grassroots control over spatial production. Furthermore, the dissertation identifies a new mode of neoliberalism in France that combines the republican values of social cohesion and vast public spending, particularly in infrastructures of mass transit, with speculative development, global finance and private enterprise. vii Acknowledgements Learning, writing, and producing knowledge are all collective processes. This dissertation is a shared endeavor and I thank all who have contributed along the way. In particular, I am grateful to Dean Mathiowetz who has shown exceptional care and attention in reading my work, who has offered sage advice on navigating the labyrinthine corridors of academia, and who once hand-delivered an article draft to my doorstep early in the morning so that I could make a deadline. I thank Miriam Greenberg, an insightful commentator and a gracious interlocutor on all things related to urban studies. Her expertise on urban branding specifically has been very influential in my formulation of spatial transformation. And I thank my advisor, Robert Meister, who has expanded the scope of my knowledge immeasurably over the past six years and who has repeatedly pushed my ideas beyond the tired and untenable toward the exciting and exacting. He has let me get away with little and his casual yet abiding belief in my abilities as a scholar has been absolutely crucial to my success. His guidance is much appreciated. Many other friends and colleagues have been indispensible to this research. I acknowledge especially David Hoy and Vanita Seth for focusing my ideas in the early stages of writing; Carla Freccero for her patience with my haltingly-spoken French; Alexander Hirsch who has thoughtfully responded to my project at various stages; and Timothy Kaposy, one of the most considerate and intellectually generous people I’ve had the pleasure of knowing. My cohort—Jan Kotowski, Sarah Mak, Sarah Romano, and Jasmine Syedullah—has been a constant source of inspiration, empathy and friendship. We have climbed mountains, shared meals, ventured down unknown roads, and conversed at great length together. I owe a great debt to each of you. Thanks also to the viii Politics Department for believing that interdisciplinary social science work is possible, to the Urban Studies Research Cluster for the vibrant scholarly community, and to the Center for Cultural Studies whose weekly talks have provided countless distractions and provocations. I am sincerely grateful to Donald Kingsbury for love, dialogue and companionship. I look forward to sharing what lies ahead. My family, and especially my parents, Wayne and Rosemary Enright, have provided unwavering encouragement throughout my time in graduate school. They have taught me through their example the import of education, the value of hard work, and the joy that comes from an active interest in the world. I dedicate this work to them. ix Introduction What Makes a City Great? What will be the face of the future Île-de-France metropolis?1 In April 2009, in the wake of the global economic crisis, and with metropolitan Paris still reeling from the aftermath of the 2005 suburban banlieue uprisings, French President, Nicolas Sarkozy, stood at a dais at the majestic Cité de l’Architecture et Patrimoine (Museum of Architecture and Patrimony) in central Paris and addressed a large crowd of eager officials, media and urban specialists in order to share his vision for urban revitalization. How is a city to be remade? The civic link? The social link? Solidarity and citizenship? How are these achieved for great metropolises such that they become once again sites of progress, prosperity and equality?...This is perhaps the greatest challenge to politics of the 21st century. France has decided to take up this challenge. France has decided to
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