The Lived Academic Experiences of Ncaa Division I Fbs and Fcs
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THE LIVED ACADEMIC EXPERIENCES OF NCAA DIVISION I FBS AND FCS FOOTBALL STUDENT-ATHLETES: A PHENOMENOLOGICAL APPROACH by CHRISTOPHER HARRIS YANDLE A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty in the Higher Education Leadership Program of Tift College of Education at Mercer University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Atlanta, GA 2019 © 2019 Christopher Harris Yandle All Rights Reserved THE LIVED ACADEMIC EXPERIENCES OF NCAA DIVISION I FBS AND FCS FOOTBALL STUDENT-ATHLETES: A PHENOMENOLOGICAL APPROACH by CHRISTOPHER HARRIS YANDLE Approved: ____________________________________________________________ Pamela A. Larde, Ph.D. Date Dissertation Committee Chair ____________________________________________________________ Jeffrey Hugdahl, Ph.D. Date Dissertation Committee Member ____________________________________________________________ Clemmie B. Whatley, Ph.D., SPHR Date Dissertation Committee Member ____________________________________________________________ Jane West, Ed.D. Date Director of Doctoral Studies, Tift College of Education ____________________________________________________________ Thomas R. Koballa, Jr., Ph.D. Date Dean, Tift College of Education DEDICATION This dissertation is dedicated to my wife Ashleigh. For years, I had talked about the idea of pursuing my Ph.D. If it weren’t for her surprising me with a stack of GRE books and registering me for the test, none of this would have happened. She has always believed in me – even when I didn’t believe in myself. Without her unwavering support and steadfast belief in me as a husband, father, and a man, this journey would never have been possible. Thank you and I love you more than you will ever know. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS No path in our life is ever a straight line, and my path to this Ph.D. has been anything but a straight line. My return to school in May 2016 began with uncertainty as I had recently lost my job and my future was bleak. Our lives were abruptly turned upside down and my family trusted me as I moved them back home to Louisiana. For the next three years, I logged more than 25,000 miles round-trip between our home in Louisiana, my parents’ home in Dothan, Alabama, and campus in Atlanta. I am not sure if I was crazy, dedicated or a combination of the two. While I sacrificed my health and sanity for 2:30 a.m. wake-up calls on Saturday mornings in order to make it to Atlanta in time for class, the true sacrifices were made by my wife Ashleigh and my kids, Addison and Jackson. They gave up their time with me so that I can pursue my dream in hopes I could provide a better future for them. Addison and Jackson will not understand the impact of that sacrifice now, but I hope to one day share that impact with them when they are older. To Dr. Pamela Larde, thank you for your guidance as my dissertation chair. She guided me in the right direction and kept me on the path to my desired destination. Her enthusiasm and support were exactly what I needed to get through some of the toughest parts of this process. Thank you, Dr. Larde. I would also like to thank the two other members of my dissertation committee, Dr. Jeffrey Hugdahl and Dr. Clemmie Whatley. They both have a strong understanding of v college athletics and they provided strong feedback and unique insight which were critical to this dissertation. No support system is complete without friends and family. My parents, my sister, and my in-laws followed my career in college athletics and have followed my academic career with the same passion. They have supported my endeavors no matter what and for that, I am forever grateful. Finally, I’d like to thank two of my fellow cohort members, Brittney Hardin and Monica Brooks. I leaned on them through the tough times of this program and they were a great sounding board when I needed it. I couldn’t have survived this journey with either of you! vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Page DEDICATION ................................................................................................................... iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................ v LIST OF TABLES .............................................................................................................. x ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................... xi CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY ..................................................................... 1 Four Defining Moments .......................................................................................... 2 Statement of the Problem ........................................................................................ 8 Purpose of the Study .............................................................................................. 11 Research Questions ............................................................................................... 12 Theoretical Framework ......................................................................................... 12 Methodology .......................................................................................................... 13 Procedures ............................................................................................................. 14 Rationale for the Study .......................................................................................... 15 Population .............................................................................................................. 16 Limitations and Delimitations ............................................................................... 17 Definition of Terms ............................................................................................... 18 Significance of the Study ....................................................................................... 20 Subjectivity Statement ........................................................................................... 21 Organization of the Study ...................................................................................... 22 2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ............................................................. 23 College Football in American Higher Education .................................................. 24 Amateurism ..................................................................................................... 26 College Football and the Pursuit of Prestige ................................................... 28 A Competitive Marketplace ............................................................................ 29 Marriage of Athletics and Academics ............................................................. 31 Supporters of Athletics within Higher Education ........................................... 32 vii TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) Page The Over-Commercialization of Major College Athletics .................................... 33 Big Budget Spending ....................................................................................... 34 Profiting from Football .................................................................................... 37 Everyone’s Broke? .......................................................................................... 38 The Student-Athlete ............................................................................................... 39 Students or Employees? .................................................................................. 39 Byers Reflects on the Student-Athlete Term ................................................... 40 Skepticism of Student-Athlete Term ............................................................... 41 Athletic Scholarships ....................................................................................... 42 Ensuring Academic Success of the Student-Athlete ............................................. 44 Beginning of Academic Reform ...................................................................... 45 Academic Propositions .................................................................................... 48 NCAA’s Current Academic Metrics ............................................................... 50 Negatives of Eligibility Standards ................................................................... 53 Student-Athlete Perceptions of Academic Success ............................................... 55 Student-Athlete Climate Study ...................................................................... 56 GOALS Study ................................................................................................ 57 Academic Clustering Among Student-Athletes .................................................... 58 Academic Clustering Studies .......................................................................... 59 Academic Clustering in Major Sports ............................................................. 61 Athletic Identity and Stereotype Threat ................................................................ 63 Stereotype Threat and the “Dumb Jock” Stereotype ....................................... 64 Self-Fulfilling Prophecy .................................................................................. 67 Summary ................................................................................................................ 69 3. METHODOLOGY ...............................................................................................