History of Magnesium Production
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Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Elektron 21 Alloy After Heat Treatment
VOLUME 20 ISSUES 1-2 of Achievements in Materials January-February and Manufacturing Engineering 2007 Microstructure and mechanical properties of Elektron 21 alloy after heat treatment A. Kiełbus* Division of Materials Science and Metallurgy, Silesian University of Technology, ul. Krasińskiego 8, 40-019, Katowice, Poland * Corresponding author: E-mail address: [email protected] Received 27.10.2006; accepted in revised form 15.11.2006 Materials AbstrAct Purpose: Elektron 21 is new magnesium based casting alloy contains neodymium, gadolinium and zinc for used to at 200°C. It is a Mg-RE-Zn-Zr alloy designed for aerospace and specialty application ns. This alloy has high strength, good corrosion resistance and excellent castability. The aim of the research was to determine the effect of heat treatment parameters on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Elektron 21 magnesium alloy Design/methodology/approach: Solution treatment was performed at 520°C/8h with water cooling. Ageing treatments were performed at 200°C/4÷96h and then quenched in air. The microstructure was characterized by JEM 2010 ARP microscope The examination of the mechanical properties was conducted on an MTS-810 servo hydraulic machine at two temperatures: ambient (ca. 20°C) and 200°C. Hardness measurements by Vickers method were performed on a ZWICK/ZHV50 hardness tester. Findings: The microstructure of the cast alloy consists of α-Mg phase matrix with precipitates of intermetallic phase Mg12(Ndx,Gd1-x) at grain boundaries. After solution treatment the Mg12(Ndx,Gd1-x) phase dissolves in the matrix. The aging treatment applied after solution treatment with air-cooling caused precipitation of a β”, β’ and β intermetallic phases. -
Elektron® WE54
DATASHEET DATASHEET • 466 Elektron® WE54 † Elektron WE54 is a high strength fully heat Heat treatment treatable magnesium based casting alloy for use The alloy develops its properties in the fully heat at temperatures up to 300˚C. The alloy develops treated (T6) condition ie: 8 hours at 525˚C, high strength properties at elevated temperatures, Hot water or polymer quench or air cool, without containing either silver or thorium. Age for 16 hours at 250˚C, Air cool. Applications Physical properties The excellent retention of properties at elevated Specific gravity 1.85 temperatures and improved corrosion resistance Coefficient of thermal expansion 27.0 x 10-6K-1 will be of interest to designers of power systems, Thermal conductivity 52 Wm-1K-1 transmissions, missiles, high performance cars and Specific heat 960 Jkg-1K-1 other high technology applications. Electrical resistivity 173 nΩm Modulus of elasticity 44.1 GPa Prolonged use of this alloy (ie in excess of 1000 Poissons ratio 0.3 hours) at temperatures in the range 100˚C–250˚C Melting range 545–640˚C may result in the loss of ductility. An alternative alloy Damping index 0.17 is Elektron WE43. Brinell hardness 85 Specifications Design data AECMA MG-C96001 Minimum specification tensile properties AMS 4426 ISO 16220 ASTM B80 WE54A-T6 0.2% Proof stress 170 MPa BS2970 MAG14-TF Tensile strength 250 MPa UNS M18410 Elongation 2% ISO 16220: MC95310 Chemical composition Yttrium 4.75–5.5% Heavy rare earths* 1.0–2.0% Neodymium 1.5–2.0% Zirconium 0.4% min Magnesium Balance *Heavy rare earth fraction contains mainly Yb, Er, Dy, and Gd. -
Magnesium Recycling in the United States in 1998
FLOW STUDIES FOR RECYCLING METAL COMMODITIES IN THE UNITED STATES Magnesium Recycling in the United States in 1998 By Deborah A. Kramer Abstract......................................................................................................................................................................................................3 Introduction................................................................................................................................................................................................3 Global geologic occurrence of magnesium.........................................................................................................................................3 Production technology ........................................................................................................................................................................3 Uses.....................................................................................................................................................................................................4 Prices...................................................................................................................................................................................................6 Sources of magnesium scrap......................................................................................................................................................................6 Disposition of magnesium scrap ................................................................................................................................................................7 -
Magnesium Casting Technology for Structural Applications
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Journal of Magnesium and Alloys 1 (2013) 2e22 www.elsevier.com/journals/journal-of-magnesium-and-alloys/2213-9567 Full length article Magnesium casting technology for structural applications Alan A. Luo a,b,* a Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA b Department of Integrated Systems Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA Abstract This paper summarizes the melting and casting processes for magnesium alloys. It also reviews the historical development of magnesium castings and their structural uses in the western world since 1921 when Dow began producing magnesium pistons. Magnesium casting technology was well developed during and after World War II, both in gravity sand and permanent mold casting as well as high-pressure die casting, for aerospace, defense and automotive applications. In the last 20 years, most of the development has been focused on thin-wall die casting ap- plications in the automotive industry, taking advantages of the excellent castability of modern magnesium alloys. Recently, the continued expansion of magnesium casting applications into automotive, defense, aerospace, electronics and power tools has led to the diversification of casting processes into vacuum die casting, low-pressure die casting, squeeze casting, lost foam casting, ablation casting as well as semi-solid casting. This paper will also review the historical, current and potential structural use of magnesium with a focus on automotive applications. The technical challenges of magnesium structural applications are also discussed. Increasing worldwide energy demand, environment protection and government regulations will stimulate more applications of lightweight magnesium castings in the next few decades. -
Magnesium Alloys in Aerospace Applications, Past Concerns
MagnesiumMagnesium AlloysAlloys inin AerospaceAerospace Applications,Applications, PastPast Concerns,Concerns, CurrentCurrent SolutionsSolutions Triennial International Aircraft Fire & Cabin Safety Research Conference October 29 - November 1, 2007 Bruce Gwynne – VP Divisional Strategic Development Paul Lyon - Market & Materials Development Manager Mg Components on Aircraft - Historical 1943 - 1944 (prototypes) The All Magnesium Aircraft • Magnesium Alloy Airframe & Skin Northrop XP-56 Black Bullet • Heliarc welded structure Experimental Flying Wing Fighter Mg Components on Aircraft - Historical 1949 - 1957 USAF Service Convair XC - 99 First Modern Double Deck Airliner Capacity: 400 fully equipped troupes Consolidated Vultee Model 37 Proposed Civilian Version Pan Am ordered 15 before program cancellation Magnesium Alloy Structure & Skin Magnesium Elektron Mg in Aerospace • Magnesium Alloys • Corrosion Resistant Alloys • Current Aircraft Applications • EFV • Automotive Growth • Flammability • Conclusions Magnesium Casting Alloys Magnesium Casting Alloy Families – Commonly used alloy systems employed today Al -Zn -Mn Zn -RE -Zr Ag - RE - Zr Y -RE -Zr Nd -Gd -Zn -Zr AZ81 EZ33 QE22 WE43 Elektron 21 (EV31) AZ91 ZE41 EQ21 WE54 AZ92 ZE63 Al - Zn - Mn 1930s Æ mid 1980s Æ Zn - RE - Zr late 1940s Æ late 1960s Æ Ag - RE - Zr early 1960s Æ Y - RE - Zr late 1980s Æ Elektron21 late 1990s Æ Elevated Temperature Exposure on the Tensile Properties of Various Magnesium & Aluminum Alloys Tensile Yield 50 50 40 40 30 30 20 20 Tensile Stress (ksi) Stress Tensile -
Distribution of Impurities in Magnesium Via Silicothermic Reduction
Distribution of impurities in magnesium production via silicothermic reduction Distribution of impurities in magnesium via silicothermic reduction Winny Wulandari1, M. Akbar Rhamdhani1, Geoffrey Brooks1, and Brian J. Monaghan2 1Faculty of Engineering and Industrial Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology John St, Hawthorn, Melbourne VIC, 3122, Australia 2Faculty of Engineering, University of Wollongong Northfield Ave, Wollongong NSW, 2522, Australia Abstract The desire for light weight materials, particularly in the automotive field, is fuelling greater magne- sium production. The Pidgeon process is currently the most widely used process for the production of magnesium. This batch process involves reduction of dolomite by ferro-silicon, carried out at temperature between 1100-1200oC under vacuum in a retort, producing magnesium vapour which is then cooled and collected as a condensate. The major attractions of the process are its simplicity and low capital cost; however, the process is also labour and energy intensive. The Magnetherm process is also a vacuum batch process based on similar chemistry but operates at higher tempera- tures with magnesia dissolved in a slag. Various operational issues relating to the batch and vacuum nature of the process have limited its development. Higher temperatures will improve the kinetics of the silicothermic reduction but will also promote greater impurities into the vapour. Thermody- namic analysis of the distribution of impurities during condensation of magnesium vapour has been carried using FactSage thermodynamic package. The results from the multi-stage equilibrium model show that at equilibrium it should be possible to condense solid impurities before the major- ity of the magnesium vapour is condensed below 750oC, depending on the operating pressure of the system and the particular chemistry of the process. -
Soviet Research in Field Emission, 1960-1963; an Annotated Bibliography
National Bureau of Standards Library, N.W. Bldg Reference book not to be FEB 1 8 1964 taken from the library. ^ecknic&l vjote 234 SOVIET RESEARCH IN FIELD EMISSION, 1960-1963; AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY T. W. MARTON AND R. KLEIN U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Luther H. Hodges, Secretary NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS A. V. Astin, Director THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS Functions and Activities The functions of the National Bureau of Standards include the development and maintenance of the national standards of measurement and the provision of means and methods for making measure- ments consistent with these standards; the determination of physical constants and properties of materials; the development of methods and instruments for testing materials, devices, and struc- tures; advisory services to government agencies on scientific and technical problems; invention and development of devices to serve special needs of the Government; and the development of standard practices, codes, and specifications, including assistance to industry, business and con- sumers in the development and acceptance of commercial standards and simplified trade practice recommendations. The work includes basic and applied research, development, engineering, instru- mentation, testing, evaluation, calibration services, and various consultation and information serv- ices. Research projects are also performed for other government agencies when the work relates to and supplements the basic program of the Bureau or when the Bureau's unique competence is re- quired. The scope of activities is suggested by the listing of divisions and sections on the inside of the back cover. Publications The results of the Bureau's research are published either in the Bureau's own series of publi- cations or in the journals of professional and scientific societies. -
Magnesium from Israel
Magnesium from Israel Investigation Nos. 701-TA-614 and 731-TA-1431 (Final) Publication 5009 January 2020 U.S. International Trade Commission Washington, DC 20436 U.S. International Trade Commission COMMISSIONERS David S. Johanson, Chairman Rhonda K. Schmidtlein Jason E. Kearns Randolph J. Stayin Amy A. Karpel Catherine DeFilippo Director of Operations Staff assigned Andres Andrade, Investigator Gregory LaRocca, Industry Analyst Natalia King, Economist Emily Kim, Accountant Cynthia Payne, Statistician Ravi Soopramanien, Attorney Nathanael Comly, Supervisory Investigator Special assistance from Julie Duffy Address all communications to Secretary to the Commission United States International Trade Commission Washington, DC 20436 U.S. International Trade Commission Washington, DC 20436 www.usitc.gov Magnesium from Israel Investigation Nos. 701-TA-614 and 731-TA-1431 (Final) Publication 5009 January 2020 CONTENTS Page Determinations ....................................................................................................................... 1 Views of the Commission ....................................................................................................... 3 Introduction .............................................................................................................. I-1 Background ................................................................................................................................ I-1 Statutory criteria ...................................................................................................................... -
Indcor Limited
INDCOR LIMITED TECHNICAL OVERVIEW OF THE PRODUCTION OF MAGNESIUM METAL BY THE CARBOTHERMERIC ROUTE AND A PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT OF THE MTL TECHNOLOGY CONFIDENTIAL AUGUST 2003 PREPARED BY PROCESS TECHNOLOGIES AUSTRALIA PTY LTD ABN 82 315 791 707 PO Box 210, Deloraine, Tasmania 7304, Australia Tel: (03) 63 623 202 Fax: (03) 63 623 437 Mob: 0419 553 256 [email protected] DISCLAIMER This document has been prepared for Indcor Limited (Indcor) by Process Technologies Australia Pty Ltd (PTA) based on information supplied by Indcor, information supplied by Magnesium Technologies Limited (MTL), and additional information that is in the public domain in the form of technical papers, reports, patents and patent applications. PTA is not in a position to, and does not, verify the accuracy of, or adopt as its own, the information and data supplied by or sourced from others. PTA does not accept any legal responsibility to any person, organisation or company for any loss or damage suffered resulting from reliance on this report however caused, and whether by breach of contract, negligence or otherwise. CONTENTS DISCLAIMER EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 INTRODUCTION 2 SCOPE OF WORK 3 INFORMATION SOURCES 4 THERMAL REDUCTION OF MAGNESIUM OXIDE 4.1 Basic Principles 4.2 Current Status of the Carbothermic Route 5 THE MTL TECHNOLOGY 5.1 Background 5.2 Process Proving at the Laboratory Scale 5.3 Process Proving at the Demonstration Scale 5.4 Independent Review of Testwork Data and Proposed Development Strategy 5.5 MTL Propriety Know-How 5.6 Comparison with Alternative -
Elektron® 21
DATASHEET DATASHEET • 455 Elektron® 21 † Elektron 21 is a new high strength fully heat Physical properties treatable magnesium based casting alloy for use at Specific gravity 1.82 temperatures up to 200˚C. This alloy has excellent Coefficient of thermal expansion 26.3 x 10-6K-1 corrosion resistance characteristics and castability. Thermal conductivity 116 Wm-1K-1 Specific heat 1086 Jkg-1K-1 Applications Electrical resistivity 94.6 nΩm Luxfer MEL Technologies has developed this Modulus of elasticity 44.8 x 103 MPa lightweight, high performance alloy for motorsport Poissons ratio 0.27 and aerospace applications. It is designed to provide Melting range 545˚C - 640˚C superior mechanical properties and improved Brinell hardness 65 - 75 corrosion resistance together with good castability. Design data Specifications Minimum specification tensile properties. AMS 4429 0.2% proof stress 145 MPa UNS M12310 Tensile strength 248 MPa MMPDS Elongation 2% ASTM B80 ISO 16220 MC65410 Other properties Castability Chemical composition Excellent castability as a consequence of low Zinc 0.2 - 0.5% oxidation characteristics. Neodymium 2.6 - 3.1% Fine-grained microstructure. Gadolinium 1.0 - 1.7% Pressure tight. Zirconium Saturated Magnesium Balance Pattern makers shrinkage factor 1.5% Heat treatment Castings are given the following T6 heat treatment to Weldability Weldable by the tungsten arc inert gas process (TIG) obtain optimum mechanical properties. with a filler rod of a similar composition. Castings should be heat treated after welding to obtain Solution treat for 8 hours at 520˚C (970˚F), Hot water optimum properties. quench using water at 60 - 80˚C (140 - 175˚F) or polymer quench, Age for 16 hours at 200˚C (400˚F), Air cool. -
Magnesium Alloys in Army Applications: Past, Current and Future Solutions Heidi Maupin1, Eric Nyberg2 and Suveen N
Unclassified / Cleared For Public Release Magnesium Alloys in Army Applications: Past, Current and Future Solutions Heidi Maupin1, Eric Nyberg2 and Suveen N. Mathaudhu3 1 U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Weapons and Materials Research Directorate 2 Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Materials Processing 3 U.S. Army Research Office, Materials Science Division The Sixth Trienniel International Fire & Cabin Safety Research Conference, 25-28 October 2010, Atlantic City, NJ The findings in this report are not to be construed as an official Department of the Defense, U.S. Army or Department of Energy position unless so designated by other Session: Magnesium Use in Aircraft authorized documents. Citation of manufacturers or trade names does not constitute an official endorsement or approval of the use thereof. The views and conclusions Date: 27 October 2010, 2:00 – 2:30 contained in this document are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as representing the official policies, either expressed or implied of ARL, PNNL or the U.S. Unclassified Unclassified / Cleared For Public Release Government. U.S. Magnesium Productions by Year U.S. magnesium metal production by year (1920-1998) showing production spikes during wartime. (data from the U.S. Geological Survey, Historical Statistics for Mineral and Material Commodities in the United States, Data Series 140, 2007). Unclassified World War II Era Applications “Straight from the mind of the chemists and engineers has come the formula to win wings from the sea. Through the efforts of Dow [...] the ocean is yielding its magnesium. For the first time in history man is successfully tapping this inexhaustible benefit of a metal whose phenomenal lightness gives swiftest wings to the airplane so essential to our victory drive. -
Magsonic™ Carbothermal Technology Compared with the Electrolytic and Pidgeon Processes
Magnesium Technology 2012 Edited by: Suveen N. Mathaudhu, Wim H. Sillekens, Neale ft Neelameggham, and Norbert Hort TMS (The Minerals, Metals Λ Materlab Society), 2012 MAGSONIC™ CARBOTHERMAL TECHNOLOGY COMPARED WITH THE ELECTROLYTIC AND PIDGEON PROCESSES Leon H. Prentice1; Nawshad Haque1 'CSIRO Process Science and Engineering; Box 312; Clayton South, VIC, 3169, Australia Keywords: Carbothermal Magnesium, Carbothermic Reduction, Pidgeon Process, Silicothermic Magnesium, Electrolysis, Technology Comparison, Techno-Economic Evaluation, Environmental Impact, Life Cycle Analysis Abstract Magnesium Production Technologies A broad technology comparison of carbothermal magnesium production with present technologies has not been previously Electrolytic Production presented. In this paper a comparative analysis of CSlRO"s MagSonic™ process is made with the electrolytic and Pidgeon Historically, the electrolytic process was dominant from the start processes. The comparison covers energy intensity (GJ/tonne of commercial production up until the 1990s. Significant Mg), labor intensity (person-hours/tonne Mg), capital intensity production facilities were constructed around the world, the (USD/tonne annual Mg installed capacity), and Global Warming largest of which was Dow's plant at Freeport, TX. Presently, Potential (GWP, tonnes C02-equivalent/tonne Mg). Carbothermal magnesium is produced using the electrolytic process in the technology is advantageous on all measures except capital United States, Russia, Ukraine, and Israel, with potential start-up intensity (where it is roughly twice the capital cost of a similarly- in China. sized Pidgeon plant). Carbothermal and electrolytic production can have comparatively low environmental impacts, with typical While there are a number of variations of the electrolytic process, emissions one-sixth those of the Pidgeon process. Despite recent all now electrolyze anhydrous magnesium chloride or carnallite.