Read Ebook {PDF EPUB} Unit 731 Japan's Secret Biological Warfare In World War II by Peter Williams Unit 731: Japan's Secret Biological Warfare In World War II by Peter Williams. Our systems have detected unusual traffic activity from your network. Please complete this reCAPTCHA to demonstrate that it's you making the requests and not a robot. If you are having trouble seeing or completing this challenge, this page may help. If you continue to experience issues, you can contact JSTOR support. Block Reference: #39279dd0-cea7-11eb-be8d-4b622aebf110 VID: #(null) IP: 116.202.236.252 Date and time: Wed, 16 Jun 2021 13:31:57 GMT. Biological Weapons Program. Between 1932 and 1945 Japan experiments included testing biological weapons on humans, and attacked 11 Chinese cities with biological weapons. The Japanese, as the US learned at the end of World War II, had been making significant progress learning about traditional biological warfare agents like botulism and anthrax. The US Army sent several investigators to Japan after the war to interrogate captured Japanese scientists. Leading the team was Dr. Norbert Fell and Lt. Col. Arvo Thompson. Working with Gen. Douglas MacArthur's intelligence team at Supreme Commander Allied Powers (SCAP), Dr. Fell and Thompson learned the full extent of the Japanese program headed by Lt. Gen. Shiro Ishii. From 1938-1945 Ishii carried on experiments against POW's, including US forces at the Mukden POW Camp in northeast China. He directed Unit 731, the secret Japanese unit engaged in human experimentation. Ishii was initially given command of the "Togo Unit" of 300 men, which rapidly grew and acquired additional "cover" identities. The first major BW facility was built at Beiyinhe, some 70km outside Harbin, known locally as the "Zhong Ma Prison Camp. Open air testing on prisoners was conducted at the the officially named "Water Purification Unit 731" at Pingfan near Harbin, a remote, desolate area on the Manchurian Peninsula. Pingfan's 6 square kilometers housed more than 150 buildings, including administrative buildings, laboratories, workers dormitories, and barracks. By 1945, the Japanese program had stockpiled 400 kilograms of anthrax to be used in a specially designed fragmentation bomb. Studies continued there until 1945, when the Unit 731 complex was leveled by burning it. Slightly less than 1,000 human autopsies apparently were carried out at Unit 731, most on victims exposed to aerosolized anthrax. Many more prisoners and Chinese nationals may have died in this facility - some have estimated up to 3,000 human deaths. In 1940, a plague epidemic in China and Manchuria followed reported overflights by Japanese planes dropping plague-infected fleas. The Japanese attacked hundreds of heavily populated communities and remote regions with germ bombs. There appears to have been a massive germ war campaign in Yunnan Province bordering Burma. Planes dropped plague-infected fleas over Ningbo in eastern China and over Changde in north-central China, Japanese troops also dropped cholera and typhoid cultures in wells and ponds. In all, tens of thousands, and perhaps as many 200,000, Chinese died of bubonic plague, cholera, anthrax and other diseases. In August 1955, Hiroshi Akiyama's "Saikin Sen wa Jumbi Sareteita!" (Bacteriological Warfare Preparations Were Already Complete!) described in revolting detail his alleged experiences with the infamous Unit 731. His ostensible purpose: "To help in some small measure to warn people against the horrors of a third World War, and to prevent such horrors from occurring." The Akiyama piece stirred up violent controversy. The US Veteran's Administration Secretary's Advisory Committee on former Prisoners of War was formed to locate any survivors who were POWs at the Japanese Mukden Prison Complex during WW 11. The committee attempted to verify information that some POWs at Mukden's Unit 731 may have been the victims of medical experiments. The Chinese government has erected a museum on the former grounds of a Japanese biowarfare testing center that used Chinese as subjects during WWII. In 1972, Japan and many other countries signed the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on Their Destruction, commonly called the Biological Weapons Convention. This treaty prohibits the stockpiling of biological agents for offensive military purposes, and also forbids research into such offensive employment of biological agents. RESOURCES. Peter Williams and David Wallace, Unit 731: Japan�s Secret Biological Warfare in World War II (New York: Free Press, 1989). The Other Holocaust : Nanjing Massacre, Unit 731 & Unit 100 by David Guyatt. FAS | Nuke | Guide | Japan |||| Index | Search | http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/japan/bw/ Maintained by Webmaster Updated Sunday, April 16, 2000 9:52:36 AM. Books. Barenblatt, Daniel. A plague upon humanity: the secret genocide of Axis Japan's germ warfare operation. New York, HarperCollins Publishers, c2004. 260 p. Includes bibliographical references. D810.B3B37 2004. Biological and chemical weapons. Edited by Stefan Kiesbye. Detroit, Greenhaven Press, c2010. 98 p. Bibliography: p. 85-92. UG447.8.B535 2010. Biological weapons. Edited by Clay Farris Naff. Detroit, Greenhaven Press/Thomson Gale, c2006. 191 p. Includes bibliographical references. UG447.8.B573 2006. Biological weapons defense: infectious diseases and counterbioterrorism. Edited by Luther E. Lindler, Frank J. Lebeda, George W. Korch. Totowa, NJ, Humana Press, c2005. 597 p. Includes bibliographical references. RC88.9.T47B544 2005 FT MEADE. Biosecurity: origins, transformations and practices . Edited by Brian Rappert and Chandreĺ Gould. Basingstoke, New York, Palgrave Macmillan, 2009. 250 p. Includes bibliographical references. Z5865.B56B572009. Dark medicine: rationalizing unethical medical research. Edited by William R. LaFleur, Gernot Bōhme, and Susumu Shimazono. Bloomington, Indiana University Press, c2007. 259 p. Includes bibliographical references. R853.H8D37 2007. Globalization, biosecurity, and the future of the life sciences . Committee on Advances in Technology and the Prevention of Their Application to Next Generation Biowarfare Threats, Development, Security, and Cooperation Policy and Global Affairs Division, Board on Global Health, Institute of Medicine, Institute of Medicine and National Research Council of the National Academies. Washington, National Academies Press, c2006. 299 p. Includes bibliographical references. HV6433.3.G56 2006. Guillemin, Jeanne. American anthrax: fear, crime, and the investigation of the nation's deadliest bioterror attack . New York, Times Books, 2011. 309 p. Bibliography: p. 263-288. HV6433.35.G85 2011. Guillemin, Jeanne. Anthrax: the investigation of a deadly outbreak. Berkeley, University of California Press, c1999. 321 p. Bibliography: p. 295- 312. RA644.A6G85 1999. Guillemin, Jeanne. Biological weapons: from the invention of state-sponsored programs to contemporary bioterrorism. New York, Columbia University Press, c2005. 258 p. Bibliography: p. 207-242 UG447.8.G85 2004. Harris, Sheldon H. Factories of death: Japanese biological warfare, 1932-1945, and the American cover-up. Rev. ed. New York, Routledge, 2002. 385 p. Includes bibliographical references. DS777.533.B55H37 2002. Newman, Barclay Moon. Japan 's secret weapon. Edited by Peter Greenleaf. New York, Current Publishing Co., 1944. 223 p. “Clues and sources of evidence”: p. 215-219. D810.B3N4. Pandemics and bioterrorism: transdisciplinary information sharing for decision-making against biological threats. Edited by Andrey Trufanov, Alessandra Rossodivita, and Matteo Guidotti. Amsterdam, Washington, IOS Press, c2010. 219 p. (NATO science for peace and security series, v. 62) Includes bibliographical references. HV6433.3.P36 2010. Williams, Peter, and David Wallace. Unit 731: Japan's secret biological warfare in World War II. New York, Free Press, 1989. 303 p. Includes bibliographical references. D810.B3W55 1989. Technical Reports. Reports listed below are available at the Technical Reports and Standards Section of the Science, Technology and Business Division, with more information at: //www.loc.gov/rr/scitech/trs/trsover.html. Boueki daiinibu. In Japanese. Translation of the title: Disease Prevention, Report Two. The report summarizes details of medical experiments done by Unit 731 in Manchuria. It supplements information contained in "Japanese Medical Experiments During World War II." Unit 731: Japan discloses details of notorious chemical warfare division. Japan has disclosed the names of thousands of members of Unit 731, a notorious branch of the imperial Japanese army that conducted lethal experiments on Chinese civilians in the 1930s and 40s as it sought to develop chemical and biological weapons. The country’s national archives passed on the names of 3,607 people in response to a request by Katsuo Nishiyama, a professor at Shiga University of Medical Science, in a move that could reignite the public debate over Japanese atrocities committed in occupied China before and during the second world war. “This is the first time that an official document showing the real names of almost all members of Unit 731 has been disclosed,” Nishiyama told the Mainichi Shimbun newspaper. “The list is important evidence that supports testimony by those involved. Its discovery will be a major step toward unveiling concealed facts.” The document lists members of the Kwantung army’s Epidemic Prevention and Water Purification Department – the unit’s official name – and is dated 1 January 1945. It includes the names, ranks and contact details of more than 1,000 army medics, as well as dozens of doctors, surgeons, nurses and engineers. Japan reluctantly acknowledged the unit’s existence in the late 1990s, but has refused to discuss its activities. Instead, accounts of the unit’s activities have been built around testimony from former members, photographs and documentary evidence. In 2006, Toyo Ishii, a former nurse, said she had helped bury the remains of victims of Japan’s biological warfare programme at a site in Tokyo, as US forces moved into the Japanese capital at the end of the second word war. Ishii said she and her colleagues had been ordered to bury numerous corpses, bones and body parts following Japan’s surrender in August 1945. Other accounts indicate that similar experiments took place in other parts of Asia. In 2006, Akira Makino, a former doctor, said he had been ordered to conduct experiments on condemned men while stationed on the island of Mindanao in the Philippines. Formed in the mid-1930s in Harbin, north-eastern China, Unit 731 conducted lethal experiments on an estimated 3,000 prisoners, who were mostly Chinese and Korean. According to historical accounts, male and female prisoners, named “logs” by their torturers, were subjected to vivisection without anaesthesia after they had been deliberately infected with diseases such as typhus and cholera. Some had limbs amputated or organs removed. As Japan headed towards defeat in the summer of 1945, the unit’s leader, Lt Gen Shiro Ishii, forbade researchers from discussing their work and ordered the demolition of the unit’s Harbin headquarters. At the end of the war, US authorities secretly granted unit officials immunity from prosecution in return for access to their research. Several former Unit 731 officials went on to have successful careers in medicine, academia and business. Nishiyama reportedly plans to publish the list online to encourage historians to conduct further studies into the unit. Unit 731 by Peter Williams and David Wallace. Unit 731 : Japan's Secret Biological Warfare in World War II. Williams, Peter and Wallace David. Published by The Free Press, USA, 1989. ISBN 0029353017. (1989) About this Item: Hard cover dust wrapper, xi/303pp, b&w plates. A little light wear on dw edges, paged edges browned, board corners lightly bumped; a very good copy. Covers the activities of the Japanese secret biological warfare unit, under which experiments were carried out on allied POWs. It includes an account of live vivisection experiments carried out on prisoners of all nationalities by Japanese biologist Shiro Ishii. The charts and data were secretly traded to the Americans in return for war crimes immunity, after the war. Seller Inventory # 174577.