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PANORAMA 3—68 INDIAN PANORAMA: Indian State and Union Territories, Four Ends, National Symbols, Space Science, Defence and Security, Atomic and Nuclear Science, Power Station in , First in Male, First in Female, First in Others, Superlatives, Founders of Indian Institutions, Indian Heritage Sites, Sobriquets. WORLD PANORAMA: World Countries, 7 wonders of the world, World’s most Powerful Intelligence Agencies, Sobriquets, Places, First in World, Superlatives, Famous Landmarks, National Emblems of different countries, Standard Time Zone, Important Days of the year. MOST FAMOUS PEOPLE OF ALL THE TIME 69—128

GEOGRAPHY 129—186 PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY: Universe ; Geomorphology; Oceanography; Atmosphere. INDIAN GEOGRAPHY: India Physiography; Drainage; Soil; Climate; Natural Vegetation; Language; Agriculture; Industry; Minerals; Energy; Census 2011. WORLD GEOGRAPHY : Language; Religion; Climate; Industry; Continents; World at a glance. HISTORY 187—222 INDIAN HISTORY : Ancient History; Medieval History; Modern History WORLD HISTORY: Ancient History; Medieval History; Modern History POLITY 223—292 INDIAN POLITY: Making of the Constitution; Salient features; List of Schedules & Important Amendments; Constitutional Framework; Constitutional Bodies; Statutory Bodies; Types & Levels of Government; Institutional Framework; Elec- tions; Political Parties & Pressure Groups; Foreign Policy; PM Narendra Modi’s visit to Nations. WORLD POLITY : Introduction; United Nations; Parliament of Different Countries. ECONOMY 293—330 Micro-Macro Economics; Public Finance; Indian Economy BUSINESS 331—344 Business Entities; Corporate Governance; Company Act 2013; Ministry Of Corporate Affairs; Balance Sheet; Sources Of Funds; Performance Of A Company; Small And Medium-Sized Enterprises; E-Commerce In India; Important Business Terms. GENERAL SCIENCE 345—426 PHYSICS: Mechanics; Properties of Matter; Heat; Sound; Optics; Electricity; Magnetism; Semiconductor Electronics. EBD_9018

CHEMISTRY: Nature of Matter; Atom; Classification of Elements; Acids, Bases and Salts; Metals and Non metals; General Organic Chemistry. BIOLOGY: Cell biology; Plant Physiology; Human Physiology; Diversity in Living Organism, Disease and Defense mechanism; Discoveries in Biology. EVERYDAY SCIENCE ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT 427—454 Ecology; Environmental Issues; Endangered species, Indian Initiatives towards environmental issues; International Conventions for climate change; National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries, Disaster Management. ART AND CULTURE 455—468 Art Forms; Indian Painters; Indian Music; Indian Dance; Theaters and Films; Tourism; Handicrafts. SPORTS 469—480 Introduction; Famous Games; FIFA World Cup 2014; Tennis Grand Slams; ICC Cricket World Cup; IPL 2015; Indian Super League; UEFA Champions League. HEALTHCARE 481—486 Healthcare in India; National Health Programmes; Outbreak of major disease in India. COMMUNICATION, NEWS AND MEDIA 487—500 Post Office; Telecommunication; Mobile Communication; Communication Satellite; Electronics and Information Technology; Indian Road Network; Indian Railways; Metro Rail; Aviation Industry; Waterways; Ports; Newspaper. EDUCATION AND CAREER 501—512 UPSC; SSC; Banking; International Tests; Career options; Most sought after courses-Engineering, Medical, Mass Communication, Law and Business Management; UGC; AICTE; CBSE; CISCE. IT AND COMPUTERS 513—518 Indian Government Initiatives; IT & Mobile Trends. TECHNOLOGY 519—528 Top Technological Innovations; Major Technologies in all the fields. GENERAL KNOWLEDGE QUIZ 529—544 NATIONAL INTERNATIONAL

CURRENT AFFAIRS UPDATES CA-1— CA- 48

EBD_9018 PANORAMA `` Indian `` World B-4 Panorama EBD_9018

Indian Panorama

INDIAN STATES AND UNION TERRITORIES

`` Andhra Pradesh Art & Culture: (a) Classical dance forms (Sastriya Also known as : “Rice Bowl of Nrutyam) such as Kuchipudi, India”, “Egg Bowl of Asia” Bhamakalapam, Veeranatyam; and Capital: Hyderabad folk dances such as Butta bommalu, Largest City: Visakhapatnam Tappeta Gullu, Lambadi, Dhimsa, No. Of Districts : 13 and Chindu exists in Andhra Chief Minister: Nara Chandrababu Pradesh. Naidu (b) Festivals : Sankranti, Maha : E. S. L. Narasimhan Shivaratri, Ugadi or the Telugu Area: 160,205sq. km(61,855 sq mi) New Year, Sri Rama Navami, Language: Telugu and Urdu Varalakshmi Vratam, Vinayaka Date of Establishment:1st October Chaviti, Dasara, Atla Tadde, 1953 Deepavali, Deepothsavam during Population: 49,386,799 the Deepavali season. Sex ratio: 992 females per 1000 males Religious places: Tirupati or Literacy Rate: 67.7% Tirumala is the richest pilgrimage Population Density(per sq km): 308 centre in the world, dedicated to the Forest Area: Total area covered by god Venkateswara; Simhachalam is the forest are 22,862 sq. km believed to be abode of the saviour- Agriculture : An exporter of many god Narasimha, who rescued Prahlada agricultural products and about 60 from abusive father Hiranyakasipu; percent of population is engaged in Srisailam is dedicated mainly to Lord agriculture and related activities. Rice and is famous as one of the is the major food crop and staple food locations of the various Jyotirlingams. of the state. Also grow wheat, jowar, Tribes: Andh, Bagata, Bhil, Chenchu, bajra, maize, minor millet, coarse Gadabas, Bodo, Nakkala, Dhulia, grain, many varieties of pulses, oil Koya, Kotia, Jatapus, Kulia, Malis, seeds, sugarcane, cotton, chilli-pepper Valmiki, Manna, Mukha, Pardhan, and tobacco. Porja. Industry: Home to firms like Cuisines: Mutton Biryani, Mirchi PepsiCo, Isuzu Motors, Cadbury Salan, Ghongpura Pickle, Korikoora India, Kellogg’s, Colgate-Palmolive, Animal: Blackback (Antilope cervicapra) Kobelco etc. Along with the largest Bird: Indian Roller (Coracias benghalensis) PepsiCo plant in India. Neighbouring states : Telangana `` in the North-West, in the north, Odisha in the North-East, Also known as: “The Orchid State Karnataka in the West, Tamil Nadu of India” or “the Paradise of the in the South and the water body of Botanists” Bay of Bengal in the East. Capital: Itanagar Panorama B-5

Largest City: Itanagar Cuisines: Chinese Cuisine & Apong No. Of Districts:19 (Local Beer) Chief Minister: Nabam Tuki Animal- Gayal (Bos frontalis) Governor: Jyoti Prasad Rajkhowa Bird- Great Hornbill (Buceros bicornis) Area: 83,743 sq. km `` Asom Language: English Date of Establishment: 20 February Capital: Dispur 1987 Largest City: Guwahati Population: 1,382,611 No. Of Districts: 32 Chief Minister: Tarun Gogoi Sex Ratio: 920 females per 1000 Governor: Padmanabha Balakrishna males Acharya 66.95% Literacy Rate: Area:78,550 sq. km Population density:17 per sq. km Language: Assamese, Bengali, Bodo Forest Area: 68045 sq. km. Date of Establishment: 1st April 1912 Agriculture:Main crops:rice, maize, Population density:397 per sq km. millet, wheat, pulses, sugarcane, Forest Area:26,832 sq km ginger, and oilseeds. Also ideal for Agriculture : Asom’s biggest contribution horticulture and fruit orchards. to the world is Asom tea and has its own Industry:Arts and Crafts, weaving, variety of Camellia assamica. The state cane and bamboo, carpet weaving, produces rice, rapeseed, mustard seed, jute, wood carving, ornaments, tourism potato, sweet potato, banana, papaya, areca and horticulture. nut, sugarcane and turmeric. Neighbouring States: Borders with Industry: The industries housed by the the states of and Nagaland to state include a chemical fertiliser plant the south, and international borders at Namrup, petrochemical industries at with Bhutan in the west, Burma in the Namrup and Bongaigaon, Paper mills east and China in the north. at Jagiroad, Hindustan Paper Corporatio Art & Culture: Ltd. Township Area Panchgram and (a) Dance: Bardo Chham is a folk Jogighopa, sugar mills at Barua Bamun dance which depicts the victory Gaon, Chargola, Kampur, Cement plant of good over evil. at Bokajan and Badarpur, cosmetics (b) Festivals: Losar” or The New plant of Hindustan Unilever (HUL) at Year festival, is the most important Doom Dooma, etc. festival of Tawang District in Neighbouring States: Asom is surrounded Arunachal Pradesh. by six of the other Seven Sister States: Religious places: Parasuram Kunda Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur, attracts lots of devotees in January Mizoram, Tripura, and Meghalaya. during the Parasuram mela Akashganga Art & Culture: Temple is also called Malinithan (a) Ankia Naat (Onkeeya Naat), a temple and associated with the traditional Vaishnav dance-drama legend of Yagya and ’s (Bhaona) popular since the 15th self-immolation. century AD. Folk dances like Bihu Tribes: Abor, Aka, Apatani, Momba, and the Bagurumba (both danced Naga, Sherdukp, Nyishi, Galo, during festivals held in the spring), Khampti, Khowa, Mishmi, Idu, the Bhortal dance, the Ojapali Hrusso, Tagin, Khamba, Adi dance etc. B-6 Panorama EBD_9018

(b) Festivals: Bihu is the most Neighbouring States: It is contiguous important and common and with Uttar Pradesh to its west, Nepal celebrated all over Asom. Durga to the north, the northern part of Puja is another festival celebrated West Bengal to the east, and with with great enthusiasm. Muslims Jharkhand to the south. celebrate two Eids (Eid ul-Fitr Art & Culture: and Eid al-Adha) with great zeal. (a) Mithila painting is a style of Religious places: Kamakhya Temple Indian painting practised in the is one of the most famous temples. Mithila region of Bihar Tribes: Mikirs, Khasis, Nagas, Barmans, Boro, Borokachari, Deori, Hojai, . (b) Festivals: Chhath, also called Kachari, Sonwal, Lalung, Mech, Miri, Dala Chhath, is an ancient and Rabha, Dimasa, Hajong, Singhpho, major festival in Bihar.Shravani Khampti, Garo. mela,Teej and Chitragupta Puja Cuisines: Masor Tenga, Pitha along with all the major festivals Animal: One-horned rhino (Rhinoceros of India are celebrated in Bihar. unicornis) Religious Places: Mahabodhi Temple Bird: White-winged wood duck is a Buddhist shrine and UNESCO (Cairina scutulata) World Heritage Site; Mahavir Mandir in Patna; Takht Shri `` Bihar Harmandir Saheb in Patna and many Capital: Patna more. Largest City: Patna Tribes: Gonda, Mundas, Oraon, No. Of districts: 38 Gorait, Ho, Karmali, Kharia , Kha, Chief Minister: Nitish Kumar Omitted, Binjhia, Birhor, Birjia, Chero. Governor: Ram Nath Kovind Cuisines: Litti-Chokha, Sattu Paratha, Area:99,200 sq. km Khaja, Khubi Ka Lai, Anarasa, Tilkut Language: Hindi, Bhojpuri, Magadhi, Animal: Gaur (Bos gaurue) Maithili, Urdu Bird: House Sparrow (Passer domesticus) Date of Establishment: 1st April 1936 Population: 103,804,637 `` Chhattisgarh Sex Ratio: 916 females per 1000 males Also Known as: “Rice bowl of central Literacy Rate: 63.4% India” Population density:1,102 per sq km. Capital: Raipur Forest Area:6,764.14 sq mi (2,612 sq mi) Largest City: Raipur Agriculture: Largest producer of No. Of Districts: 27 vegetables, especially potatoes, onions, Chief Minister: Raman Singh brinjal/egg-plant, and cauliflower. Governor: Balramji Das Tandon Largest producer of litchi, the third Area:135,194 sq. km. largest producer of pineapples and a Language: Chattisgarhi, Hindi major producer of mangoes, bananas, Date of Establishment:1st November and guava. Sugarcane,jute cash crops 2000 Industry: Three major firms — Population: 25,545,198 United Breweries Group, Danish Sex Ratio: 991 females per 1000 Brewery Company Carlsberg Group males and Cobra Beer — are to set up new Literacy Rate: 71.04% units in Patna and Muzaffarpur in Population density:189 per sq km. 2012. Forest Area: 41.33% of the total state area Panorama B-7

Agriculture: The main crops are rice, Majhi, Majhwar, Mawasi , Munda, maize, kodo-kutki and other small Kharia, Kondh, Kol, Kolam, Pao. millets and pulses oilseeds, such Cuisines: Bafauri, Kusli, Red Ant as groundnuts (peanuts), soybeans Chutney and sunflowers, are also grown. Animal: Wild buffalo (Bubalis arnee) Horticulture and animal husbandry Bird: Bastar Hill myna (Gracula religiosa) also engage a major share of the total population of the state. `` Industries: Bhilai Steel Industry: Capital: Panaji Plant, Jindal Steel and Power, Bharat Largest City: Vasco da Gama Aluminium Company, Baldev Alloys No. Of districts: 2 Pvt Ltd,Indian Oil Corporation Chief Minister: Laxmikant Parsekar Engineering: Simplex Casting Ltd, Governor: Mridula Sinha CHPL-Dream-Homes (Chouhan Area: 3,702 sq km (1,429 sq mi) Housing Pvt Ltd.), NMDC, South Language: Konkani Eastern Coalfields, NTPC, Lanco Date of Establishment: 30th May, 1987 Infratech, KSK Energy Ventures, Population: 1,457,723 Vandana Vidyut, Chhattisgarh State Sex ratio: 968 females per 1000 males Power Generation Company and Literacy Rate: 88.70% Jindal Power Limited. Population density:394 per sq km. Neighbouring States: Borders the Forest Area:1,424 sq km (549.81 sq mi) states of Madhya Pradesh in the Agriculture: Rice the main northwest, Maharashtra in the agricultural crop, followed by areca, southwest Telangana and Andhra cashew and coconut. Pradesh in the south, Odisha in the Industry: Tourism is Goa’s primary east, Jharkhand in the northeast and industry as it handles 12% of all Uttar Pradesh in the north. foreign tourist arrival in India. Art & Culture: (a) Dances: Panthi, Neighbouring States:It is bounded Rawat Nacha Pandwani, Chaitra, by the state of Maharashtra to the Kaksar, Saila and Soowa are the north and by Karnataka to the east several indigenous dance styles of and south, while the Arabian Sea Chhattisgarh. forms its western coast. Festival– Bastar Dussere, Bhoramdeo Art & Culture: Festival, Madai Festival. Hariyali, (a) Dance: Some of the traditional Goan dance art forms are Kora, Navakhani are the major Dekhnni, , Corridinho, festival Mando, and Fado. Religious Places: Bhoramdeo temple, (b) Festivals: The most popular Rajivlochan temple, Chandrahasini celebrations in the Indian state Devi temple, temple, Damudhara of Goa are Ganesh Chaturthi, (Rishab Tirth) and Sivarinarayana Diwali, Christmas, Easter, Laxminarayana temple, Bambleshwari Samvatsar Padvo or Sanvsar Temple, Danteshwari Temple and Padvo, Shigmo, Goa Carnival. many more other ancient temples. Goa known for its New Year’s Tribes: Agariya, Andh, Baiga, celebrations along with the Goan Bhaina, Bharia, Halba, Kamar, Carnival is known to attract a Karku, Saur, Sawar, Sawara, Sonr , large number of tourists. B-8 Panorama EBD_9018

Religious places: Goa has two holy AMW trucks are made near Bhuj. Surat World Heritage Sites: the Bom Jesus is the hub of the global diamond trade. Basilica and churches and convents According to Forbes list Ahmedabad of Old Goa. The Basilica holds the ranks 3rd in the world’s fastest growing mortal remains of St. Francis Xavier, cities in the world. who is the patron saint of Goa. Neighbouring states: The state is Tribes: Dhodia, Dubla (Halpati), bordered by Rajasthan to the north, Naikda, Siddi, Varli, Kunbi, Gawda, Maharashtra to the south, Madhya Velip. Pradesh to the east, and the Arabian Cuisines: Vindaloo, Xacuti, Bibinca, Sea as well as the Pakistani province Prawn Balchao of Sindh to the west. Animal: Gaur (Bos gaurus) Art & Culture : Bird: Black-crested bulbul (Pycnonotus (a) Rass-garba is a folk dance gularis) which is done as celebration of Navratri. `` Gujarat (b) Festivals: Makar Sankranti, Navratri, Uttarayana, Diwali, Also known as: Jewel of the Western Holi, Tazia and others are part of India celebrated with great enthusiasm. Capital: Gandhinagar Religious places: Somnath temple Largest City: Ahmedabad and the Sun Temple are some of the No. Of districts:33 renowned Hindu temples. Palitana Chief Minister: templesfor the Jain community; Sidi Governor: Om Prakash Kohli Saiyyed Mosque and Jama Masjid Area:196,204 sq km (75,755 sq mi) are holymosques for Muslims. Language: Gujarati Tribes: Bhils, Barda, Bavacha, Charan, Date of Establishment:1 May 1960 Gond, Dubla, Dhanka, Chodhara, Population:60,383,628 Chaudhr, Charan, Gamit, Kunbi, Sex Ratio: 918 females per 1000 Patelia, Pomla, Rabar, Rathawa, Siddi. males Cuisines: Thepla, Dhokla, Khandvi, Literacy Rate:79.31% Handvo, Panki Animal: Asiatic lison (Panthera leo Population Density:310/ sq km(800/ ) sq mi) persica Bird: Greater Flamingo (Phoenicopterus Forest Area: 9.7% of the total roseus) geographical area is under forest cover Agriculture: Gujarat’s agriculture `` Haryana is majorly focussed on cotton production, livestock, fruits and Capital: Chandigarh vegetables, and wheat production. Largest City: Faridabad Industry: Large scale industries such as No. Of Districts: 21 Agro Marine Exports, Creative Castings Chief Minister: Manohar Lal Khattar Ltd., Gujarat Dairy Development Governor: Kaptan Singh Solanki Corporation, Austin Engineering Area: 44,212 sq. km(17,070 sq mi) and JSW Power Co. The Alang Ship Language: Hindi, Punjabi, Haryanvi Recycling Yard (the world’s largest), Date of Establishment:1 November General Motors manufactures, Tata 1966 Motors manufactures the Tata Nano and Population: 25,351,462 Panorama B-9

Sex Ratio: 877 females per 1000 males `` Himachal Pradesh Literacy Rate: 76.64% Population Density: 73 per sq km Name: Himachal Pradesh (1,480/sq mi) Also known as: State of Apples, Dev Forest Area:1,684 sq km (650 sq mi) Bhoomi(Abode of Gods) Agriculture: Wheat and rice are the Capital: Shimla major crops making Haryana, the Largest City: Shimla second largest contributor to India’s No. Of Districts:12 central pool of food grains. The main Chief Minister: Virbhadra Singh crops are wheat, rice, sugarcane, Governor: Acharya Dev Vrat cotton,oilseeds, gram, barley, corn, Area: 55,673 sq. km(21,495 sq mi) millet and many more. Language: Hindi, English Industry: National and international Date of Establishment: 25th January companies like Samsung, DB Schenker, Damco Solutions, Abacus Softech, 1971 Nokia Networks, Mitsubishi Electric, Population: 6,856,509 IBM, Huawei, General Electric, Tata Sex Ratio: 974 females per 1000 males Consultancy Services and Amdocs Literacy Rate: 83.78% have their branch offices and contact Population Density: 123 per sq km centres in Faridabad and Gurgaon(also (320/sq mi) known as City of millennium). Large- Forest Area: 66.52% of the total area scale companies like Orient Paper Agriculture: Agriculture contributes & Industries, JCB India Limited, nearly 45% to the net state domestic Nirigemes, Agri Machinery Group product and 93% of the state (Escorts Limited), India Yamaha population depends directly upon Motor Pvt. Ltd., Whirlpool, ABB agriculture. The main cereals grown Group, Goodyear Tyres and Knorr Bremse India Pvt. Ltd. in the state are wheat, maize, rice and Neighbouring States: It is bordered barley. Fruit cultivation has also proved by Punjab and Himachal Pradesh to to be an economic boon,with Apple the north, by Rajasthan to the west farming producing the maximum and south. The river Yamuna defines income which amounts to 3 billion its eastern border with Uttar Pradesh. annually. Art & Culture: Festivals: Haryali Teej, Industry: Textiles, pharmaceuticals, Lohri, Gangore, Makar Sankranti, food procurement and processing, Gugga Naumi, Baisaki are some of light engineering, IT and electronics, the famous festivals of Haryana cement, tourism and hydropower are Tourism: Surajkund International the key industries resident in the state Crafts Mela, Sultanpur National Park, Kalesar National Park, Pinjore with Himachal accounting for 25 Gardens Resort, and Nahar Singh per cent of the country’s total hydro Mahal are some of the major tourist power potential. attraction. Neighbouring States: It is bordered Cuisine: Rabadi, Bajre ki Khichdi, by Jammu and Kashmir on the Cholia, Chaach-Lassi, Kachri ki Sabzi north, Punjab on the west, Haryana Animal: Blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra) on the south-west, Uttarakhand Bird: Black Francolin (Francolinus on the south-east and by the Tibet francolinus) Autonomous Region on the east. B-10 Panorama EBD_9018

Art & Culture: Sex Ratio: 883 females per 1000 males (a) Dances: Losar Shona Chuksam, Literacy Rate: 66.7% Dangi, Gee Dance and Burah Population Density: 56 per sq. km dance, Naati, Kharait, Ujagjama (150/sq mi) and Chadhgebrikar and Shunto Forest Area: 20230 sq. km are some of the known dance Agriculture: Known for its sericulture forms. and cold-water fisheries. Wood to make (b) Festivals: Kullu Dussehra, Shivratri high-quality cricket bats known as Fair, Shoolini Mela (Solan), Minjar Kashmir Willow. Kashmiri saffron. Fair, Mani Mahesh Chhari Yatra, Horticultural includes apples, apricots, Renuka fair, Lavi Trade Fair, cherries, pears, plums, almonds and Vrajeshwari fair, Jwalamukhi Fair, walnuts with an annual turnover of Holi Fair, and Naina Devi Fair, over 3 billion (US$46 million). and Fulaich are some of the most Industry: Horticulture plays a pivotal celebrated festivals. role in the economy of the country. Tourism: The state is home to Neighbouring States: It shares border many famous hill stations such as with the states of Himachal Pradesh and Dalhousie, Kullu, Manali, Shimla, Punjab to the south, an international Nainital, Dharamsala, Mcleodganj border with China in the north and east, and many more. and the Line of Control separates it Tribes: Bhot, Bodh, Gaddi, Gujjar, from the Pakistani-controlled territories Jad, Lamba, Khampa, Kanaura, of Azad Kashmir and Gilgit–Baltistan Kinnara, Lahaula, Pangwala, in the west and northwest respectively. Swangla, Beta, Beda, Domba. Art & Culture: Dances: The Dumhal Cuisines: Sidu, Aktori, Dham, Seppu is a famous dance in the Kashmir Vadi, Badana, Babru Valley, performed by men of the Wattal Animal: Snow Leopard (Uncia uncia region whereas women perform the or Panthna uncia) Rouff, another traditional folk dance Bird: Jujurana Western Irogapa (Trogopan of the region. melanocephalus) Religious places: Vaishno Devi temple, Amarnath, and Raghunath `` Jammu and Kashmir temple. Nature Tourism: Gulmarg, Sonamarg, Also known as: Heaven on Earth Leh, Pahalgam and many more are Capital: Srinagar some of the most frequented hill Largest City: Srinagar stations. No. Of Districts: 22 Tribes: Balti, Beda, Bot, Boto, Brokpa, Chief Minister: Mufti Mohammad Drokpa, Dard, Shin, Changpa, Garra, Sayeed Mon, Purigpa, Gujjar, Bakarwal, Gaddi, Governor: Narinder Nath Vohra Sippi. Area:222,236 sq. km(85,806 sq mi) Cuisines: Gustaba, Tbak Maz, Dum Language: English, Urdu Aloo, Haak or Karam ka Saag Date of Establishment: 26th October Animal: Kashmir Stag (Cervus 1947 elaphus hanglin) Population: 12,548,926 Bird: Black-necked crane (Grus nigricollis) General Awareness For SSC Exams

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