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6. Rainfall Analyses

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6. Rainfall Analyses 6. Rainfall Analyses The objectives of this section are: (1) To examine spatial and temporal trends of rainfall in the Hutt Catchment. (2) To measure extreme rainfall events and predict the frequency of occurrences for given magnitudes of drought and high intensity rainfalls. (3) To put periods of low river flows into a greater historical perspective by examining the longer duration rainfall records for droughts. The 44 rain gauges used in this study were analysed for the following: Mean annual rainfall Mean annual rainfall isohyets Rainfall transect analyses Mean monthly rainfall Long-term temporal rainfall trends Periods of low rainfalls Rainfall drought frequency analysis High rainfall intensity frequency analyses. Also analysed are possible climate change impacts on rainfall and synoptic situations that lead to high river levels. Figure 4.1 illustrates the locations of the rain gauges used in this section. 6.1 Mean Annual Rainfall Mean annual rainfall is the mean of each calendar year of rainfall record. Analysis of mean annual rainfall gives an indication of both the temporal and spacial distribution of rainfall in the Hutt Catchment. However, the difficulty of comparing rainfall records that have inconsistent periods is recognised. Also, some rainfall stations exhibit variability because of localised effects of topography and vegetation influences. This is especially apparent in the high altitude, Tararua Range and Eastern and Western Hutt Hills rain gauges, where these influences may result in an inconsistent relationship between rainfall and altitude. Mean annual rainfalls for all stations are presented in Tables 6.1-6.4. In Tables 6.1- 6.4 the rainfall stations are grouped based on the following nominated altitudes: I Below 50 m I Between 50 m and 300 m I Between 300 m and 600 m Over 600 m. Below* 50 m is representative of the mid to lower Hutt Valley floor. Between 50 m and 300 m, the Upper Hutt Valley and the foothills of the Westemznd Eastem Hutt Hills; between 300 m and 600 m the mid to high altitudes of the Eastern and Table 6.2: Mean Annual Rainfall for Rainfall Stations Between 50 m and 300 m Altitude Western Hutt Hills; and over 600 m the steepest patts of the Hun Catchment above Kaitoke. \, Station Period Met No. Altitude Mean Annual Rainfall Mean annual rainfall is analysed on the basis of dese altitude thresholds. (m) (mm) Trentham Racecourse 1930- El5101 52 1273 Upper Hutt 1954- El5104 Rainfall Stations Below 50 m 55 1341 Wallaceville 1939- El5102 56 1306 Taita 1957-1992 El4192 65 1340 At the 10 rain gauges analysed in the Hutt Catchment below 50 m altitude, mean Stokes Valley No. 2 1971-1991 ~14198 76 1288 Twin Lakes annual rainfall ranges fiom 1099 mm to 1487 mm (Table 6.1). The mean of all 1984- E1501B 92 1594 stations is 1268 mm. Cemetery 1988- El5018 100 1687 Pinehaven 1977- E1510A 125 1481 Table 6.1: Mean Annual Rainfall for Rainfall Stations Below 50 m Altitude Maungaraki No. 2 1969- El4280 138 1377 Mangaroa Valley 1978-1989 El5114 183 Kaitoke Headworks 1951- El5021 189 23171637 Station Period Met No. Altitude Mean Annual Rainfall Maungaraki No. 3 1969-1990 El4295 (mm) 205 1420 (m) Kaitoke 1957- El5011 223 Tasman Vaccine 1980- El5204 1896 6 1342 229 1406 Tama Street 1923-1981 El4292 Limited 6 1414 Waterloo 1963-1983 El4298 Putaputaweta 1986-1992 El5006 7 1276 240 1707 Maungaraki No. 1 1969-1990 El4289 Upper Whakatiki 9 1487 1956- El5002 245 1721 Hutt Golf Club 1970-1981 E1429L Moonshine 12 1099 1981-1993 E1510D 250 1256 Naenae Park 1948-1970 El4297 12 1181 Arawhata 1968 - El5012 270 1975 Waiwhetu 1903-1959 El4293 15 1301 Avalon 1962-1992 El4195 34 1244 Mean annual rainfill ranges from 1256 mm to 2317 mm at those stations between Gracefield 1958-1992 El4290 43 1109 Somes Island 1975- El4285 50 m and 300 m altitude in the Hutt Catchment. The mean of all stations is 49 1225 Trentham 1944- El5103 1557 mm. While the relationship between mean annual rainfall and altitude is only relatively significant (R2 = 0.498) a general trend does exist of increasing rainfall The mean of all stations (1268 mm), is a good estimation of mean annual rainfall in with altitude. Those stations recording over 1800 mm mean annual rainfall, (Kaitoke the mid to lower Hutt Valley floor. Headworks 2317 mm, Arawhata 1975 mm, Kaitoke 1896 mm) are situated in the upper catchment, at or above Kaitoke. These are the highest mean annual rainfalls While the relationship between altitude and mean annual rainfall is poor (R' = of all stations between 50 m and 300 m altitude. -0.489) for those stations below 50 m altitude, the range is relatively small with a standard deviation of 113 rnm about the mean. This is expected as aspect and An inconsistency exists between Tasman Vaccine Limited (E15204) (229 m) and localised effects are more significant than altitude. Hutt Golf Club (E1429L), Mangaroa Valley (El51 14) (183 m). Both gauges are in the Mangaroa Catchment Waterloo (E14298) and Tama Street (E14292) have high mean annual rainfalls for and yet a significantly larger mean annual rainfall is recorded at the lower elevation their low elevations and positions in the Hutt Valley. Mangaroa Valley (El51 14) station. It is unclear why this occurs. 6.1.2 Rainfall Stations between 50 m and 300 m a I Another inconsistency exists between Kaitoke Headworks (E15021) (189 m) and Kaitoke (El501 1) (223 m). Despite Kaitoke (El501 1) being at a higher elevation Rain gauges in this altitude range begin to show orographic enhancement resulting than Kaitoke Headworks (E15021) it records a mean annual rainfall that is almost 20 c, ,,~;,.-t. ,,, ,,lllev amss the ~~t~~ and Western Hutt Hills (Table 6.2). percent lower. This is because Kaitoke Headworks (E15021) is situated further north in the Hun Catchment, but in a topographic depression. The surrounding land is however higher in elevation than at Kaitoke (E15011), and causes orographic enhancement of rainfall in the vicinity of the Kaitoke Headworks (E15021) station. 6.1.3 Rainfall Stations Between 300 m and 600 m Rain gauges at this elevation are typically situated on the drainage divides of the Eastern and Western Hun Hills, and the mid to high altitudes of the Tararua Ranges %ve Kaitoke. Orographic enhancement at this altitude is marked (Table 6.3). k. - Wellington Regional Council 57 Hy~irologyofthe Huff Catchment Table 6.3: Mean Annual Rainfall for Rainfall Stations between 300 m and 600 m Altitude 6.2 Mean Annual Rainfall Isohyets Station Period Met No. AUitNe Mean Annual Rainfall Figure 6.1 shows the Hutt Catchments mean annual rainfall isohyets derived from the New Zealand Meteorological Service. Figure 6.1 should give a more consistent Phillips 1972- E1502A 300 2933 indication of mean annual rainfall in the Hutt Catchment, as the isohyets are derived Hukiiga 1956- El5004 320 1865 from the uniform period 1941 to 1970, and are a "smoothed" representation of * Blue Gum Spur 1981-1986 E1500A 335 1996 rainfall. Waynes Mistake 1984- E1418D 335 1353 Warwicks 1980- E05907 345 2388 Eastern Hun 1972-1984 E1502B 400 3987 Figure 6.1 shows that on the Lowcr I-Iutt Vallcy floor, mean annual rainfall is 1000 Cenae Ridge 1984- El5122 510 2136 - 1200 mm. This is the driest area of the Hutt Catchment. As elevation increases Misty 1956- El5202 545 1874 in a band from the middle of the valley through the valley floor of the Mangaroa Rimutaka Summit 1962-1987 Dl5123 561 1897 Catchment, across the bottom of the Akatarawa Catchment and up into the middle of the Whakatiki Catchment, the mean annual rainfall gradient increases to 1400 - Recorded mean annual rainfall at this altitude exhibits differences ranging from 1600 mm. Generally, mean annual rainfall increases as elevation increases at a 1353 mm to 3987 mm. The mean of all stations is 2269 mm. This is due to the relatively uniform rate in a northeasterly direction. This is a direct result of altitude range being large, from 300 m to 600 m. Also, many of the rainfall records orographic enhancement of rainfall. Figure 6.1 indicates that the highest mean have varying lengths of data, hence cover inconsistent periods. annual rainfalls occur in the northeast of the Hutt Catchment, where 5600 - 6400 mm is experienced in the vicinity of Aston and Omega peaks. 6.1.4 Rainfall Stations Over 600 m The only areas of the Hutt Catchment reaching this altitude are the Upper Hutt 6.3 Minimum, Mean and Maximum Monthly Rainfalls Valley Western Hutt Hills bordering the Mangaroa and Pakuratahi Catchments, and the Tararua Ranees above Kaitoke. The minimum, mean and maximum monthly rainfalls for all stations are presented in Appendix 2. Again, rainfall stations are grouped into the same altitude classes as Correspondingly, the highest mean annual rainfalls are recorded by rain gauges in for mean annual rainfall for comparative purposes. this altitude range- (Table 6.4). Because some storage rain gauges were serviced at durations of frequently longer Table 6.4: Mean Annual Rainfall for Rainfall Stations above 600 rn Altitude than one month, monthly values in Appendix 2 are evenly proportioned over the one month interval. Thus, they are indicative values only. Station Period Met No. Altitude Mean Annual Rainfall (m) (mm) Figures 6.2 and 6.3 show the mean monthly rainfalls for representative rainfall stations which have good length of record and are considered to have good data Divine 1956- El5203 610 1901 Renata Hutt 1972- E0591B 680 5693 quality. The Blue Gum Spur (E1500A) station is an exception, as it has only five Renata 1964- E05911 790 1864 years of record.
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