Keratoconus Into Focus

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Keratoconus Into Focus SEPTEMBER 2019 # 37 In My View In Practice Profession Sitting Down With Musings of a prospective The amblyopia app making Why the fight for female Stefanie Schmickler: business- glaucoma patient screening accessible to all leadership is far from over minded, patient-focused 12 – 13 32 – 35 46 – 49 50 – 51 Bringing Keratoconus into Focus Sharpening up our response to this underdiagnosed condition 14– 26 NORTH AMERICA www.theophthalmologist.com FOR ROTATIONAL STABILITY, THERE’S NO COMPARISON1,2 1. Lee BS, Chang DF. Comparison of the rotational stability of two toric intraocular lenses in 1273 consecutive eyes. Ophthalmology. 2018;0:1-7. 2. Potvin R, et al. Toric intraoclar lens orientation and residual refractive astigmatism: an analysis. Clin Ophthalmol. 2016;10:1829-1836. Please see Important Product Information on the adjacent page. AcrySof®IQ Toric ASTIGMATISM-CORRECTING IOL © 2018 Novartis 7/18 US-TOR-18-E-1605 105064 US-TOR-18-E-1605 TO.indd 1 1/30/19 4:04 PM ACRYSOF® IQ TORIC IOL IMPORTANT PRODUCT INFORMATION CAUTION: Federal (USA) law restricts this device to the sale by or on the order of a physician. INDICATIONS: The AcrySof® IQ Toric posterior chamber intraocular lenses are Image intended for primary implantation in the capsular bag of the eye for visual correction of aphakia and pre-existing corneal astigmatism secondary to removal of a cataractous lens in of the adult patients with or without presbyopia, who desire improved uncorrected distance vision, reduction of residual refractive cylinder and Month increased spectacle independence for distance vision. WARNING/PRECAUTION: Careful preoperative evaluation and sound clinical judgment should be used by the surgeon to decide the risk/benefit ratio before implanting a lens in a patient with any of the conditions described in the Directions for Use labeling. Toric IOLs should not be implanted if the posterior capsule is ruptured, if the zonules are damaged, or if a primary posterior capsulotomy is planned. Rotation can reduce astigmatic correction; if necessary lens repositioning should occur as early as possible prior to lens encapsulation. All viscoelastics should be removed from both the anterior and posterior sides of the lens; residual viscoelastics may allow the lens to rotate. Optical theory suggests that high astigmatic patients (i.e. > 2.5 D) may experience spatial distortions. Possible toric IOL related factors may include residual cylindrical error or axis misalignments. Prior to surgery, physicians should provide prospective patients with a copy of the Patient Information Brochure available from Alcon for this product informing them of possible risks and benefits associated with the AcrySof® IQ Toric Cylinder Power IOLs. Studies have shown that color vision discrimination is not adversely affected in individuals with the AcrySof® Natural IOL and normal color vision. The effect on vision of the AcrySof® Natural IOL in subjects with hereditary color vision defects and acquired color vision defects secondary to ocular disease (e.g., glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, chronic uveitis, and other retinal or optic nerve diseases) has not been studied. Do not resterilize; do not store over 45° C; use only sterile irrigating solutions such as BSS® or BSS Fool’s Gold ® PLUS Sterile Intraocular Irrigating Solutions. ATTENTION: Reference the Directions for Use This month’s image shows a corneal ulcer specimen under the microscope. labeling for a complete listing of indications, Credit: Channdarith Kith, Resident of Ophthalmology, University of Health Sciences, Cambodia. warnings and precautions. Do you have an image you’d like to see featured in The Ophthalmologist? Contact [email protected] © 2018 Novartis 7/18 US-TOR-18-E-1605 www.theophthalmologist.com 105064 US-TOR-18-E-1605_PI TO.indd 1 2/6/19 12:11 PM Contents 40 In My View 12 Musings of a Prospective Angle Closure Patient Chelvin Sng charts the rise and fall of LPI – the “gold standard” treatment for angle closure disease – and explains why she is looking forward to the 10 bespoke glaucoma management approaches of the future 03 Image of The Month Upfront Feature 08 Corneal Construction 14 Bringing Keratoconus 07 Editorial into Focus CXL Unbound, 09 A New Purpose With prevalence between three by Farhad Hafezi and 100-times higher than once 10 Bitesize Breakthroughs believed, early identification of keratoconus has never been more important. We bring On The Cover together the leading lights SEPTEMBER 2019 # 37 of the field to explain why In My View In Practice Profession Sitting Down With Musings of a prospective The amblyopia app making Why the fight for female Stefanie Schmickler: business- glaucoma patient screening accessible to all leadership is far from over minded, patient-focused 12 – 14 34 – 37 46 – 49 50 – 51 Seeing the world through timely treatment is key to the Bringing Keratoconus into Focus Expert views on how to tackle the corneal disorder that is a lot more common than previously thought 16– 27 keratoconic eyes prevention of vision loss NORTH AMERICA www.theophthalmologist.com ISSUE 37 - SEPTEMBER 2019 Editor - Aleksandra Jones [email protected] Deputy Editor - Phoebe Harkin [email protected] Content Director - Rich Whitworth [email protected] Publishing Director - Neil Hanley [email protected] Business Development Executive, Americas- Ross Terrone [email protected] Associate Publisher - Sam Blacklock [email protected] Business Development Executive- Paul Longley [email protected] Head of Design - Marc Bird [email protected] Designer - Hannah Ennis [email protected] Designer - Charlotte Brittain [email protected] 32 Digital Team Lead - David Roberts [email protected] Digital Producer Web/Email - Peter Bartley [email protected] Digital Producer Web/App - Abygail Bradley [email protected] In Practice Audience Insight Manager & Data Protection Officer- 50 Tracey Nicholls [email protected] 30 Just Asking Traff ic & Audience Database Coordinator - Hayley Atiz [email protected] The Advanced Glaucoma Project Manager - Webinars - Lindsey Vickers Technologies Forum audience [email protected] put questions to our expert panel, Traffic Manager - Jody Fryett [email protected] tackling everything from drug Traffic Assistant - Dan Marr delivery to artificial intelligence [email protected] Events Manager - Alice Daniels-Wright [email protected] 32 Tackling the Event Coordinator - Jessica Lines Global Vision Crisis [email protected] Of the nine million people Marketing Manager - Katy Pearson [email protected] living in Mumbai’s slums, Social Media Manager - Joey Relton only 48 percent have access [email protected] to healthcare facilities. Darcy Marketing Executive - Sarah Botha [email protected] Wendel presents the app Profession Financial Controller - Phil Dale making vision screening [email protected] accessible to all 46 Female Leadership – is it in Accounts Assistant - Kerri Benson [email protected] Good Health? Senior Vice President (North America) - Fedra Pavlou Louisa Wickham explains why [email protected] we need diversity in ophthalmic Chief Executive Officer - Andy Davies [email protected] NextGen leadership – be it gender, Chief Operating Officer - Tracey Peers ethnicity or disability – in [email protected] 40 Pouring Oil on order to deliver the level of care Change of address/General enquiries [email protected] Troubled Retinas patients deserve The Ophthalmologist, Texere Publishing, 175 Varick St, New York, NY 10014. Silicone oil tamponades can +44 (0) 1565 745 200 inhibit scar tissue formation [email protected] Distribution in patients with a high risk of The Ophthalmologist North America (ISSN 2398-9270) is published monthly by Texere retinal scarring after retinal Sitting Down With... Publishing, 175 Varick St, New York, NY 10014. Single copy sales $15 (plus postage, cost available on detachment. But how much request [email protected]) more effective would these 50 Stefanie Schmickler, CEO of Non-qualified annual subscription cost is available on request Reprints & Permissions – [email protected] products be if they also Augen Zentrum Nordwest in The opinions presented within this publication are those of the authors and do not reflect the opinions of The Ophthalmologist or its publishers, Texere Publishing. delivered antifibrotics? Germany and Deputy Editor of Authors are required to disclose any relevant financial arrangements, which are presented at the end of each article, where relevant. Victoria Kearns investigates GMS Ophthalmology Cases © 2019 Texere Publishing Limited. All rights reserved. Reproduction in whole or in parts is prohibited. www.theophthalmologist.com A TissueTech Company Find Your Wow Moment at www.YourWowMoment.com CXL Unbound Editorial What drives progress in medicine? Identifying and meeting unmet needs ometimes, the sheer scale of an unmet need can surprise you. For many years, keratoconus was thought of as a rare disease: in 1986, a paper reported that 1 in 2,000 people Sin Olmstead County, Minnesota, had keratoconus. And that figure stuck for at least
Recommended publications
  • Iol Calculations for Patients with Keratoconus
    s THE LITERATURE IOL CALCULATIONS FOR PATIENTS WITH KERATOCONUS Work continues to improve refractive accuracy in this patient population. BY ALICE ROTHWELL, MBCHB, AND ANDREW M.J. TURNBULL, BM, PGCERTMEDED, PGDIPCRS, FRCOPHTH INTRAOCULAR LENS POWER CALCULATION TABLE 1. CLASSIFICATION OF KERATOCONUS SEVERITY IN EYES WITH KERATOCONUS Stage Keratometry Reading Savini G, Abbate R, Hoffer KJ, et al1 1 ≤ 48.00 D Industry support: K.J.H. licenses 2 > 48.00 D registered trademark name Hoffer to various companies 3 > 53.00 D ABSTRACT SUMMARY spherical equivalent. Myopic and stage 1 disease. Accuracy decreased Savini and colleagues compared hyperopic surprises were indicated by with more advanced keratoconus, with the prediction errors (PEs) of negative and positive PEs, respectively. a MedAE of greater than 2.50 D in all five standard formulas: Barrett Mean error (ME), median absolute stage 3 eyes. Universal II (BUII), Haigis, Hoffer Q, error (MedAE), mean absolute error, Holladay 1, and SRK/T. The study and percentage of eyes achieving within DISCUSSION included 41 consecutive keratoconic ±0.50 D, ±0.75 D, and ±1.00 D of the Keratoconus presents multiple eyes undergoing phacoemulsification refractive target were also calculated. challenges to IOL selection. First, and IOL implantation. Eyes were A hyperopic ME was found across all the standard keratometric index classified by disease severity (Table 1). five formulas. Across the whole dataset, cannot reliably be applied to these A subjective refraction was obtained the lowest ME (0.91 D) and MedAE eyes because this index depends on for each eye at 1 month postoperatively. (0.62 D) and the highest percentage a normal ratio between the anterior The PE for each eye was calculated by (36%) of eyes within ±0.50 D of target and posterior corneal surfaces, but subtracting the predicted spherical were achieved with the SRK/T formula.
    [Show full text]
  • WSPOS Worldwide Webinar 16: Amblyopia - How and When
    Answers to Audience Questions - WSPOS Worldwide Webinar 16: Amblyopia - How and When WWW 16 Panellists Anna Horwood Celeste Mansilla David Granet Krista Kelly Lionel Kowal Susan Cotter Yair Morad Anna Horwood (AH), Celeste Mansilla (CM), Krista Kelly (KK), Lionel Kowal (LK), Susan Cotter (SC), Yair Morad (YM) 1. How do you maintain attained iso visual acuity after successful amblyopia treatment? AH: Intermittent monitoring. If they have regressed previously, I might carry on very intermittent occlusion (an hour or two a week) until I was sure it was stable. CM: With gradual and controlled reduction of the treatment, for example: if the patient had 1 hour of patch per day, I leave it with 1 hour 3 times a week during a month. I do a check and if the visual acuity was maintained, I lower patches to 2 times a week. I keep checking and going down like this until I suspend the treatment. If at any time I detect worsening visual acuity, I return to the previous treatment. SC: Best way is attainment of normal binocular vision. I do not worry about ansiometropic amblyopes who have random dot stereopsis post-treatment. If have constant unilateral strabismus, I can do some limited part-time patching, decreasing patching dosage over time given no regression of VA. YM: repeat examination every 6 months. If I see regression, I will prescribe patching for 30 min a day. 2. How do you plan for very dense amblyopes? AH: I very rarely see them because, with screening, they are picked up early and usually do well.
    [Show full text]
  • Treat Cataracts and Astigmatism with One
    TREAT CATARACTS Cataract patients have a choice Eye with cataract See life through the AcrySof® IQ Toric IOL. of treatments, including the As the eye ages, the lens becomes AND ASTIGMATISM WITH breakthrough AcrySof® IQ Toric cloudier, allowing less light to pass Ask your doctor about your options. intraocular lens (IOL) that treats through. The light that doesn’t make ONE PROCEDURE pre-existing corneal astigmatism at the it to the retina is diffused or scattered, same time that it corrects cataracts. leaving vision defocused and blurry. With a single procedure, you have the potential to enjoy freedom from glasses or contacts for distance vision with enhanced image quality – and see life through a new lens. 1. Independent third party research; Data on File, December 2011. Cataracts and astigmatism defined. Important Product Information A cataract is like a cloud over the eye’s lens, Eye with astigmatism CAUTION: Restricted by law to sale by or on the order of a physician. DESCRIPTION: interfering with quality of vision and making The AcrySof® IQ Toric Intraocular Lenses (IOLs) are artificial lenses implanted in the normal activities, such as driving a car, reading When the surface of the cornea has eye of adult patients following cataract surgery. These lenses are designed to correct pre-existing corneal astigmatism, which is the inability of the eye to focus clearly at a newspaper or seeing people’s faces, an uneven curvature, shaped more any distance because of difference curvatures on the cornea, and provide distance vision. WARNINGS / PRECAUTIONS: You may experience and need to contact your increasingly difficult.
    [Show full text]
  • A Prospective Study on Hyperglycemia and Retinopathy of Prematurity
    Journal of Perinatology (2014) 34, 453–457 © 2014 Nature America, Inc. All rights reserved 0743-8346/14 www.nature.com/jp ORIGINAL ARTICLE A prospective study on hyperglycemia and retinopathy of prematurity L Mohsen1, M Abou-Alam1, M El-Dib2, M Labib1, M Elsada3 and H Aly2 OBJECTIVE: Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) constitutes a significant morbidity in premature infants that can lead to blindness. Multiple retrospective studies have identified neonatal hyperglycemia as a risk for developing ROP. However, in the absence of any reported prospective study, it is not clear whether hyperglycemia is associated with ROP independent of the commonly associated comorbidities. The objective of this study was to investigate whether hyperglycemia in premature infants is independently associated with ROP. STUDY DESIGN: Premature infants (o1500 g or ⩽ 32 weeks gestational age) were enrolled in a prospective longitudinal cohort study. All demographic, clinical and laboratory data were collected. Bedside whole-blood glucose concentration was measured every 8 h daily for 7 days. For any glucose readingo50 or>150 mg dl − 1, serum sample was sent to the laboratory for confirmation. Hyperglycemia was defined as any blood glucose level ⩾ 150 mg dl − 1. ROP patients were compared with non-ROP patients in a bivariate analysis. Variables significantly associated with ROP were studied in a logistic regression model. RESULT: A total of 65 patients were enrolled with gestational age 31.1 ± 1.2 weeks and birth weight 1385 ± 226 g. Thirty-one patients (48%) were identified with hyperglycemia. On eye examination, 19 cases (29.2%) had ROP (13 with stage 1, 4 with stage 2 and 2 with stage 3).
    [Show full text]
  • Strabismus, Amblyopia & Leukocoria
    Strabismus, Amblyopia & Leukocoria [ Color index: Important | Notes: F1, F2 | Extra ] EDITING FILE ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Objectives: ➢ Not given. Done by: Jwaher Alharbi, Farrah Mendoza. ​ ​ Revised by: Rawan Aldhuwayhi ​ Resources: Slides + Notes + 434 team. ​ ​ NOTE: F1& F2 doctors are different, the doctor who gave F2 said she is in the exam committee so focus on her notes Amblyopia ● Definition Decrease in visual acuity of one eye without the presence of an organic cause that explains that decrease ​ ​ in visual acuity. He never complaints of anything and his family never noticed any abnormalities ​ ● Incidence The most common cause of visual loss under 20 years of life (2-4% of the general population) ● How? Cortical ignorance of one eye. This will end up having a lazy eye ​ ● binocular vision It is achieved by the use of the two eyes together so that separate and slightly dissimilar images arising in each eye are appreciated as a single image by the process of fusion. It’s importance 1. Stereopsis 2. Larger field If there is no coordination between the two eyes the person will have double vision and confusion so as a compensatory mechanism for double vision the brain will cause suppression. The visual pathway is a plastic system that continues to develop during childhood until around 6-9 years of age. During this time, the wiring between the retina and visual cortex is still developing. Any visual problem during this critical period, such as a refractive error or strabismus can mess up this developmental wiring, resulting in permanent visual loss that can't be fixed by any corrective means when they are older Why fusion may fail ? 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Analysis of Human Corneal Igg by Isoelectric Focusing
    Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Vol. 29, No. 10, October 1988 Copyright © Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology Analysis of Human Corneal IgG by Isoelectric Focusing J. Clifford Woldrep,* Robin L. Noe,f and R. Doyle Stulringf Parameters which regulate the localization and retention of IgG within the corneal stroma are complex and poorly understood. Although multiple factors are involved, electrostatic interactions between IgG and anionic corneal tissue components, ie, proteoglycans (PG) and glycosaminoglycans (GAG) may regulate the distribution of antibodies within the corneal stroma. Isoelectric focusing (IEF) and blotting analysis of IgG revealed a restricted pi profile for both central and peripheral regions of the normal cornea. Similar analysis of pathological corneas from keratoplasty specimens in Fuchs' dys- trophy and keratoconus reveal a variable IEF profile. In the majority of keratoplasty specimens from patients with corneal edema or graft rejection, there was generally little or no IgG detectable. These results suggest that in edematous corneas where there is altered PG/GAG in the stroma and modified fluid dynamics, there is a concomitant loss of IgG. These findings may have implications for immuno- logic surveillance and protection of the avascular cornea. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 29:1538-1543, 1988 The humoral immune system plays an important the soluble plasma proteins through ionic interac- role in mediating immunologic surveillance and pro- tions. The PGs and GAGs have long been known to
    [Show full text]
  • Management Modalities for Keratoconus an Overview of Noninterventional and Interventional Treatments
    REFRACTIVE SURGERY FEATURE STORY EXCLUSIVE ONLINE CONTENT AVAILABLE Management Modalities for Keratoconus An overview of noninterventional and interventional treatments. BY MAZEN M. SINJAB, MD, PHD anagement of keratoconus has advanced TAKE-HOME MESSAGE during the past few years, and surgeons can • When evaluating patients with keratoconus, ask now choose among numerous traditional and them to stop using RGP contact lenses at least 2 modern treatments. Traditional modalities weeks before evaluation to achieve correct Msuch as spectacle correction, contact lenses, penetrating measurement of the corneal shape. keratoplasty (PKP), and conductive keratoplasty (CK) • Interventional management modalities include CK, are still effective; however, demand for the last two has PKP, DALK, ICRSs, CXL, phakic IOLs, or some decreased with the advent of modern alternatives, specifi- combination of these treatments. cally intrastromal corneal ring segments (ICRSs) and cor- • Making the right management decision depends neal collagen crosslinking (CXL). Caution should be used on the patient’s corneal transparency and stress when considering these newer treatment modalities, and lines, age, progression, contact lens tolerance, surgeons should be aware of their indications, contraindi- refractive error, UCVA and BCVA, K-max, corneal cations, conditions, and complications before proceeding thickness, and sex. with treatment. Keratoconus treatments can be divided into two cate- Some patients achieve good vision correction and comfort gories, interventional and noninterventional. In this article, with this strategy. particular attention is given to ICRSs and CXL, as they are Advances in lens designs and materials have increased the the most popular emerging interventional management proportion of keratoconus patients who can be fitted with modalities for keratoconus.
    [Show full text]
  • Scleral Lenses and Eye Health
    Scleral Lenses and Eye Health Anatomy and Function of the Human Eye How Scleral Lenses Interact with the Ocular Surface Just as the skin protects the human body, the ocular surface protects the human Scleral lenses are large-diameter lenses designed to vault the cornea and rest on the conjunctival tissue sitting on eye. The ocular surface is made up of the cornea, the conjunctiva, the tear film, top of the sclera. The space between the back surface of the lens and the cornea acts as a fluid reservoir. Scleral and the glands that produce tears, oils, and mucus in the tear film. lenses can range in size from 13mm to 19mm, although larger diameter lenses may be designed for patients with more severe eye conditions. Due to their size, scleral lenses consist SCLERA: The sclera is the white outer wall of the eye. It is SCLERAL LENS made of collagen fibers that are arranged for strength rather of at least two zones: than transmission of light. OPTIC ZONE The optic zone vaults over the cornea CORNEA: The cornea is the front center portion of the outer Cross section of FLUID RESERVOIR wall of the eye. It is made of collagen fibers that are arranged in the eye shows The haptic zone rests on the conjunctiva such a way so that the cornea is clear. The cornea bends light the cornea, overlying the sclera as it enters the eye so that the light is focused on the retina. conjunctiva, and sclera as CORNEA The cornea has a protective surface layer called the epithelium.
    [Show full text]
  • Ophthalmic Features in Prader-Willi Syndrome Patients with Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus
    CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Dokkyo Journal of Medical Sciences 46(2)(2019)46(2):63〜 68,2019 Ophthalmic features in Prader-Willi Syndrome 63 Original Ophthalmic Features in Prader-Willi Syndrome Patients with Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus Tetsuya Muto 1), Yuji Oto 2), Nobuyuki Murakami 2), Shigeki Machida 1) 1)Department of Ophthalmology, Dokkyo Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Koshigaya, Japan 2)Department of Pedatrics, Dokkyo Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Koshigaya, Japan SUMMARY Purpose:To investigate and compare features of diabetic retinopathy(DR)in patients with Prader-Wil- li Syndrome(PWS)and those without PWS. Methods:Overall, 33 PWS patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)secondary to PWS(65 eyes) and 55 age-matched patients with T2DM(109 eyes)without congenital heredity diseases were reviewed. Medical records of 65 eyes with PWS(PWS group:mean age 24.7±5.9 years)and 109 eyes without PWS (control group:mean age 22.9±6.2 years)were acquired and compared from January 2000 to November 2018. Best-corrected visual acuity(BCVA)was determined and DR scores were assigned. Results:BCVA was significantly low in PWS group compared with the controls(P<0.001). Pseudopha- kia was frequently observed in patients in the PWS group(P=0.024). No significant differences were found with respect to cataract(P=0.065)and DR score(P=0.77)between patients in the PWS and con- trol groups. Investigations into the possible causes of the low BCVA in the PWS group found no significant difference regarding strabismus(P=0.065).
    [Show full text]
  • Piloting the Treatment of Retinopathy in India Diabetic Retinopathy and Retinopathy of Prematurity
    Piloting the Treatment of Retinopathy in India Diabetic Retinopathy and Retinopathy of Prematurity Report of an Independent External Evaluation Amaltas Piloting the Treatment of Retinopathy in India Diabetic Retinopathy and Retinopathy of Prematurity Amaltas July 2019 Acknowledgements This report provides an independent, external evaluation of a large programme of work on retinopathy funded by the Queen Elizabeth Diamond Jubilee Trust Fund with additional funding from the Helmsley Trust Fund. We gratefully acknowledge the support from LSHTM and PHFI. Dr. GVS Murthy, Dr. Clare Gilbert, Dr. Rajan Shukla and Dr. Tripura Batchu extended every support to the evaluators. The wonderful images are the work of photographer Rajesh Pande. Work on the programme was helmed by the Indian Institute of Public Health, Hyderabad, a centre of the Public Health Foundation of India, and the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom. The programme itself was a collaborative effort of many government and non government organisations and partners in India. This report has been prepared by Amaltas Consulting Private Limited, India. Amaltas (www.amaltas.asia) is a Delhi based organization with a mission to work within the broad scope of development to provide high quality consulting and research in support of accelerating improvements in the lives of people. The report was written by Dr. Suneeta Singh and Shivanshi Kapoor, Amaltas with support from Dr. Deepak Gupta, Consultant. TABLE OF CONTENTS Acronyms List of Figures List of Tables Executive
    [Show full text]
  • Amblyopia HANDOUT ACES
    AMBLYOPIA CORNEA PUPIL CATARACT IRIS LENS RETINA MACULA OPTIC NERVE The eye on the right is at risk for all three types of AMBLYOPIA. Rays of light enter the normal eye on the left, are bent by the cornea and the lens and are focused one the most precise part of the retina called the macula. Light entering the right eye is disrupted by a congenital cataract (deprivational amblyopia). Since the right eye is shorter than the left, light doesn't focus on the retina due to unequal far-sightedness(refractive amblyopia). Since the left eye is crossed (esotropia-type strabismus), incoming light fails to align on the macula (strabismic amblyopia). ye doctors and orthoptists want each child to grow frequently suppresses or "turns off" the brain image from up with the healthiest visual system possible. the non-dominant eye. Strabismic amblyopia can be E This goal requires the close cooperation of treated by combinations of drops, glasses, patching parents, pediatricians, primary doctors, optometrists, and/or eye muscle surgery. school nurses and health aids and the professionals who DETECTION: Within the first days after birth, deal with visually impaired babies. part of each baby's first physical exam is the "red reflex" an abnormality of which could indicate cataract or tumor. At birth, a normal infant has relatively poor vision in the range A part of routine pre-school pediatric check-ups is of 20/2000! Under normal conditions, the visual system improves so that observations of red reflex by photoscreen and Brückner 20/20 vision might be attained by school age and retained after age 10 years.
    [Show full text]
  • Association Between Visual Field Damage and Corneal Structural
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Association between visual feld damage and corneal structural parameters Alexandru Lavric1*, Valentin Popa1, Hidenori Takahashi2, Rossen M. Hazarbassanov3 & Siamak Yousef4,5 The main goal of this study is to identify the association between corneal shape, elevation, and thickness parameters and visual feld damage using machine learning. A total of 676 eyes from 568 patients from the Jichi Medical University in Japan were included in this study. Corneal topography, pachymetry, and elevation images were obtained using anterior segment optical coherence tomography (OCT) and visual feld tests were collected using standard automated perimetry with 24-2 Swedish Interactive Threshold Algorithm. The association between corneal structural parameters and visual feld damage was investigated using machine learning and evaluated through tenfold cross-validation of the area under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUC). The average mean deviation was − 8.0 dB and the average central corneal thickness (CCT) was 513.1 µm. Using ensemble machine learning bagged trees classifers, we detected visual feld abnormality from corneal parameters with an AUC of 0.83. Using a tree-based machine learning classifer, we detected four visual feld severity levels from corneal parameters with an AUC of 0.74. Although CCT and corneal hysteresis have long been accepted as predictors of glaucoma development and future visual feld loss, corneal shape and elevation parameters may also predict glaucoma-induced visual functional loss. While intraocular pressure (IOP), age, disc hemorrhage, and optic cup characteristics have been long identifed as classic risk factors for development of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG)1,2, the Ocular Hypertension Treatment Study (OHTS) suggested central corneal thickness (CCT) as a new risk factor for development of POAG3.
    [Show full text]