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Aves Españolas Con Nombres De Persona (V): El Pito Real Ibérico (Picus Sharpei, Saunders, 1872)

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Aves Españolas Con Nombres De Persona (V): El Pito Real Ibérico (Picus Sharpei, Saunders, 1872) AVES ESPAÑOLAS CON NOMBRES DE PERSONA (V): EL PITO REAL IBÉRICO (PICUS SHARPEI, SAUNDERS, 1872) Abilio Reig-Ferrer RESUMEN a la geografía. Con el uso combinado y comparativo de ADN, tanto mitocondrial (ADNmt) como nuclear En el año 1872, el ornitólogo británico Howard (ADNn), los estudios filogeográficos parecen confir- Saunders describió una nueva especie española del mar la existencia de cuatro linajes diferentes de pitos orden de los Piciformes con la denominación Geci- euroasiáticos: un primer linaje orteoafricano (Picus nus Sharpei, epónimo en homenaje a Richard Bowd- vaillantii), escindido hace 1,6-2,2 millones de años; ler Sharpe (1847-1909). Considerada hasta entonces otros dos europeos (Picus viridis y Picus sharpei), se- idéntica al Picus viridis linneano, Saunders remitió parados entre sí en época glaciar desde hace unos 0,7- a Sharpe un ejemplar de procedencia granadina que 1,2 millones de años; y una cuarta estirpe de Oriente difería del tipo. Un estudio morfológico del ave en Medio e Irán, Picus innominatus (Perktas et al., 2011; cuestión les planteó a ambos la cuestión de si esa ave Pons et al., 2011). Independientemente de esta impor- andaluza constituía una especie diferente del típico tante contribución al conocimiento taxonómico, los Gecinus viridis, o si se trataba del Gecinus vaillan- trabajos de historia demográfica del pito real, con tii norteafricano, descrito por el naturalista francés metodología filogeográfica y modelos de nicho eco- Alfred Malherbe en 1846. En la actualidad, el Pito lógico, están reconsiderando esta ave como especie real ibérico (Picus sharpei) se considera una especie ideal para comprobar diversas hipótesis científicas, válida. Se desea aquí, además de comentar esta nueva como, por ejemplo, la del refugio glaciar. propuesta taxonómica, reseñar la historia de su descu- brimiento así como pergeñar algunos trazos biográfi- Aunque el estudio de Pons et al. (2011) no permite cos de sus protagonistas. una distinción clara de especiación entre los dos pitos europeos (viridis y sharpei), los trabajos más sólidos PICUS SHARPEI ¿NUEVA ESPECIE EUROPEA? del grupo de Perktas (Perktas et al., 2011; Perktas, Gür y Ada, 2015) sí han fomentado el reconocimien- Desde un acercamiento filogeográfico, diversos to internacional de Picus sharpei como nueva espe- grupos de investigación están examinando en los úl- cie europea. En la misma línea, desde plataformas timos años la historia evolutiva de los pitos reales del como AviBase, un sistema de información de bases Paleártico occidental (Perktas et al., 2011; Perktas, de datos con más de 18 millones de registros de cerca Gür y Ada, 2015; Pons et al., 2011). El estudio de de 10.000 especies de aves y 22.000 subespecies, se los aspectos históricos de la distribución actual de los propuso desde hace algunos años su separación taxo- linajes genealógicos de ciertas aves está aportando nómica como especie distinta. Alguna otra organiza- aplicaciones valiosas tanto a la taxonomía (recono- ción, como la Sociedad Española de Ornitología-Bird cimiento y establecimiento de límites entre especies) Life, en la Lista de las aves de España (edición de como a la biología de la conservación (definición y 2012), no ha adoptado todavía la separación de este gestión de unidades de conservación). El pito real, taxón. Por ello, no es de extrañar que en algún que como la mayoría de especies en la naturaleza, pre- otro trabajo, como en el recién publicado Catálogo de senta un alto grado de estructura genética asociada las aves de la Región de Murcia (España), sus autores Argutorio 38 - II semestre 2017 - 83 registren al pito real ibérico, un residente común en cobrar personalmente ningún ejemplar. El naturalista toda la región murciana, como Pito real euroasiático murciano Ángel Guirao Navarro (1817-1890), cuyo (Picus viridis), ignorando su aceptación actual como bicentenario de nacimiento conmemoramos este año, especie con entidad propia (Calvo et al., 2017). La lo recoge como Picus viridis en su Catálogo metó- misma crítica se puede hacer del capítulo al respecto dico de las aves observadas en una gran parte de la publicado en la obra Atlas de las aves nidificantes en provincia de Murcia (1859), informando que “Aunque la provincia de Alicante (López Iborra et al., 2015). raro, se suelen ver algunos individuos en los pinares y sitios mas elevados de las sierras de Espuña y de En respuesta al interrogante planteado en este la Pila”. Sin embargo, a colación, cita el Picus me- apartado, si bien en el séptimo volumen del Hand- dius, indicando que es “Algo más abundante que el book of the Birds of the World (2002) se considera- anterior en los mismos sitios” (Guirao, 1859: 540). ba a Picus viridis sharpei (Iberia) como subespecie Tengo la impresión de que Guirao confunde especies puente, intermedia entre el P. v. viridis del resto de e intercambia nombres vernáculos. En todo caso, es Europa y el P. v. vaillantii norteafricano, en el recien- evidente que en Murcia el Picus medius de Guirao es, te Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive (2017) en realidad, un pico picapinos juvenil (Dendrocopos se la reconoce, ya finalmente, como especie válida y major). netamente diferenciada (del Hoyo et al., 2017). Estos han sido, a grandes rasgos, los precedentes EL DESCUBRIMIENTO DE GECINUS SHARPEI en relación al conocimiento en España de esta intere- EN 1872 Y RECEPCIÓN INTERNACIONAL sante ave hasta que Howard Saunders, con la notable colaboración de R. B. Sharpe, se fijara en dos detalles Previo a la propuesta saundersiana, el pito real en de relevancia: (a) la presencia de una coloración gris la península ibérica fue recogido como Picus viridis apizarrada, en lugar de negra, en las mejillas y anillo en el considerado primer catálogo científico de la esclerótico, y (b) la faja roja de la barbilla sin ribete ornis ibérica publicado por un español: el Catálogo negro. Hay que recordar aquí que tanto Sharpe como de las aves observadas en las cercanías de Santiago Saunders eran partidarios de utilizar nomenclatura bi- y otros puntos de Galicia (1851), del clérigo galle- nomial para cada variación constante descubierta, in- go Francisco de los Ríos Naceyro. Confundido fre- cluso la más pequeña. La importancia del aislamiento cuentemente este naturalista con el preparador del geográfico y de las zonas secundarias de contacto en Instituto de Málaga, Francisco de los Ríos del Tejo la producción de variación en las especies no se des- (1837-1877), he podido felizmente averiguar un dato cubrió hasta unos años después. biográfico hasta ahora desconocido, su fecha de de- función, y que deseo comunicar en este artículo. Na- El epónimo de esta nueva especie queda aclarado cido en La Coruña en 1804, Francisco de los Ríos desde el mismo momento de su publicación: “after Naceyro (también correctamente escrito este apellido my friend Mr. R. B. Sharpe, to whom the credit of dis- como Naceiro) falleció en Talavera de la Reina el 21 criminating it is entirely due” (Saunders, 1872: 153). de noviembre de 1881. En la nomenclatura científica de los nombres de las aves ibéricas, los epónimos se han utilizado mucho Otros naturalistas españoles del siglo XIX lo ci- más frecuentemente para designar especies o subes- tan como Gecinus viridis, caso de Mariano de la Paz pecies que para formar géneros. Alrededor del 15% Graells (1809-1898) en el Catálogo metódico de las de epítetos específicos y subespecíficos de las aves de aves observadas hasta el día […] en el área de la Cataluña, por ejemplo, tienen como origen semántico fauna matritense (1853), o como Picus viridis en el un epónimo, frente al 0,47% en nombres de género opúsculo Catálogo de las aves, observadas en algu- (Ortega, in press). nas provincias de Andalucía (1854) de Antonio Ma- chado Núñez (1812-1896). En idéntica línea, otros Un comentario más explícito y explicativo del autores extranjeros no se percataron de la diferencia- porqué de esa nueva propuesta específica se apunta ción de este pito con respecto del tipo. Así, Alfredo seguidamente: Brehm lo menciona como Gecinus viridis, lamentán- When my friends Messrs. Sharpe and Dresser dose de no haber podido cazar ningún ejemplar du- were describing the Green Woodpecker (Geci- rante su viaje a España en 1856-57 a causa, señala, de nus viridis) in the ‘Birds of Europe’ , I lent them su naturaleza esquiva que dificulta enormemente su a specimen from Granada, Spain, which Mr. aproximación (Brehm, 1857 [1858]). Idéntico incon- Sharpe at once perceived was not true G. viri- veniente apuntará Lord Lilford, quien tampoco pudo dis. But for the time, and in the absence of a Argutorio 38 84 - - II semestre 2017 series, we were disposed to refer it to G. vaillan- colours, with a moustache in the male of bri- tii (Malherbe, Picid. Vol. ii, p. 122, iv. pl. 82). I lliant crimson, ranges at last as far as the Gua- immediately exerted myself to obtain specimens darrama mountains, but at the Pyrenees yields of this bird from different parts of Spain; and I to the common form (Saunders, 1873a: 20). have now before me a series from four very dis- tinct localities, all, however, south of the Sierra Poco tiempo después, en su importante trabajo de la Guadarrama, which will probably prove to Catalogue des Oiseaux du Midi de l’Espagne, su au- be in this case, as in several others, the dividing line between the northern and southern resident tor reconoce una distribución geográfica a nivel de avifauna (Saunders, 1872: 153). toda la península ibérica: “Cette espèce parait rem- placer, en Espagne, jusqu’aux Pyrénées, le Gecinus Conviene notar aquí que Sharpe colaboró con viridis” (Saunders, 1876: 325). El género Geci- Dresser a lo largo de las primeras doce partes de nus, palabra de origen griego que significa el que aquella obra sobre las aves de Europa, y que en el mes estreme-ce, o tambalea, la tierra, fue propuesto por de septiembre de 1872 se decidió, de común acuer- el juez y naturalista alemán Friedrich Boie (1789- do, disolver el convenio entre ambos.
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