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T874.Pdf (553.6Kb) ASPECTOS ECOLÓGICOS DE LA POBLACIÓN DE LA ESPONJA Discodermia dissoluta (PORIFERA: DEMOSPONGIAE: LITHISTIDA) EN EL CARIBE COLOMBIANO CÉSAR AUGUSTO RUIZ PINZÓN UNIVERSIDAD DE BOGOTÁ JORGE TADEO LOZANO FACULTAD DE BIOLOGÍA MARINA SANTA MARTA 2009 ASPECTOS ECOLÓGICOS DE LA POBLACIÓN DE LA ESPONJA Discodermia dissoluta (PORIFERA: DEMOSPONGIAE: LITHISTIDA) EN EL CARIBE COLOMBIANO CÉSAR AUGUSTO RUIZ PINZÓN Trabajo de grado para optar al titulo de Biólogo Marino Director Sven Zea, Ph.D., Profesor Asociado, Universidad Nacional de Colombia (Departamento de Biología y Centro de Estudios en Ciencias del Mar-CECIMAR) UNIVERSIDAD DE BOGOTÁ JORGE TADEO LOZANO FACULTAD DE BIOLOGÍA MARINA SANTA MARTA 2009 Nota de aceptación ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ Firma del presidente del jurado ____________________________ Firma del jurado ____________________________ Firma del jurado Santa Marta, Día: Mes: Año:________ DEDICATORIA A los que nunca se han ido… …es mucho lo aprendido. Y nunca lo harán, mientras los pueda recordar, Aura, Álvaro y Juan. AGRADECIMIENTOS Principalmente a mis papás y mis hermanos, por el apoyo, la confianza, y el amor incondicional. Este trabajo recopila muchas enseñanzas y experiencias vividas durante la carrera, hay muchas personas que con su amistad, buena disposición y actitud merecen mis agradecimientos. Especialmente, Sven, muchas gracias por la confianza y la dirección de este trabajo. Sin duda alguna el resultado mas valioso para mi es todo lo aprendido, y esto fue gracias a tu disposición, correcciones, consejos y apoyo. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras “José Benito Vives de Andreis” (INVEMAR): Al programa de Valoración y Aprovechamiento de Recursos Marinos (VAR), por su apoyo brindado y la oportunidad de trabajar con ustedes, Marisol, Miguel, Javier, Mario. A toda la familia del Invemar, muchas gracias por todas las atenciones y ayuda prestada. Es muy grato compartir con personas trabajadoras y amables. La gente de Servicios Generales, el Centro de Documentación, el Museo, Coordinación Académica, gracias. Universidad Jorge Tadeo Lozano: A los profesores y personas administrativas de la Facultad de Biología Marina, gracias por la dedicación, tiempo y colaboración prestada. En la sede Santa Marta, muchas gracias igualmente al grupo de profesores, a Nélida, Alexis, gente de sistemas, gente del aseo, gente de Mundo Marino, su colaboración fue muy importante y muy apreciada. Muy especialmente, A Lina María, por estar siempre conmigo y por ser motivo de muchas sonrisas y alegrías, por ocupar un lugar muy especial en mi vida, esto también es pa ti querida. RESUMEN La esponja marina Discodermia dissoluta es fuente de sustancias con fuerte actividad farmacológica, especialmente del policétido discodermólido, potente antitumoral que ha llegado hasta fase clínica de investigación. En el área de Santa Marta, donde esta especie se encuentra a menor profundidad que en otras áreas del Caribe, por primera vez se pudieron estudiar por buceo autónomo sus características ecológicas, abundancia y distribución. Mediante análisis histológicos y del esqueleto se confirmó la identidad taxonómica local de la esponja y sus características morfológicas. Haciendo recorridos por la base de los arrecifes (15-25 m de profundidad) se determinó que esta especie prefiere sitios o bahías poco expuestos al oleaje, y vive predominantemente en sustratos duros horizontales a inclinados y en general expuestos a la luz. La presencia de epibiontes es poco frecuente y hay pocos signos de depredación. Censos en algunos sectores donde esta esponja se encuentra, a partir de círculos de 4 m de radio, mostraron densidades moderadas de unos 2-5 ind/50 m2, que si bien no son muy bajas, no podrían sustentar su explotación para obtener discodermólido. Por la ubicación de los individuos en el espacio y mediante funciones empíricas de distribución espacial de puntos (F, G y K), se determinó que los individuos de D. dissoluta se encuentran agregados en parches a escala de centímetros a unos pocos metros, posiblemente atribuible a dispersión larval de corta distancia o fragmentación, ambas comunes en esponjas. Las tallas de los individuos censados se estimaron como área proyectada a partir de fotos digitales. De una submuestra de 30 individuos recolectados de varias tallas se estableció una regresión multiplicativa entre el área estimada y el volumen real, para así calcular el volumen de todos los individuos censados. En la población hay predominancia de individuos pequeños (<50 ml) y persisten algunos muy grandes (alcanzando los 2000 ml), posiblemente por un alto reclutamiento o fragmentación y por una mayor mortalidad en individuos pequeños que grandes. Se marcaron la mayoría de individuos censados para estudio posterior de dinámica poblacional. Los resultados obtenidos en este trabajo servirán de base para el desarrollo de técnicas de cultivo para la producción de discodermólido y en general para el estudio de la historia natural de organismos sésiles filtradores, como son las esponjas. Palabras clave: Discodermia dissoluta , Lithistida, Caribe, Colombia, discodermólido, talla, patrón espacial de puntos, funciones G, F y K, biología de organismos sésiles. Abstract. – Ecological aspects of the population of the sponge Discodermia dissoluta (PORIFERA: DEMOSPONGIAE: LITHISTIDA) in the Colombian Caribbean . The marine sponge Discodermia dissoluta is a source of compounds with strong pharmacological activity, especially the polyketide discodermolide, potent antitumoral agent that has reached clinical trials. In Santa Marta, where this species occurs at shallower depths than in other Caribbean areas, for the first time it was possible to study by SCUBA its ecological characteristics, distribution and abundance. The local taxonomic identity of this sponge and its morphological characteristics were confirmed from skeletal and histological analyses. By searching the base of the reefs (15-25 m in depth) it was found that this species prefers sites or bays with relatively low wave-exposure, dwelling predominantly in hard, horizontal to inclined substrata, generally exposed to light. It shows low-frequency of epibionts and of predator bite marks. Censuses carried out in 4 m-radius circles in sectors where this sponge occurs showed moderate densities (about 2-5 ind/50 m 2) that, although not very low, they do not support its exploitation to obtain discodermolide. By locating individuals in the sampling space and using the point pattern distribution functions F, G and K, it was determined that individuals of D. dissoluta are aggregated in patches at scales from centimeters to a few meters. This pattern possibly arises from short-distance larval dispersal or fragmentation, both common in sponges. Size of censured individuals was estimated as projected area from digital photos. From a subsample of 30 collected individuals of various sizes, a multiplicative regression of estimated area to real volume was carried out, to then calculate the volume of all censured individuals. In the population, small individuals (<50 ml) predominate, while several very large ones (reaching 2000 ml) persist. This pattern possibly occurs through high recruitment or fragmentation rates, and through a higher mortality of smaller individuals than larger ones. Most censured individuals were marked for future population dynamics studies. These results are the basis for the development of culturing techniques to produce discodermolide, and in general to the study of natural history of sessile filter-feeding organisms, such as sponges. Key words: Discodermia dissoluta , Lithistida, Caribbean, Colombia, discodermolide, size, spatial point pattern, functions G, F and K, biology of sessile organisms. CONTENIDO Pág. INTRODUCCIÓN Y JUSTIFICACIÓN 2 1. MARCO TEÓRICO Y ESTADO DEL ARTE 4 2. PROBLEMA DE INVESTIGACIÓN 9 2.1 OBJETIVOS ESPECÍFICOS 9 2.2 HIPÓTESIS 9 3. METODOLOGÍA 10 3.1. FASE DE CAMPO 11 3.2. FASE DE LABORATORIO 13 3.3. FASE DE GABINETE 15 4. RESULTADOS 17 5. DISCUSIÓN 28 6. CONCLUSIONES 33 GLOSARIO 34 ANEXOS 35 BIBLIOGRAFÍA 36 1 INTRODUCCIÓN Y JUSTIFICACIÓN Las esponjas son un componente estructural y funcional en los arrecifes de coral. Su alta diversidad, abundancia y biomasa las hacen muy importantes en los ecosistemas costeros del Caribe. Sus adaptaciones biológicas, químicas y físicas facilitan la competencia por espacio y una variedad de interacciones con otros animales, tanto sésiles como móviles (Díaz y Rützler, 2001). De esta manera, su estudio es clave en el entendimiento, manejo y conservación de los ecosistemas marinos y en la comprensión de las relaciones bióticas que pueden ser útiles para el ser humano. Discodermia dissoluta es una esponja que se desarrolla en aguas profundas (>30 m) del Mar Caribe (Kelly-Borges et al ., 1994). Ha sido objeto de varios estudios científicos debido a que junto con otras esponjas de la misma familia producen una serie de metabolitos secundarios con propiedades inmunosupresoras y citotóxicas. En particular, el discodermólido, se encuentra en etapa de estudio clínico con humanos en el tratamiento de tumores cancerígenos (Gunasekera et al ., 1990; Kelly-Borges et al ., 1994; Smith et al ., 1995; Kowalski et al ., 1997; Pomponi et al ., 2001; Cooper, 2004). Debido a que las poblaciones de esta esponja en el Mar Caribe son dispersas, poco densas, y se encuentran en general en aguas profundas, la mayor
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